Suretta Sud Glacier - Servizio Glaciologico Lombardo
Suretta Sud Glacier - Servizio Glaciologico Lombardo
Suretta Sud Glacier - Servizio Glaciologico Lombardo
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<strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong><br />
Terra glaciālis<br />
12
TERRA GLACIALIS<br />
Annual Scientific Magazine, Year XII<br />
Authorization by Milan Court n° 546, 28th July, 1998<br />
Editor in Chief Luca Arzuffi<br />
2009, SGL Association – <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong><br />
Editorial project and coordination<br />
Luca Bonardi, Riccardo Scotti, Andrea Toffaletti<br />
Scientific Review<br />
Luca Bonardi, Flavio Cambieri, Paolo Pagliardi, Riccardo Scotti, Andrea Toffaletti<br />
Graphics and layout<br />
Andrea Toffaletti<br />
Distribution<br />
Flavio Cambieri, Davide Colombarolli, Alessandro Galluccio, Maria Emilia Peroschi, Fabrizio Roveda,<br />
Riccardo Scotti<br />
English translation<br />
Irene Bollati, Flavio Cambieri<br />
Total or partial translation, reproduction and adaptation, by all means (included microfilms and photocopies),<br />
with the obligation of source citation, are free for all countries.<br />
<strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong> - Milano, March 2009<br />
www. sgl.cluster.it<br />
contatti: sgl@cluster.it<br />
Cover page: active bédière on the Savoretta <strong>Glacier</strong> (Rezzalo Valley), August 2008 (photo by D. Colombarolli)
INDEX<br />
Editorial 4<br />
Snow-meteorological Report 7<br />
2008 Glaciological Survey 21<br />
Mass balances 51
Editorial<br />
EDITORIAL<br />
As previously announced, Terra Glacialis has changed its format.<br />
For the better or the worse, over the last decade the dissemination of scientific reports<br />
has witnessed many changes, mostly driven by Internet, with further developments<br />
probably forthcoming.<br />
At the same time, other transformations as sudden as the previous ones have affected<br />
the objects of our studies: the glaciers.<br />
As a consequence, after 11 years we have been forced to partially reconsider scope,<br />
contents and timing of this magazine.<br />
More in detail, the fast evolution (actually a dramatic involution) of the glacialism of<br />
the Central Alps and the consequent and growing attention it demands are calling for<br />
a faster turnaround between the monitoring/data collection phase, on the one hand,<br />
and their analysis/divulgation among the scientific community, local authorities and<br />
ever growing ranks of interested and passionate people, on the other hand.<br />
Economic and organizational reasons internal to SGL, the editor of TG, have<br />
somehow dictated our choices: the result is the magazine the readers have in their<br />
hands.<br />
Having done away with monographs, articles addressing methodologies, monitoring<br />
reports or other miscellanea in favour of a faster and more effective report of meteorological,<br />
snow and glaciers data this TG is all about the last hydrological year.<br />
While we definitely hope that this will foster a quicker evaluation of the events, we<br />
are aiming at further timing improvements in the near future.<br />
The English/Italian version has disappeared, but only apparently. Actually, rather<br />
than forgoing the export of its contents, Terra Glacialis is splitting up, with a parallel<br />
edition in the “Language of Science” available in digital format only: the advantages<br />
of this choice are evident in terms of ecologic and economic returns, improved timing<br />
and faster international distribution.<br />
More in detail, with the exception of the monitoring data, we still plan to maintain all<br />
the contents the reader was used to find, sometimes in a seemingly disorganized<br />
layout, within the previous Terra Glacialis. This new Terra Glacialis will have a different<br />
format, possibly a less rigid publication timing but a more organic and coherent<br />
content.<br />
In practice, a series of monographic issues will be dedicated to specific topics, in the<br />
wake of our 2008 publication “Ghiacciai montani e cambiamenti climatici nell’ultimo<br />
secolo” (Mountain glaciers and climate changes in the last century). Several subjects<br />
are being evaluated already.<br />
To prove our determination, three TG’s, including this one, have been published in<br />
the last nine months: a remarkable effort for our organization. Still, more issues and<br />
more innovations are being considered.<br />
Back to our TG, the 2007-08 hydrological year has left us, once more, with a regional<br />
glacialism in its worst condition ever, though showing some signs of a slow-<br />
- 4 -
down of the current regression trend. Unfortunately, to dissipate a possible misunderstanding,<br />
there are still no indications of a reversal of the negative trend that has<br />
characterized the last few years.<br />
We recommend this issue of TG to the hasty journalists, who, seeing some consistent<br />
snowfalls in the first months of 2009, have filled the web, newspapers and TV<br />
channels with sensational headlines about a supposed “climatic inversion”.<br />
We feel obliged to thank those journalists for having unintentionally demonstrated<br />
that, besides a number of other good reasons, a magazine like Terra Glacialis is still<br />
much needed.<br />
The editorial staff<br />
- 5 -<br />
Editorial
Andrea Toffaletti, Riccardo Scotti, Luca Colzani<br />
SNOW-<br />
METEOROLOGIC<br />
with the collaboration of<br />
REPORT<br />
2007-2008 HYDROLOGICAL YEAR<br />
LOMBARDY ALPS<br />
A. Amato, D. Bavera, A. Bera, C. Bessi, L. Bonardi, L. Bonetti, M. Butti, G. Catasta, G. Cola,<br />
D. Colombarolli, L. Farinella, M. Gianatti, G. M. Lucini, E. Meraldi, P. Pagliardi, D. Perego, F. Pozzoni,<br />
A. Praolini, A. Proh, F. Roveda, D. Sironi<br />
and of the Bormio Snow-Meteorological Centre (ARPA Lombardy)
snow-meteo report<br />
A summary of the events<br />
The 2007-2008 Hydrological Year in the Italian Central Alps can be summarized as follows:<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
Another negative autumn season for snow accumulations;<br />
A moist and snowy spring;<br />
A strong ablation in June, July and August;<br />
A cold and snowy September, marking the anticipated end of the ablation season.<br />
Accumulation season (1st October, 2007 – 30th June, 2008)<br />
The 2007-2008 accumulation season resulted,<br />
as it has often happened in the past few years,<br />
very unfavourable for the Lombardy glaciers.<br />
The abundant spring precipitations were<br />
not sufficient to grant a good supply to our<br />
glaciers: the many, large avalanches that<br />
followed April and May snowfalls have restocked<br />
only the few apparatuses fed by avalanches,<br />
while the same snow, characterized<br />
by a scanty resistance for lack of a proper<br />
compaction, did not help the other glaciers.<br />
Snow accumulations were very moderate in<br />
October, December and February; on the oth-<br />
Weather Station<br />
Precipitations in mm<br />
October, 2007 - June, 2008<br />
(Deviations from the mean<br />
value)<br />
- 8 -<br />
er side November snowfalls were scourged<br />
by strong northern currents that redistributed<br />
and eroded the snow on the ground.<br />
Though January was double-faced, the month<br />
can be judged positive for our glaciers. At<br />
first, moist Atlantic perturbations led to several<br />
episodes of abundant accumulations<br />
while in the second half of the month, good<br />
weather conditions and temperatures exceeding<br />
the average for the period had the positive<br />
effect of slowing down the constructive<br />
metamorphism process of the snow cover.<br />
March was also windy; as a conse-<br />
Tab. 1: Precipitation and temperature values during the 2007/2008 accumulation season. In order<br />
to allow a homogeneous comparison among the different stations, the mean value has been<br />
calculated for the period 1988/89 – 2005/06. “Integral” means that the average temperature has<br />
been calculated by adding each recorded value (data acquisition interval: 5’) and dividing the total<br />
by the number of readings. The other temperatures have been calculated with the “arithmetic”<br />
method: i.e. (average of daily maximum temperatures + average of daily minimum temperatures) / 2.<br />
Temperatures in °C<br />
October, 2007 - June, 2008<br />
(Deviations from the mean<br />
value)<br />
Passo Venerocolo - 3230 m/s.l.m. - - 6,7° (integrale - 7,0°) *<br />
Bivacco Corti - 2509 m/s.l.m. - - 0,4° (integrale - 1,7°)<br />
Bivacco Resnati - 1950 m/s.l.m. - + 1,9° (integrale + 1,5°)<br />
Sils/Maria - 1798 m/s.l.m. 637,9 (- 30,7 mm ; - 4,6 %) + 0,1° (+ 0,3°)<br />
S.Antonio di Valfurva - 1360 m/s.l.m. 528,2 (+ 42 mm ; + 8,0 %) + 3,5° (+ 0,1°)<br />
Sondrio - 290 m/s.l.m. 589,9 (- 100,1 mm ; - 14,5 %) + 9,1° (- 0,4°)<br />
Andalo Valtellino - 220 m/s.l.m. 752,6 (- 81,5 mm ; - 9,8 %) + 10,1°<br />
Massimeno (TN) - 860 m/s.l.m. 834 (+ 70 mm ; + 10 %) + 6,4°<br />
*Average value for the period October 2007- May 2008 because of an instrument failure in June, 2008
quence, strong wind erosions depleted<br />
the snow cover of the most exposed apparatuses<br />
(Adamello and Scalino), where<br />
large patches of ice became visible.<br />
A new change of climatic conditions began at<br />
the end of March, when the northern regions<br />
were subject to strong Atlantic perturbations<br />
Tab. 2: Snow cover height (HN) at SGL snow stations<br />
Sector Snow Station<br />
HN (cm)<br />
and<br />
date<br />
- 9 -<br />
HN mean<br />
value (cm) and<br />
related time<br />
interval<br />
Spluga-Lei <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> (2800 m) 185 (22/06) 348 (1999-08)* L. Bonardi<br />
Orobie Lupo (2560 m) 463 (14/06) 400 (1996-08)<br />
Operator/s<br />
R. Scotti, D. Perego, D. Bavera,<br />
D. Sironi<br />
Disgrazia-Mallero Vazzeda (2920 m) 300 (14/06) 400 (1996-08)** M. Butti, A. Proh<br />
Livigno Campo Nord (3000 m) 155 (01/06) 205 (2000-08)* A. Bera, D. Colombarolli<br />
Ortles-Cevedale Sobretta (3170 m) 190 (10/06) 192 (1998-08)<br />
included in a very moist flux of south-westerly<br />
currents. Such conditions favoured heavy precipitations<br />
over the Alpine sectors of Lombardy.<br />
The tendency was further confirmed in the<br />
following month, the rainiest April of the last<br />
19 years in the Lombardy Alps, with precipitations<br />
twice as high as the average value.<br />
A. Praolini, E. Meraldiolini,<br />
E. Meraldi<br />
Ortles-Cevedale Dosegù (2980 m) 170 (04/06) 160 (1996-08)*** A. Praolini, E. Meraldi<br />
Adamello Pisgana Ovest (3150 m) 265 (08/06) 267 (2000-08)* P. Pagliardi, A. Toffaletti, F. Roveda<br />
* lacking 2002 data<br />
** lacking 1997 data<br />
*** lacking 2002 to 2006 data<br />
Fig. 1: The percentage<br />
deviation of the snow<br />
measured (HN) at each<br />
SGL snow station compared<br />
with the average<br />
for the 2003-2008 period.<br />
A lack of data has<br />
prevented the calculation<br />
of the mean value<br />
for a longer time interval.<br />
The figures show the<br />
percentage deviation<br />
from the mean value for<br />
each sample site. 3 sites<br />
in 1998 and 2002; 4 in<br />
1999, 2000 and 2001;<br />
6 in 2003 to 2008. The<br />
2008 accumulation season<br />
roughly matches the<br />
mean value of the last 6<br />
years; the 2001 anomalous<br />
value stands out..<br />
snow-meteo report
snow-meteo report<br />
Continuing a positive April, May was characterized<br />
by a precipitation surplus of 10-20%.<br />
Nevertheless, as the snow limits moved to a<br />
higher altitude than in the previous month, very<br />
good snow accumulation occurred only on the<br />
higher basins, while the sectors located below<br />
2800 m a.s.l. were washed out by heavy rains.<br />
Between the end of May and the beginning of<br />
June, the snow surveys conducted at the SGL<br />
sampling sites witnessed an accumulation<br />
matching the average of the last 10 years in<br />
the central-eastern sectors, while the western<br />
Fig. 2: Lombardy Snow chart at the end of the 2007/2008 accumulation season.<br />
sectors (i.e. Vazzeda and <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong>s)<br />
reported below-average snow accumulation,<br />
though the situation was not as bad as<br />
in the previous season. Thanks to this final recovery,<br />
