19.8cmx27.5 bhadra design.indd

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;'uf}nL ;GwL k|:tfj g]kfn blIf0ftkm{ em'Sg ;'? 

– /fdz/0f kf08] 

clxn] xfd|f] b]zsf] /fhgLlt 

s'lx/f]df sfu 3'd]sf] / 

ckm\7of/fdf kml;{ em'n]sf] h:tf] ePsf] 

5 . s'g a]nf s:tf] b'3{6gf x'G5 eGg 

;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . jt{dfg ;/sf/ / 

cfkm' 7"nf x'F eGg] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjx? 

cd]l/sf, rLg / ef/tLox?;Fu gdM 

z/0fd\\M ul//x]sf 5g\ . eg] /fi6«k|d'v 

P+j sfo{sf/L k|d'v klg ljb]zLx?sf] 

;Nnfx cg';f/ d'n'snfO{ cl:y/tfsf] 

af6f]df n}hfg] p2]Zon] cufl8 jl9/x]sf 

5g\ . To:t} ljkIf klg pgLx?s} 

;xsfo{df 5g\ . h]h:tf] ldl8ofdf 

jf]n]klg cem ;fpy aNs g]kfnsf] 

/fhgLltdf dfq xf]Og x/]s If]qdf 

k|ToIf x:tIf]k ul//x]sf] 5 . sfo{sf/L 

k|d'vn] cfkm\gf ljif]z b't rLg / 

ef/tdf k7fpFb}5g\ . tL b't dfkm{t s]– 

slt s;nfO{ a'emfpg] cfGtl/s ;xdlt 

u/]/ rLg / ef/tnfO{ v'zL agfP/ cfkm\ 

gf] zlQmnfO{ alnof] agfpg] x'g\, Tof] 

ljifo kl5 yfxf x'g]g}5 . g]kfnL hgtf 

P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv ;fjef}d x'g\ . 

g]kfnL hgtf / g]kfn /fi6«n] s] rfxG5 

s:tf] lsl;dsf] kl/kfl6 j;fNg rfxfG5 

To;df l5d]sLx?sf] 7f8f] x:tIf]k ug'{ 

/ jt{dfg xfd|f zf;s eGg]x?n] b'tsf] 

?kdf sfd ug'{n] xfdL h:tf] ;fjef}d, 

:jfledfg g]kfnLx?sf] x[bodf rf]6 

nflu/x]sf] 5 . 

ut jif{ dxfe"sDk cfPsf] a]nf 

p2f/sf] gfddf OlG8og ;]gfn] P/kf]6{ 

sAhf ug'{ / cd]l/sLx?n] rLgnfO{ 

tfu{]6 agfpg' lrlgof ultljlw lgofNg' 

afx]s c? s]xL b]lvPg . a? xfd|f] 

;'/Iff lgsfon] cfkm\gf] Ifdtfn] Eofo;Dd 

lkl8tx?nfO{ p2f/ u/]sf] lyof] . k'gM 

lgdf{0fsf] gfddf cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng 

u/fP/ bftfx?nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]usf] 

Ps]a4tf u/fPsf] klg Ps jif{ e};Sof] . 

s'g b]zn] slt lbof], sxfF k|of]u eof] 

gfd dfq}sf] k|lt:kwf{n] xfn;Dd e"sDk 

lkl8t If]qsf hgtfx?n] g]kfn /fi6«sf] 

/fli6«o 9's'6Laf6 s]xL /fxft kfPklg 

ljb]zL bftfn] af]n]sf / saf]n u/]sf 

k}zf sxfF x/fPsf] 5, gful/sx?nfO{ 

;'rgf lbg' kb{5 . o;}n] Ps xftn] 

lbg] / csf]{ xftn] lng] afXo ;xof]u 

/ To;}df klg /fHo ;+rfngsf k|d'v 

eGg] / pgLx?sf gftfuf]tfnfO{ kf]:g] 

jfx]s Tof] ;a} g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ sfd 

ePg . lsgeg] g]kfndf ;'/Iff lgsfosf] 

dflyNnf] n]an, Ao"/f] qmfO;sf] dflyNnf] 

n]an, gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jf eGg]x?, 

7"nf a'l4hLlj eGg]x?, /fd|f];Fu af]Ng 

hfGg] rnfs ;+;b -PDkL_ eGbf dfly 

/ g]kfnsf 7"nf lju xfp; ldl8of 

rnfpg]x? oL ;a} s'g} g s'g} ?kdf 

ljb]zLx?sf ;xof]uL ag]sf 5g\ . 

lj]b]zLsf nflu sfd ub}{5g\ . 

g]kfnLsf] e"/fhgLlt, ;fdl/s / e";'/Iffsf] 

b[li6n] g]kfnnfO{ c/hstf, cl:y/tf 

/ ef8e}nf] Pjd\ /fhgLlts, cfly{s, 

;f+:s[lts ?kdf 7f8f] x:tIf]k ug]{ 

ePsf]n] g]kfnnfO{ ;w}F cl:y/ /lx/xf]; 

eGg] rfxfFgf zlQm /fi6«x?sf] /x]sf] 5 . 

oxL ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] /fHooGq P+j 

/fhgLlts g]t[Tjx? / cGo zlQmx? 

pgLx?sf] lgb]{zgdf nfu]sf 5g\ . 

g]kfnsf] ljif]z u/]/ ;'uf}nL ;GwL otf 

g]kfn ef/tsf] cw{ pklgj]zsf] ?kdf 

5 eGbf clto'lQm gxf]nf . g]kfnsf] 

h'g;'s} ;/sf/ kl/jt{g ug{ jf 

l6Sg l;wf blIf0fsf] cflz{jfb ePg 

eg] Tof] ;Qf l6Sb}g oxLF cj:yf oxfF 

clxn] ePsf] 5 tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 

s]kL cf]nLn] rLg;Fusf] lgs6tf Pj+ 

kf/jfxfg cfbL ;GwL;Demf}tf ubf{ 

/ rLgnfO{ g]kfnsf] glhs zlQmsf] 

?kdf /fVg vf]Hbf cf]nL ;/sf/n] 

xft w'g'k¥of] . g]kfnnfO{ ;a}eGbf al9 

cl:y/ agfpg] sfd blIf0faf6 ePsf] 

o'lg6L EjfO; 3

5 . cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf ;'uf}nL ;GwLdf 

lst]{ tl/sfn] u'dfPsf g]kfnL e"efunfO{ 

p7fg ug]{ g]kfndf s'g} klg /fhgLlts 

g]t[Tj / ;/sf/ ePg h;n] OlG8ofnfO{ 

cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf ;fgf] cfjfh p7fpg] 

klg s'g} zlQm jf ;/sf/ gx'g' eg]s} 

;a} OlG8ogx?n] g]kfnL g]tf / oxfFsf] 

Ao"/f]qmfO;x?nfO{ lsg]sf] eGg] k'li6 

x'G5 . 

Tolt dfq xf]Og jt{dfg g]kfnsf] 

l;dfgf d]rL–dxfsfnL leq *) cf}+ 7fpFdf 

g]kfnL e"ld cltqmd0f ePsf] 5 . eg] 

csf]{tkm{ rLgn] / ef/tn] xhf/f}+ x]S6/ 

lnk'n]snfO{ hf] g]kfnsf] cflwsf/Ls 

e"ldnfO{ g]kfnnfO{ g} g;f]lwsg Psnf}l6 

;Demf}tf u/]sf 5g\, To;}n] l5d]sLx? 

ldq x'g] 7fpFdf Aof;fFsf e"ldsf 

lgefpg] sfd ePsfn] jL/ g]kfnLx?n] 

;r]t x'g' h?/L 5 . xfnsf] g]kfnsf] 

eGbf bf]Aa/ e"ld ef/tdf 5 eg] klZrd 

g]kfnsf] dfg;/f]j/ nufot rf/cf]6f 

lhNnf rLgn] sAhf u/]sf] 5 . of] 

cj:yfdf g]kfnL zf;sx?n] cfkm\gf] 

e"ldsf] jsfnt ug{ g;Sg' / oxfFsf 

lju ldl8of xfp;n] klg p7fg gug'{ 

eg]s} ;a} pgLx?sf b't x'g eGg] s'/f 

k|i6 x'G5 . ljZjsf] ;j}eGbf zlQmzfnL 

v; ;fd|fHo / ls/fFt ;fd|fHonfO{ 

lt/f] ltg]{x?n] g]kfnh:tf] ljZjsf] 

h]7f] b]znfO{ o;/L x:tIf]k ug'{ ;Sg] 

cj:yf lsg cfof] eGg] s'/fdf xfdLn] 

hfg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ca jL/ uf]vf{nL 

g]kfnLx?n] cfkm\gf] e"ld lkmtf{ lngsf] 

nflu cleofg 5]8\g' clgjfo{ ePsf] 

5 . cem ljz]iftM /fi6«3ft ug]{ b]z 

j]Rg] 3/leqsf b'Zdgx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs 

?kdf gª\Uofpg' kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 

5 . o;}n] efO kmf6\of] ujf/ n'6\of], 

o;nfO{ dgg\ ub}{ xfdL h'6\g] cleofgdf 

nfuf}+ . lxhf] b]lv xfn;Ddsf ;/sf/ 

k|d'vn] g]kfnsf] lb3{sflng ?kdf c;/ 

kg]{ ;GwL ;Demf}tf ub}{ lxF8\g] / oxfFsf 

/fhgLlts bnx? ;Qfdf]x / eQfdf]xsf] 

n8fO{df dfq nflu/xg] pgLx?sf] k]zf 

ePsf]n] xfdL :jfledfg g]kfnLx? r'k 

nfu]/ a:g' x'Fb}g . 

ca klg pgLx?s} kl5 tflnxfGb} 

hfg] xf] eg] d'n's jjf{bLdfq xf]Og 

c;kmn /fi6« agfpg] v]ndf oxfFsf 

/fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL / jt{dfg 

/fhgLlts bnx?sf] g]t[Tjsf] xft 5 

eGg' kg]{ cj:yf cfpFb}5 . cGoyf 

d'n'ssf ljleGg b]zdf /fhb't l/Qtf 

b]lv cfly{s dGbL Pjd\ bzss} ;Dd 

:yfgLo txdf hgk|ltlglwljlxg eO{ 

ljsf; lgdf{0f 7Kk} dfq xf]Og ePsf] 

ah]6 ;d]tdf e|i6«frf/n] / clgoldttfn] 

b]z} g} ugfpg] eO;Sof] . To;}n] klg 

rf/}tkm{af6 g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o hutn] 

c;kmn /fi6« / e|i6«frf/Ln] zf;g 

ug]{ b]z eg]/ Jofks xNnf eO/x]sf] 

5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fi6«nfO{ arfpg] 

ls ljb]zL zlQm s]Gb|sf] nx}nx}df 

nfu]/ b]zdf ef8e}nf] ul//xg] o:tf] 

ljifodf oxfFsf /fhgLlts bn / /fHo 

;~rfnsx?n] ulDe/ x'g] ls gx'g] < 

/fhgLlts bnx?n] ;f]Rg] ls g;f]Rg] < 

/fhgLlt lsg s] nflu ug]{ < ;Qf / 

eQfdf]xsf nflu ug]{ ls, tdfd b]zsf 

hg;d'bfosf lxt / /fi6«sf] lxtdf 

/fhgLlt ug]{ < ca, /fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] 

klg cfd hgtfnfO{ hjfkm lbg' k¥of] . 

