gender differential paper IJCRB

ijcrb.webs.com
JUNE 2011
INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS VOL 3, NO 2
Voluntary unemployment is most frequently observed in European countries. Because the
government with its more social structure, provides a subsistence wage to unemployed until they
find a job again. This makes it difficult for the unemployed people to get hired. Because the fact
that s/he is recruited and works 35-40 hours a week, does not cause a drastic difference in his/her
unemployed wage. This hampers the unemployed from having fears and concerns and prevents
them from putting forth a serious effort to find a job.
2.2.1.2 Involuntary Unemployment
It is the state when people cannot find jobs although they are willing to work at the going wage.
People in such conditions are defined as involuntary unemployed. In underdeveloped countries,
disguised unemployment, cyclical unemployment, seasonal unemployment and technological
unemployment caused by technological progresses are all types of involuntary unemployment.
The reason behind this type of unemployment is either demand insufficiency or both demand and
capital insufficiency (Aren, 1998, p. 6).
2.2.1.3 Temporary (Frictional – Incidental) Unemployment
Skills, abilities, experiences, efforts of workers, geographical locations and desired working
duration for the time spared for working are wide –ranging. Likewise, the employers who would
like to recruit workers have various requirements on work experience and skills of workers,
working conditions, employment place, hours and wages to be paid. Due to these differences, it
will take some time for workers to find an available job for themselves. Temporary increase in
unemployment in the case when workers are seeking for a job and employers are looking for
available work force is defined as the frictional unemployment. Thus, Frictional unemployment
is a temporary period (Gürler, 2000, p. 130).
Frictional unemployment is frequently encountered during crisis periods. Enterprises compensate
the reduction in their sales through turning their workers into temporary unemployed. As a
matter of fact, as observed in most of the countries in latest economic crisis experienced in 2008-
2009, rising unemployment rate begins to decrease at its former rate with the overcome of the
crisis.
2.2.1.4 Seasonal Unemployment
Seasonal Unemployment is a type of unemployment occurring when economic activities lose
their intensity in certain periods of time.
Seasonal unemployment is the state when individuals living in countries whose economy
depends on agriculture cannot find a job in dead seasons when there is no agricultural activity
although they are willing to work at prevailing wage. This type of unemployment is mostly
observed in seasonal sectors as tourism, agriculture and construction.
In certain sectors, while the labor demand increases in specific seasons, in rest of the year the
labor demand decreases at minimum level and seasonal unemployment is observed. For instance
people working in agriculture and construction sectors become unemployed in winter season
which is considered as the dead season. On the other hand, people working in winter tourism
become unemployed during summer and the ones working in summer tourism become
unemployed during winter (Dinler, 2003, p. 456).
2.2.1.5 Cyclical Unemployment
Cyclical unemployment is a type of unemployment occurring as a result of the recession in
production volume from time to time (Türkay & Alkin, 2001, p. 163).
Cyclical Unemployment was most frequently observed during world economic crisis occurred in
1929. As a type of Involuntary Unemployment, cyclical unemployment may continue for a
couple of years according to the intensity of the economic crisis (Dinler, 2003, p. 455–456).
COPY RIGHT © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1213