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14 Chapter 2
2.3 Synthetic approaches, modification and applications of MOFs
2.3.1 Traditional synthesis approaches
Figure 2.9. Overview of the synthetic methods applied to MOFs. Reprinted with permission from
N. Stock and S. Biswas, Chem. Rev., 2012, 112, 933-969. Copyright (2012) American Chemical
Society. [57]
As has been earlier mentioned, self-assembly of various metal ions and organic linkers
leads to a large variety of networks featuring high porosity. However, it should be noted,
that MOFs formation is also strongly affected by diverse synthetic parameters and
conditions, such as nature of metal-precursors along with structural characteristics of
linkers, concentration and stoichiometry of the employed reagents, usage of modulator,
kind of solvent(s) and pH of the reaction solution), heating source, reaction temperature,
time, pressure, etc. Figure 2.9 summarizes various synthetic approaches reported so far
for MOFs. Conventional methods imply usage of either room or elevated temperatures
and solvothermal/hydrothermal conditions (i.e. closed vessels under autogenous
pressure above the boiling point of the solvent [58] ) (Figure 2.9). In addition to typical
electric heating, other synthetic approaches such as microwave heating, electrochemical,
mechanochemical, ultrasonic methods have been also emerging(Figure 2.9) [57, 59] and
resulted in materials with various particle sizes and properties. High-throughput methods