To;}n] clxn] d'n's Oltxf;s} gfh's 

cj:yfdf 5 . 

d'n'ssf] df6f] s;}n] lnP/ 

hfFb}g . d'n's leq eO/x]sf] cyfxf 

;|f]t / ;fwg p;sf] sAhfdf uO;s]kl5 

:jt d'n's p;sf] u'nfdL x'G5 . xfd|f] 

b]zdf cfh ljb]zL ax'/fli6«o sDkgLsf] 

xflnd'xfnL 5 . To;}df klg ljz]if ?kdf 

ef/tLo pBf]u Joj;foLx?n] g]kfnsf 

;a} ;|f]t / ;fwg sAhf ul/;s]sf 5g\ . 

tL ;|f]t / ;fwg arfpg cj g]kfnLx?n] 

nfUg] ls gnfUg] < oxfFsf zf;sx?n] 

bzf}+ k':tfcf}F;Dd k'Ug] u/L cfly{s nfe 

lnO;s], pgLx?nfO{ of] b]z k|lt s'g} 

dfof ddtf 5}g . cem ljif]zu/L g]kfnsf] 

t/n /fhgLltdf rf/}tkm{af6 ljb]zL 

zlQm s]Gb|x?n] 3]/faGbL ug'{n] d'n'ssf] 

/fli6«o :jfledfg / ;fj{ef}ldstfdf ;d]t 

ulDe/ rf]6 k'Ug] dfq xf]Og, d'n'sg} 

cfj/0f 

c;kmn /fi6«sf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'g] 

cj:yf x'Fb}5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf /fi6«nfO{ 

sdhf]/ kfg]{ sfd /fhgLlts bn dfqsf] 

xft 5}g, oxfFsf /fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL, 

;efd'v b]lv dGqLx'Fb} dflyNnf] n]ansf] 

sd{rf/L;d]tsf] 7"nf] xft 5 . 

To;}n] klg cj /fi6« arfpg b]z 

elQm, /fi6«elQm, h'g;'s} , h:tf] ;'s} 

ljrf/ ePtfklg ca Pstfsf] vfFrf] 

5 . g]kfndf hlxn] s6k'tln zf;s 

agfpg d'v tfs]/ a;]sf l5d]sL 

tyf ljb]zL zlQms]Gb|x?sf] lgb]{zgdf 

xfd|f] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjx? nfu]sf 

5g\ . g]kfndf clxn] Oltxf;s} crfSnL 

?kdf afXo zlQmsf] xflnd'xfnL ePsf] 

5 . o;sf k5fl8 g]kfnnfO{ e'6fg 

x'Fb} l;lSsd agfpg] vf]Hg] ljuljuLn] 

G8'k bf]h]{x?sf] ubf{ cfh d'n'snfO{ 

cl:y/tf / c/hstfdf n}hfg vf]lhFb} 

5 . o;sf kfqx? xfd|f] b]zdf 

lbgk|ltlbg a9\bf] 5 . o;df klg 

cfh blIf0fd'vL O;f/fdf jt{dfg 

/fhgLlts g]t[Tjx? nlDs/x]sf]n] klg 

blIf0fn] g]kfnfO{ e"6fg x'Fb} l;Ssd 

agfpg] of]hgf cg'?k oxfFsf k|efjzfnL 

g]tfb]lv af}l4s hut ;d]tnfO{ cfkm\ 

gf] k~hfdf lnO;s]sf] 5 . olx cg'?k 

;Qf / zf;gsf] n8fO{df dfq l;ldt 

ePsf] 5}g . oxfFsf k|e'4 JolQmb]lv 

/fhgLlts k|efjzfnL JolQmx? ;d]tn] 

klg ef/tn] h] u¥of] To;df cfFvf 

lrDn]/ ;dy{g ug]{ Pjd\ s]lx n]vs / 

kqsf/ ;d]tn] klg eflifs ;~hfnsf] 

ld7f; lbP/ blIf0fsf] elQm ufO/xg] 

sfd ePsf] 5 . d'n'ssf x/]s If]q / 

lgsfox?nfO{ lgSsdf agfP/ c;kmn 

agfpg] blIf0fsf] u|f08 l8hfOg cg';f/ 

clxn]sf] /fhgLlt rln/x]sf] 5 . o;}n] 

:jtGq, ;fj{ef}d / :jflwg g]kfn k|yd 

ljZjo'4 xf]; of cg]sf}+ s;};Fu xf/ 

gvfPsf] d'n's clxn]sf lelhnfGt] 

/fhgLlt1x?af6 xfl//x]sf] 5 . of] b]z 

arfpg cfd g]kfnL eP/ ;r]t x'Fb} Ps 

k6s km]/L ef]s Kof; gegL gfnfkfgL 

h:t} o'4 n8\g h?/L 5 . 

4 o'lg6L EjfO;

g]kfnsf] ;d:of eg]s} 

s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo k|0ffnL / ;f] 

;+u hf]l8Psf d'Vo d'2fx? g} x'g . 

s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo Joj:yfsf] cGTo / 

;+3Lo /fHo Joj:yfsf] hu a;fNg] 

ljifodf vf; u/L clxn]sf] /fhgLlts 

d'2f g} s]Gb|Lt xf] . oxL d'2fn] ubf{ 

d'n'sdf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf pTkGg 

ePsf] xf] . of] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo /fHosf] 

k|fjwfg ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ xfn ;Dd 

/fHo ;~rfngx?sf] s]lGb|s[t ;f]r 

Pjd\ lrGtgn] d'n'ssf] ljljw hflt 

efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] nf]k dfq xf]Og 

ls g]kfnsf] ljljw klxrfgsf] ;dfKt 

x'Fb}5 . h'g b]zdf ljljwtf ;Fu 

hf]l8Psf klxrfgx? nf]k x'Fb} hfg] 

xf] eg] Tof] b]zsf] klxrfg ;Eotf 

;+:s[lt ;d]t nf]k x'g' xf] . ;+;f/n] 

g]kfnnfO{ ljljw hflto tyf ;f+:s[lts 

klxrfgsf] d'n's egL g]kfndf ljleGg 

b]zsf ko{6sx?sf] cf]O/f] nfUg] u5{ . 

t/ g]kfnsf] Psn s]lGb|s[t x:tIf]k / 

cx+sf/L gLltn] oxfFsf ljljw hflt / 

If]qsf] klxrfgnfO{ bjfpg] sfd x'Fb}5 . 

oxL sf/0fn] )^@÷)^#sf] hgcfGbf]ng 

/ dfcf]jfbLsf] !) jif]{ hgo'4n] ljljw 

hflto / lje]bdf Pjd\ plTk8gdf 

k/]sf hgtfsf] ljb|f]xn] s]xL kl/jt{g 

cfP klg k'g Tof] kl/jt{gnfO{ gofF 

l;/faf6 x:tIf]ksf/L z}nLdf hgtfsf] 

jf:tljs rfxfgfdfyL s'7/f3ft 

ug]{ sfd eO{/x]sf] 5 / To;df klg 

ahfl/of /]l8sn dfs]{6df cfPsf s]xL 

Pnf6{ ju{x?sf] k'/fgf] lrGtg kl/jt{g 

ePsf] b]lvb}g . 

ljrf/ / jx;sf] n8fOdf cf– 

cfkm\gf b[li6sf]0f / /fo /fVg' 

:jefljs xf] . t/ g]kfnsf] s]lGb|s[t 

9fFrfaf6 ;~rflnt /fHoJoj:yf / 

;f];Fu hf]l8Psf oGqx?n] g]kfnsf 

plTkl8t If]q, hflt ju{ / ln+unfO{ 

dfly p7\g] af6f] jGb ul/Psf] lyof] . 

kl/j]z 

Pp6f pbfx/0fs} ?kdf 3/sf] hu 

jlnof] ePg eg] 3/ elTsG5, of] 

lk/fld8 :6fOnsf] /fHo ;+/rgfn] 

g]kfnsf] k|ult / ;d[l4 x'g ;s]g . 

oxL ;]/f]km]/f]df ljsf; / clwsf/sf] 

jfF8kmfF8sf] ;+3/fHosf] cjwf/0ffsf] 

vfFrf] k/]sf] Tof] vfFrf]nfO{ ;fj{hlgs 

?kdf cfkm\gf b[li6sf]0fx? lbg' cfkm\ 

gf] ljifo xf] . t/ g]kfnsf] ljljwtfnfO{ 

/ g]kfnsf] klxrfgnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ 

ljifo g} ;+3/fHo xf] . lxhf] klg g]kfn 

Plss[t ;+3/fHo lyof] . 

oxL cfwf/df oxfFsf cfbfjf;L, 

hghflt, pTkLl8t If]q P+j lje]bdf 

k/]sf ;d'bfox?nfO{ cfkm\gf clwsf/ 

:yflkt ug{ cfjfh p7fpF5g\, ljb|f]x lg 

ub{5g\, pgsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . 

