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102 Chapter 4<br />
presence of H2. [236] Distinction between butene isomers, optimization of the reaction<br />
conditions using Ru-DEMOF materials (such as usage of H2) as well as clarifying the<br />
mechanism of this reaction are outside the scope of this thesis. Nevertheless, the<br />
preliminary results give a rather clear hint that obtained Ru-materials could be utilized as<br />
catalyst for the dimerization of ethylene. Due to the diverse modification of MOF materials<br />
themselves, our current investigations on the ethylene dimerization using Ru-DEMOFs<br />
can afford a platform for further studies on MOFs as catalysts in this field.<br />
Figure 4.37. The tendency of TOF value for parent Ru-MOF and Ru-DEMOF samples 1a and 1c<br />
utilized as catalysts for transformation of ethylene into toluene (800 psi, 80 °C, 2h) in the presence<br />
of Et 2 AlCl (0.81 ml, 1M in heptane). TOF (turnover frequency) = mol product / (mol Metal<br />
(catalyst)*h).<br />
Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis has attracted great attention due to the huge synthetic<br />
variety of pyrroles and their derivatives, which are key intermediates for various<br />
pharmaceutical drugs. [239-240] The reaction is typically performed under protic or Lewis<br />
acidic conditions, [241-243] using primary amines and diketones. Ruthenium complex as<br />
catalysts for pyrrole synthesis was rather rare, [244] where the usage of formate salts such<br />
as sodium formate as activators is required. Due to the ability of MOFs on tuning the pore<br />
size and modifying the diverse structure, MOFs have explored to be as catalysts on various<br />
reaction. [29] Phan et al. reported IRMOF-3 as heterogeneous catalyst for the Paal–Knorr
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