SAP HANA Predictive Analysis Library (PAL)

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3.2.3 C4.5 Decision Tree A decision tree is used as a classifier for determining an appropriate action or decision among a predetermined set of actions for a given case. A decision tree helps you to effectively identify the factors to consider and how each factor has historically been associated with different outcomes of the decision. A decision tree uses a tree - like structure of conditions and their possible consequences. Each node of a decision tree can be a leaf node or a decision node. ● ● Leaf node: mentions the value of the dependent (target) variable. Decision node: contains one condition that specifies some test on an attribute value. The outcome of the condition is further divided into branches with sub-trees or leaf nodes. As a classification algorithm, C4.5 builds decision trees from a set of training data, using the concept of information entropy. The training data is a set of already classified samples. At each node of the tree, C4.5 chooses one attribute of the data that most effectively splits it into subsets in one class or the other. Its criterion is the normalized information gain (difference in entropy) that results from choosing an attribute for splitting the data. The attribute with the highest normalized information gain is chosen to make the decision. The C4.5 algorithm then proceeds recursively until meeting some stopping criteria such as the minimum number of cases in a leaf node. The C4.5 decision tree functions implemented in PAL support both discrete and continuous values. In PAL implementation, the REP (Reduced Error Pruning) algorithm is used as pruning method. Prerequisites ● ● ● ● The column order and column number of the predicted data are the same as the order and number used in tree model building. The last column of the training data is used as a predicted field and is of discrete type. The predicted data set has an ID column. The table used to store the tree model is a column table. The target column of training data must not have null values, and other columns should have at least one valid value (not null). Note C4.5 decision tree treats null as a special value. CREATEDTWITHC45 This function creates a decision tree from the input training data. Procedure Generation CALL SYS.AFLLANG_WRAPPER_PROCEDURE_CREATE (‘AFLPAL’, ‘CREATEDTWITHC45’, ‘’, '', ); 138 P U B L I C SAP HANA Predictive Analysis Library (PAL) PAL Functions
The signature table should contain the following records: Table 98: Position Schema Name Table Type Name Parameter Type 1 IN 2 IN 3 4 OUT OUT Procedure Calling CALL .(, , , ) with overview; The procedure name is the same as specified in the procedure generation. The input, parameter, and output tables must be of the types specified in the signature table. Signature Input Table Table 99: Table Column Column Data Type Description Constraint Training / Historical Data Columns Varchar, nvarchar, integer, or double Table used to build the predictive tree model Discrete value: integer, varchar, or nvarchar Continuous value: integer or double Last column Varchar, nvarchar, or integer Target variable (class label) Parameter Table Mandatory Parameters None. Optional Parameters The following parameters are optional. If a parameter is not specified, PAL will use its default value. SAP HANA Predictive Analysis Library (PAL) PAL Functions P U B L I C 139
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SAP HANA Platform SPS 12 Document V
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Naive Bayes. ......................
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1 What is PAL? SAP HANA’s SQLScri
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2 Getting Started with PAL This sec
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The result will tell you whether th
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● : The name of the schema where
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CREATE COLUMN TABLE PAL_ARIMAX_DATA
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For more information on how to use
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Category PAL Algorithm Built-in Fun
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Category PAL Algorithm Built-in Fun
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The procedure name is the same as s
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● USER1 has been assigned the AFL
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3.1.2 Agglomerate Hierarchical Clus
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Table 13: Name Data Type Default Va
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Name Data Type Default Value Descri
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INSERT INTO DATA_TBL VALUES ('17',
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Prerequisites ● ● The input dat
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INSERT INTO PAL_AD_DATA_TBL VALUES
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The signature table should contain
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CREATE TYPE PAL_KMEANS_CENTERS_T AS
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PAL_CLUSTER_ASSIGNED_TBL: For DBSCA
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For SOM: SET SCHEMA DM_PAL; DROP TY
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PAL_CLUSTER_ASSIGNED_TBL: Related I
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Table 24: Name Data Type Descriptio
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DROP TYPE PAL_CONTROL_T; CREATE TYP
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3.1.6 Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)
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Table 29: Name Data Type Descriptio
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Output Tables Output format 0: Tabl
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INSERT INTO PAL_GMM_PDATA_TBL VALUE
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Example 2 SET SCHEMA DM_PAL; DROP T
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PAL_GMM_RESULTSMODEL_TBL: 3.1.7 K-M
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Table 43: Table Column Column Data
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INSERT INTO #PAL_CONTROL_TBL VALUES
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PAL_KMEANS_MODEL_TBL: VALIDATEKMEAN
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"V000" DOUBLE, "A0" INTEGER, "A1" I
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Expected Result PAL_SILHOUETTE_RESU
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Table Column Column Data Type Descr
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Example Assume that: ● ● ● DM
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PAL_KMEDIANS_ASSIGN_TBL: 3.1.9 K-Me