To;}n] hgtfsf] rfxfgf / g]kfnsf] 

P]ltxfl;s klxrfgsf nflu klg 

g]kfnsf] oyft w/ftlno Pltxfl;s 

klxrfgsf] vf]lh x'g cfjZos 

;+l3o nf]stflGqs /fHo 

Joj:yfn] d'n's ;d[l4 x'G5 < 

uLtf s'df/L jL=;L= 

o'lg6L EjfO; 5

xf] . g]kfnL hgtfsf] kl/jt{gsf] cfd 

rfxgfnfO{ /fhgLlts / ;+j}wflgs 

?kn] lnkLj4 ;Daf]wg gug]{ xf] 

eg] d'n'sn] slxNo} glhTg] o'4 x'g] 

;+efjgf lglZrt 5 To;}n] ljljw 

plTk8s hflt / If]qsf] klxrfgnfO{ 

/fhg}lts / ;+j}wflgs ?kn] ;+jf]wg 

ug{ ;s] dfq xfn;Ddsf ;+3if{ / 

alnbfgsf] cfwf/lznfnfO{ :yflkt ug{ 

;lsG5 . 

oxL cfwf/lznfaf6 cfd hgtfsf] 

j[lQ ljsf;sf] ;jf{ËL0f, st{Jo / 

clwsf/sf] jf]w u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] 

lglDt d'n'sn] ;+3Lo OsfO{ / k|fs[lts 

;|f]t / ;fwgdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] 

cu|clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ub}{ s]Gb|Lo 

/fHo Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo hunfO{ alnof] 

agfpg] af6f] aG5 . xfd|f] P]ltxfl;s 

tyf tYosf cfwf/ Pjd\ xfd|f] df6f];Fu 

hf]l8g' kb{5 . k|flrgtd\ ;dodf g]kfn 

/fHosf] Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] sljnfo'lug 

;dosf] ljsf;qmd;Fu ls/fFt u0f/fHo 

:yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;df ;+3Lo 

OsfO{x?nfO{ lbSskfnsf] gfdaf6 

;Daf]wg ul/GYof] . o; ;dodf !) 

j6f lbSskfnaf6 r'lgPsf dWo]af6 

/fi6« k|d'v jf /fhf r'Gg] ul/GYof] . of] 

P]ltxfl;s Ps tYo xf] . o:t} ;jfnfv 

kj{t leq} :yflkt v; ;fd|fHosf] 

P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ s]nfpg] xf] eg] 

kmf/;sf] vf8Lb]lv sf]Daf]l8of x'Fb} 

hfKgf k|folbkdf /x]sf] zf;g Joj:yf 

pRrtd\, pGgt\ :t/sf] ;fj{ef}d :jfoQ 

;lxtsf] u0f/fHoTds Joj:yf :yflkt 

lyof] eGg] sof}F P]ltxfl;s k|df0fx? 

5g\ . oL k|df0fx?df ls/fFtsflng 

u0f/fHodf sf]lnof u0f/fHo, lj/f6 

u0f/fHo, ljb]x u0f/fHo, s'r ljxf/ 

u0f/fHo cflb ;lxtsf u0f/fHo 

s]Gb|Lo ls/fFt u0f/fHo leq} lyP 

eGg] rfOlgh ofqLx? / Oltxf;sf/ 

x?n] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . o:t} lxDdjt\ 

v08sf] *,))) -cf7 xhf/_ dfOn 

nfdf] e"—efudf pRrtd\ k|sf/sf] 

cfTd lg0f{o ;lxtsf] /fHo Joj:yfkg 


s]Gb|Lo ;fj{ef}ldstfdf cl8Psf] v; 

;fd|fHosf] JofVof ul/Psf] o;df Ps} 

cIf/n] hDa'lbk], lxdjt v08], e/t 

If]q] gfdn] rlr{t :nf]ssf] pWofD;\af6 

k'li6 x'G5 . 

clxn] lxhf]sf] Oltxf;nfO{ nfdf] 

;do;Dd s]xL s]Gb|Lo zf;g Joj:yf 

rfxg] JolQm / ;d"xx?n] zf;g / 

/huh u/] / ;fdGtL /fHo Joj:yfkg 

:yfkgf u/]/ P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ gi6 

ul/Pkl5 hgtfn] P]ltxfl;s d'b|fdf 

k|j]z u/]/ cuf8L al9/x]sf] cj:yfdf 

g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ :yflkt 

ug]{ nfdf] ;dosf] ;+3if{ / alnbfgn] 

;+3fTds :jfoQ OsfO{x?df hfg] 

lg0f{osf] of] jf Tof] ?kaf6 hgtfnfO{ 

e|ldt kfb}{ /fHosf] k"g;+/rgfnfO{ 

Psfª\sL 9Ëaf6 lg:t]h kfg]{ sfddf 

lxhf]b]lv cfh;Dd vfO{ kfO{ cfPsf 

JolQmx? / ;d"xx?n] Gjf/fgb]lvsf] 

an k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] clxn] bf]>f] 

;+ljwfg;ef sf] r'gfjsf] glthfnfO{ 

;+l3o/fHo Joj:yf grfxg]x?sf] 

ljho eg]/ e|d kfg]{ sfd ePsf] 5 . 

bf]>f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] hg';'s} bnx? 

x'g\ pgLx?sf] 3f]if0f kq Pj+ k|ltawtf 

kq ;a} g]kfnL hgtfsf] xftdf 

5 . To;}n] ;+l3o /fHoJoj:ykg ljgf 

d'n'ssf] ljsf; / pGgtL x'g} ;Sb}g . 

o;{yM g]kfnsf] nfdf] ;do;Dd 6]s]sf] 

PsfTds /fHo Joj:yfsf] cGTo ug{ 

k6s–k6s ljb|f]x / cfGbf]ng ePsf 

lyP . To;df @)^@÷)^#sf] cfGbf]ng 

/ !) jif]{ hgo'4n] kl/k'lt{ u/]sf] xf] . 

o;}n] cfd g]kfnL pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / 

lje]b\df k/]sf hgtf cfkm\gf] ;+3if{ / 

alnbfgsf] lx:;fnfO{ /Iff ub}{ /fHosf] 

k"g;Daf]wg x'g] zf;sLo ;fj{ef}d 

clwsf/ ;lxtsf] /fHo k"g;+/rgf 

ug{ cl3 a9\g jt{dfg /fhg}lts 

bnx?n] nfUg' kb{5 . o;sf] lglDt 

cfd ;d"bfon] dxz'; ug]{ u/L 

/fHosf] k"g;+/rgf ;lxtsf] ef}uf]lns, 

;fF:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s cfwf/ lgdf{0fsf] 

clwstd d'2fx? lnlvj4 ug]{ af6f]df 

kl/j]z 

cfh}af6 nfUg' kb{5 . o;y{ jt{dfg 

cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o hu alnof] 

agfpg' / gful/snfO{ cfkm\gf] d'n's 

k|lt lhDd]jf/ af]w u/fpg' eg]s} 

:jfoQ ;lxtsf] ;+3Lo /fHo Joj:yf 

xf] / d'n'ssf] eljio cfpFbf] k':tfnfO{ 

x:tfGt/0f ;'lglZrt / u[xo'4sf] 

;DefjgfnfO{ 6fg]{ cfwf/ to ug'{ klg 

xf] . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf Pp6f kl/jf/ 

alnof] x'g' To; kl/jf/df /x]sf 

;b:ox?sf] cf—cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L 

af]w / bfloTjsf] lgjf{x Pjd\ cfTd 

;Ddfg /x\of] eg] dfq Tof] kl/jf/sf] 

hu alnof] / ;jn /xG5 . Pp6f 

kl/jf/ rnfpg'nfO{ oL tTj rflxG5 

eg] d'n'ssf] :yfoL hu alnof] agfpg 

To; d'n's leqsf tNnf] OsfO{ ;Dd 

/x]sf] hgtfsf] ;Daf]wg gu/L /fHosf] 

s]Gb| /fd|f] agfpg' eg]sf] eTs]sf] 

3/sf] 5t /fd|f] agfpg' eg] h:tf] xf] . 

To;}n] d'n's agfpg / ;d[4 t'Nofpg 

cfGtl/s pklgj]z / pTkL8gsf] cGTo 

u/L d'n's leq /x]sf ljleGg hft, 

hflt, ju{, efiff, ;+:s[lt / k5fl8 

kfl/Psf If]q ;Daf]wg u/fO{ cfwf/e"t 

tTj ;lxt cuf8L a9\bf 3/sf] alnof] 

hu h:t} d'n'ssf] alnof] hu alg 

;d[4 /fi6« aGg ;Sb5 . 

o;sf/0f xfdLn] s;}sf] efu vf]:g] 

/ vf]l;g] lrGtg dgg\nfO{ Tofu]/ ;a} 

g]kfnLsf] g]kfn b]z xf] eGg] o'lQmnfO{ 

zf;s Pj+ /fHo Joj:yfn] ;defjsf] 

bfz{lgs lrGtg :yflkt ug'{ kb{5 . 

olb of] lrGtg dgg\af6 xfdL pxL 

s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g z}nL / lrGtg Pjd\ 

k|j[ltdf dfq} lxF8\g] xf] eg] g]kfn / 

g]kfnLn] slxNo} glhltg] 4G4 / o'4 

x'g] ;Defjgf cfpFg ;Sb5 . To;}n] 

klg of] d]/f] b]z xf], oxfF d]/f] ;a} If]qdf 

;dfg'kflts, ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf] 

x}l;ot 5 eGg] h'g;'s} ju{, hflt / 

If]qnfO{ 1fgj4 u/fpg' kb{5 . To;}n] 

d'n'ssf] ljsf; / pGgltsf nflu 

;+3Lo /fHo Joj:yfsf] 7"nf] vfFrf] 5 .

d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts cj:yf 

;+s6k"0f{ / gfh's cj:Yffdf 

k'u]sf] 5 . d'n'snfO{ o:tf] cj:yfdf 

;lx lbzflgb{]zg lbg'kg]{ cj:Yffdf 

clxn]sf kIf / ljkIf g]t[Tj ju{x? 

;Qf k|flKt / s';L{df]xsf nflu Pjd\ 

;QfnfO{ dha't kfg{sf nflu df]rf{ 

aGbL s;]sf 5g\ . b]z / g]kfnL 

hgtf eGbf klg u'6 pku'6sf] aLrdf 

?dlnPsf, lvrftflgdf Jo:t / cfkm\ 

gf] b'gf] s;/L ;f]Hofpg] eGg]df oxfFsf 

g]t[Tj ju{x? nflu/x]sf 5g\ eg] jfXo 

zlQmx?sf] n} nflx / O{zf/fdf oxfFsf 

g} 5 . d'n'ssf] rf}tkmL{ lxt ug]{ 

/fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] sdL / bnx? 

aLrsf] /fhg}lts, ;}4flGts Pj+ 

gLltut cefj / c;dembf/Ln] ubf{ 

ljb]zL zlQmx? klg g]kfnsf] t/n 

/fhgLlts cj:yfsf] kmfObf p7fpg 

nflu k/]sf g} 5g\ . g]kfn clxn] 

Pl;ofs} dflkmoftGq, ck/fwLx?sf] 

s]Gb|, e|i6«frf/L, a]OdfgLsf] 7fpF / 

/fhgLlts ?kdf klg cGt/f{li6«o 

;d'bfox?sf] /fhgLlts k|of]uzfnf / 

kl/If0f ug]{ 7fpF ag]sf] 5 . lsgeg] 

of] d'n'sdf Ps jif{ eGbf nfdf] ;/sf/ 

ljrf/ 

5g\ . log} cGt/f{li6«o /]lk|mn] g]kfnL 

/fh v]nf8Lx?nfO{ v]nfO/x]sf 

5g\ . o;sf] glthf cfh xfd|f] b]zdf 

/fhgLlt ug]{ / /fHo ;+rfng ug]{x?n] 

g]kfnL hgtf / d'n's k|lt ulDe/ / 

;Dj]bgzLn eP/ ;femf ;jfndf d'n's 

agfpgsf] lglDt ;xdlt, ;xsfo{ / 

k|ultsf] dfu{df g]kfnL g]t[Tj ju{x? 