the accumulation season ended with<br />
about average precipitation and snow levels,<br />
though the distribution of the precipitations was<br />
concentrated in single, important events that<br />
mainly favoured the avalanche accumulations.<br />
- 10 -
Ablation season ( June 1 –September 30, 2008)<br />
The beginning of the 2008 summer was positive<br />
for the glaciers, with the first half of June<br />
relatively chilly and snowy above 3000 m,<br />
with isolated snow episodes even at 2200 m<br />
a.s.l.. Starting in the second half of June the<br />
tropical high, the so-called “camel”, set in and<br />
rose the temperature, seriously damaging the<br />
snow cover which started to melt down very<br />
rapidly. On the 26th of June the temperature<br />
reached 16,3 °C at the 2509 m a.s.l. of Bivacco<br />
Corti, the highest value for the season.<br />
The anticyclone produced temperatures exceeding<br />
the average value for the season (+<br />
2,6 °C over the mean values for the period<br />
1961-1990 at Sils). Temperatures remained<br />
high also in July, despite a number of storms<br />
causing snowy precipitations above 3600 m<br />
a.s.l.. This phase ended with the flood event<br />
of the 11th -14th, when 138,6 mm of rain fell<br />
at Andalo (Lower Valtellina). The Lake Como<br />
overflowed again at Como after a few years<br />
and the Adda River exceeded the warning<br />
threshold for some days. Snow fell only<br />
above 3100-3300 m a.s.l., with 30-40 cm of<br />
accumulations. Thanks to a warm second<br />
half, July ended with temperatures exceed-<br />
- 11 -<br />
ing the mean value, though showing a lower<br />
deviation than the previous month of June (+<br />
0,7 °C at Sils). July 2008 was the rainiest July<br />
since 1987, fortunately without inflicting the<br />
same damages to the Valtellina area. August,<br />
though perceived by most people as a chilly<br />
month, was probably the worst month for<br />
the glaciers of Lombardy. The rain fell even<br />
on the highest glaciers, washing away some<br />
of the residual snow cover and speeding up<br />
the ablation. Moist weather and cloud cover<br />
kept the minimum temperature above 0 °C for<br />
several days, preventing the melting and refreezing<br />
process so important for the survival<br />
of the snow cover on glacial apparatuses.<br />
Overall, the anomaly (+ 1,6 °C) was important<br />
enough to cause the almost complete melting<br />
of the residual snow covering the Lombardy<br />
glaciers. The few accumulations, mostly due<br />
to avalanches, suffered an additional blow in<br />
the first ten days of a hot and dry September.<br />
On the other hand, from the 13th of September<br />
onward, the month was characterized by<br />
a series of abundant snowfalls at relatively<br />
low altitudes for the season. These were responsible<br />
for the slowing down, or the final<br />
Tab. 3: Precipitation and temperature values during the 2007/2008 ablation season. In order to allow a homogeneous<br />
comparison among the different stations, the mean values refer to the period 1988/89 –2005/2006. “Integral”<br />
means that the average temperature is calculated by adding each recorded value (data acquisition interval:<br />
5’) and the total is divided by the number of readings. The other temperatures have been calculated with the<br />
“arithmetic” method: i.e. (average of daily maximum temperatures + average of daily minimum temperatures) / 2.<br />
Weather Station<br />
Precipitations in mm<br />
June - September, 2008<br />
(Deviations from the mean<br />
values)<br />
Temperatures in °C<br />
June - September, 2008<br />
(Deviations from the mean<br />
values)<br />
Bivacco Corti - 2509 m/s.l.m. - + 6,8° (integral + 6,8°)<br />
Sils/Maria - 1798 m/s.l.m. 572,7 (+ 129,2 mm ; + 29,1 %) + 10,1° (+ 0,2°)<br />
S.Antonio di Valfurva - 1360 m/s.l.m. 473,2 (+ 99,8 mm ; + 21,0 %) + 13,4° (+ 0,1°)<br />
Sondrio - 290 m/s.l.m. 498,9 (+ 100,6 mm ; + 26,3 %) + 20,8° (- 1,0°)<br />
Andalo Valtellino - 220 m/s.l.m. 666,1 (+ 151,5 mm ; + 29,4 %) + 20,4°<br />
Massimeno (TN) - 860 m/s.l.m. 421,9 (+ 37,0 mm ; + 9,6 %) + 16,7° (- 0,3°)<br />
snow-meteo report
snow-meteo report<br />
stop, of all melting processes, thus ending<br />
the ablation season at most glacial areas of<br />
Lombardy. At the end of September the snow<br />
cover at 2500-2700 m a.s.l., varied from 15<br />
to 60 cm, with the highest values in the western<br />
part of the Region. September was the<br />
only month of the ablation season recording<br />
a lower-than-average temperature value (-0,<br />
8 °C). Overall, the four months between June<br />
- 12 -<br />
and September 2008 were rainy (+20 to 30%<br />
above the average) and hot (+1,0 °C over the<br />
average value for 1961-1990 and +0,2 °C<br />
over the average value 1988-2006 at the Sils<br />
station). Considering only the period June -<br />
August, the summer of 2008 was the fourth<br />
warmest since 1864.<br />
Fig. 3: Bivacco Corti weather station (2509 m a.s.l.): daily temperature values for the 2008 ablation season
Sils/Maria historical weather data (1864-2008)<br />
Tab. 4: Sils/Maria weather station (1798 m a.s.l.): The comparisons use the long period (1864-2007) average<br />
and the WMO reference average (1961-1990). Data: MeteoSchweiz.<br />
Month Precipitations in mm Temperatures<br />
mm<br />
Deviation from<br />
the 1864-2007<br />
average<br />
Deviation from<br />
the 1961-1990<br />
average<br />
- 13 -<br />
°C<br />
Deviation<br />
from the<br />
1864-2007<br />
average<br />
Deviation<br />
from the<br />
1961-1990<br />
average<br />
October 2007 35,2 - 61,4 - 0,8 σ - 46,7 - 0,6 σ + 3,9 + 0,8 + 0,6 σ + 0,3 + 0,2 σ<br />
November 2007 84,8 + 2,1 + 0,0 σ - 0,3 - 0,0 σ - 1,9 + 0,1 + 0,0 σ - 0,1 - 0,1 σ<br />
December 2007 22,1 - 34,7 - 0,8 σ - 26,4 - 0,8 σ - 5,2 + 0,6 + 0,3 σ + 0,1 + 0,1 σ<br />
January 2008 67,0 + 19,6 + 0,5 σ + 16,9 + 0,5 σ - 5,1 + 2,3 + 1,2 σ + 2,1 + 1,1 σ<br />
February 2008 14,5 - 27,4 - 0,7 σ - 27,8 - 0,7 σ - 4,2 + 2,5 + 1,2 σ + 2,4 + 1,0 σ<br />
March 2008 49,9 - 11,6 - 0,2 σ - 10,4 - 0,2 σ - 2,5 + 1,5 + 0,8 σ + 1,5 + 0,8 σ<br />
April 2008 148,1 + 75,7 + 1,6 σ + 69,4 + 1,2 σ + 0,1 + 0,3 + 0,2 σ + 0,3 + 0,2 σ<br />
May 2008 118,5 + 28,0 + 0,6 σ + 14,0 + 0,2 σ + 6,0 + 1,4 + 1,0 σ + 1,7 + 1,4 σ<br />
June 2008 97,8 - 2,3 - 0,1 σ - 6,8 - 0,1 σ + 10,5 + 2,1 + 1,7 σ + 2,5 + 2,6 σ<br />
July 2008 226,8 + 114,6 + 2,7 σ + 118,0 + 2,2 σ + 11,1 + 0,6 + 0,5 σ + 0,7 + 0,6 σ<br />
August 2008 110,7 - 9,1 - 0,2 σ - 10,5 - 0,2 σ + 11,7 + 1,4 + 1,2 σ + 1,6 + 1,5 σ<br />
September 2008 137,4 + 38,6 + 0,6 σ + 44,7 + 0,6 σ + 6,9 - 0,7 - 0,5 σ - 0,8 - 0,5 σ<br />
October - June 637,9 - 13,3 - 0,1 σ - 24,7 - 0,2 σ + 0,1 + 1,3 + 1,7 σ + 1,2 +1,9 σ<br />
June -<br />
September<br />
572,7 + 141,8 + 1,3 σ + 145,3 + 1,2 σ + 10,1 + 0,9 + 1,2 σ + 1,0 + 1,4 σ<br />
Fig. 4: Sils station: total precipitations for the October-June accumulation season is close to the hundred-year<br />
average value. The overall trend points to a very slight increase.<br />
snow-meteo report
snow-meteo report<br />
Fig. 5: Sils station: temperature values for the June-September ablation season. Remarkable is the sudden<br />
and intense increase of the last 25 years, which followed the slight drop of the ‘60s and ‘70s. The 2008 ablation<br />
season was 0,9 °C hotter than the long period average value.<br />
References<br />
BEGERT M., SCHLEGEL T., KIRCHHOFER W. (2005) - Homogeneous Temperature and Precipitation<br />
Series of Switzerland from 1864 to 2000. International Journal of Climatology 25: 65-80<br />
- 14 -
Unusual April snowfalls<br />
If it were not for April and May 2008, we would be reporting the worst situation ever for<br />
the Lombardy glacialism. The meteorological pattern of April was characterized by Atlantic<br />
stream, for the first time in this period of the year since 1998 (before that we have to<br />
go back to 1989). Almost continuous south-westerly stream brought five precipitation episodes,<br />
with snow limits always below the 2000 m a.s.l. level and sometimes close to the<br />
1000 m mark: a much needed help for the glaciers that until the end of March were showing<br />
an insufficient snow cover.<br />
The first days of April were characterized by sunny days and, once again, by föhn wind<br />
blowing intensely on the 2nd and 3rd April. Then, starting from the 6th of April, the turnaround:<br />
a weak perturbation moved in over Lombardy, dropping 30-40 cm of snow above<br />
1500 m a.s.l., accompanied by the first thunderstorm of the season in Lower Valtellina.<br />
Beginning with the 9th, a period of perturbations set in and in about 10 days the mountain<br />
scenery changed. On the 11th the snow fell until 1000 m; a significant accumulation that,<br />
added to those of the previous days, reached 150 cm in the Orobic Alps and Valle Spluga<br />
Sectors and 100 cm in the other areas. In the following days the level of instability remained<br />
high and several storms contributed to further increase the snow cover. On the 14th another<br />
Atlantic perturbation discharged 48 mm of rain at Gerola Alta (Orobic Alps), a level<br />
that, at higher altitudes, is equivalent to almost 50 cm of snow. Other sectors showed more<br />
scanty accumulations (about 20-30 cm). In the following days other weak perturbations<br />
added an additional 20-30 cm over all the sectors. After the short break of the 16th, during<br />
the days from the 17th to the 21st another Atlantic perturbation dropped 80-90 cm above<br />
2000 m a.s.l. in the Orobic Sector and 50 cm elsewhere. In the following days, from the<br />
22nd to the 28th, a high pressure set in, producing more stable conditions accompanied by<br />
temperature values matching the average for the period. The consolidation process of the<br />
snow cover benefitted from several freeze–thaw cycles, particularly on the southern slopes<br />
below 3000 m a.s.l..<br />
April played its last chances between the 29th and the 30th, ending on the 1st May with rain<br />
and thunderstorms and a snow limit around 1800-2000 m a.s.l.. These events dropped an<br />
additional 20-30 cm of snow, especially on the Rhaetian Alps (30 cm at the Maloja Pass).<br />
April can be ranked among the best months for precipitation. Overall accumulations were<br />
twice the average value for the month: 187,5 mm (+67%) at Andalo Valtellino (Orobic Sector);<br />
215 mm (+105%) at Massimeno (Adamello Sector); 148,1 mm (+103%) at Sils/Maria<br />
(Rhaetia); 106,9 mm (+106%) at S. Antonio Valfurva. A further proof that April was an exceptional<br />
month: the combined snowfalls at Nevaio del Colombano (Monte Legnone - Orobic<br />
Alps) were estimated at 308 cm. This is the best result of the last 5 years, the previous<br />
record being 217 cm (November 2003).<br />
- 15 -<br />
snow-meteo report
snow-meteo report<br />
The meteorological year viewed through the pictures<br />
The southern side of Mt. Bernina, taken<br />
on October 13 from Pizzo Canciano.<br />
Below 3500 m a.s.l. the snow fallen at<br />
the end of September has disappeared<br />
completely (October13, 2007; photo by<br />
V. Sciaresa).<br />
A picture that best represents the cold and dry December 2007: the Lej da Segl (Sils-Engadina<br />
valley), is completely frozen and devoid of snow on the surface. (December 29, 2007; photo by<br />
R. Scotti)<br />
- 16 -<br />
December 1, 2007:<br />
the Predarossa <strong>Glacier</strong><br />
showing several<br />
areas of bare ice.<br />
Wind erosion reduced<br />
the 100 cm<br />
of snow at the end<br />
of November to a<br />
few, poorly distributed<br />
cm (Photo by<br />
R. Scotti).
The Alps around<br />
Lake Como show<br />
a consistent snow<br />
cover, after the<br />
snowfalls of the beginning<br />
of January<br />
(January 13, 2008;<br />
photo by A. Toffaletti).<br />
- 17 -<br />
The Cima de’<br />
Piazzi (3440 m)<br />
with the Val Lia<br />
and Cardonnè<br />
<strong>Glacier</strong>s. The<br />
snow fallen at<br />
the beginning<br />
of January was<br />
eroded by strong<br />
winds, leaving<br />
the glaciers uncovered<br />
in many<br />
spots (February<br />
6, 2008; photo by<br />
M. Leoni).<br />
The Pizzo Scalino <strong>Glacier</strong> (March 29, 2008). The snow cover is rather scarce, reflecting<br />
a poor accumulation season. The picture shows the lack of autumnal precipitation<br />
and the strong erosion of the locations exposed to northern winds. (Photo by V.<br />