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Position Schema Name Table Type Nam
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Page 89 and 90: INSERT INTO #PAL_CONTROL_TBL VALUES
Page 91 and 92: The input, parameter, and output ta
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Page 95 and 96: INSERT INTO PARAMETERS_TBL VALUES (
Page 97 and 98: DOCTOPICDIST_TBL: GENERALINFO_TBL:
Page 99 and 100: Procedure Calling CALL .(, , ) with
Page 103 and 104: Expected Result DOCTOPICDIST_TBL: 3
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Page 107 and 108: Table Column Column Data Type Descr
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Page 111 and 112: CREATE TYPE PAL_SOM_MODEL_T AS TABL
Page 113 and 114: PAL_SOM_RESASSIGN_TBL: PAL_SOM_MODE
Page 117 and 118: INSERT INTO PAL_SLIGHT_SIL_PDATA_TB
Page 119 and 120: AUC Procedure Generation CALL SYS.A
Page 121 and 122: Table 85: Name Data Type Default Va
Page 123 and 124: Example 2 SET SCHEMA DM_PAL; DROP T
Page 125 and 126: 3.2.2 Back Propagation Neural Netwo
Page 127 and 128: CREATEBPNN This function trains a B
Page 131 and 132: INSERT INTO PAL_TRAIN_NN_DATA_TBL V
Page 133 and 134: PAL_TRAIN_NN_RESULT_TBL: PAL_REGRES
Page 135 and 136: Classification example: SET SCHEMA
Page 137: "NAME" VARCHAR(100), "MODEL" CLOB )
Page 143 and 144: CREATE TYPE PAL_C45_DATA_T AS TABLE
Page 145 and 146: CART This function is used for clas
Page 151 and 152: Prerequisites ● ● The target co
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Page 161 and 162: INSERT INTO PAL_CM_DATA_TBL VALUES(
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Page 165 and 166: PAL_KNN_RESULTS_TBL: 3.2.8 Logistic
Page 167 and 168: Procedure Calling CALL .(, , , , )
Page 173 and 174: PAL_LOGISTICR_STAT_TBL: PAL_LOGISTI
Page 175 and 176: Procedure Generation CALL SYS.AFLLA
Page 177 and 178: Assume that: ● ● ● DM_PAL is
Page 179 and 180: PAL_FLOGISTICR_FITTED_TBL: Related
Page 181 and 182: The signature table should contain
Page 185 and 186: Expected Result PAL_LRMC_MODEL_TBL:
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SAP HANA Predictive Analysis Librar
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CALL SYS.AFLLANG_WRAPPER_PROCEDURE_
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3.2.10 Naive Bayes Naive Bayes is a
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● ● USER1 has been assigned the
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"DOUBLEARGS" DOUBLE, "STRINGARGS" V
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Position Schema Name Table Type Nam
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DROP TABLE CV_LR_FUNC_TBL; CREATE C
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CREATE COLUMN TABLE FUNC_TBL LIKE F
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DROP TABLE EVALUATION_RESULT_TBL; C
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INSERT INTO PAL_PARA_TBL VALUES('TR
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3.2.13 Random Forest The ransom for
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Table 161: Name Data Type Default V
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INSERT INTO PAL_RF_DATA_TBL VALUES
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3.2.14 Support Vector Machine Suppo
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Table 168: Name Data Type Descripti
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CREATE TABLE PAL_SVM_PDATA_TBL("POS
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STRINGARGS VARCHAR(100) ); DROP TYP
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Example 3: Support vector classific
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Related Information SAP HANA Smart
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INSERT INTO PAL_GR_PDATA_TBL values
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Procedure Calling CALL .(, , , ) wi
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3.3.2 Bi-Variate Natural Logarithmi
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CREATE LOCAL TEMPORARY COLUMN TABLE
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Where β0…βn are parameters that
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Assume we have m observation pairs
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Example 1: Fitting multiple linear
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CREATE COLUMN TABLE PAL_ENET_MLR_PD
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3.3.5 Polynomial Regression Polynom
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insert into PAL_PR_PDATA_TBL values
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The input, parameter, and output ta
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3.4 Association Algorithms This sec
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"STRINGARGS" VARCHAR (100) ); INSER
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Optional Parameters The following p
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INSERT INTO PAL_APRIORI_DATA_TBL VA
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PAL_APRIORI_CONS_ITEMS_TBL: LITEAPR
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INSERT INTO PAL_LITEAPRIORI_DATA_TB
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FPGROWTH (Relational Output) FP-Gro
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); DROP TYPE PAL_FPGROWTH_POSTRULE_
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PAL_FPGROWTH_VALUES_TBL: 3.4.3 K-Op
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INSERT INTO PAL_KORD_DATA_TBL VALUE
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Prerequisite No missing or null dat
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. Initial P 0 can be calculated by
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Output Table (Model Table) Table 24
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DROP TYPE PAL_ARIMAX_DATA_T; CREATE
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CALL "SYS".AFLLANG_WRAPPER_PROCEDUR
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We get And variance of the forecast
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CREATE COLUMN TABLE PAL_ARIMA_PDATA
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INSERT INTO PAL_ARIMAX_DATA_TBL VAL
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3.5.2 Auto ARIMA This function auto
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Example 3: Auto Seasonal ARIMA SET
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INSERT INTO PAL_ARIMA_DATA_TBL VALU
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INSERT INTO PAL_ARIMA_DATA_TBL VALU
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F 1 = a 0 + b 0 2. Calculation: S t
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INSERT INTO PAL_BROWNSMOOTH_DATA_TB
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3.5.4 Croston's Method The Croston