ghfg' g} o;sf] kl/0ffd xf] . vf; 

u/L g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts / cfly{s 

?kdf g]kfn k/lge{/ Pjd\ pklgj]z 

eO;s]sf] 5 . of] b]z lgdf{0f ug]{ 

/fi6«nfO{ ;d[l4sf] dfu{df n}hfg' ;a}sf] ;femf bfloTj xf] 

zQfwf/L P+j ljkIf bnsf g]t[Tjbflo 

eGg]x?n] d'n's jf;Lx?sf] nflu 

s'g} klg ultnf] sfo{qmd / cleofg 

yfnlg u/]sf 5}gg\ . dxfe'sDkn] ynf 

k/]sf] / ef/lto gfsfjGbLn] cfly{s 

?kdf v/jf}+ gf]S;fgL k/]sf] d'n'snfO{ 

/fhgLlts :yfoLTj lbg'kg]{ cj:yfdf 

jfXo lgb]{zgn] kfngf ug]{ oxfFsf 

/fhgLlts g]t[Tj ju{n] s'g lbg of] 

d'n'snfO{ åGå / le8Gtsf] cj:yfdf 

k'¥ofpg] 5g\ of] ;don] cfkm}F atfpg] 

l6s]sf] 5}g . oxL ;Gbe{df eGg'kbf{ o;} 

7fpFnfO{ s'lkmof u'|k / dflkmof u|'kn] 

g]kfnL /fhgLltdf v}nfa}nf kfl//x]sf 

5g\ . o;}df oxfFsf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj 

ju{x? v]nf8L 5gf}6 ePsf 5g\ / 

sf] n] slt uf]n xfGg ;Sb5, sf] 

k|yd x'g] eGg] ;jfndf g]t[Tj ju{x? 

afXo zlQmx?n] v]nfpg] km'6andf 

efu lnO/x]sf 5g\ / pgLx?n] 

s:tf] tSdf kfpg] eGg] s'/fdf 

oxfFsf g]tfx?, u0fx? bf}l8/x]sf 

– /fdrGb| v8\sf 

g]tf ePg . t/ g]kfndf 3/— 3/df 

g} g]tfx? 5g . obL sf]xL hgkIf, 

b]zk|]dL, k|ultlzn Pjd\ /fi6«jfbL 

g]tfsf] hGd ePklg p;sf] if8\oGq 

k"j{s ?kdf xTof ul/Psf] x'G5 . 

o;}df ljz]if u/]/ @))& ;fnb]lv xfd|f] 

/fli6«otf / cy{tGq w/fkdf k/]sf] 

/ l5d]sLsf] lgb]{zgdf rln/x]sf] 

5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] s'/f xf];\ of 

o'lg6L EjfO; 7

lb3{sflng ?kdf g]kfnnfO{ c;/ 

kg]{ ;8s, hn>f]t, ag:ktL OTofbL 

/fli6«o lxt eGbf klg l5d]sLsf] lxtdf 

ePsf s'/fx?n] b]vfO g} ;s]sf] 

5 . l5d]sL ;Fu ;xdlt glnP/ xfdL 

sfd ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}gf}F . o;sf] 

kmn:j?k cfh xfdLn] o:tf] ef]lu/x]sf 

5f}F . ;Qf k|fKt ug{ lbNnLsf] bf}8w'k 

nuftf/ eO/x]sf] To; bf}8df sf] 

slt cufl8 k'Ug ;S5 / lbNnLsf] 

glhs x'g] eGg] ;jfndf g]tf u0fx?df 

xf]8afhL g} 5 . lbNnLn] cfkm\gf] 

:jfy{ k"lt{ ug{ / nf]kgbf]h]{ h:tf 

dflg; pTkfbg ug]{ v]ndf xfd|f g]t[Tj 

ju{x?n] Tof] af6f]nfO{ ;+ufn]sf] cfd 

g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ dx;'; eO/x]sf] 5 . 

;Fw} lbNnLn] g]kfndf cfkm\gf] s6k'tnL 

;/sf/ agfpg]df dnhn xfNg] sfd 

ub{}5 . o;}sf] pbfx/0f xf] ;Qf 

km]/abn ul//xg] s;nfO{ ;Qfdf g]q[Tj 

ug{ lbPkl5 cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k'tL{ ug]{ / 

obL paf6 cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k'lt{ ePgeg] 

;Qf Ro"t ul/lbg] sfd ul//x]sf] 

5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf l5d]sL /fi6«x? 

nflu /x]sf] l:yltdf /fi6«k|]dL, hgk|]dL, 

b]zelQm zlQmsf] ca df]rf{jGbL x'g 

h?/L 5 . t/ oxfF /fi6«jfb, /fli6«otf 

eg]sf] g} /fhgLlts bnx?n] e¥ofË 

r8\g] v'8\sLnf] ag]sf] 5 . ;Qfdf x'Fbf 

ljb]zL elQm b]vfpg] / ;Qf aflx/ 

x'Fbf /fi6«jfbsf gSsnL gf/f lbg] 

k/Dk/f 5, g]kfnL /fhgLlts g]t[Tj 

ju{x?df . Oltxf;sf] sfnv08df 

x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfndf xfn;Dd /fi6«jfbL 

zf;s e]l6Psf] 5}g . olb /fi6«jfbL 

zf;s ePsf] eP b]zsf] xfnt o:tf] 

cj:yfdf k'Ug] lyPg . g]kfnsf] 

/fli6«o pBf]usf] ljsf;, cfTdlge{/tf 

/ ;du|df b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; x'GYof] 

t/ zf;sx?n] ;Qf l6sfpgsf 

nflu h:tf];'s} ;lGw, ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 

Oltxf; 5 . To;}nfO{ clxn]sf g]t[Tj 

ju{x?n] klg lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf 

5g\ . g]kfnsf] h'g;'s} kl/jt{gdf 


klg s'g} g s'g} j:t' l5d]sLnfO{ e]6L 

r9fpg] / ;Demf}tf ul/ xfNg] k/Dk/fn] 

g]kfndf olb OdfGbf/ zf;s ePdf p 

w]/} l6Sg ;Sb}g . o;}n] /fi6«jfb / 

/fli6«otf dflu vfg] ef8f] ePsf] 5 . 

/fi6«jfbsf] vf]n cf]8]/ n]kgbf]h]{x?sf] 

ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . /fi6«jfbsf 

kx/]bf/ g]kfnL hgtf x'g\ / cj 

g]kfnL hgtfn] g} g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] 

hunfO{ alnof] kfg{ rf/}lt/af6 df]rf{ 

aGbL s:g' afx]s c? ljsNk 5}g . 

ls t To:tf] g]tf x'g'k¥of], b'/bzL{, 

dfu{lgb]{zg lbg], / hgtfsf] ;jf]{k/L 

lxtdf sfd ug]{ t/ d'n'sdf o:tf] 

g]tf e]l6Psf] 5}g . xfd|f] g]t[Tj ju{ 

g} s'g} ljb]zLx?sf] Ph]G;Lsf] ?kdf 

sfd u5{ eg] o; d'n'ssf] pGglt 

xf]Og ljgfz / pbf]ult lt/ nfU5 . 

xfd|f] b]z ;fdfl/s dxTjsf] 5 . o;df 

ljb]zL zlQmx?n] g]kfndf cl:y/tf / 

eb|uf]n eO/xf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . b]zdf 

/fhgLlts g]t[Tj Pjd\ g]tf u0fx? 

pgLx?s} kl5 bf}l8/x]sf 5g\ . olt 

dfq xf]Og k|fo ljsl;t d'n'sdf 

/fhgLlts kf6L{x? w]/} x'Fb}gg\ . 

pgLx?df ;Rrf nf]stGq, hgtf k|lt 

OdfGbf/Ltf, /fi6«k|lt OdfGbf/Ltf x'G5g\ 

/ kIf / ljkIfLo dfq} ePsf x'G5g\ . 

xfd|f] b]zdf bnsf] ;+Vof uGg g;Sg] 

l:ylt jg]sf] 5 . lbgsf] lbg bnx? 

6'qmf 6'qmf x'g] x'Fb} cfkmGtd} le8Gtsf] 

l:yltdf 5 . /fhgLlts bn 6'qmg' 

eg]sf] b]z sdhf]/ x'g' xf] . h'g bnn] 

b]zsf] nflu rf}tkmL{ lxtsf] sfd ug]{ / 

b]znfO{ ;lx dfu{lgb]{zgdf lng] p;sf] 

st{Jo x'G5 . t/ pxL l;4fGt, plx 

ljrf/sf !) j6f bnx? aG5 . o;df 

klg ljb]zL zlQmx?sf] klg 7"n} xft 5 

lsgeg] efO{ km'6] ujf/ n'6] eg]em}F xfdL 

cfkm}— cfkm}df le8Gt u5f}{ eg] c?n] 

xfdLnfO{ x]lk xfNg5g\ / xfd|f] kmfObf 

lnO/x]sf x'G5g\ o:t} cj:yf 5, 

xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf . cd]l/sf, hfkfg, 

l;+ufk'/ h:tf b]zdf kIf ljkIfLo 

ljrf/ 

x'G5g\ w]/} bn x'Fb}gg\ . pgLx?sf] 

;}4flGts w/ftn w]/} x'Fb}g\ . nf]stGq 

Pjd\ ;dfhjfbL df]8nsf x'G5g\ t/ 

jfb jf l;4fGtn] b]z aGb}g pgLx?df 

jfbn] b]z agfPs]f xf]Og g]t[Tj ju{sf] 

OR5f zlQm / hgtfsf] /fi6« k|]d k|ltsf] 

Ps]a4tfn] To:tf d'n'sx? ljsl;t 

ePsf x'g\ . xfd|f] b]zsf] /f]u g]tf 

dfq xf]Og To;df a'l4hLlj, gful/s 

;dfh / kqsf/ n]vs ;d]tsf] xft 

5 . g]tfnfO{ ;lx / ;To af6f]df lxF8\g 

af}l4s s'/fsf] sld klg x'g ;S5 . 