Sciaresa)<br />
snow-meteo report
snow-meteo report<br />
Consistent avalancheaccumulations<br />
cover the<br />
bottom of Val<br />
Sissone (May<br />
10, 2008; photo<br />
by M. E. Peroschi).<br />
- 18 -<br />
The Punta San Matteo and the<br />
Forni Basin, taken from Val Cedec<br />
on the April 20 morning, after<br />
the abundant snowfalls of the<br />
first part of the month (Photo by<br />
G. Cola)<br />
The Adamello<br />
Group, taken from<br />
Cima della Presanella<br />
on June 1,<br />
2008. In the foreground<br />
the Lobbia<br />
<strong>Glacier</strong>, with the<br />
Mandrone <strong>Glacier</strong><br />
and Mt. Adamello<br />
on the right. Below<br />
2800 m a.s.l., snow<br />
levels loaded with<br />
Saharan dust are<br />
exposed (photo by<br />
F. Rota Nodari).
The West Pisgana <strong>Glacier</strong> on June 29,<br />
2008. The picture shows the detachment<br />
near the rocky ledge that now separates<br />
the valley terminus from the accumulation<br />
basins. The avalanche front is over<br />
300 m long, with a thickness of 120 cm<br />
(photo by P. Pagliardi).<br />
Summer ablation on the Forni <strong>Glacier</strong>.<br />
(August 6, 2008; photo by R. Scotti).<br />
- 19 -<br />
snow-meteo report
snow-meteo report<br />
- 20 -
The 2008<br />
Glaciological Survey<br />
Central Alps - Lombardy<br />
S cientific coordination, tex t and data processing:<br />
Riccardo Scotti, Andrea Toffaletti, Luca Bonardi,<br />
Paolo Pagliardi
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
Mountain sectors and operators (76)<br />
SPLUGA-LEI<br />
L. Colzani, E. Congiu, M. D’Amico, M. Felisa, S. Losa, B. Mezzera, F. Rossini, C. Scolari,<br />
R. Scotti, F. Villa<br />
CODERA-MASINO<br />
L. Colzani, G. Di Gallo, M. Marzorati, R. Scotti, A. Barilli<br />
DISGRAZIA-MALLERO<br />
D. Airoldi, A. Almasio, I. Bollati, F. Cambieri, M. Fransci, G. Di Gallo, L. Muchetti, P. Pagliardi,<br />
M. E. Peroschi, G. Rovedatti, R. Scotti, M. Urso<br />
BERNINA<br />
D. Bellingeri, M. Butti, L Colzani, A. Galluccio, D. Gerussi, M. Gianatti, P. Pagliardi, A. Salvetti,<br />
R. Scotti, M. Zambenedetti<br />
SCALINO-PAINALE<br />
M. Butti, E. Benedetti, M .Gianatti<br />
DOSDE’-LIVIGNO<br />
S. Alberti, A. Bera, G. Cola, D. Colombarolli, L. Colzani, D. De Felice, A. Galluccio,<br />
F. Galluccio, M. Gianatti, P. Pagliardi, D. Parrino, S. Ratti, M. Marzorati, R. Scotti,<br />
C. Speranza<br />
ORTLES-CEVEDALE<br />
C. Bessi, L. Bolognini, L. Bonetti, A. Borghi, P. Bottio, R. Bottio, G. Casartelli, G. Catasta,<br />
G. Cola, D. Colombarolli, L. Colzani, L. Farinella, M. Fioletti, A. Galluccio, Ac Galluccio,<br />
M. Gianatti, E. Meraldi, P. Pagliardi, A. Scaltriti, C. Scolari, R. Scotti; F. Strozzi,<br />
M. Zambenedetti<br />
ADAMELLO<br />
C. Bessi, P. Cinanni, M. Frosio, A. Elli, L. Imberti, G. Lojacono, A. Mussi, V. Paneri,<br />
P. Pagliardi, D. Perego, P. Reale, F. Roveda, R. Scotti, A. Toffaletti, M. Zambenedetti<br />
OROBIE<br />
S. Anghileri, E. Benedetti, R. Bianchi, M. Butti, S. D’Adda, D. Gerussi, M. Gianatti,<br />
M .Fransci, F. Locatelli, F. Mocci, D. Perego, L. Pironi, G. Rovedatti, A. Scherini, V. Sciaresa,<br />
R. Scotti, A. Sesini, S. Vigani, F. Villa<br />
- 22 -
The 2008 Glaciological survey 1<br />
“How did the glaciers fare during the last sum- a slight decrease. Despite the very negative<br />
mer?” This is the most frequent question that scenario, this is a slight improvement over the<br />
mountain lovers, friends and curious people previous year, when all glaciers had strong to<br />
have been asking us since last September. moderate decrements. Curiously, the sectors<br />
Such direct and concise question is worth a whose snow cover was better than their his-<br />
similarly short and clear answer: “Badly”. Then torical average value in the early summer days<br />
the astonished speaker: “But why? A bad sum- were the ones to suffer the worst decrements.<br />
mer again? With all the snow that fell down ... What are the explanations<br />
and the bad weather we have had …” At this for such a negative season?<br />
point, it is worth to analyse in depth a season The answer has implicitly been outlined in<br />
that, despite the very negative result, has the snow-meteorological report already.<br />
shown some shy signals of a recovery if com- Despite an amount of precipitation in line<br />
pared to the glaciological disasters of the past with the average value for the season,<br />
few years. The differences among the various thanks mainly to the April-May period, the<br />
mountain sectors of Lombardy, almost zeroed snow did not last until the end of the sea-<br />
during the last years because of very negative son; such result is a consequence of the<br />
dynamic indexes everywhere, this year have high temperature of the summer months.<br />
become visible again. So, it is clear that the The thickness reduction of the glacier’s fronts<br />
western sectors have fared better than the was comparable to that of previous years; the<br />
eastern ones: the Spluga/Lej, Codera/Masino, frequent May precipitations probably led to a net<br />
Disgrazia, Orobic Alps, though undergoing a differentiation between the upper basins, well<br />
negative season, have ended with some re- fed by snowfalls, and their rain-washed termini.<br />
sidual snow coverage over all apparatuses. By the end of July, the residual snow had<br />
Photographic observations and field surveys disappeared almost everywhere under 3200<br />
proved that some small glaciers had an almost m a.s.l., letting the hot August and early<br />
positive season: the best examples are: Mor- September days to melt down the exposed<br />
tee, Calvo, Rasica Est, Cassandra Centrale, ice and, where present, most of the residual<br />
Dente di Coca and Pizzo dell’Omo Ovest. Un- snow. Locally, the snow cover lasted till the<br />
fortunately all are very small apparatuses; their end of the season above 3300 m a.s.l. and on<br />
combined size being only 2% that of the Ad- some glaciers with avalanche accumulation.<br />
amello <strong>Glacier</strong> which, on the other side, had a The SGL Glaciological Survey, though delayed<br />
heavily negative season. For the same reason, by the abundant snowfall of mid-September,<br />
all glaciers belonging to the SGL sample list has nevertheless produced meaningful data,<br />
showed a negative trend versus the 2007 situ- having investigated 95,4% of the glacialized<br />
ation. The 47 glaciers of the sample were cho- surface of the Region. The most important<br />
sen for their size and for being representative results are the largely negative mass bal-<br />
of their own sectors. 23,4% of them showed a ances and the investigation of morphologies<br />
dynamic index pointing to a strong decrease, peculiar to a phase of glacial dissolution: the<br />
59,4% to a moderate decrease and 19,2% to deep bédières (Campo Nord), the ever wider<br />
1 For the survey methodology see www.sgl.cluster.it<br />
- 23 -<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
moraine cover, the frequent dismemberments<br />
induced by the loss of mass (Passo<br />
di Chiareggio, Venerocolo, Porola), the formation<br />
and widening of proglacial lakes (particularly<br />
important is the widening of the Est<br />
Fellaria proglacial lake) and the lessening of<br />
break-up morphologies (crevasses, seracs).<br />
Hence, briefly, the negative trend for our<br />
The data of the 2008 Survey<br />
Year<br />
Total regional area covered<br />
by glaciers (ha)<br />
- 24 -<br />
glaciers continued in 2008 as well, though<br />
we could say something like “better than<br />
worse”. Coming from years that were anticipating<br />
the glaciological and climatic scenarios<br />
predicted for the end of XXI century,<br />
this might be of some satisfaction.<br />
During the 2008 Glaciological Survey, 96 glaciers were subjected to a complete glaciological<br />
survey 1 (36,5% of existing glaciers); their combined area was 9061,4 ha or 83,6% of Lombardy<br />
glacialized surface. Adding the photographic observations2 (103) the number of glacial apparatuses,<br />
inclusive of both glaciers and glacierettes, increases to 199 (75,7 % of all glacial bodies<br />
or 95,4 % of the entire regional glacial area).<br />
Tab. 1: total glacialized regional surface investigated during the 2008 Glaciological Survey and comparisons<br />
with the previous biennium (absolute values in ha and %) (* without photographic observations).<br />
Total area investigated<br />
(ha)<br />
Total area surveyed (%)<br />
2006 11.004,7 8.690,0 79*<br />
2007 10.967,7 10.242,8 93,3<br />
2008 10.838,6 10.344,1 95,4<br />
1 Complete glaciological survey means that a detailed on-site investigation was performed by the designated<br />
operators; where possible, their evaluation included: snow line altitude, minimum altitude of the front, front<br />
measurements. Operators also remarked the morphologies variations versus the previous survey.<br />
2 Photographic observation means that a glacier is investigated through one or more photos taken from<br />
selected photographic stations to allow meaningful comparisons over the years. Such observations do not<br />
provide dynamic indexes.
Tab. 2: Summary of 2008 surveys and photographic observations (sectors and total).<br />
Spluga <strong>Glacier</strong>s (n°)<br />
(% of total<br />
number)<br />
Area (ha) (% of total area)<br />
Complete surveys 8 61,5 215,5 81,8<br />
Photographic observations 3 23,1 33,6 12,7<br />
Survey + Photo observations 11 84,6 249,1 94,5<br />
Total existing glaciers<br />
Codera-Masino<br />
13 263,6<br />
Complete surveys 4 15,4 88,5 38,8<br />
Photographic observations 12 46,2 86,9 38,1<br />
Survey + Photo observations 16 61,5 175,4 77,0<br />
Total existing glaciers<br />
Disgrazia-Mallero<br />
26 227,8<br />
Complete surveys 11 39,3 814,3 85,2<br />
Photographic observations 13 46,4 122,1 12,8<br />
Survey + Photo observations 24 85,7 936,4 98,0<br />
Total existing glaciers<br />
Bernina<br />
28 955,7<br />
Complete surveys 8 61,5 2151,1 96,5<br />
Photographic observations 2 15,4 46,1 2,1<br />
Survey + Photo observations 10 76,9 2197,2 98,5<br />
Total existing glaciers<br />
Scalino-Painale<br />
13 2230,2<br />
Complete surveys 2 25,0 200,9 88,7<br />
Photographic observations 1 12,5 3,3 1,5<br />
Survey + Photo observations 3 37,5 204,2 90,2<br />
Total existing glaciers<br />
Dosdè-Piazzi<br />
8 226,4<br />
Complete surveys 7 35,0 209,7 48,8<br />
Photographic observations 10 50,0 193,1 44,9<br />
Survey + Photo observations 17 85,0 402,8 93,7<br />
Total existing glaciers<br />
Livigno<br />
20 429,8<br />
Complete surveys 6 54,5 118,1 80,9<br />
Photographic observations 1 9,1 11,9 8,2<br />
Survey + Photo observations 7 63,6 130,0 89,0<br />
Total existing glaciers<br />
Ortles<br />
11 146,0<br />
Complete surveys 24 43,6 2788,2 78,0<br />
Photographic observations 15 27,3 525,3 14,7<br />
Survey + Photo observations 39 70,9 3313,5 92,7<br />
Total existing glaciers<br />
Adamello<br />
55 3576<br />
Complete surveys 12 30,8 2356,8 93,3<br />
Photographic observations 17 43,6 141,6 5,6<br />
Survey + Photo observations 29 74,4 2498,4 98,9<br />
Total existing glaciers<br />
Orobie<br />
39 2527,1<br />
Complete surveys 14 28,0 118,3 46,2<br />
Photographic observations 29 58,0 118,8 46,4<br />
Survey + Photo observations 43 86,0 237,1 92,6<br />
Total existing glaciers 50 256<br />
<strong>Glacier</strong>s (n°)<br />
(% of total<br />
number)<br />
Area (ha) (% of total area)<br />
Complete surveys 96 36,5 % 9.061,4 83,6 %<br />
Photographic observations 103 39,2 % 1.282,7 11,8 %<br />
Survey + Photo observations 199 75,7 % 10.344,1 95,4 %<br />
Total existing glaciers (2007) 263 - 10.838,6 -<br />
- 25 -<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
ANALYSIS OF VARIATIONS<br />
This chapter presents data and information collected during the 2008 surveys. The dynamic<br />
phase of each glacier is evaluated on the basis of the last available survey.<br />
Variations versus 2007<br />
All 47 glaciers, when compared with their 2007 data, are in a shrinking phase, with a net prevalence<br />
(80,8%) of strong and moderate decrements. The tendency of the last years is confirmed<br />
and 2008 is the 4th consecutive year in which 100% of sampled glaciers were reported in a<br />
decrement phase when compared against their previous survey.<br />
The statistical analysis highlights the negative peak of the Ortles–Cevedale Sector, with 4 strong<br />
decrements and 7 moderate decrements.<br />
Tab. 3: 2008 dynamic phases of Lombardy glaciers.<br />
Mountain sector<br />
extinct<br />
Decrement phase<br />
strong<br />
moderate<br />
slight<br />
- 26 -<br />
Stable<br />
Increment phase<br />
Spluga-Lei 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 4<br />
Codera-Masino 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3<br />
Disgrazia-Mallero 0 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 8<br />
Bernina 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5<br />
Scalino-Painale 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1<br />
Dosdè-Piazzi 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3<br />
Livigno 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3<br />
Ortles-Cevedale 0 4 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11<br />
Adamello 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5<br />
Orobie 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4<br />
Total 0 11 27 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 47<br />
% 0% 23,4% 57,4% 19,2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%<br />
Totali 47 0 0 0 0 47<br />
% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%<br />
Tab. 4: The overall dynamic phase of Lombardy glaciers over the last 7 hydrological years.<br />
Hydrological year<br />
% Decreasing<br />
glaciers<br />
% Stable glaciers<br />
slight<br />
moderate<br />
strong<br />
% Increasing<br />
glaciers<br />
New<br />
Uncertain<br />
Total<br />
% Uncertain<br />
glaciers<br />
2001-2002 90,4 6,7 1,0 1,9<br />
2002-2003 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0<br />
2003-2004 73,6 8,0 17,3 1,1<br />
2004-2005 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0<br />
2005-2006 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0<br />
2006-2007 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0<br />
2007-2008 100,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Fig. 1: The dynamic index of glaciers surveyed during the 2008 glaciological survey, as % over the total<br />
number (each column shows the total number of glaciers in that class).<br />
Fig. 2: The Vedretta del Mandrone on September 20, 2008, when the the reading of the ablation stakes at the<br />
snout of the glacier took place. The glacier was covered by 10 cm of fresh snow fallen a few days earlier that<br />
had ended the 2008 ablation season (photo by A. Toffaletti).<br />
- 27 -<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
Tab. 5: the list of glaciers surveyed in 2008 and the comparison with their previous surveys. Also indicated<br />
are: the front variation, the minimum altitude of the front (QMF), the snow line altitude, a brief note and the<br />
glaciological operators involved.<br />
Note: for the details of dynamic phases, see tab. 10 at the end of the chapter.<br />
<strong>Glacier</strong><br />
Dynamic<br />
Phase<br />
Terminus<br />
variation<br />
Minimum<br />
altitude (m)<br />
Snow Line<br />
Altitude<br />
Settore Spluga/Lei<br />
- 28 -<br />
Notes (Operators)<br />
Pizzo Ferrè DF -0,5 2698 irr.<br />
20% of total surface covered by residual snow; further thinning. (E. Congiu,<br />
S. Losa)<br />
<strong>Suretta</strong> S DL -22,5 2700 n.v.<br />
Mass balance measured with differential GPS, scarce residual snow cover<br />
(F. Villa, R. Scotti)<br />
Ponciagna DM n.v. thickness loss; residual snow cover almost absent (L. Colzani)<br />
Cima di Lago W DL N.M. n.v. recent snow cover, snow line not assessable, front shrinkage (L. Colzani)<br />
Codera/Masino<br />
Sivigia NE DM 2530 2850<br />
residual snow covering 15% of the surface, lower sector in a dismemberment<br />
phase (A. Barilli, L. Colzani)<br />
Passo di Bondo DL 3070<br />
snow cover only at the base of the rocky cliffs, moderate loss of thickness<br />
(M. Marzorati)<br />
Pioda S DM -16,5 2810 n.v.<br />
the link to the patch below 3064 m a.s.l. (CTR) has dissolved; snow cover<br />
hard to evaluate (G. Di Gallo)<br />
Disgrazia/Mallero<br />
residual snow cover under Sella di Pioda and at the base of the cliffs, the<br />
Predarossa DM -5 2625 3300 separation of upper and lower sectors is progressing (M. Urso, I. Bollati,<br />
D. Airoldi)<br />
Cassandra E DL -11,5 2915 3180<br />
good residual snow cover, strong thinning at the front. (R. Scotti, M. Fransci)<br />
Ventina DM -6,5 2222 2950<br />
irregular snow cover, though more consistent than in previous years; overall<br />
thinning of the tongue (M. E. Peroschi, F. Cambieri)<br />
Pizzo Ventina DL 2470 2650<br />
avalanche accumulations over the 40% of the surface (M. E. Peroschi, F.<br />
Cambieri, M. Urso, A, Almasio)<br />
Disgrazia DM -2 2610 2900<br />
more extensive snow cover in comparison with previous years, though<br />
insufficient to achieve an equilibrium balance (P. Pagliardi)<br />
Sissone DM -58 2600 2950<br />
strong withdrawal of the front and substantial morphologic variations in the<br />
lower part; snow cover over 40% of the surface (A. Almasio)<br />
Vazzeda DM N.M. 3000<br />
residual snow cover scarcer than nearby glaciers (A. Almasio, R. Scotti,<br />
M. Urso, I. Bollati, D. Airoldi)<br />
Pizzo Tremogge DL N.M. 3010 n.v. no substantial changes; slight thinning. (M. Urso, I. Bollati, D. Airoldi)<br />
Bernina<br />
Scerscen Inf. DM -5 2640 n.v. overall thinning of the lower portion (A. Salvetti, D. Bellingeri, L. Colzani)<br />
Scerscen Sup. DM 2750 3170<br />
thinning tongue; 155 cm of ice lost at 3100 m (A. Galluccio, M. Zambenedetti,<br />
