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Third Industrial Revolution Consulting Group Moreover, due to nature and biodiversity protection regulations, commercial developers are required to offset the loss of soils and biotops due to paving. This is often done by extensification of farming land (for example, arable land is converted to extensive grassland, forest etc.), thus adding even more pressure and speculation on agricultural land. In these circumstances, access to land becomes a difficult challenge for agricultural holdings, which cannot compete with other more profitable economic sectors. Luxembourg Farm Holdings and Utilized Agricultural Area Source: EuroStat (2012) Agricultural census in Luxembourg Types of farming include specialized field crops, horticulture, permanent crops, and livestock grazing. Two-thirds of the farms involve specialized livestock grazing consisting of nearly 200,000 cattle – including specialized dairy cattle (518 farms), specialized breeding and meat cattle (351 farms), and specialized dairy, breeding and meat cattle (231 farms). Other livestock include 8,700 sheep, 4,700 horses, and 4,300 goats. In addition, in 2015 farmers raised roughly 116,000 poultry and 87,000 pigs. Intensification has been a hallmark of the dairy sector, as shown in the two graphs below. The milk yield in kilograms per cow per year has increased from 3,380 kg/cow/year in 1967 to 7,382 kg/cow/year in 2015, or a 220% increase, as well as a 175% increase in total milk production (see charts below). 123 At the same time, the number of dairy cows has declined to 46,908 in 2015 – one-third less than the high of 71,183 in 1975. 124 123 Luxembourg (2015) Service d’economie rurale (SER) for statistics on production of milk and milk prices and STATEC for statistics on farms with dairy cows and the number of dairy cows, Ministere de l’Agriculture. 124 Ibid. 158
Third Industrial Revolution Consulting Group Number of dairy cows and milk yield per cow in Luxembourg Source: Luxembourg (2015) Service d’economie rurale (SER) and STATEC, Ministere de l’Agriculture Milk Production in Luxembourg Source: Luxembourg (2015) Service d’economie rurale (SER) and STATEC, Ministere de l’Agriculture 159
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