t/ xfd|f] af}l4s ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf] 

gLlh :jfy{sf] lglDt klg g]t[Tj u0fnfO{ 

8f]xf]¥ofPsf] x'G5 . g]tfx?df klg b]z 

agfpg] Tofu, alnbfgL / lghL :jfy{ 

eGbf dfly p7]/, u'6 pku'6 eGbf 

km/s eP/ g]tfx?n] ;du| /fi6«sf] 

lxtdf sfd ug'{kb{5 . g]tfx?df 

kl/jf/jfb, gftfjfb, lqmkfjfbdf 

u'ld/xg' klg x'Fb}g . t/ oxfFsf 

g]tf u0fx? ljb]zLx?sf] elQmjfb / 

cfkm\gf] :jfy{sf] lglDt :jfyL{jfbdf 

nflu/xg'n] of] b]zn] b'/b[li6 x]g]{ g]tf 

gkfPsf]n] klg xfd|f] b]zsf] cj:yf 

v/fa x'Fb} uPsf] xf] . o;y{, g]kfnsf] 

clxn]sf] /fhgLlts l/df]6 sG6«f]n 

s;n] rnfPsf] 5 < / Tof] l/df]6 

sG6«f]ndf s'g s'g g]tf gflr/x]sf] 

5 < To;sf] af/]df ;Dk"0f{ b]zeQm 

hg;d'bfox?n] vf]hL u/L ;fj{hlgs 

gËofpg' kb{5 . cj gSsnL 

/fi6«jfbsf] xfjfbf/L e¥ofË r8\g] 

/ /fi6«3ft ug]{ kIfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs 

alx:sf/ ug'{kb{5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] 

;du| lxtsf nflu g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ 

hg;d'bfox?n] bn, u'6, pku'6, of] 

jfb Tof] jfb gegL ;fd'lxs ?kdf 

d'n'snfO{ ;d[l4 lt/ n}hfg ;fd'lxs 

?kdf ljb|f]x u/]/ klg d'n's agfpFg 

lt/ nfuf}F / /fi6«nfO{ ;d[l4, pGglt / 

;'zfGtsf] dfu{df n}hfg ;j} g]kfnLsf] 

st{Jo / bfloTj xf] .

;+:s[lt 

hftLotf / 5'jf5't h:tf /f]uaf6 

g]kfn pGd'Qm x'g;Sg' k5{ 

ebf}+ ! ut] gofF d'n'sL P]gdf 

hflte]b, lnËe]b, 5'jf5't 

k|yfdf aGb]h nufP/ …Ps} b]zsf ;+tfg 

xfdL sf] 6f8f / sf] glhssf]' gLlt 

cjnDjg u/]/ /fhf dx]Gb|af6 ;a} 

hftsf g]kfnLx?nfO{ Ps g]kfnLhfltdf 

kl/0ft u/fpg @)@) ;fn ebf} ! ut] 

3f]if0ff ul/Psfn] ebf}+ Ps ut]nfO{ 

d'lQm lbj;sf] ?kdf dfGg] ul/G5 . 

tyflk 5'jf5't k|yf olt hsl8Psf] 

5 ls o;nfO{ lgd"{n ug{ cWofjlw 

dl:sn eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnnfO{ s;/L 

hflte]b\, lnËe]b, 5'jf5't Jojxf/af6 

d'Qm ug{;lsG5 eGg] s'/f cfhsf] 

;a}eGbf 7"nf] lrGtfsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . 

x'gtf @)^# ;fnkl5 g]kfnsf] cl:tTj 

g}= ;+s6df 5 . ljb]zLsf] Ozf/fdf 

g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbL, sf+u|];, Pdfn]sf 

–bL3{/fh k|;fO{ 

g]kfnsf sfdL, bdfO{, 

;fsL{x?sf] k':tf}nLsf] 

vf]hL uof{ ] eg] ltgLx? klg 

klxnf afx'g jf If]qL jf s'g} 

cflbjf;Lsf] k':tf /x]sf] 

k'i7L x'G5 . o;};Gbe{df 

csf]{ hl6n ;d:of 

xfd|f cufl8 

v8f 5 . 

g]tfx?n] sf+u|]; -cfO{_ / p;sf] u'Ktr/ 

;+:yf …/cÚsf] /0fgLlt cg';f/ ldn]/ 

g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d :jtGqtf, Pstf / 

klxrfgx? Wj:t agfpg ed{lg/k]If, 

u0ftGq /hftLo ;+3Lotfsf] af6f] lnPsf 

a]nfb]lv cfh g]kfnsf] cwf]ult 

eO/x]sf] 5 . To;df klg cfGtl/s 

;d:of g]kfndf lnËe]b, 5'jf5't 

k|yfn] ;dfhnfO{Pstfj4 u/fpg 

d'l:sn kl//x]sf] 5 . hftLotf / 

5'jf5't k|yf g]kfnLx?sf] ;femf /f]u 

xf] . oL las[ltn] ubf{ g]kfnL ;dfh w]/} 

k5fl8 k/]sf] 5 . hftLotf / 5'jf5't 

k|yf wd{zf:qsf] pkh xf]Og . j]bdf 

5'jf5'bsf] s'g} e]befj 5}g . dg'l:d[lt 

k|frLg ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs ljwfg h:tf] 

lyof] . To;a]nfsf] kl/l:ylt cg';f/ 

;dfhnfO{ ultzLn agfpg clek|l/t 

o'lg6L EjfO; 9

lyof]. t/ sltko JolQmx? 5'jf5't 

/ hftLo s'/fnfO{ ljefhg ul/Psf] 

ljifonfO{ lnP/ sltko JolQmx? 

d'g:d[ltnfO{ bf]iff/f]k0f ug]{ u5{g\ . t/ 

To;a]nfsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ cWoog 

ul/Pdf dgl:d[ltnfO{ To:tf] k"jf{u|xL 

dflgb}g . dg'l:d[ltn] dflg;x?sfaLrdf 

e]befjsf] gllt cjnDjg u/]sf] 

ePsf] eP To;nfO{ kl5sf lbgx?df 

dfGotf ug{ ;lsb}g lyof] . hol:ylt 

dNnn] klg dg':d[ltnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ 

;dfhnfO{ lx8fpg vf]h]sf lyP . 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf kfnfb]lv 

k|rlnt ePsf sfg"gL ?kdf k|rngdf 

cfPsf dfGotfx?nfO{ ljqmd ;+jt\ 

!(!) sf] h+uaxfb'/af6 ;+lxtfj4 u/]/ 

d'n'sL P]g nfu' ePsf] lyof] . ljqmd 

;+jt\ !(!) ;fndf nfu' ePsf] d'n'sL 

P]g @)@) ;Dd lg/Gt/ nfu' ePsf] 

lyof] . @)@) ;fn ebf}+ ! ut] /fhf 

dx]Gb|sf] ;dosfndf d'n'sL P]gnfO{ 

;+zf]wg ul/P/ gofF d'n'sL P]gsf] ?kdf 

nfu' ul/of] . @)@) ;fnsf] gofF d'n'sL 

P]gn] g]kfndf k|rnLt hftLotf, 

lnËe]b tyf 5'jf5't k|yfnfO{ ;dfKt 

ug{;Sg] d'lQmbftfsf] ?kdf b]lvof] . 

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fdf o;If]qsf If]qL, 

afx'g tyf cg]sf}+ hftL hghftL, sfdL, 

bdfO{, ;fsL{, d';ndfg ;d]tsf] ;+o'Qm 

of]ubfgaf6 ePsf] lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f 

zfxn] p;a]nf eg]sf lyP–…g]kfn rf/ 

hft 5lQ;j0f{sf] km"njf/L xf] .Ú /fli6«o 

PsLs/0fdf of]ubfg lbg] ;a} hfltsf] 

;femf km"njf/L ag]sf] xf]–g]kfn . 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] 

a]nf s'g} hftkft, 5'jf5'tsf] e]b u/]sf 

lyPgg\. To;}n] of] km"njf/L leqsf 

;Dk"0f{ hfltx?sf] uf}/jdo ;femf e"ld 

xf] g]kfn clw/fHo . hftLotf / 5'jf5't 

k|yf xfd|f ;femf /f]u x'g\ . hftLotf 

/ 5'jf5't k|yf h:tf /f]unfO{ st}af6 

klg k|f]T;fxg ul/g' x'Gg . d+lb/leqsf 


ux/uxgf ;a} bnLtn] agfPsf] x'G5 

t/ bnLt g}+ d+lb/leq k|j]z kfpFb}gg\ . 

oyfy{df d+lb/leq k:g kfOb}g eGg] 

u'gf;f] ug'{ rfxL+ cfkm\gf] sdhf]/L 

xf] . d Pp6f pbfx/0f k|:t't u5'{ ls 

sn+sLsf] ;'gf/ ufpFdf lzjhLsf] d+lb/ 

;'gf/x?n]g}+ lgdf{0f u/L ;'gf/x?n]g}+ 

k"hfcfhf ul/cfPsf 5g\ . lzj/fqL, 

;fpg] ;f]djf/ / cGo lbg a|fd0f, 

If]qL nufot ;a} hftsf] nsf]{ nfU5 

eg] ToxfF 5'jf5'tsf] uGw 5}g eg] 

;dfh ;'wf/df bnLtx?n] klg cfkm\gf] 

of]ubfg b]vfpg ;Sg'kb{5 . 

xfd|f] ;dfh s:tf] 5 eg] tLg rf/ 

aif{ cufl8 d'u' lhNnfsf] xf]Un' ufpFsf 

hUuLk|;fb pkfWofonfO{ dfcf]jfbL 

sfo{stf{n] c5'tn] 5f]Psf] kfgL hj/ 

h:tL v'jfPkl5 s0ff{nL gbLdf xfd 

kmfn]/ cfTdxTof u/] . pgL d/]sf] !* 

lbgkl5 d'lQmsf] nflu j]bsf] k':ts 

3fFl6df afFw]sf] cj:yfdf pgsf] d[t 

z/L/ e]l6Psf] lyof] . @)%^ ;fnlt/sf] 

s'/f xf] :ofª\hf lhNnfsf] k'tnLahf/ 

gu/kflnsfdf ;Ktfx k'/f0fsf] clGtd 

lbg kl08t /fdrGb| sf]O/fnfn] @& hgf 

bnLt o'jfx?nfO{ ufoqL d+q ;'gfPkl5 

ToxL lgx'Fdf gu/jf;L / ufpFx?n] 

k+=/fdrGb|nfO{ ;fdflhs alx:sf/ u/] . 

clxn];Dd Tof] 7fpFdf bz}+, ltxf/,lajfx, 

k|tjGw slt cfP–uP t/ /fdrGb| 

kl08tnfO{ s;}n] af]nfPsf 5}gg\ / 

pgn] s'g} sfo{df af]nfpbf klg sf]xL 

cfPsf 5}gg\ . pgsf cfdf afa' pgn] 

5f]Psf] vfb}gf}+ eG5g\ . kl08t /fdrGb| 

sf]O/fnfn] bnLtx?nfO{ ufoqL d+q 

;'gfP/ 5'jf5't k|yfnfO{ 7"nf] r'gf}lt 

lbPsf] cj:yfdf o:tf dxfg ;dfh 

;'wf/snfO{ /fHo / bnLt ;+:yfx?n] 

k'/:s[t u/]/ Pp6f gd"gfsf] ?kdf 

k|:t't ug{ ;s]gg\ . 