P. Pagliardi, L. Colzani)<br />
Caspoggio DF N.M. n.v. dramatic mass loss, negligible snow cover (L. Colzani)<br />
Fellaria W DM 3400 right flow detached; scanty snow cover. (M. Butti, P. Pagliardi)<br />
Fellaria E DL N.M. 3450<br />
fairly good residual snow cover towards the Fellaria Plateau, evolution of<br />
the tongue with a remarkable widening of the proglacial lake (M. Butti, P.<br />
Pagliardi, D. Gerussi)<br />
Scalino/Painale<br />
Pizzo Scalino DF -10 2620 ass. negligible snow cover; dramatic, overall thinning. (M. Butti)<br />
Dosde'/Piazzi<br />
Cardonnè DF 2530 3100 irregular snow cover, northern wall decaying (A. Galluccio, G. Cola)
<strong>Glacier</strong><br />
Dynamic<br />
Phase<br />
Terminus<br />
variation<br />
Minimum<br />
altitude (m)<br />
Snow Line<br />
Altitude<br />
- 29 -<br />
Notes (Operators)<br />
Dosdè E DM -20 2560 3000<br />
irregular residual snow cover, strong withdrawal, loss of mass (F. Galluccio,<br />
S. Ratti)<br />
Val Viola W DM -13 2825 irr<br />
small fields of residual snow, substantial decrement (S. Ratti, F. Galluccio)<br />
Livigno<br />
Val Nera W DM n.v. scarce snow cover since the beginning of August (S. Alberti, R. Scotti)<br />
Campo N DF -18 2840 3100<br />
new weather station installed, 220 cm of ice lost at 2985 m a.s.l.(D. Colombarolli,<br />
A. Bera)<br />
Saliente DM irr.<br />
residual snow cover at the base of the cliffs over the about 30% of the<br />
surface; fully covered by debris (S. Ratti)<br />
Ortles/Cevedale<br />
Vitelli DM -17 2600 3160<br />
residual snow cover on the accumulation basin; front area in a dismemberment<br />
phase. (A. Scaltriti, A. Galluccio)<br />
Zebrù DM n.v. areal shrinkage (A.C. Galluccio)<br />
Zebrù E DM -13,5 2843 n.v. loss of mass in the left frontal area. (A. Galluccio)<br />
Forà DF -26 2760 n.v.<br />
detachment of an ice lens with morainic cover in the snout area; strong<br />
retreat (L. Colzani)<br />
Gran Zebrù DF -11 2990 ass.<br />
no residual snow, thinning front, dramatic shrinkage. (D. Colombarolli, M.<br />
Fioletti)<br />
Cedec DM -9 n.v.<br />
indented front, very significant mass loss at the snout (D. Colombarolli,<br />
M. Fioletti)<br />
Palon de la Mare DM -13 3012 3400<br />
residual snow cover over the 20% of the surface, clear shrinking of the<br />
snout. (L. Farinella, C. Bessi)<br />
Forni DF -13 2510 3500 very scarce snow cover, as in 2007; dramatic overall mass loss (G. Cola)<br />
Dosegù DM -38,5 2850 3300<br />
strong retreat at the snout, good snow cover over the accumulation basin<br />
(A. Borghi, L. Bolognini)<br />
Sforzellina DM -3,5 2800 ass. some moderate avalanche accumulations, overall mass loss (R. Bottio)<br />
Alpe S DF N.M. ass.<br />
no snow cover, evident overall loss of mass (L. Bonetti, P. Pagliardi, G.<br />
Cola)<br />
Adamello<br />
Pisgana W DF -24 2565 ass. overall loss of mass, weak link with the accumulation basin (F. Roveda)<br />
Venerocolo DM -12 2570 3150<br />
Avio Centrale DM 2900<br />
Aviolo DM 2730 irr<br />
Adamello DF 3300<br />
Marovin DL -6 2060 2200<br />
Lupo DL 0 2440 2620<br />
Porola DM 2540 n.v.<br />
Trobio W<br />
(Tre Confini)<br />
DM irr<br />
Abbreviations: N.M.: Not measured; n.v.: Not evaluated; ass: Absent; irr.: Irregular<br />
very scarce snow cover (15% of the surface area); now separated from<br />
the Vedretta dei Frati (A. Toffaletti)<br />
snow cover, from avalanches only, over 30% of the surface area; moderate<br />
withdrawal (C. Bessi, G. Catania)<br />
thinning of the central portion, snow in the upper sectors and right hydrographical<br />
side (P. Pagliardi)<br />
scarce snow cover, significant mass loss below 3200 m (P. Pagliardi, D.<br />
Perego, A. Toffaletti, A. Elli)<br />
Orobie<br />
residual snow cover over the 50% of the surface, slightly negative mass<br />
balance (M. Butti)<br />
residual snow cover over 40% of the surface, snout unchanged, slightly<br />
negative mass balance (R. Scotti, F. Villa, S. D’Adda, F. Mocci, A. Mussi,<br />
L. Imberi, P. Cinanni)<br />
the lower sector has split from the accumulation basin in the steepest<br />
central portion (M. Merati)<br />
very scarce snow cover. Ice withdrawal at the front and near the rocky cliff,<br />
negative mass balance (S. D’Adda, F. Mocci)<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
Variations versus previous surveys (before 2007)<br />
Fig. 3: The small Vedretta di Remulo (Adamello Massif), despite its low altitude, does not show many variations<br />
versus the previous survey (2003). The protection offered by the rocky wall and the avalanche accumulations<br />
has kept this glacial apparatus substantially stable. (September 18, 2008; photo by V. Paneri).<br />
Tab. 6: The dynamic index of glaciers surveyed in 2008 which had their previous survey before 2007<br />
(totals: number of glaciers in each class and their % over the total).<br />
Mountain sector<br />
extinct<br />
Decrement phase<br />
strong<br />
moderate<br />
slight<br />
- 30 -<br />
Stable<br />
Increment phase<br />
Spluga- Lei 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4<br />
Codera-Masino 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1<br />
Disgrazia-Mallero 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3<br />
Bernina 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3<br />
Scalino-Painale 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1<br />
Dosdè-Piazzi 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4<br />
Livigno 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3<br />
Ortles-Cevedale 3 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 13<br />
Adamello 4 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 7<br />
Orobie 1 3 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 10<br />
Totali 11 17 11 3 3 0 0 0 0 4 49<br />
% 22,4% 34,7% 22,4% 6,1% 6,1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6,2% 100%<br />
Totali 42 0 0 0 4 49<br />
% 63,3% 0% 0% 0% 6,2% 100%<br />
slight<br />
moderate<br />
strong<br />
New<br />
Uncertain<br />
Total
The 46 glaciers considered in this section were<br />
not surveyed in 2007; comparisons are only<br />
possible with 2006 data or earlier, up to 1996<br />
(Passo Savoretta <strong>Glacier</strong>). The predominant<br />
dynamic phase is one of “decrement” (63,3%)<br />
while 22,4% of all surveyed glaciers were found<br />
Fig. 6: The dynamic index of the glaciers surveyed in 2008 which had their previous survey before 2007.<br />
- 31 -<br />
extinct. The number of extinctions collected in<br />
2008 confirms the trend of the previous glaciological<br />
surveys: altogether, 46 glaciers have<br />
disappeared between 2005 and 2008.<br />
Figg. 4 and 5: (left) the Verva Maggiore <strong>Glacier</strong> (Dosdè-Piazzi Sector) in 2008 (photo by D. Parrino) and (right,<br />
photo by V. Bianchi) in 2003, date of the previous survey. The glacial retreat is quite evident; the terminus has<br />
moved upvalley more than 300 m in 5 years.<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
Tab. 7: List of the glaciers surveyed in 2008 and comparison with their previous surveys (prior to 2007). Also<br />
indicated are: the front variation, the minimum altitude of the front (QMF), the snow line altitude, the date of the<br />
previous survey, a brief note and the glaciological operators involved. Note: for the details of dynamic phases,<br />
see tab. 10 at the end of the chapter.<br />
<strong>Glacier</strong><br />
Dynamic<br />
Phase<br />
Terminus<br />
variation<br />
Minimum<br />
altitude (m)<br />
Snow Line<br />
Altitude<br />
Last survey<br />
Settore Spluga/Lei<br />
- 32 -<br />
Notes (Operators)<br />
Pizzo Quadro N DM N.M irr. 2005<br />
some residual snow from avalanches, loss of mass, abundant<br />
debris coverage (F. Rossini, C. Scolari, E. Congiu)<br />
Tambò DM irr. 2002 20% residual snow cover (R. Scotti, E. Congiu)<br />
Orsareigls DF irr. 2002<br />
wide, but irregular, seasonal snow cover, dramatic loss of<br />
mass (E. Congiu)<br />
Morteè DF irr. 2001<br />
good residual seasonal snow cover, dramatic overall loss of<br />
mass (E. Congiu)<br />
Codera/Masino<br />
Pizzo Torrone I n.v. 2005<br />
snow frustrate a precise evaluation, very slight surface variation<br />
(A. Barilli, R. Scotti)<br />
Disgrazia/Mallero<br />
Corni Bruciati I DM 2620 n.v. 1998<br />
unchanged area; loss of mass, thickening debris coverage<br />
(M. Urso, I. Bollati, D. Airoldi)<br />
Corni Bruciati II DM 2660 n.v. 1998 unchanged area, loss of mass (M. Urso, I. Bollati, D. Airoldi)<br />
Passo di Chiareggio DF -580 2750 2850 2005<br />
residual snow cover in the upper portion, the debris covered<br />
tongue has detached from the rest of the glacier (A. Almasio)<br />
Bernina<br />
Fellaria Centrale DF 2950 1999<br />
full morainic cover, drastic loss of mass, avalanches accumulation<br />
(M. Butti)<br />
Fellaria Sup. I DF 2950 2000<br />
drastic loss of mass, fairly good seasonal snow cover (M.<br />
Butti, D. Gerussi)<br />
Fellaria Sup. Ii DF n.v. 2000<br />
drastic loss of mass, fairly good seasonal snow cover (M.<br />
Butti, D. Gerussi)<br />
Scalino/Painale<br />
Pizzo Painale SW DF 2830 n.v. 2001<br />
70% snow cover, dramatic overall loss of mass (E. Benedetti)<br />
Dosdè/Piazzi<br />
Verva Minore E 2002<br />
reclassified as “minor glacial formation” (D. De Felice, C.<br />
Speranza, D. Parrino)<br />
Verva Maggiore DF -331 2775 ass. 2003<br />
major terminus retreat, drastic mass and surface loss (D. De<br />
Felice, C. Speranza, D. Parrino)<br />
Cantone di Dosdè II E 1998<br />
reclassified as “minor glacial formation” (S. Ratti, F. Galluccio)<br />
Dosde' W Inf. E 1999<br />
reclassified as “minor glacial formation” (S. Ratti, F. Galluccio)<br />
Livigno<br />
Val Nera E I n.v. 2002<br />
full morainic cover, some patches of residual snow (early observation)<br />
(R. Scotti)<br />
Val Nera Centrale I n.v. 2002 fully covered by debris (S. Alberti, R. Scotti)<br />
Monte Val Nera I n.v. 2002 good snow cover (August 3) (S. Alberti, R. Scotti)<br />
Ortles/Cevedale<br />
Campo DM n.v. 2002<br />
snow cover on the orographic left side, loss of mass versus<br />
the last survey (G. Cola, R. Scotti)<br />
Confinale W DF ass. 2000<br />
no snow cover, wide morainic cover, drastic decrement from<br />
the last survey (D. Colombarolli)
<strong>Glacier</strong><br />
Dynamic<br />
Phase<br />
Terminus<br />
variation<br />
Minimum<br />
altitude (m)<br />
Snow Line<br />
Altitude<br />
Last survey<br />
Col de la Mare DM ass. 2003<br />
San Giacomo S DF ass. 2000<br />
Pizzo Tresero N DM ass. 2002<br />
Punta Sforzellina W E 2002<br />
- 33 -<br />
Notes (Operators)<br />
no residual snow cover, 2 huge landslides cover 30% of its<br />
surface (G. Cola)<br />
almost fully covered by debris, no snow cover, loss of mass<br />
since the previous survey (G. Cola)<br />
several debris flows over the ice, almost without snow cover<br />
since the beginning of August (A.C. Galluccio)<br />
negligible, residual ice mass at the edge of the proglacial lake<br />
(P. Pagliardi)<br />
Sobretta NE Sup. DF irr. 2002 patch of ice with some residual snow (G. Cola, R. Scotti)<br />
Sobretta NE Inf. E ass. 2002<br />
full debris cover, reclassified as “minor glacial formation” (G.<br />
Cola, R. Scotti)<br />
Sobretta NW DF 3220 2002<br />
separation of the upper right plate, strong retreat (D. Colombarolli)<br />
Profa DF n.v. 1998<br />
separation of the left plate, strong shrinkage (D. Colombarolli)<br />
Monte Gavia NW DL 2980 2980 2000<br />
full snow cover, positive annual balance, slight mass loss from<br />
the last survey (D. Colombarolli)<br />
Passo Savoretta E ass. 1996<br />
small ice patch covered by debris, reclassified as “minor glacial<br />
formation” (D. Colombarolli)<br />
Pietre Rosse N DF ass. 2002 no snow cover, strong shrinkage (P. Pagliardi)<br />
Piano delle Platigliole NEO<br />
small patch of firn and snow of aeolian origin, firstly observed<br />
in 2007 (A. Galluccio, P. Pagliardi)<br />
Adamello<br />
Lavedole E 2002<br />
small, debris buried ice patch, reclassified as “minor glacial<br />
formation” (A. Toffaletti)<br />
Cima Laste N DL 2730 2002<br />
full snow cover, slight decrement from the last survey (P.<br />
Pagliardi)<br />
Cima Wanda DL 2800 2002<br />
extended snow cover, slight decrement from the last survey<br />
(P. Pagliardi)<br />
Remulo S 2900 2900 2003<br />
minimal size but substantially unchanged from the previous<br />
survey, full snow cover (V. Paneri)<br />
Macesso E 2002<br />
reduced to a small patch, reclassified as “minor glacial formation”<br />
(V.Paneri)<br />
Triangolo E 2000 no residual snow or ice (V. Paneri)<br />
Orobie<br />
Monte Torena Sup. S 2740 2740 2000<br />
full snow cover, substantially stable from the previous survey<br />
(L. Pironi)<br />
Druet DF irr. 2002 withdrawal of the terminus, net decrement (M. Butti,R. Scotti)<br />
Fascere DF irr. 2002<br />
some seasonal snow patches, fully covered by debris, strong<br />
loss of mass (M. Butti, R. Scotti)<br />
Pioda Inf. DM 2500 2500 2002 full snow cover, overall loss of mass (M. Butti, R. Scotti)<br />
Pioda Sup. DM 2585 2585 2002 full snow cover, overall loss of mass (M. Butti, R. Scotti)<br />
Pizzo Brunone DF 2510 2510 2001<br />
buried ice plate headed to extinction, covered by annual snow<br />
(M. Merati)<br />
Bocchetta di Podavitt DM 2345 2345 2001<br />
almost stable surface but net mass decrement (R. Bianchi,<br />
G.M. Lucini)<br />
Podavista S 2130 2120 1999<br />
very extensive snow cover, substantially unchanged (R. Bianchi,<br />
G.M. Lucini)<br />
M. Costone E irr. 2001<br />
no ice left, reclassified as “minor glacial formation” (M. Zambenedetti)<br />
Recastello DM n.v. 2001<br />
significant loss of mass since the last survey (S. D’Adda, F.<br />
Mocci)<br />
Abbreviations: N.M.: Not measured; n.v.: Not evaluated; ass: Absent; irr.: Irregular<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
The terminus variations The sample glaciers of Italian Glaciological<br />
Committee (CGI)<br />
Some glaciers subject to a complete survey have their linear terminus variations measured.<br />
The algebraic symbol indicates a downvalley advance (+) or an upvalley withdrawal (-). The<br />
variation is not directly linked to the snow-meteorological trend of the season. Many are the<br />
additional factors (such as: glacier response time, bedrock morphology, flux velocity, etc…)<br />
that make this parameter of little use in evaluating the state of the glacier in the survey year.<br />
However these glaciers carry an historical series of linear front measurements, which makes<br />
their continuous monitoring extremely interesting. Our glaciers, along with other Italian glaciers,<br />
are part of the historical sample of ice bodies surveyed by CGI. The sample is divided<br />
into two sets. Groups 1 and 2, selected on the basis of their glaciological importance and<br />
representativeness, include the glaciers measured once a year; group 3 include the glaciers<br />
measured on a rotational basis, generally once every 5 years. In the present phase of significant<br />
and prolonged decrements, the front measurements are coherent with the dynamic<br />
index: out of the 26 glaciers with annual measurement, only 1 has held its previous position;<br />
all the others have shown sometimes consistent shrinkages. The Passo di Chiareggio<br />
and Verva Maggiore <strong>Glacier</strong>s multi-year decrements were paroxysmal and caused by the<br />
dismemberments of dead-ice blocks, a typical feature of an intense withdrawal phase.<br />
Tab. 8: Summary of terminus measurement data, versus 2007 and previous years.<br />
Variations versus 2007 decrements increments unchanged<br />
26 25 (96,2 %) 0 1 (3,8 %)<br />
Variations versus previous years decrements increments unchanged<br />
3 3 (100 %) 0 0<br />
Fig. 7: The terminus variations of the Lombardy’s sample glaciers over the last 18 years.<br />
- 34 -
Tab. 9: The front variations of the sample glaciers since 1990: the dynamic phase is expressed by the<br />
algebraic sign.<br />
Year<br />
Number<br />
of measured<br />
glaciers<br />
Withdrawing glaciers Stable glaciers Advancing glacier<br />
number % number % number %<br />
1990 40 35 87,5 2 5,0 3 7,5<br />
1991 26 23 88,5 2 7,7 1 3,8<br />
1992 35 33 94,4 1 2,8 1 2,8<br />
1993 36 32 88,8 2 5,6 2 5,6<br />
1994 47 39 83,0 5 10,6 3 6,4<br />
1995 44 38 86,4 4 9,1 2 4,5<br />
1996 52 48 92,3 1 1,9 3 5,8<br />
1997 55 37 67,3 1 1,8 17 30,9<br />
1998 61 53 86,9 2 3,3 6 9,8<br />
1999 57 47 82,5 6 10,5 4 7,0<br />
2000 57 53 93,0 2 3,5 2 3,5<br />
2001 24 14 58,3 2 8,4 8 33,3<br />
2002 53 42 79,2 0 0 11 20,8<br />
2003 62 56 90,4 3 4,8 3 4,8<br />
2004 49 42 85,7 1 2,1 6 12,2<br />
2005 57 53 93,0 3 5,3 1 1,7<br />
2006 33 32 97 1 3 0 0<br />
2007 30 29 96,7 0 0 1 3,3<br />
2008 28 27 96,4 1 3,6 0 0<br />
Tab. 10: The synthetic indexes used in order to define the annual dynamic phase of Lombardy glaciers.<br />
Dynamic index Description<br />
S (Stable) meaningful morphologic variation versus the previous survey. Extensive snow cover.<br />
IL (Slight increment) snow cover over most of the glacier: slight increment of firn versus the previous year.<br />
IM (Moderate increment) snow cover over the whole glacier; terminus shows some advancement.<br />
IF (Strong increment)<br />
snow cover over the whole glacier and surrounding areas; significant snout advancement.<br />
DL (Slight decrement) Scarce snow cover, slight terminus retreat; or stable front but slightly reduced thickness.<br />
DM (Moderate decrement)<br />
DF (Strong decrement)<br />
Very scarce or absent snow cover, verified terminus retreat; thickness and area reduction.<br />
No snow cover, strong terminus retreat, or stable front but reduction of both thickness<br />
and area.<br />
I (Uncertain) the dynamic phase is doubtful (uncertain data, debris cover and so on…)<br />
E (Extinct) / EC (Extinct<br />
confirmation)<br />
Extinct during the current year / already extinct in the previous years<br />