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SELECT * FROM PAL_CROSTON_STATISTIC
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PAL_FORECASTACCURACYMEASURES_RESULT
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PAL_OUTPARAMETER_TBL: PAL_FORECASTS
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PAL_OUTPARAMETER_TBL: SAP HANA Pred
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CREATE TYPE PAL_CONTROL_T AS TABLE
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PAL_FORECASTTRIPLESMOOTHING_RESULT_
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PAL_OUTPARAMETER_TBL: PAL_FORECASTM
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PAL_OUTPARAMETER_TBL: PAL_FORECASTM
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Procedure Calling CALL .(, , , ) wi
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PAL_FORECASTSLR_RESULT_TBL: PAL_FOR
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Note The algorithm is backward comp
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INSERT INTO #PAL_CONTROL_TBL VALUES
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Note F 0 is not defined because the
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CREATE COLUMN TABLE PAL_DOUBLESMOOT
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3.5.10 Triple Exponential Smoothing
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PAL calculates the prediction inter
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Output Table Table 294: Table Colum
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PAL_TRIPLESMOOTH_RESULT_TBL: PAL_TR
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Once the trend and seasonality are
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CREATE COLUMN TABLE PAL_TSSEASONALI
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The difference-sign test counts the
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Optional Parameters The following p
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PAL_TSTREND_TREND_TBL: PAL_TSTREND_
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Parameter Table Mandatory Parameter
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3.6 Preprocessing Algorithms The re
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● ● Smoothing by bin medians: e
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3.6.2 Binning Assignment Binning as
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3.6.3 Convert Category Type to Bina
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"NAME" VARCHAR(100), "INTARGS" INTE
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Procedure Generation CALL SYS.AFLLA
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INSERT INTO PAL_IQR_TESTDT_TBL VALU
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PARTITION This function reads the i
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3.6.6 Posterior Scaling Posterior s
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Expected Result PAL_NEW_SCALING_TBL
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The following parameters are option
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INSERT INTO PAL_PCA_DATA_TBL VALUES
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INSERT INTO PAL_PCAPROJ_PDATA_TBL V
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INSERT INTO PAL_DISTRRANDOM_PDATA_T
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INSERT INTO PAL_SAMPLING_DATA_TBL V
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If method is 4 and SAMPLING_SIZE is
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DROP TABLE PAL_SAMPLING_PDATA_TBL;
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Expected Result 3.6.10 Scaling Rang
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Prerequisite Each column must conta
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Assume that: ● ● ● DM_PAL is
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PAL_MISSING_VALUES_RESULT_TBL: PAL_
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INSERT INTO PAL_VT_DATA_TBL VALUES
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3.7.2 Chi-Squared Test for Independ
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DISTRPROB This function calculates
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"VALUE" DOUBLE ); DROP TABLE PDATA_
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"DOUBLEARGS" DOUBLE, "STRINGARGS" V
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"TYPE_NAME" NVARCHAR(256), "PARAMET
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2. Calculate PAL also supports the
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Assume that: ● ● ● DM_PAL is
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The Kaplan-Meier estimator can be r
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PAL_KMSURV_LOGRANK_STAT2_TBL: 3.7.7
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CREATE TYPE PAL_DISTRQUANTILE_RESUL
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where x' = x - Table 404: Definitio
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Let the sample mean of x and y be:
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CREATE TYPE PAL_VAREQUALTEST_DATA1_
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The quantity is computed as a weigh
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Prerequisites ● ● Input data ca
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"PARAMETER_TYPE" VARCHAR(7) ); INSE
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Signature Input Tables Table 425: T
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CALL "SYS".AFLLANG_WRAPPER_PROCEDUR
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"DISTANCE" DOUBLE ); DROP TYPE PAL_
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"STRINGARGS" VARCHAR(100) ); --crea
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The projected estimates are single
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INSERT INTO PDATA VALUES (2, 'DM_PA
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----product revenue---- DELETE FROM
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---- calculate net present value of
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UPDATE PAL_DISTRPROB_DISTRPARAM_TBL
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Then we get the survival estimates
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INSERT INTO PAL_TRIAL_DATA_TBL VALU
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INSERT INTO PAL_DISTRFITCENSORED_DA
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The expected results are as follows
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); INSERT INTO PAL_DISTRPROB_PDATA_
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Important Disclaimers and Legal Inf
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SAP HANA Predictive Analysis Library (PAL)

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