@)@) ;fnb]lv ;+ljwfg tyf 

P]g sfg"gx?n] 5'jf5't k|yfnfO{ aGb]h 

;+:s[lt 

u/]sf] lyof] . @)@) ;fnkl5 ;+;b, 

d+lqkl/ifb,;ef,;Dd]ng, ljBfnox?df 

5'jf5't 5}g . t/ u|fdL0f txdf ;d:of 

HoF"sf To"F 5g\ . ;fgf]ltgf] k|oTgaf6 

5'jf5't ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] ;+efjgf 

5}g . klxnfb]lv g}+ sltko bnLt 

g]tfx? / clxn] ;dfg'kftLssf] gf6s 

u/]/ ;+;b, dlGqd+8n / cfof]ux?df 

lgo'Qm ePtf klg pgLx?sf] sf/0fn] 

5'jf5'k|yfdf vf; k|efj k/]sf] 

5}g . dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?n] 7"N7"nf 

xf]6nx?df sfo{kq k|:t't u/]/} 

;do latfPsf 5g\ . slyt gful/s 

;dfhsf cu'jfx? bnx?sf sfo{stf{ 

Pj+ ljb]zLsf k};f vfg] /f]un] u|l;t 

ePsfx?af6 lnËe]b, 5'jf5'b s;/L 

x6fpg ;lsG5 < 5'jf5't ;+jGwdf 

dg':d[ltdf o'4df xf/]sf], a]lrPsf] / 

bf;Tj :jLsf/ u/]sfx?nfO{ z'b|sf] 

bhf{df /fvL To:tfx?nfO{ cdfgjLo 

tl/sfn] cToGt ;f:tL lbg] s'/f pNn]v 

u/]/ dfgj hfltdfg}+ 7"nf] ljefhg 

Nofpg vf]h]sf] b]lvPtf klg Tof] o'4jGbL 

/ ;fdflhs alx:sf/ ePsfx?nfO{ dfq 

;f:tL lbP/ r]tgf lbnfpg vf]h]sf] 

b]lvG5 lsgls 8/n] cd]l/sgx? klg 

cWofjlw O/fsL o'4jGbLx?n] 5'Psf] 

kfgL vfb}gg\ . lqml:rog gLltdf 

hflte]b, 5'jf5't 5}g eg]/ ;dfgtfsf] 

gf/f hltg}= lbPklg blIf0f clk|msfdf 

sfnf hflt lx8\g] af6f], a;, /]n / 

uf]/fx?n] lxF8\g] af6f] a;, /]n cnu 

ePsf] / uf]/fn] k9\g] ljBfnodf sfnf 

hflt k9\g kfpb}g lyP . o;sf] nflu 

blIf0f clk|msfsf g]tf g]N;g d08]nfn] 

@^ aif{ h]n ;hfo ef]Ug' k/]sf] lyof] . 

o;/L ls|l:rog\, ox'bL, d';ndfg cflb 

wd{df /x]sf s';+:sf/x?nfO{ ;lhn} 

kl/jt{g ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . 

k[YjLgf/fo0fzfxsf] rf/hft 

5lQ; a0f{sf] of] km"njf/Ldf 5'jf5't 

h:tf] ;fdflhs ck/fwnfO{ ;dfKt

kfg{ sf7df08f}+df clxn]sf] 6'Fl8v]n 

blIf0ftkm{ huGgfy d+lGb/sf] lgdf{0f u/L 

pb\3f6g ug]{ lznlznfdf /0faxfb'/ 

zfxn] a|Dx0f, If]qL, g]jf/, tfdfª, 

u'?ª, ls/ftL,sfdL, bdfO[{, ;fsL{, 

s;'n] cflb hfthfltx?sf] clgjfo{ 

;xef]h u/fP/ Ps g]kfnL hflt 

agfpg] k|oTg ubf{ s§/jfbL afx'gx?n] 

/0faxfb'/ zfxnfO{ …/fhf ax'nfof]Ú eGg] 

xf]xNnf lk6] . To;}n] u5'{ eg]/ dfq 

AofKt ?9LjfhnfO{ ;lhn} ;dfKt ug{ 

;lsb}g . sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{, s';'n] 

cflb c5'tx?sf] ;f}bfjfhL u/]/ vfg 

kNs]sfx? efif0f u/]/ lx8\b}df pknAwL 

7fG5g\ . bnLtn] b'w vfOlbP eg] 

ufO{e}+;Lsf] y'gaf6 /ut cfpg ;S5 

eGg] e|d cWofjlw 8f]6Lsf ufpFx?df 

5 . To;}n] 8f]6Lsf afl;Gbfx? b'w laqmL 

ub}{gg\ . ufpFsf afl;Gbfx? kfp8/ b'w 

xfn]/ lrof vfG5g\ t/ lrof k;ndf 

b'w e]l6b}g . @)#& ;fndf aemfª, 

afh'/f lhNnfsf] e|d0fsf] a]nf To:t} 

?l8jfhn] u|l;t u/]sf] b]lvof] . lrof 

k;ndf bnLtn] vfPsf] lunf; cfkm}n] 

dfHg' k5{ . /fhgLlts g]tfx?nfO{ o:tf] 

s'/fsf] hfgsf/L 5 t/ pgLx? af]Nb}gg\ . 

jf:tjdf 5'jf5'tk|yfsf] 

ljsf;df tLgj6f sf/0f 

ag]sf 5g\ . !_ k|frLgsfnsf ;–;fgf 

/fHox? aLrdf ePsf o'4x?af6 

To;a]nfsf o'4aGbLx?nfO{ klqmP/ 

/fv]kl5 pgLx?;Fusf] cljZjf;af6 

c5'tsf] Jojxf/ ul/g yfNof] . @_ 

la/f]wL;Fu ldn]/ /fi6«b|f]x ug]{x?nfO{ 

klg /fHoaf6 ;hfosf] dfWod 

klg c5't ju{df /flvof] . #_ 

xf8gftf s/0fLsf] dfldnfaf6 ;dfh 

alx:sf/ x'gk'u]sfx?af6 pAh]sf 

;d:ofx?sf] sf/0fn] 5'jf5't k|yfn] 

;+:sf/sf] ?k lnof] . cfhef]ln klg s}of}+ 

kl/af/sf ;b:ox?n] xf8gftf s/0fLdf 

jft nfu]sf, a'xf/L, elthL, efGhL cflb 

glhssf gftfx/;Fu j}jflxs ;+jGq 

sfod u/]sfx?;Fu c5'ts} Jojxf/ 

ul/G5 . ljjfxjf/L, a|tjGw, vfgklg 

ef]het]/df To:tfx?nfO{ af]nfOb}g 

klg / pgLx?n] cfdGq0f u/]df klg 

alx:sf/ ug]{ rng cWofjwL sfod 

5 . xf8gftf;Fu j}jflxs ;+jGw sfod 

/fv]sfx?;Fu ;+jGw sfod /fVg]x? 

klg jlx:s[t x'g] cj:yf cfpg] x'Fbf 

To:tfx?nfO{ c5'ts} bhf{df /fVg] 

l:yltdf 5'jf5't k|yfn] h/f uf8\b} 

cfPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf sfdL, bdfO{, 

;fsL{x?sf] k':tf}nLsf] vf]hL u¥of] eg] 

ltgLx? klg klxnf afx'g jf If]qL jf 

s'g} cflbjf;Lsf] k':tf /x]sf] k'i7L 

x'G5 . o;};Gbe{df csf]{ hl6n ;d:of 

xfd|f cufl8 v8f 5 . s'g} afx'g, If]qL 

jf hghftLsf k'?if jf dlxnfsf] bnLt 

k'?if jf 5f]/L;Fu ljjfx eof] eg] jf 

bnLt dlxnf / k'?ifn] afx'g, If]qL jf 

cflbjf;L hghftLsf 5f]/L jf 5f]/f;Fu 

ljjfxjf/L u/]df pgLx? / pgLx?af6 

hlGdPsf ;Gtfg klg c5'ts} bhf{df 

/flvG5 . /fHon] bnLt dlxnf k'?if;Fu 

j}jflxs ;+jGw hf]8\g]nfO{ ?= Ps nfv 

k|f]T;fxg :j?k lbg] 3f]if0ff u/]tf 

klg To;af6 klg 5'jf5't pGd'ngdf 

vf; k|efj kl//x]sf] 5 . To;}n] 

cjsf] lbgdf o'4aGbL / /fHon] hft 

emf/]sfx?sf] k":Tof}nL kQf nufP/ 

To:tfx?nfO{ 5'jf5't pGd'Qm ePsf] 

3f]i0fff ul/g' k5{ . xf8gftf s/0fLsf] 

;d:of p7\g glbg] af/]df ;TotTo 

a'em]/ To:tfx?nfO{ /fHon] g}+ ;hfo 

u/]/ jf cfk;df lj5f]8 u/fP/ pGd'lQm 

lbnfpg' k5{ . o:tf c;fd~h:otfsf] 

ljifonfO{ lnP/ d'g:dlt / hol:ylt 

dnnsf] kfndf phfu/ ul/Psf] 

x'g;S5 . 

ef/t :jtGq ePsf] oltsf 

aif{ eO;Sbf klg g]kfn / ef/tdf 

5'jf5't k|yf sltko 7fpFdf rln/x]sf] 

;+:s[lt 

5 . ef/tdf ;+ljwfg, sfg"gx?df 

5'jf5't lgd"[{n ug{ k|oTg u/]/ /fHon] 

c5'tx?nfO{ cf/If0fsf] gLlt nfu' 

u/]tf klg ljjfxdf c5'tn] a]x'nf ag]/ 

3f]8f r9]/ hGt hfg u|fld0ftxdf /f]s 

nufOG5, s'6lk6 ul/G5 . g]kfndf 

5'jf5't k|yf, lnËe]bnfO{ pGd'ng 

gul/~h]n;Dd g]kfn c;fdflhs 

aGbgaf6 d'Qm x'g ;St}g . g]kfndf 

sl/a tLg s/f]8 hg;+Vofdf nueu 

$% nfv hg;+Vof bnLt -sfdL, 

bdfO{,;fsL{, s';'n], kf]8], rdf/_ cflbsf] 

5 . olt7"nf] hg;+Vof cfh;Dd 

g]kfndf clwsf/sf] vf]hLdf nl8/x]sf] 

5 . ctM cj hflte]b, lnËe]b, 5'jf5't 

k|yfaf6 g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ pGd'Qm 

u/fpg /fHo / /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ ;+oGq 

tyf ;a} kIfsf] ldn]dtf]df u|fld0f 

txb]lvg}+ dgf]j}1flgs qmflGtsf/L 

cleofg ;+rfng u/]df dfq 5'jf5't 

pGd"ngn] af6f] lng ;Sg'k5{ . t/ 

bnLtx?leq} Psn] csf{n] 5'Psf] vfgf 

gvfg] k|rngn] klg 7"nf] ;d:of v8f 

u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf /fhgLlts bnx?, 

;fdflhs ;+:yf / ;a}kIfsf wd{u'?x? 