- 35 -<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
MOST SIGNIFICANT PICTURES<br />
The Pizzo Ferrè <strong>Glacier</strong> in the Spluga Sector (August 24, 2008, E. Congiu).<br />
The Nord-East Sivigia <strong>Glacier</strong>, Codera-Masino Sector, taken on September 20, 2008 by A.<br />
Barilli.<br />
- 36 -
The two Fellaria <strong>Glacier</strong>s (Bernina) from Cima Fontana (September 9, 2008). Note the size of<br />
the proglacial lake of the East Fellaria <strong>Glacier</strong> (foreground) responsible, through the associated<br />
calving processes, for the sustained melting of the tongue (photo by M. Butti).<br />
This large-scale photo, taken by G. Cola on August 31, 2008, shows the greater part of the<br />
Forni <strong>Glacier</strong> basin in Upper Valtellina. The picture outlines the scarce, annual and multiannual,<br />
residual snow accumulations.<br />
- 37 -<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
The,Sissone <strong>Glacier</strong> in the Disgrazia Sector (August 30, 2008, photo by A. Almasio).<br />
The Pizzo Scalino <strong>Glacier</strong>, without residual snow cover (September 10, 2008, photo by M.<br />
Butti).<br />
- 38 -
The Dosdè Centrale <strong>Glacier</strong> in Val Viola Bormina (September 1, 2008, photo by F. Galluccio)<br />
The East Val Viola <strong>Glacier</strong>, in upper Val Viola Bormina, Dosdè-Piazzi Sector (August 10, 2008,<br />
photo by R. Scotti).<br />
- 39 -<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
The West Val Viola <strong>Glacier</strong> in a photo taken on August 31, 2008 (photo by S. Ratti) and in a 20year<br />
old picture (photo below). Note the great loss of mass (photo by M. Lojacono, 1985).<br />
- 40 -
The East Dosdè <strong>Glacier</strong> (Dosdè-Piazzi Sector) on September 1, 2008 (above, photo by F. Galluccio)<br />
and in 1985 (below, photo by A. Galluccio). The terminus has withdrawn more than 200<br />
m in 20 years.<br />
- 41 -<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
A 20-year interval separates<br />
these two photos of<br />
the Campo Nord <strong>Glacier</strong><br />
in the Livigno Sector. Both<br />
the loss of mass and the<br />
strong reduction of the<br />
ice-walls are quite evident.<br />
The crevasses at the terminus<br />
are almost gone,<br />
while the debris cover has<br />
increased. The grooves<br />
cut into the ice by melting<br />
processes are visible, with<br />
2 deep bédières on the<br />
surface (above, photo by<br />
R. Scotti, August 3, 2008;<br />
below, by A. Galluccio,<br />
1988).<br />
- 42 -
In the Livigno Sector many glaciers have suffered significant withdrawal over the last decades.<br />
The South Vago <strong>Glacier</strong> in a picture taken by R. Scotti on August 3, 2008 (above) and (below) by<br />
A. Galluccio in 1988. Comparing the 2 images, one can notice the substantial dismemberment<br />
and the extinction of the apparatus.<br />
- 43 -<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
The Vitelli <strong>Glacier</strong> (Ortles-Cevedale) from Punta Radisca, on August 29, 2008. The accumulation<br />
basin was still covered by the annual snow (photo by P. Pagliardi).<br />
The Dosegù <strong>Glacier</strong> (Ortles-Cevedale) on August 21, 2008 (photo by A. Borghi).<br />
- 44 -
The terminus of the Forni <strong>Glacier</strong> (Ortles-Cevedale) on August 8, 2008 (photo by G. Cola).<br />
The Gran Zebrù <strong>Glacier</strong> (Ortles-Cevedale) almost devoid of its snow cover. (August 30, 2008,<br />
photo by C. Scolari).<br />
- 45 -<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
The Pian di Neve (Adamello) in a photo taken at the beginning of August, 2008 from Passo di<br />
Salarno. The snow cover was so thin that the ice was emerging (photo by P. Cinanni).<br />
- 46 -
The Vederetta del Venerocolo <strong>Glacier</strong> (Adamello) on August 30, 2008 (photo by A. Toffaletti);<br />
excluding the avalanche accumulations at the foot of the fans of the northern Adamello wall, the<br />
snow is very scarce. In the box: the break-up of the ice channel that, until last year, was linking<br />
the Vedretta dei Frati and the Vedretta del Venerocolo <strong>Glacier</strong>s.<br />
- 47 -<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey<br />
The Vedretta dell’Avio Centrale <strong>Glacier</strong> (Adamello Group) was showing some snow cover over<br />
about 30% of its surface and a continuously thinning terminus (August 29, 2008, photo by P.<br />
Cinanni).<br />
The Vedretta di Pisgana Ovest (Adamello) in a detail of its median part. The link between the<br />
front portion (foreground) and the accumulation basins is getting narrower (September 9, 2008;<br />
photo by F. Roveda).<br />
- 48 -
The Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong> (Orobic Alps) in a picture taken on August 30, 2008 by S. D’Adda.<br />
The Monte Torena Superiore <strong>Glacier</strong> (Orobic Alps) fully covered by snow on August 24, 2008<br />
(photo by L. Pironi).<br />
- 49 -<br />
2008 glaciological<br />
Survey
MASS BALANCES<br />
<strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong><br />
Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong><br />
Alpe <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong><br />
Andrea Tamburini, Fabio Villa,<br />
R iccardo Scotti, Stefano D’Adda, Davide Perego<br />
with the collaboration of the Bormio Snow-Meteorological<br />
Centre (ARPA Lombardy)
<strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong> (Spluga-Lei Sector) 1<br />
Mass balance evaluation by geodetic method<br />
Since 2002, the net mass balance of the <strong>Suretta</strong><br />
<strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong> is calculated by comparing the<br />
surface DEMs (Digital Elevation Models) acquired<br />
by direct field surveys using the differential<br />
GPS technique (Tamburini et al., 2003).<br />
1 For the methodology see www.sgl.cluster.it<br />
- 51 -<br />
The initial reading was taken in September,<br />
2001; the successive measurements were<br />
repeated at the end of each ablation season.<br />
Figs. 1 e 2: The <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong>, 2 photos taken respectively on September 5, 2004 and on August<br />
28, 2001. The effect of the torrid 2002 and 2003 summers on the glacial mass is clearly visible.<br />
Survey equipment and methodology<br />
The surveys of the glacier have been conducted<br />
by using 2 GPS receivers operating in<br />
a differential mode; the first one (rover) is carried<br />
on the operator’s shoulders, the second<br />
one (reference), is installed on the reference<br />
point established during the 1st measurement,<br />
in order to have the possibility to overlap<br />
the surveys executed in different years,<br />
hence, making possible a direct comparison.<br />
2 GPS TRIMBLE 4000SSE receivers with<br />
a geodetic antenna and dual frequency (or<br />
equivalents) were used for the purpose; these<br />
tools are able to record the phase on which the<br />
GPS signal is modulated, allowing the determination<br />
of the coordinates of the route covered<br />
with centimetric accuracy (typically + 1 cm hor-<br />
izontally and + 2 cm vertically). With this equipment<br />
it is possible to operate in RTK (real time<br />
kinematic) mode whenever there is a direct<br />
radio or GSM link between the two stations,<br />
or else, if a continuous link between the stations<br />
is not possible, in post processing mode.<br />
Considering the characteristics of the area and<br />
the logistic conditions, the latter method was<br />
selected. The need to move along paths able to<br />
produce a detailed model of the surface while,<br />
at the same time, retracing the tracks of the previous<br />
surveys, have prompted the operators to<br />
visualize their movements over the glacial surface<br />
with a Mobile GIS Station constituted by:<br />
• Handheld Compaq PC,<br />
equipped with a Bluetooth door;<br />
mass balance
mass balance<br />
•<br />
Socket GPS receiver, able to transmit<br />
•<br />
the positions to the PC via Bluetooth;<br />
ArcPad software, to display in realtime<br />
the operator’s position on the<br />
topographic map, CTR 1:10000.<br />
The entire glacial surface has been traversed<br />
along paths designed to produce: the best possible<br />
coverage of the glacial area, a set of data<br />
best representing the slope gradient variations<br />
and, finally, a sufficiently precise contour<br />
DATA PROCESSING AND RESULTS<br />
The main data processing phases are listed<br />
and briefly described:<br />
• calculation of the horizontal and vertical<br />
- 52 -<br />
of the glacier’s margins (in our case, the greater<br />
part of the edges can be travelled over).<br />
The survey, in the specific case, takes about 3<br />
hours to complete. As an example, following are<br />
some graphics that were produced in the evaluation<br />
phase of the 2003-2004 mass balance.<br />
The paths followed during the survey and the position<br />
of the reference point are shown in Fig. 3.<br />
Fig. 3: <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong>: paths followed<br />
during the September, 2004<br />
survey of the glacial surface using the<br />
differential GPS technique; the reference<br />
point position is marked in red.<br />
coordinates of the paths followed during<br />
the survey; the points were acquired<br />
every 3” and the GPS raw data were
- 53 -<br />
Fig. 4: <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong>: the<br />
squared mesh model (GRID) of<br />
the surface surveyed in 2004 with<br />
the differential GPS technique.<br />
Fig. 5: <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong>: polygonal<br />
coverage resulting from the<br />
comparison between 2003 and 2004<br />
surfaces: blue identifies the areas<br />
where the 2004 altitude values were<br />
below the 2003 ones; red highlights<br />
the areas where the 2004 altitude<br />
values exceeded those of 2003.<br />
mass balance
mass balance<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
processed with a specific, commercial<br />
software;<br />
production of a terrain digital model<br />
through a mesh of irregular triangles<br />
(TIN, Triangulated Irregular Network),<br />
starting from the quoted points of the<br />
previous step, using the 3D Analyst<br />
module of ArcView;<br />
calculation of a square-mesh elevation<br />
model with a 5 m cell side (GRID) starting<br />
from the TIN. The raster model is a<br />
mandatory step if the different surfaces<br />
have to be compared to identify the variations<br />
among two successive periods.<br />
The 2004 surface GRID is represented<br />
in Fig. 4;<br />
elaboration of the net mass balance of<br />
the glaciological year 2003-2004, using<br />
the Map Algebra functions implemented<br />
in the Spatial Analyst module of<br />
ArcView,<br />
production of the map of positive or<br />
- 54 -<br />
Fig. 6: <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong>:<br />
the position of the ablation<br />
measurements stakes installed<br />
in September 2003.<br />
negative altitude variations (Fig. 5), as<br />
a result of the comparisons between the<br />
2003 and the 2004 GRIDS;<br />
• calculation of the altitude variations<br />
GRID (Fig. 6), by subtracting the corresponding<br />
cells of both overlapped matrixes<br />
(2003 GRID minus 2004 GRID).<br />
For a better interpretation of the figures, it is<br />
worth to remind that the altitude variations in<br />
the considered period are the combined result<br />
of two different phenomena, both acting<br />
at the same time: the accumulation/ablation<br />
processes and the mass transfer from the accumulation<br />
area to the ablation one.<br />
The comparison between the two surfaces<br />
has allowed the calculation of the glacier’s net<br />
mass balance during the 2003-2004 season<br />
(September 14, 2003 –September 5, 2004).<br />
The net mass balance was – 86.000 m3 water<br />
equivalent (w.e.), i.e. a loss of 0,52 m w.e. for<br />
the entire surface. This figure is then compared<br />
with the readings of the ablation stakes
Fig. 7: <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong>: the annual net mass balance for the period 2001-2008.<br />
installed at the end of the 2003 glaciological central sector, where the transfer of ice<br />
year, which given the following results:<br />
from the upper portions is active;<br />
• stake number 2 is protruding 50 cm less; • The situation is virtually stable in the<br />
• stake number 1 is protruding 33 cm upper part of the glacier along the right<br />
more.<br />
edge, probably due to avalanche accu-<br />
It is evident that the traditional evaluation of mulations.<br />
the mass balance through a few points may be A summary of the net mass balance results<br />
ambiguous and prone to errors. In our case, for for the period 2001-2008, calculated with the<br />
example, a greater number of stakes would be above described method, is reported in Fig. 7.<br />
needed in order to obtain meaningful results. It is easy to see that the 2002-2003 season,<br />
The installation and maintenance of a network with a loss of 2800 mm w.e., was the worst of<br />
of ablation stakes, without any doubt, would be the period, followed by the 2006-2007 (-2670<br />
more onerous than the glacial survey through mm w.e.) and 2005-2006 (-2500 mm w.e.)<br />
topographic methods.<br />
ones.<br />
An examination of the Fig. 6 chart, represent- Both these periods were in fact charactering<br />
the distributions of thickness variations, ized by anomalous thermal trends: the 2006<br />
highlights that:<br />
ablation season, besides lasting until October,<br />
• The greatest losses were recorded at the was the warmest since 1971 while the month<br />
lower left side, where the altitude differen- of April 2007 was recorded as the hottest of<br />
tial sometimes exceeded 4 m;<br />
the last 150 years, thus starting an anticipated<br />
• The minimum losses happened in the ablation season. The 2007-2008 net balance<br />
- 55 -<br />
mass balance
mass balance<br />
was once again negative with a total loss of<br />
350 mm w.eq Considering the total volume of<br />
the glacier, estimated to be about 1 million m³<br />
based upon the GPR investigation of September<br />
2003, should the current climatic conditions<br />
continue, the <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong> is bound to<br />
disappear in less than 10 years.<br />
- 56 -
Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong> (Orobic Alps)<br />
Snow cover measurements and mass balance evaluation<br />
Systematic snow cover measurements have<br />
been going on at the Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong> each summer<br />
season since 1996. The project, which<br />
involved five others sites in addition to this<br />
one, was conceived and coordinated by<br />
the SGL and named “Evoluzione del manto<br />
nevoso residuo annuale” (Evolution of the<br />
residual annual snow cover). Coordinated<br />
by Stefano D’Adda, an SGL team has sur-<br />
- 57 -<br />
veyed the Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong> 3 times each season,<br />
in accordance with the following timings.<br />
• first 10 days of June: accumulation<br />
measurements at the 3 sample locations.<br />
with stratigraphic test on location 2.<br />
• second half of July and end of August/<br />
beginning of September: residual accumulation<br />
measurement at the 3 sample<br />
locations.<br />
Fig 1: Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong>:<br />
snow depth (HS) at<br />
the 3 sample locations.<br />
The maximum<br />
thickness was measured<br />
in 2001, while<br />
the scantiest accumulation<br />
season<br />
was the 2006/2007<br />
one. With 463 cm of<br />
total accumulation,<br />
2008 ranked 4th in<br />
our short historical<br />
series.<br />
mass balance
mass balance<br />
On May 27, 2006 a thermo-hygrometric sensor<br />
was installed at Bivacco Corti with the purpose<br />
of recording temperature and humidity values<br />
each 5’. In 2007 the Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong> joined other<br />
SGL laboratory glaciers in a project called<br />
“Stima del bilancio annuale della riserva idrica<br />
regionale di origine nivo-glaciale” (Estimation<br />
height of the snow cover (HS) at 109 points<br />
(referenced with GPS) in 2007 and 140 in<br />
2008. Data were interpolated through kriging<br />
and minimum curvature methods. On Octo-<br />
- 58 -<br />
of the annual balance of the regional reserves<br />
of snow and ice) and on June 24, 2007 two<br />
ablation stakes were installed. This allowed<br />
the calculation of accumulation, ablation and<br />
net balance at the 2 stakes in addition to the<br />
accumulation balance for the whole glacier.<br />
The latter analysis has been obtained from the<br />
Figs. 2, 3, and 4: Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong>: snow depth (HS)<br />
charts for 09.06.2007 and 15.06.2008 and the differences<br />
between 2007 and 2008. During 2007 (Fig. 2)<br />
109 probes were made in 2 days; In order to improve<br />
the interpolation, 7 additional points were added in<br />
the front zone, not covered by snow and unattainable<br />
because of the high slope gradient of the area. In<br />
2008 (Fig. 3) 140 probes were performed, with snow<br />
depth variable from 100 to 850 cm. Fig 4. shows the<br />
snow depth differential between 2007 and 2008; the<br />
accumulation was greater in 2008 at each point, with<br />
increments ranging from 100 to 700 cm. Cartographic<br />
base: CTR of Lombardy Region; glacial surface updated<br />
at 2006. (Data processing: R. Scotti)<br />
ber 5, 2008 SGL produced the first differential<br />
GPS survey on the glacier, in order to evaluate,<br />
starting from the following year, the net<br />
annual mass balance by the geodetic method.
