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ijcrb.webs.com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 Investigating the Influence of Safety and Health Concerns and Self-Efficacy on Lecturer’s Environmental Attitudes towards Electronic Green Products Iman Khalid A. Qader (Corresponding author) School of Management, University Sains Malaysia 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia Yuserrie Bin Zainuddin Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering & Technology Management University Malaysia Pahang 26300 Gambang Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia Abstract The purpose of this study is to contribute to the body of knowledge within the area of environmental attitudes towards green marketing. Therefore, this study intends to identify the influence of safety and health concerns and self-efficacy on environmental attitude towards leadfree electronic products (green electronics) amongst lecturers. In this study safety and health concerns is conceptualized as the consumer’s concern for quality of life, health issues and the environment for humans and non-human species. While self-efficacy is conceptualized as how well one can execute required actions to deal with specific situations. Hence, through a selfadministered questionnaire among 170 lecturers, from USM main campus and USM engineering campus the study found some revealing insights. Through the results of this study, safety and health concerns and self efficacy had a significant positive influence on lecturers’ environmental attitude. The theory of planned behavior Azjen (1985) supported the findings of this study, firstly, for safety and health concerns on environmental attitudes, which is related to behavioral beliefs part of the theory: The person’s beliefs that the behavior leads to certain outcomes and his or her evaluations of these outcomes. Therefore, attitudes are determined by behavioral beliefs. Secondly, for self-efficacy this is related to the concept of perceived behavioral control which is concerned with judgment of how well one can execute required actions to deal with specific situations. People’s behaviors are strongly influenced by their confidence in their ability to perform them. Keywords: Green Marketing, Green Electronic Products, Safety and health Concerns, Self- Efficacy, Environmental Attitude, Theory of Planned Behavior. 1. Introduction Polonsky (1994) defined green marketing in much broader way those of other researchers and it encompasses all major components of other definitions. According to polonsky (1994) green or environmental marketing consists of all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfy human needs or wants, such that the satisfaction of these needs and wants occurs, with minimal detrimental impact on the natural environment. This definition incorporates much of the traditional components of the marketing definition that is "All activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfy human needs or wants" COPY RIGHT © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 366
ijcrb.webs.com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 [Stanton and Futrell 1987]. Therefore it ensures that the interests of the organization and all its consumers are protected, as voluntary exchange will not take place unless both the buyer and seller mutually benefit. The above definition also includes the protection of the natural environment, by attempting to minimize the detrimental impact this exchange has on the environment. This second point is important, for human consumption by its very nature is destructive to the natural environment. (To be accurate products making green claims should state they are "less environmentally harmful" rather than "Environmentally Friendly.") Thus green marketing should look at minimizing environmental harm, not necessarily eliminating it. Hence, Consumers who are aware of and interested in environmental issues are called green consumers (Soonthonsmai, 2007). These green consumers usually organized petitions, boycotted manufacturers and retailers and actively promote the preservation of the planet (Fergus, 1991). Ottman (1992) reported that consumers accepted green products when their primary need for performance, quality, convenience, and affordability were met, and when they understood how a green product could help to solve environmental problems. The knowledge gap on the uses and values of green products prevents consumers in committing themselves to any purchase decisions. In addition, Ottman (1993) argues that all types of consumers both individual and industrial are becoming more concerned and aware about the natural environment. Polls consistently show that a large majority of U. S. citizens have shown that saving the environment is a high priority to most American citizens, with public concern growing faster than any other issues (Schwartz & Miller, 1991). In a 1992 study of 16 countries, more than 50% of consumers in each country indicated they were concerned about the environment. Thus, as the demand for electronic products by consumers is ever increasing, companies manufacturing high-tech electronic products are using state-of-the-art technologies to stay in the competition. However, the life-cycle of electronic products is short, therefore, technology rapidly evolves and people are constantly upgrading to new equipment and retiring their old equipment. Hence, high tech product demand worldwide has made the electronic industry today a very dynamic one and new products are launched everyday in the consumer electronics sector. The typical electronic product may contain more than 1,000 different substances, some of which are potentially hazardous to the environment and to human health. If old equipment is not properly recycled, these substances could seep into air, soil, and water, and have a direct polluting impact on the environment and an indirect polluting impact on humans. One of these hazardous substances is lead; Lead is an alloy that is used in soldering electronic components on (PCBs); it is mostly used on computer key boards, mobile phones, cameras, DVDs, etc… [Accessed on June-2006] Available from http://rethink.ebay.com/odcs/custom . Hatija (2003) argued that given the many applications of PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyl) in industries it is likely that products and equipment that contained PCBs would be disposed off as regular garbage. This is because there has not been much concern given to the disposal of hazardous household waste such as electrical equipment or products which are likely to contain PCBs in Malaysia. PCBs are made up of more than 200 related compounds these manufactured substances exhibits many ideal characteristics such as fire resistance, high stability. They also do not conduct electricity and have low volatility at normal temperature. These and other properties have made them desirable components in a wide range of industrial and consumer products. These same properties make the PCBs environmentally hazardous- especially their extreme resistance to chemical and biological breakdown by natural process in the environment. Due to their stability, PCBs have a high potential for bioaccumulation it is able to accumulate in aquatic environments such as lakes and rivers. COPY RIGHT © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 367
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