;zQm eP/ sfo{qmd agfP/ ufFpdf 

k:g] xf] eg] o;n] klg u|fld0f txdf 

7"nf] k|efj NofpF5 t/ clxn];Dd 

/fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] o;tkm{ cleofg 

rfNg rfx]sf 5}gg\ . @)^# ;fnsf] 

k'gl:{yflkt k|ltlglw;efaf6 g]kfnnfO{ 

5'jf5'b d'Qm /fi6« 3f]if0ff ug{] bnsf 

g]tfx?af6 k|:tfj kfl/t ul/of] . t/ of] 

cfFvfdf 5f/f] xfGg] sfd dfq b]lvof] . 

o'uf}+b]lv hsl8Psf] /f]unfO{ ;+;baf6 

;+sNk k|:tfj kfl/tub}{df o:tf 

s';+;sf/af6 ;dfhn] pGd'Qm kfpg 

;St}g . To;nfO{ Jojxfl/s?kdf ptfg{ 

/fHon] g}+ :yfgLo hgtf / ;+:yfx?sf] 

;xof]u / ;lqmotf;fy gLlt tyf 

sfo{qmd nfu' ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . 

Email: dirgharajprasai@gmail.com 

o'lg6L EjfO; 11

lzIff 

aGg] ef] g]kfnd} cGt/f{li6«o u'?s'n 

g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] 

u'?s'n cyf{t z}lIfs k|lti7fg 

;~rfngsf] ;Defjgf / cf}lrTosf] 

ljifodf ;f/k"0f{ ljrf/ uf]i7L ePsf] 5 . 

>fj0f @( ut] sf7df8f}+sf] sflGtky 

l:yt xf]6n PNnf] k]uf]8fdf ;f] uf]i7L 

ePsf] xf] . ;t\–dfu{ cleofg g]kfnsf] 

cfof]hgfdf ePsf] ;f] ljrf/ uf]i7Ldf 

z}lIfs If]qsf kfFrhgf JolQmTTjn] 

sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . eg] 

w]/} ljlzi6 JolQmTtjx?sf] ;xeflutf 

/x]sf] b]lvGYof] . 

dx]z ;+:s[t u'?s'n b]j3f6 

tgx"Fsf ;k|f= 8f= u'¿k|;fb ;'j]bLaf6 

g]kfndf u'?s'nx¿sf] cj:yf / k|of]usf] 

ljifodf, lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf p=k|f= 

hgfb{g l3ld/]af6 g]kfndf cGt/ 

f{li6«o u'?s'nsf] cfjZostf / kf7\ 

os|dsf] k|f¿ksf] ljifodf, To:t} lxGb' 

ljBfkL7sf 8f= lrGtfdl0f of]uLaf6 

cGt/f{li6« :s"nx¿sf] k|of]u / txsf] 

ljifodf, lzIff dGqfnosf k|jQmf 

xl/ nD;fnaf6 cGt/f{li6«o u'?s'n 

;~rfngsf nflu cfly{s ;+efjgfsf] 

ljifodf / ;f]wstf{ e/t lu/Laf6 

g]kfnsf] ljut / jt{dfgsf] z}lIfs 

gLlt / u'?s'n ljifodf sfo{kq k:t't 

ePsf] 5 . 

sfo{s|dsf] ljifdf k|sfz kfb}{ 

cfof]hs ;+:yf ;t\–dfu{ cleofgsf 

k|jQmf bLks ;'j]bLn] g]kfn cyf{t 

lxdv08Lo e"ld k|flrgsfndf ljZjsf] 

u'?If]q ePsf] t/ clxn] g]kfnLnfO{ 

cfkm\gf ;Gtfg ;fg} x'Fb} s'g b]z k9\g 

k7fpg] eGg] ;f]Fr cfpgkg]{ afWotf 

;[hgf ePsf] tkm{ Wofgfsif{0f ub}{ ca 

k'gM g]kfnn] z}lIfs If]qdf cfkm\gf] 

k"/fgf] lj/f;t kmsf{pg s] ug'{ k5{ 

eGg] ljifodf cfkm\gf] ;+:yf lrlGtt eO{ 

;f] sfo{s|dsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] atfP . 

sfo{s|ddf sfo{kq k|tf]tfx¿ dWo] 

8f= ;'j]bLsf] sfo{kqdf k|flrgsfn 

/ clxn] klg g]kfndf ;~rfngdf 

cfPsf u'?s'nx¿sf] ;sf/fTds 

kf6f] Pj+ jt{dfgdf tL u'?s'nx¿sf] 

l:yltsf] af/]df ;'j]bLn] rrf{ ug'{ePsf] 

lyof] . p=k|f= l3ld/]n] ;+:s[tsf] 1fg 

geO{ s'g} klg efiffsf] lj1 geOg] 

/ ;+:s[t ca ljZjJoflk efiff x'gkg]{ 

s'/fdf ljZjn] dgg\ ul/;s]sf] atfpFb} 

klZrdf d'n'sx¿df ;+:s[tsf] cWoog 

cWofkg x'g] u/]sf ;fdfu|Lx¿ k|:t't 

ug'{ePsf] lyof] . 8f= lrGtfdl0f of]uLn] 

ljZjJoflk ¿kdf ;~rfngdf cfPsf 

lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] jlu{s/0f ljZn]if0f Pj+ 

z}lIfs dfGotf tyf k|of]usf] ljifodf 

ljsf; ePsf cjwf/0f cflbsf] af/]df 

k|sfz kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L lzIff 

dGqfnosf k|jQmf ;d]t /xg' ePsf 

nD;fnn] cfkm\gf] sfo{kqdf cGt/f{li6«o 

u'?s'n ;~rfng ug'{kbf{ cfjZos 

kg]{ cfly{s Joj:yfkg, tLgsf] ;+efljt 

;|f]t / ;+efjgfx¿sf] af/]df of]hgfTds 

k|:t'lt lbg' ePsf] lyof] . csf{ sfo{kq 

k|:tf]tf lu/Ln] g]kfn ef/tsf] k|flrg 

z}lIfs l:ylt, ;f]df x|f; cfpgsf 

sf/0fx¿sf] af/]df ;fdfu|L k|:t't ug'{ 

ePsf] lyof] . ;du|df sfo{kqx¿sf] 

lg:sif{ c7f/ ljBf Pj+ rf}+;ÝL snf 

/ ljZjJoflk ¿kdf k|of]udf cfPsf ;a} 

vfn] lzIff tyf 1fglj1fgnfO{ cWoog 

cWofkg u/fpg ;lsg] vfnsf] 

z}lIfs k|lti7fg ofg] u'?s'n g]kfndf 

;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] k|;:t} ;+efjgf 

/x]sf] tkm{ nlIft lyP . sfo{kqx¿ 

dflysf] l6Kk0fL lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf 

k|f=8f=df]xg v/]nn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . 

;f] sfo{s|ddf ljleGg If]qdf of]ubfg 

k'of{pg' ePsf ljlzi6 JolQmTTjx¿, 

;t\–dfu{ cleofg Pj+ uf]tLy{ ld;gsf] 

;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf ;~rfng ePsf] 

of]u lzlj/ sfo{s|d cfkm\gf] ljBfnodf 

;~rfng ug]{ ljBfnox¿ / ;+:s[t 

efiffsf] k7gkf7g cfkm\gf] ljBfnodf 

;~rfng ug]{ ljBfnosf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ 

;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L ;Ddflgt 

x'g]x¿df hgjfbL u0ftGq rLgsf 

nflu k"j{/fhb"t 6+s sfsL{, ljZjlxGb' 

dxf;+3 cd]l/sf RofK6/sf cWoIf 

sdn lwdfn, gj]{lhog o'lgel;{l6 

ckm nfOkm ;fOG;sf k|f=8f= ljzfn 

l;6f}nf, hd{g efiff lj1 ;+:s[tljb\ 

8f= Dofgkm|]8 6«]p, jl/i7 pBf]uklt tyf 

lzIff;]jL clgn s]l8of, cns]ldi6 

Ps]8]dL hf]/kf6Lsf lk|lG;kn uf]kfn 

zd{ pk|]lt, la6\; Ps]8]dL hf]/kf6Lsf 

lk|lG;kn 1fg' >]i7, cIf/f :s"n 

sfF8f3f/Lsf lk|lG;kn c~h' e6\6/fO{, 

nf]oN6L Ps]8]dL dl08vf6f/sf kfp08/ 

r]o/k;{g ljho ;DjfxfDkm], l/nfoG; 

Ps]8]dL skgsf pkk|wfgfWofks 

bfdf]b/ lg/f}nf, o'lgs g]kfn Ps]8]dL 

nf]sGynLsf lk|lG;kn ;'dg a:g]t, 

k|f]u|]l;e OËln; ;]s]08/L :s"nsf 

lk|lG;kn lji0f' k/fh'nL, of]u k|lzIf0f 

s]Gb| wd{:ynLsf ;+of]hs /fhs'df/ 

ltldlN;gf, Pk]S; :s"nsf 8fO/]S6/ 

Pn=kL=efg', ¿ks d]df]l/on pRr df=lj=sf 

lk|lG;kn Pn=Pg=pkfWofo, la=lh=P;=P;= 

:s"nsf cWoIf /fs]z >]i7, cf]kn 

:s"nsf lk|lG;kn, Uofn]S;L klAns 

:s"n 1fg]Zj/sL ;~rflnsf Pj+ ;f+;b 

uLtf /f0ff, l8=P=la= :s"n nlntk'/sL 

lk|lG;kn e'jg]Zj/L /fj, lqe'jg cfb{z 

pRr df=lj= kmlk{Ësf lk|lG;kn, afUdtL 

af]l8{Ë :s"nsf cWoIf ;'/]Gb| l;6f}nf, 

;u/dfyf k|1fkL7 wgu9LdfO{ g=kf= 

nfxfgsf ;'lznrGb| clwsf/L, hgk|]dL 

p=df=lj= sf}zN6f/sf ;+:yfks lk|lG;kn 

/lj cfrfo{ / h]6 g]kfnsf k"j{ cWoIf 

12 o'lg6L EjfO;