Tab.1: Data interpolation show 2008 volumes to be greater than 2007 ones, both on sheer volume<br />
of snow and water equivalent content, thanks to the increased density. The water stored in<br />
the 2008 snow cover was almost 600,000 m³ . The 2008 specific accumulation reached 3.04<br />
m w.e. while the figure for 2007 was 1.20 m w.e.. Data have been derived from interpolation<br />
through kriging and minimum curvature methods.<br />
Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong> accumulation balance Units 2007 2008<br />
Reference area of the glacier (2006) m² 197.113<br />
Volume of the snow cover m³ 460.498 1.051.548<br />
Average density of snow cover 0,512 0,569<br />
Water stored in the snow m³ 235.775 598.331<br />
Specific accumulation balance (meters of water<br />
equivalent)<br />
Fig. 6: October 5, 2008 (Photo by<br />
V. Sciaresa) The acquisition of<br />
data by means of the differential<br />
GPS.<br />
- 59 -<br />
m w.e. 1,20 3,04<br />
Fig. 5: The specific balance (accumulation,<br />
ablation and net) at the<br />
two stakes, located at mid-glacier<br />
in an area with direct accumulation<br />
only. Thanks to a much better accumulation,<br />
2008 showed a net balance<br />
less negative than 2007. The<br />
figure of the positive degrees day at<br />
the Bivacco Corti station, indicated<br />
very similar values for the 2007<br />
(752 DD >0 °C) and 2008 (752 DD<br />
>0 °C) ablation seasons. The same<br />
can be said of the summer ablation<br />
values (snow + ice melted during<br />
the summer months)<br />
Operators involved in 2007 and 2008 surveys at Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong>: A. Amato,D. Bavera, S. D’Adda,<br />
P. Dego, M. Dusatti, M. Gianatti, D. Gotti, E. Gotti, A. Gusmeroli, G. M. Lucini, F. Mocci,<br />
M. Pagni, D. Perego, R. Scotti, V. Sciaresa, D. Sironi, A. Toffaletti, S. Vigani and F. Villa.<br />
mass balance
mass balance<br />
Alpe <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong> at Monte Sobretta (Ortles - Cevedale)<br />
10 years of mass balance and monthly snow cover investigations<br />
Just below the Monte Sobretta peak, on the small Alpe <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong>, the Bormio Snow - Meteorological<br />
Centre operators, coordinated by SGL, have been conducting monthly snow investigations<br />
and evaluation of the ice thickness since October 1997. The readings are taken at 2 stakes<br />
located at 3170 m and 3220 m a.s.l. Having reached 10 years of uninterrupted investigations, it<br />
is now possible to produce some additional summary data (stake 2, at 3170 m a.s.l.). The average<br />
accumulation value was + 0,97 m w.e., the average ablation value - 2,24 m w.e., and the<br />
net mass balance - 1,46 m w.e. The total loss from 1997/1998 to 2007/2008 has reached - 16,0<br />
m w.e.<br />
Fig. 8: Alpe <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong> at Monte Sobretta: the specific mass balance at stake 2 (3170 m a.s.l.) in m w.e. The<br />
2008 year saw a net balance of – 1,3 m w.e.; in the historical series, only the 2000/2001 season has seen a<br />
positive net balance, thanks to the huge accumulation. The most negative ablation balance (-3,3 m w.e.) occurred<br />
in the 2002/2003 season, while the worst net balance was reached in the 2004/2005 and 2005/2006<br />
seasons. ARPA Lombardy data (Bormio Snow-Meteorological Centre).<br />
- 60 -<br />
Fig. 7: The small Alpe <strong>Sud</strong><br />
<strong>Glacier</strong> at Monte Sobretta<br />
has been hosting the main<br />
SGL snow site since 1997.<br />
In the picture taken on<br />
August 30, 2008, the glacier<br />
is once again without<br />
residual snow, a common<br />
sight since 2001 (photo by<br />
P. Pagliardi).
Fig. 9: Alpe <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong> at Monte Sobretta: the snow cover thickness and the level of the ice surface at stake<br />
2 (3170 m a.s.l.), in cm. Quite evident is the acceleration of the decrements from 2003 onwards. Since 1997,<br />
the glacier has lost 17,5 m of ice (16.0 m w.e.). ARPA Lombardy data (Bormio Snow-Meteorological Centre).<br />
- 61 -<br />
mass balance
mass balance<br />
DETAILS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS<br />
Sils/Maria<br />
(Alta Engadina, Cantone dei Grigioni - Svizzera)<br />
Quota: 1798 m/slm<br />
Coordinate: 46° 26’ N / 09° 46’ E<br />
Esposizione: NW<br />
Gestore e fornitore dei dati: MeteoSchweiz<br />
The village of Sils/Maria is located on the floor of the Upper Engadina Valley, at<br />
the end of Val di Fex; it is only a few kilometres from the main Rhaetic ridge. The<br />
Upper Engadina, though being the best example of a mid–Alpine valley, has the<br />
hydro-meteorological characteristics of the Southern Alps. No coincidence: November<br />
2002, recorded as the month with the highest precipitation since1864,<br />
was characterized by strong south-westerly currents. Sils/Maria has logged a<br />
rare, enviable and uninterrupted 140-year long series of climatic data. For the<br />
comparisons only the 1988-2005 mean value has been considered, to allow a<br />
match with the S. Antonio data, whose mean value is referred to the same period.<br />
Bivacco Corti<br />
(Val d’Arigna, Orobie Valtellinesi, Sondrio - Italia)<br />
Quota: 2509 m/slm<br />
Coordinate CTR: N 5103334 - E 1576374<br />
Esposizione: SE<br />
Gestore: <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong><br />
The thermo – hygrometric station is located at Bivacco Corti, a few dozen meters<br />
from the Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong>. Despite being slightly north of the Orobic watershed, the<br />
sensor has a good sunny exposure also during the winter months. The thermo–<br />
hygrometric sensor is located inside a Davis passive solar screen (8 plates), 205<br />
cm above the ground. The monthly average values have been calculated on<br />
the basis of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures (tmax + tmin) / 2.<br />
Sondrio<br />
(fondovalle valtellinese - Italia)<br />
Quota: 290 m/slm<br />
Coordinate: 46°10’ N / 09°52’ E<br />
Esposizione: S (fondovalle)<br />
Gestore: Fabio Pozzoni (ass.ne meteonetwork)<br />
The station, active since 2002, is located outside the town and minimally affected<br />
by the town heat. Its data are representative of climatic conditions of the<br />
Scalino-Painale and southern Disgrazia Massif Sectors. Thermically speaking, its<br />
position on the valley floor adequately tracks the thermal values of the foehn<br />
episodes, though maintaining typically continental thermal conditions. The<br />
average rain values (1988/2006 time interval) have been calculated based on<br />
ERSAF data (1988/2001), together with data by F. Pozzoni from 2002 onwards.<br />
Massimeno<br />
(versante sinistro Val Rendena (TN) - Italia)<br />
Quota: 860 m/slm<br />
Coordinate: 46°08’ N / 10°46’ E<br />
Esposizione: O (versante)<br />
Gestore: Andrea Toffaletti (S.G.L.)<br />
The station, in operation since 2001, it is located on a grassy slope, 180 cm<br />
above the ground in the Massimeno territory, on the left orographic side<br />
of Val Rendena. The station is located about 110 m above the valley floor,<br />
at an altitude of 860 m a.s.l. and reproduces the pluviometric conditions of<br />
the western side of the Adamello Massif. The historical average has been<br />
calculated with data from the Pinzolo meteorological station (2 km North)<br />
from 1920 to 1990 and from the Massimeno station from 2001 onwards.<br />
- 62 -<br />
S. Antonio Valfurva<br />
(Alta Valtellina, Valfurva, Sondrio - Italia)<br />
Quota: 1360 m/slm<br />
Coordinate: 46°27’ N / 10° 25’ E<br />
Esposizione: S<br />
Gestore e fornitore dei dati: Giuseppe Cola (S.G.L.)<br />
The meteorological station, because of its central position among the Upper<br />
Valtellina glaciers, has been an important reference point for the SGL<br />
snow-meteorological reports for the past 15 years. Located on the valley<br />
floor, though being in a hydro-meteorological context drier than to the<br />
rest of the region*, the station is however representative of the condition<br />
of the nearby SGL snow site of the Monte Sobretta (Alpe <strong>Sud</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong>, 3180<br />
m). The historical series was based on the data recorded during the period<br />
1987/1988 – 2005.<br />
* S. Antonio di Valfurva (649, 2 mm/year of rainfalls) is, together with Livigno,<br />
among the driest places of Lombardy.<br />
Bivacco Resnati<br />
(Val d’Arigna, Orobie Valtellinesi, Sondrio - Italia)<br />
Quota: 1950 m/slm<br />
Coordinate CTR: N 5103871 - E 1577294<br />
Esposizione: N<br />
Gestore: <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong><br />
The thermo–hygrometric station is set on a large boulder sheltering the<br />
Bivacco Resnati, on top of the right lateral moraine and approx.100 m<br />
away from the Marovin <strong>Glacier</strong>. The orographic shadow is so efficient that<br />
the thermo–hygrometer is overshadowed for nearly 5 months. The sensor<br />
is located inside a Davis passive solar screen (8 plates), 540 cm above<br />
the ground. The monthly average values have been calculated on the basis<br />
of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures (tmax + tmin) / 2.<br />
Andalo Valtellino<br />
(fondovalle valtellinese, Sondrio - Italia)<br />
Quota: 220 m/slm<br />
Coordinate: 46°08’ N / 09° 28’ E<br />
Esposizione: N (fondovalle)<br />
Gestore e fornitore dei dati: Riccardo Scotti (S.G.L.)<br />
The village, located at the lower end of Valtellina, represents very well the<br />
pluviometric conditions of the Orobic sector and, partially, Val Chiavenna.<br />
The station, located at “i Burnìgui”, enjoys a better sunny exposure than the<br />
town centre in the winter days. The Lower Valtellina climate, less continental<br />
than its Middle or Upper sectors, is mitigated by the vicinity of Lake Como.<br />
The precipitation average is based on the annual figure of 1350 mm**.<br />
The monthly values are based on annual data from the historical series<br />
1988/2006 at Morbegno (SO), a site located few kilometres East of the meteorological<br />
station.<br />
** Average precipitations chart, annual min and max values on the Lombardy<br />
alpine territory (1981/1990), M. Ceriani and M. Carelli, Lombardy Region.<br />
Passo Venerocolo<br />
(alta Val d’Avio, Gruppo Adamello - Italia)<br />
Quota: 3230 m/slm<br />
Coordinate: 46°08’ N / 10°46’ E<br />
Esposizione: S (cima)<br />
Gestore: <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong><br />
The Passo Venerocolo station, installed at 3230 m a.s.l. near the southern<br />
fore-peak of Monte dei Frati, is currently the highest thermo–hygrometric<br />
station in Lombardy. The sensor is less than 100 m away from the <strong>Glacier</strong><br />
and a few dozen meters above it. The thermo–hygrometric sensor<br />
is located inside a Davis passive solar screen (8 plates), 150 cm above the<br />
ground. The monthly average values have been calculated on the basis<br />
of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures (tmax + tmin) / 2.
Terra Glacialis<br />
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Italiano and English<br />
For more info please visit www.sgl.cluster.it
Terra glacialis Edizione speciale / Special issue<br />
Presentazione / Preface (Cambieri F.)<br />
Prefazione / Foreword (Bonardi L.)<br />
FRANCOU B. - Le fluttuazioni dei ghiacciai durante e dopo la Piccola Età Glaciale (secc. XIX-XX) / <strong>Glacier</strong><br />
fluctuations during and after the Little Ice Age<br />
DEMUTH M.N., PIETRONIRO A., LUCKMAN B.H., HOPKINSON C. - Variazioni recenti e secolari delle risorse<br />
glaciali nelle Montagne Rocciose Canadesi: il sistema del fiume Nelson / Recent and past-century variations<br />
in the glacier resources of the Canadian Rocky Mountains: Nelson River system<br />
SIGURDSSON O. - I ghiacciai dell'Islanda: caratteristiche e variazioni nel corso dell'ultimo secolo / <strong>Glacier</strong>s of<br />
Iceland: peculiarities and variations during the last century<br />
SAMUEL-ECKERLE E., HAGEDORN H. - I ghiacciai della Germania: relitti del passato / <strong>Glacier</strong>s in Germany:<br />
relicts of the past<br />
GABROVEC M. - Il Ghiacciaio del Triglav (Slovenia) / The Triglav <strong>Glacier</strong> (Slovenia)<br />
ROVELLI E. - Le variazioni dei ghiacciai italiani dalla Piccola Età Glaciale ad oggi / Variations of the Italian<br />
<strong>Glacier</strong>s from the Little Ice Age to the present<br />
GALLUCCIO A., SCOTTI R. - I ghiacciai della Lombardia di fronte al cambiamento climatico (secc. XX-XXI) /<br />
Lombardy <strong>Glacier</strong>s and climatic changes (XX-XXI centuries)<br />
RENE' P. - I ghiacciai dei Pirenei Francesi: descrizione e variazioni recenti / <strong>Glacier</strong>s of the French Pirenees:<br />
description and recent variations<br />
CHUECA J., JULIAN A., LOPEZ-MORENO J.I. - Il ritiro dei ghiacciai pirenaici (Spagna) dalla Piccola Età<br />
Glaciale: consistenza e differenze spaziali / The retreat of the Pirenean glaciers (Spain) from the Little Ice Age:<br />
data consistency and spatial differences<br />
SMIRAGLIA C., MAYER C., MIHALCEA C., DIOLAIUTI G., BELO' M., VASSENA G. - I ghiacciai dell'Himalaya-<br />
Karakorum. Risultati e problemi nello studio delle variazioni recenti dei più grandi ghiacciai non polari / Himalaya-Karakorum<br />
glaciers: results and problems in the study of recent variations of major non-polar glaciers<br />
MENDOZA RODRIGUEZ J.C. - I ghiacciai tropicali della Cordigliera Real di Bolivia ed il loro comportamento di<br />
fronte al cambiamento climatico globale / The tropical glaciers of Cordillera Real ijn Bolivia and their behaviour<br />
faced with global climatic change<br />
LEIVA J.C., ESPIZUA L.E., ITURRASPE R.I., MASIOKAS M., NORTE F.A., VILLALBA R. - La risposta dei<br />
ghiacciai argentini al clima dei secoli XX e XXI / The response of the Argentinian glaciers to the climate of the<br />
XX and XXI centuries<br />
RIVERA A., BOWN F., ACUNA C. ORDENES F. - I ghiacciai del Cile come indicatori dei cambiamenti climatici<br />
/ Chilean glaciers as indicators of climatic change<br />
KERR T., OWENS I. - Ghiacciai e cambiamenti climatici durante l'ultimo secolo nella regione Aoraki/Mt.<br />
Cook, Nuova Zelanda / <strong>Glacier</strong>s and climate change over the last century in the Aoraki/Mt. Cook region, New<br />
Zealand<br />
BONARDI L. - Oltre un secolo di deglaciazione / More than a century of deglaciation<br />
LE ROY LADURIE E. - Recensione di "Les glaciers à l'épreuve du climat"/ Review of "Les glaciers à l'épreuve<br />
du climat" (FRANCOU B., VINCENT C.)
ANNO XI -N°11<br />
Editoriale / Editorial<br />
CERUTTI A. V., FRANCHINO A., BIANCHI POTENZA B. - Evoluzione storica del<br />
Ghiacciaio di Pre-De-Bard (Monte Bianco, Val Ferret, Italia) Historical evolution of the Pré-De-Bard <strong>Glacier</strong> (Mount<br />
Blanc Group - Ferret Valley, Italy)<br />
MOTTA M. - Il ruolo del termocarsismo negli apparati glaciali in forte regresso: l’esempio del Ghiacciaio del Lys /<br />
The role of thermokarst for fast withdrawing glaciers: the case of the Lys <strong>Glacier</strong><br />
PICCINI P., MONTERIN W. - Le anomalie termiche dell’inverno 2006-2007 presso l’osservatorio meteorologico<br />
di Gressoney D’ejola (AO). Cenni sullo stato attuale dei ghiacciai del versante meridionale del Monte Rosa (Val<br />
D’Aosta-Piemonte, Italia) / Thermal anomalies of the 2006-2007 winter as recorded at the Gressoney D’Ejola<br />
meteo station. A short summary of the present situation of the glaciers located on fhe southern slope of the Monte<br />
Rosa Massif (Val D’Aosta-Piedmont, Italy)<br />
CATASTA G. - Andamento dello zero termico a Milano Linate nel semestre maggio-ottobre del periodo 1981-2005<br />
/ Trend of the 0 °C isotherm at Milano Linate for the 1981-2005 May-October semester<br />
DEI CAS L. - Analisi dei dati meteorologici del periodo 1987-2007 rilevati in territori di alta montagna della provincia<br />
di Sondrio / Analysis of high altitude meteorological data recorded in the province of Sondrio over the period<br />
1987-2007<br />
SCOTTI R., TOFFALETTI A., COLZANI L. - L’anno idrologico 2006-2007 nelle Alpi lombarde: nota nivo-meteorologica<br />
/ The hydrological year 2006-2007 in the Lombard Alps: snow and meteorological note (a cura di / by<br />
<strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong> e Centro Nivo-meteorologico regionale di Bormio (ARPA)<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO LOMBARDO - Campagna Glaciologica 2007, settore<br />
Alpi Centrali italiane / Glaciological Campaign 2007, Italian Central Alps sector<br />
GUSMEROLI A., VILLA F. - Un lungo giorno alle Svalbard: viaggio tra la geologia e la glaciologia delle isole artiche<br />
/ A long day at the Svalbard: a journey through geology and glaciology of the arctic Islands<br />
RAMÍREZ CADENA J. - Studi glaciologici nel Parco Nazionale Naturale “Los Nevados” e loro applicazione per la<br />
determinazione dell’evoluzione dei ghiacciai tropicali dellaColombia / Glaciological analyses in the “Los Nevados”<br />
Nature National Park and their application to the study of the evolution of Colombia’s tropical glaciers<br />
CÁCERES B., JORDAN E., FRANCOU B., PEÑAFIEL A. - Aggiornamento sull’evoluzione della calotta glaciale<br />
del vulcano Cotopaxi (Equador) tramite fotogrammetria digitale /Evolution of the ice cap of the Cotopaxi Volcano<br />
(Equador) derived by digital photogrammetry<br />
RASSEGNA GLACIOLOGICA INTERNAZIONALE / International glaciological literature Anno 2007: bibliografia /<br />
Year 2007: references (a cura di / by S. Ballabio)
ANNO X-N° 10<br />
Editoriale / Editorial (Galluccio A.)<br />
BRAZZELLI N.- Il ghiaccio fatale: ideologia imperiale e rappresentazione del paesaggio antartico nei diari<br />
dell`ultimo viaggio di Scott / The fatal ice: imperial ideology and representation of the Antarctic landscape in the<br />
journals of Scott`s last expedition.<br />
RASMUSSEN I. A. - Estensione spaziale dell`influenza degli indici di circolazione del Nord Atlantic sul bilancio di<br />
massa dei ghiacciai / Spatial extent of influence on glacier mass balance of North Atlantic circulation indices.<br />
VOICULESCU M. - Considerazioni preliminari sulle precipitazioni nevose e sulla neve al suolo nei Carpazi Meridionali<br />
/ Preliminary consideration about snowfall events and snowpack in the southern Carpathian Mountains<br />
- Romanian Carpathian.<br />
KONOVALOV V. - Variazioni di lungo periodo dei fattori che influenzano la disponibilita`di acqua nei bacini imbriferi<br />
alimentati da fusione di neve e ghiaccio / Long term change of water balance components in the river basins<br />
of snow and ice melted feeding.<br />
COLA G. - Il metodo ideato per monitorare il seracco "Lamar" della Parete Nord del S. Matteo(not translated into<br />
English)<br />
MAZZA A. - Il grande ghiaccio dell`Hohsand: sua evoluzione dal 1800 a oggi. Interpretazione nel quadro della<br />
meccanica dei ghiacciai / The large Hohsand <strong>Glacier</strong>: its evolution from 1800 to the present; an interpretation<br />
based on the glacier`s mechanic.<br />
DIOTRI F., THEODULE A., VAGLIASINDI M., COSSON L. - Progetto "ghiacciai sorvegliati speciali": monitoraggio<br />
fotografico dei principali ghiacciai della Val Ferret (Courmayeur-Valle d`Aosta) /The "specially supervised glaciers"<br />
project: a photographic monitoring of Val Ferret glaciers (Courmayeur-Aosta Valley).<br />
SCOTTI R., TOFFALETTI A. - L'anno idrologico 2005-2006 nelle Alpi lombarde: nota nivo-meteorologica / The hydrological<br />
year 2004-2005 in the Lombard Alps: snow and meteorological note (a cura di/by <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong><br />
<strong>Lombardo</strong> e Centro Nivometeorologico regionale di Bormio (ARPA)<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO LOMBARDO - Campagna Glaciologica 2006, settore Alpi Centrali Italiane / 2006<br />
Glaciological Campaign, sector Italian Central Alps.<br />
SCOTTI R., GUSMEROLI A. - Analisi dei primi dati termoigrometrici al Bivacco Corti (Ghiacciaio del Lupo - Orobie<br />
Valtellinesi) / Analysis of the early thermo-hygrometric data at the Corti Hut (Lupo <strong>Glacier</strong>-Orobic Alps of Valtellina).<br />
ITINERARIO DI VISITA N°1.2007: Alla ricerca del sasso perduto / Looking for the lost boulder(G.A.M Lojacono,<br />
G.Orsucci)<br />
RASSEGNA GLACIOLOGICA INTERNAZIONALE / International glaciological literature. Anno 2006: bibiliografia<br />
/ Year 2006: references (a cura di/by S.Ballabio)<br />
ABSTRACT Italiano, English, Français
ANNO IX-N°9<br />
Editoriale / Editorial (Galluccio A.)<br />
ROVELLI E. - Il Ghiacciaio del Calderone: ricostruzione delle oscillazioni recenti mediante l'analisi delle fonti<br />
iconografico-storiche e meteo-climatiche / Calderone <strong>Glacier</strong>: reconstruction of recent oscillation through the<br />
analysis of the ichonograohic-historical and meteo-climatic sources (Gran Sasso, Abruzzo, Italy)<br />
LUZZARO A., CACCIANIGA M., PIERCE S., CERABOLINI B. - Dinamica di vegetazione in ambiente proglaciale<br />
alpino: Due studi condotti nelle Alpi italiane / Vegetation dynamics on alpine glacier forelands: two case studies<br />
in the Italian Alps<br />
D'AGATA C, SMIRAGLIA C., ZANUTTA A. - Il Ghiacciaio della Brenva (Gruppo del Monte Bianco). Il contributo<br />
della fotogrammetria e della cartografia storica nello studio dell'evoluzione recente di un debris covered glacier /<br />
Brenva <strong>Glacier</strong> (Mount Blanc Group). The contribution of photogrammetry and historic cartography in the study of<br />
a debris covered glacier recent evolution<br />
GUGLIELMIN M. - Il permafrost nelle Alpi italiane e la stabilità dei versanti / Permafrost on the italian Alps and<br />
slope stability<br />
KONOVALOV V. - Previsione del bilancio annuale di massa dei ghiacciai / Remote measurements of the annual<br />
mass balance of glaciers<br />
SCOTTI R., TOFFALETTI A. - L'anno idrologico 2004-2005 nelle Alpi lombarde: nota nivo-meteorologica / The<br />
hydrological year 2004-2005 in the lombard Alps: snow and meteorological note (a cura di/by <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong><br />
<strong>Lombardo</strong> e Centro Nivometeorologico regionale di Bormio (ARPA)<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO LOMBARDO - Campagna Glaciologica 2005, settore Alpi Centrali Italiane / 2005<br />
Glaciological Campaign, sector Italian Central Alps.<br />
SCOTTI R., COLA G - Il seracco "Lamar" alla Punta S.Matteo: un anno di monitoraggi / The "Lamar" serac on<br />
S.Matteo peak, a monitoring year<br />
ITINERARIO DI VISITA N°1.2006: Il rock glacier della costiera dei Cech / The rock glacier of Costiera dei Cech<br />
(A.Toffaletti, L.Colzani)<br />
RASSEGNA GLACIOLOGICA INTERNAZIONALE / International glaciological literature. Anno 2005: bibiliografia<br />
/ Year 2005: references (a cura di/by S.Ballabio)<br />
ABSTRACT Italiano, English, Français
ANNO VIII-N°8<br />
Editoriale / Editorial (Bonardi L.)<br />
COLA G. - La grande frana della cresta <strong>Sud</strong>-Est della Punta Thurwieser (Thurwieser-spitze) 3658 m (Alta Valtellina,<br />
Italia) / The large earthflow of the South-Easth crest of Turwieser peak (Thurwieser spitze)3658 m (Upper<br />
Valtellina, Italy).<br />
MAZZA A. - Il Ghiacciaio del Belvedere: "to surge or not to surge, this is the problem" / The Belvedere <strong>Glacier</strong><br />
case: "to surge or not to surge, this is the problem"<br />
SCOTTI R., PAGLIARDI P., TOFFALETTI A. - L'anno idrologico 2003-2004 nelle Alpi lombarde: nota nivo-meteorologica<br />
/ The hydrological year 2003-2004 in the Lombard Alps: snow and meteorological note (a cura del/by<br />
<strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong> e del Centro Nivometeorologico regionale di Bormio (ARPA)<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO LOMBARDO - Campagna Glaciologica 2004, settore Alpi Centrali Italiane / 2004<br />
Glaciological Campaign, sector Italian Central Alps.<br />
SCOTTI R., COLA G. - L'imminente crollo del Seracco del S.Matteo / The impendant fall of S.Matteo's serac<br />
ITINERARI DI VISITA N°1.2005, 2.2005, 3.2005, 4.2005: Il Sasso Bianco, il Sasso di Preguda e altri erratici del<br />
Triangolo Lariano / "Sasso Bianco", "Sasso di Preguda" and other erratic boulders in the area of Lake Como<br />
(Scolari C., Cambieri F., Peroschi M.E.)<br />
"L'homme face au climat", un simposio al Collège de France (Parigi, 12-13 ottobre 2004) / a symposium at<br />
Collège de France (Paris 12th-13th October 2004) (Bonardi L.)<br />
"32° International Geological Congress", Firenze, 20-28 Agosto 2004 / Florence, Italy, August 20-28 (Cambieri<br />
F., Peroschi M.E.)<br />
RASSEGNA GLACIOLOGICA INTERNAZIONALE / International glaciological literature. Anni 2003 e 2004 /<br />
Years 2003 and 2004: references (a cura di/by Ballabio S.)<br />
ABSTRACT Italiano, English, Français
ANNO VII-N°7<br />
Editoriale / Editorial<br />
GALLUCCIO A., CAMBIERI F., BONETTI L., BONARDI L., COLA G. - L'anno idrologico 2002-2003 nelle Alpi lombarde:<br />
nota nivo-meteorologica / The 2002-2003 hydrological year on the Alps in Lombardy: snow weather note<br />
(a cura/by <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong> and Centro Nivometeorologico Regionale, Bormio)<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO LOMBARDO - Campagna Glaciologica 2003, settore Alpi Centrali Italiane / 2003<br />
Glaciological Campaign, sector Italian Central Alps.<br />
COLA G.-Il ghiacciaio dei Forni nella torrida estate 2003 / Forni <strong>Glacier</strong> in 2003 torrid summer<br />
MAZZA A. - I ghiacciai della Valle Anzasca: evoluzione recente e situazione attuale / The glaciers of Valle Anzasca:<br />
recent evolution and current conditions<br />
PICCINI P., FREPPAZ M. - Ghiacciaio di Indren: evoluzione della copertura nivoglaciale e dei regimi termici. Influenza<br />
e rischi connessi dela attività antropica (Monte Rosa, Italia) / Indren <strong>Glacier</strong>: evolution of snow cover and<br />
thermal regimes. Influences and risk connected to anthropic use (Monte Rosa, Italy)<br />
TAMBURINI A., BELOTTI M., LOJACONO M. -Bilancio di massa 2002-2003 del Ghiacciaio di <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong> mediante<br />
rilievo GPS differenziale (Valle di S.Giacomo, Lombardia, Italia) / South <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Glacier</strong>.2002-2003 mass<br />
balance determination by means of GPS differential techniques (S.Giacomo Valley, Lombardy, Italy)<br />
VOICULESCU M., TOROK M. - La localizzazione del permafrost nel Massiccio Fagaras mediante metodologie<br />
informatiche (Carpazi meridionali rumeni) / Permafrost occurrence in Fagaras Massifby means of informatic methods<br />
(Southern rumanian Carpathians)<br />
DI GALLO G. -Revisione fotografica dei ghiacciai del Monte Canin (agosto 2003) / Photographic update of the<br />
Monte Canin glaciers<br />
ITINERARIO DI VISITA N°1.2004: Il Giàs e il Vendul del Monte Secco (Valle Seriana, Prealpi bergamasche) / The<br />
Gias and Vendul of Monte Secco (Seriana Valley - Bergamo foothills)(D'Adda S.)<br />
ABSTRACT Italiano, English, Français
ANNO VI-N°6<br />
Editoriale / Editorial<br />
TAMBURINI A., LOJACONO M., BELOTTI . - Variazioni volumetriche di un ghiacciaio determinate mediante<br />
rilievo GPS differenziale (Ghiacciaio di <strong>Suretta</strong> <strong>Sud</strong>, valle dello Spluga, Italia ) / Volume variations of a glacier<br />
determined by using differential GPS surveys (<strong>Suretta</strong> South glacier, Spluga valley, Italy)<br />
MAZZA A. - La teoria delle onde cinematiche: possibile applicazione al ghiacciaio del Belvedere (Valle Anzasca,<br />
Alpi Italiane) Ipotesi preliminari / The kinematics wave theory: a possible application to “Ghiacciaio del Belvedere”<br />
(Valle Anzasca, Italian Alps). Preliminary hypothesis<br />
TAMBURINI A., MORTARA G., BELOTTI M., FEDERICI P. - L’emergenza del Lago “Effimero” sul Ghiacciaio del<br />
Belvedere nell’estate 2002 (Macugnaga, Monte Rosa, Italia). Studi eseguiti, tecniche di indagine utilizzate e principali<br />
risultati ottenuti / The emergency caused by the “Short-lived Lake” of the Belvedere <strong>Glacier</strong> in the summer<br />
2002 (Macugnaga, Monte Rosa, Italy). Studies, survey techniques and main results<br />
COLA G. - Variazioni della lingua del Ghiacciaio dei Forni (Ortles-Cevedale, Italia) nel ventennio 1981-2002 / The<br />
tongue variations of the Forni <strong>Glacier</strong> (Ortles-Cevedale, Italy) in the period 1981-2002<br />
VALAGUSSA P. - L’evoluzione del Ghiacciaio del Morteratsch dalla fine della Piccola Età Glaciale a oggi (Gruppo<br />
del Bernina, Svizzera) / The evolution of the Morteratsch <strong>Glacier</strong> from the end of the Little Ice Age to the present<br />
days (Bernina Group, Switzerland)<br />
GALLUCCIO A., BONETTI L., BONARDI L., COLA G., CATASTA G. - L’anno idrologico 2001-2002 nelle Alpi lombarde:<br />
nota nivo-meteorologica / The 2001-2002 hydrological year on the Alps in Lombardy: snow-weather report<br />
(a cura di / by <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong> and Centro Nivometeorologico Regionale di Bormio)<br />
CATASTA G. - Lo zero termico estivo a Milano nel decennio 1991-2000 / The summer thermal zero above Milan<br />
in the 1991-2000 decade<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO LOMBARDO - Campagna Glaciologica 2002, settore Alpi Centrali Italiane / 2002<br />
Glaciological Campaign, sector Italian Central Alps.<br />
ITINERARIO DI VISITA N° 1.2003: Il “Nevaio del Colombano” al Monte Legnone / Itinerary Nr 1.2003: The “Colombano<br />
Snowfield” of Monte Legnone (Scotti R.)<br />
PICCINI P., FREPPAZ M. - Studi nivologici sul Ghiacciaio di Indren (Monte Rosa, Italia) / Snow studies on the<br />
Indren <strong>Glacier</strong> (Monte Rosa, Italy)<br />
RASSEGNA GLACIOLOGICA INTERNAZIONALE / International glaciological literature Anno 2002: bibliografia /<br />
Year 2002: references (a cura di / by Almasio A.)<br />
ABSTRACT Italiano, English, Français
ANNO V-N°5<br />
BONARDI L..- Editoriale / Editorial<br />
NERI M.- Incidenza dei ghiacciai pleistocenici nell'evoluzione morfo-strutturale del Vulcano Etna (Sicilia, Italia) /<br />
The influence of the Pleistocene glaciers in the morpho-structural evolution of the Etna Volcano (Sicily, Italy)<br />
TOGNIN P. - Considerazioni teoriche sulla struttura e sul funzionamento degli acquiferi endo- e sottoglaciali: il<br />
contributo della speleologia glaciale / Theoretical considerations on the structure and the functioning of endo-<br />
and subglacial aquifers: the contribution of glacial speleology.<br />
MAZZA A. - I ghiacciai dell'Alpe Veglia: variazioni storiche e dinamica attuale (Alpi occidentali, Piemonte) / The<br />
glaciers of Alpe Veglia: historical fluctuations and present dynamics (Western Alps, Piedmont, Italy)<br />
PICCINI P. - Indren: glacialismo del ventesimo secolo / Indren: glacialism of the twentieth century.<br />
VOICULESCU M. - Sulla morfologia subnivale e di superficie dei depositi nivali del Massiccio del Fagaras (Carpazi<br />
Rumeni): analisi preliminare (seconda parte) / The sub-snow and surface morphology of the snow deposits<br />
of theFagaras Massif (Romanian Carpathians): preliminary analysis (second part)<br />
GALLUCCIO A., ALMASIO A., BONETTI L., BONARDI L., COLA G., PRAOLINI A.- L'anno idrologico 2000-2001<br />
nelle Alpi lombarde: nota nivo-meteorologica / The 2000-2001 hydrological year on the Alps in Lombardy:snow<br />
weather note (a cura/by <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong> and Centro Nivometeorologico Regionale, Bormio)<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO LOMBARDO - Campagna Glaciologica 2001, settore Alpi Centrali Italiane / 2001<br />
Glaciological Campaign, sector Italian Central Alps.<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO ALTO ADIGE (C.A.I) (a cura di F.Secchieri) - Campagna Glaciologica 2001,settore<br />
Alto Adige / 2001 Glaciological Campaign, sector Alto Adige-<strong>Sud</strong>tirol<br />
Itinerario n°1.2002: Il "Nevaio" del Grignone / The Grignone snowfield ( Scolari C.)<br />
Itinerario n°2.2002: I ghiacciai delle Alpi Giulie: visita al ghiacciaio del Canin / The glaciers of the Julian Alps: a<br />
trip to the Canin <strong>Glacier</strong> ( Almasio A.)<br />
Rassegna Glaciologica Internazionale. Anno 2001: bibliografia. Eventi 2002 / International glaciological literature.<br />
Year 2001: references. Events 2002 (a cura di/by Almasio A.)<br />
ABSTRACT Italiano, English, Français
ANNO IV-N°4<br />
GALLUCCIO A, COLA G. - La guerra Bianca nell'Ortles-Cevedale: il ghiaccio scrigno della memoria/The White<br />
War on Ortles-Cevedale: the ice as a casket of memories.<br />
SECCHIERI F.- Il sito glaciogeno alpino/The alpine glaciogenic site.<br />
VOICULESCU M.- Considerazioni sulla presenza di neve in estate nella zona periglaciale del Massiccio Fagaras<br />
(Carpazi rumeni) (parte prima)/Consideration on the presence of snow in summer on the periglacial zone in the<br />
Massif Fagaras (Romanian Carphatians)(first part).<br />
TOGNIN P.-Cavità endoglaciali e processi criocarsici: il punto sulle conoscenze attuali/Endoglacial caves and<br />
cryokarst processes: focus on the present knowledge.<br />
GALLUCCIO A., ALMASIO A., BONETTI L., BONARDI L., COLA G., PRAOLINI A.- L'anno idrologico 1999-2000<br />
nelle Alpi lombarde: nota nivo-meteorologica/The 1999-2000 hydrological year on the Alps in Lombardy:snow<br />
weather note (a cura/by <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong> and Centro Nivometeorologico Regionale, Bormio)<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO LOMBARDO - Campagna Glaciologica 2000, settore Alpi Centrali Italiane / 2000<br />
Glaciological Campaign, sector Italian Central Alps.<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO ALTO ADIGE (C.A.I) (a cura di F.Secchieri) - Campagna Glaciologica 2000, settore<br />
Alto Adige / 2000 Glaciological Campaign, sector Alto Adige-<strong>Sud</strong>tirol (a cura by Secchieri F.)<br />
ITINERARIO DI VISITA N°1.2001: I ghiacciai delle Alpi Giulie: visita al Ghiacciaio del Montasio /Itinerary nr.<br />
1.2001: The glaciers of the Julian Alps: visit to Ghiacciaio Occidentale del Montasio(Almasio A.)<br />
ANNO 2000 - Eventi e Bibliografia (Rassegna Glaciologica Internazionale a cura di C.Smiraglia)<br />
ABSTRACT Italiano, English, Français
ANNO III-N°3<br />
GALLUCCIO A. - Editoriale.<br />
BONARDI L. - La cause climatiche del maximum glaciale del periodo 1815-1820 nelle Alpi lombarde: un' ipotesi<br />
qualitativa.<br />
HOMLUND P.- Ghiacciai in Scandinavia-<strong>Glacier</strong>s in Scandinavia.<br />
SECCHIERI F.-La situazione del glacialismo in Val Martello (Ortles-Cevedale) nel 1999.<br />
COLA G., GALLUCCIO A. - Ottobre 1999: il crollo della fronte pensile del Ghiacciaio del Palon de la Mare (Ortles-<br />
Cevedale lombardo).<br />
CATASTA G.- Ghiacciaio di Fellaria Ovest (Bernina italiano); evoluzione del "calderone del ghiacciaio".<br />
GALLUCCIO A., ALMASIO A., BONETTI L., BONARDI L., D'ADDA S., COLA G., BUTTI M, LONARDO C., ELLI<br />
G., MERALDI E.,<br />
BERBENNI F. (a cura del <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong> e del Centro Nivo-meteorologico Regionale di Bormio)<br />
- Anno idrologico 1998-1999; nota nivo-meteorologica nelle Alpi Centrali italiane.<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO LOMBARDO - Campagna Glaciologica 1999, settore Alpi Centrali Italiane.<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO ALTO ADIGE (C.A.I) (a cura di F.Secchieri - Campagna glaciologica 1999, settore<br />
Alto Adige.<br />
ITINERARIO DI VISITA N°1.2000: Un Rock glaciers francese (M.Lojacono).<br />
ANNO 1998 - Eventi e Bibliografia (Rassegna Glaciologica Internazionale a cura di C.Smiraglia)
ANNO II-N°2<br />
ARZUFFI A.- Editoriale.<br />
SMIRAGLIA C. - Peculiarità della glaciologia antartica.<br />
CATASTA G. - Un "calderone del ghiacciaio" in Valmalenco.<br />
D'ADDA S. - Il glacialismo attuale in Val Seriana (Alpi Orobie).<br />
BELLET A., DE MARTIN F., TRADA L. - Terra glacialis....al "finis terrae" Patagonia celebrativa: il Ghiacciaio Perito<br />
Moreno.<br />
GALLUCCIO A., BONARDI L., D'ADDA S., COLA G., BONETTI L. et alii (a cura del <strong>Servizio</strong> <strong>Glaciologico</strong> <strong>Lombardo</strong><br />
e del Centro Nivo-meteorologico Regionale di Bormio) - Anno idrologico 1997-1998; nota nivo-meteorologica<br />
nelle Alpi Centrali italiane.<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO LOMBARDO (autori vari) - Campagna Glaciologica 1998, settore Alpi Centrali Italiane.<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO ALTO ADIGE (C.A.I) (a cura di F.Secchieri) - Campagna glaciologica 1998 , settore<br />
Alto Adige.<br />
HAGERDON H. & SAMUEL-ECKERLE E.- Le recenti oscillazioni dei ghiacciai tedeschi.<br />
KAPPENBERGER G., KERKMANN J. - Il tempo in Montagna (manuale di meteorologia alpina) (Recensione a<br />
cura di G.Elli).<br />
ANNO 1998 - Eventi e Bibliografia (Rassegna Glaciologica Internazionale a cura di C.Smiraglia)<br />
ITINERARIO DI VISITA N°1.99: Al Pizzo del Diavolo di Malgina (S.D'Adda).<br />
ITINERARIO DI VISITA N°2.99: Il Lago Argentino e il Ghiacciaio Perito Moreno (A.Bellet, F.De Martin, L.Trada).<br />
ABSTRACT
ANNO I -N°1<br />
BONARDI L. - Premessa.<br />
GALLUCCIO A.- Editoriale.<br />
REYNARD E. - Bisses, ghiacciai e rock glacier nella valle superiore del Rodano (Vallese, Svizzera).<br />
LONARDO C., ELLI G., CROTTOGINI M., GRAZZI-LONARDO G. - I crolli frontali del Ghiacciaio di Rasica<br />
Est(1995).<br />
GALLUCCIO A., MAINARDI G., COLA G., D'ADDA S., BUTTI M., BONARDI L., BONETTI L. - Condizioni nivometeorologiche<br />
della media e alta quota alpina, settore Alpi Centrali italiane, anno idrologico 1996-1997.<br />
SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO LOMBARDO (Commissione Scientifica-autori vari) - Campagna Glaciologica 1997,<br />
settore Alpi Centrali Italiane.<br />
SMIRAGLIA C. - (a cura di, autori vari) La rete dei bilanci di massa sui ghiacciai delle Alpi Lombarde:risultati<br />
dell'anno idrologico 1996-1997<br />
SECCHIERI F. (a cura di, SERVIZIO GLACIOLOGICO ALTO ADIGE DEL C.A.I) - La campagna glaciologica 1997<br />
in Alto Adige.<br />
GALLUCCIO A.- I nuovi laghi proglaciali lombardi.<br />
D.I. BENN & D.J.A. EVAN - <strong>Glacier</strong> and Glaciation (recensione a cura di C.Smiraglia)<br />
ANNO 1997-Eventi e Bibliografia (Rassegna Glaciologica Internazionale a cura di C.Smiraglia)<br />
ITINERARIO DI VISITA N°1.98: Ai seracchi mobili del ghiacciaio di Rasica Est (C.Lonardo).<br />
ITINERARIO DI VISITA N°2.98: Al Lago Superiore dei Castelli (A.Galluccio).