{ 

jfdgk|;fb Gof}kfg] /x]sf] sfo{s|d 

:yndf cfof]hsaf6 ;~rf/sdL{nfO{ 

pknAw u/fOPsf] lni6df pNn]v 5 . 

sfo{s|ddf k"j{ lgjf{rg cfo'Qm 8f= 

/fdeQm lk=lj= 7fs'/, k"j{ueg{/ tyf 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf k"j{ ;lrj lbk]Gb| 

k'?if 9sfn, k"j{ lzIff ;lrj z/ 

kf08]nufotsf lzIff If]q Pj+ o; 

If]qnfO{ a9L dxTTj lbg] JolQmTTjx¿sf] 

pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . ljlzi6 

JolQmTTjx¿sf] ;d'kl:yltdf ePsf] ;f] 

sfo{s|d ;fy{s b]lvGYof] . 

sfo{s|dsf] cGt/ls|ofdf k|f= 

/fhf/fd ;'j]bL, a'4wd{ u'? eGt] cfª\ 

km'l/ z]kf{, k|f= gj/fh s08]n, k|f= k|af]4g 

sf}l8Gofo nufotsf dxfg'efjx¿n] 

cfkm\gf] ljrf/sf] ;fydf ;Nnfx ;'emfj 

/fVg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{s|ddf lzIff 

dGqfnosf lgldQ ;lrj l8NnL/fd 

l/dfnn] k|d'v cfltyLsf] jQmJo lbFb} 

cGt/f{li6«o u'?s'nsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu 

;/sf/n] ;sf/fTds ¿kdf ;fy;xof]u 

lbg] cfZjf;g lbg' ePsf] lyof] . uf]i7L 

;t\–dfu{ cleofgsf /fli6«o ;xk|d'v 

;'lznrGb| clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftf 

Pj+ ;f]xL ;+:yfsf dxf;lrj >L/fd 

IfqLsf] ;~rfngdf ;';DkGg ePsf] 

lyof] . cfkm\gf] ;+:yf cGt/f{li6«o 

u'?s'n cyjf z}lIfs k|lti7fg :yfkgf 

ug{sf] nflu cl3 al9;s]sf] / o;sf] 

nflu ;DalGwt If]qn] ;fylbPdf 

eljiodf cfjZos sfdsfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg 

Pj+ sfof{Gjog cljnDak"j{s ul/g] 

clwsf/Ln] cfkm\gf] sfo{s|d ;dfkg 

jQmJo lbg]s|ddf atfpg' eof] . 

o; k|sf/sf] sfo{s|ddf p7]sf 

;jfnx¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kd} k|of]ufTds 

tj/af6 ;Dkfbg Pj+ sfof{Gjog ub} 

hfg] xf] eg] k'gM of] e"ldn] ljZjsf] u'? 

e"ldsf] ;Ddfg kfpg] l:yltdf k'Ug;Sg] 

b]lvG5 . o:tf sfo{x¿ sfof{Gjogsf] 

kIfdf pqg;Sg] xf] eg] g]kfn g]kfnLsf] 

lz/ :jfledfgn] 7f8f] x'g kfpg] 5 . 

Pg;]nn] gofF of]hgf;lxtsf] gofF a|f08 nf]uf] 

PlShP6fsf] nufgL ePsf] /]Gxf]N8;\ 

xf]lN8Ën] Pg;]n lsg]kl5 gofF a|f08 

nf]uf] ;fj{hlgs ub}{ cfufdL b'O{ jif{df 

&) ca{ ?k}ofF yk nufgL ug]{ 3f]if0ff 

u/]sf] 5 . ;fpg #@ ut] b]lv sDkgLn] 

gofF nf]uf] k|of]udf cfPsf] 5 . cfufdL 

b'O{ aif{df a9fpg nfluPsf] &) ca{ 

k'FhLut tyf ;~rfngdf vr{ ul/g] 

atfPsf] 5 . l/a|fl08Ë;Fu} 

sDkgLsf] /f]df~rs cWofo 

z'? ePsf] bfjL Pg;]nn] 

u/]sf] 5 . 

gofF nf]uf] 

;fj{hlgs;Fu} gofF of]hgf 

klg ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . 

gofF of]hgf cGtu{t Pg;]nsf ;Dk"0f{ 

u|fxsn] cg g]6 %) ldg]6sf] 6s 6fO{d 

tyf %)) P;PdP; lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug{ 

;S5g\ . Pg;]nsf;a} u|fxsn] Pli6«S; 

!&!@! Xof; 8fon u/L of] of]hgfdf 

lgMz'Ns ;xefuLx'g ;S5g\ / k|fKt %) 

ldg]6 6s 6fO{d tyf %)) P;PdP; 

Pg;]nsf] s'g} klg csf]{ gDa/df snug{ 

/ P;PdP; k7fpg k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . 

a'9Lu08sLsf nflu !) ca{ h'6fOg] 

d'n'ss} ;a}eGbf 7'nf] hnfzoo'Qm 

a'9Lu08sL hnljB't cfof]hgfsf 

lgdf{0fsf nflu ;|f]t h'6fpg eGb} 

;/sf/n] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{df nufPsf] 

k"jf{wf/ s/af6 dfq} dlxgfdf sl/a 

! ca{ ;+sng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . !@ 

;o d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] a'9Lu08sL 

hnljB't cfof]hgfsf nflu sl/a @ 

va{ ^) ca{ ?k}ofF vr{ nfUg] cg'dfg 

ul/Psf] 5 . oxL ;|f]t h'6fpgsf nflu 

;/sf/n] rfn" cfjsf] ah]6 aQmJodfkm{t 

k]6«f]lnod kbfy{df k|ltln6/ % 

?k}Fof k"jf{wf/ s/ nufpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 

lyof] . To;} cg'?k h]7 !% b]lv 

k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ -k]6«f]n, l8h]n / xjfO{ 

OGwg_ af6 dfl;s sl/a ! ca{ ;+sng 

x'Fb} cfPsf] cfon lgudn] hfgsf/L 

u/fPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] eG;f/ laGb'af6} 

o;/L k|fKt 6s 6fO{d / P;PdP;sf] 

;dofjlw Ps xKtfsf] /x]sf] Pg;]nn] 

hgfPsf] 5 . 

:jfldTj kl/jt{g kl5 cfw'lgs k|ljlw, 

gljgtf / l8lh6nfO{h];gnfO{ ckgfpb} 

g]6js{ lj:tf/ ug]{ / ;Dk"0f{ u|fxssf 

;+rf/nfO{ cem ;'b[9 ug]{ sfo{df yk Wofg 

s]lGb|t u/]sf] klg sDkgLn] 

hgfPsf] 5 . …Plzofs} k|d'v 

b"/;+rf/ ;d"x PlSho6fsf] 

;xof]u k|fKt ePsf]df xfdL 

xlif{t 5f}+ . cfhLof6f 

b'/;+rf/ If]qdf l8lh6n 

tyf k|fljlws ljsf;df 

cu|0fL :yfgdf 5 / cfkm\ 

gf] :jR5 Kofg–Plzof 6«ofs /]s8{ ;lxt 

g]kfndf k|j]z u/]sf] 5Ú lj1lKtdf pNn]v 

ul/Psf] lyof] . PlSho6f ;Da4 sDkgLsf] 

?kdf Pg;]n pTs[i6 g]6js{sf] ljsf;df 

bL3{sflng ?kdf nufgL ug{ / b]zsf 

cltljs6 If]qdf /x]sf gful/snfO{ ;d]t 

;+rf/ dfkm{t hf]8\b} g]kfnsf] ljsf;df 

of]ubfg k'of{pg k|ltj4 /x]sf] lj1lKtdf 

pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . 

k]6«f]n, l8h]n / xjfO{ OGwgdf k|ltln6/ 

% ?k}ofF s/ p7fpg] u/]sf] 5 . 

xfn g]kfnu~h, e}/xjf, 

jL/u~hnufotsf ljleGg % gfsfaf6 

k]6«f]lnod cfoft x'g] u/]sf] 5 . lgudsf 

cg';f/ xfn k]6«f]n, l8h]n / xjfO 

OGwgsf] dfl;s cfoft cf}ift @( xhf/ 

lsnf]ln6/, ! nfv !) xhf/ lsnf]ln6/ 

/ !) xhf/ lsnf]ln6/ 5 . oxL l:yltdf 

;/sf/n] /fv]sf] nIo eGbf klg al9 

;+sng x'g] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] ah]6 

aQmJodfkm{t k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] k"jf{wf/ 

s/dfkm{t cfof]hgfsf nflu jflif{s & ca{ 

?k}ofF ;+sng ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] lyof] . 

t/ k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfoftdf e}/x]sf] 

a[l4n] rfn" cfjdf !) ca{ ?k}Fofsf] 

xf/fxf/Ldf p7\g] b]lvG5 . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 13

{ 

/fhgLlt 

rLlgofF /fi6«kltsf] e|d0f 

– ch{'g 1jfnL 

rLlgofF /fi6«klt l; sf] pbo;Fu} 

rLg ef/t aLr PstkmL{ @$ 

;Demf}tf, @^ ;dembf/L kqdf g]kfnsf] 

lnk'n]s ;lxt df]bL / l;sf] g]t[Tjn] 

rLg ef/t aLr x:tfIf/ u/] . csf] {tkm{ 

;'/Iffdf ef/tn] cf0fljs / hn ;Demf}tf 

cd]l/sf ;Fu u/]sf] 5 . ;fpy rfFOgf l;df 

cd]l/sf ;Fu ef/t plePsf] 5 . g]kfndf 

k"j{ k|wfgdGqL s]kL cf]nLn] Jofkf/ kf/jfg 

;lxt !) a' Fb] ;Demf}tf / !% a' Fb] ;+o'Qm 

lj1lKtdf x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 ;Qf kl/jt{g 

ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . oxfFsf] /fhgLlt;Fu 

zlQm /fi6«x?sf] :jfy{ hf]l8Psf] 5 . rLg 

ltAat;Fu nfdf] pQ/L l;df hf]l8Psf] g]kfn 

afXo zlQms]Gb|x?sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds r]k'jfdf 

kl//x]sf] 5 . ahf/dflysf] sAhfnfO{ 

nlIft u/L klZrdf / rLgaLr z'? ePsf] 

åGåsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df o'/f]lkog /fi6«x? ?; / 


b'a} sf]l/of klg ylkb} uPsf 5g\ . bnfO{ 

nfdfsf] k|Zg :jtGqltAat ultljlw, ltAalt 

z/0ffyL{ ;DaGwdf cd]l/sfn] p7fpFb} cfPsf] 

rf;f] / cd]l/sL clwsf/Lx?sf] e|d0fdf 

cl:y/ /fhgLlt sdhf]/ w/ftndf /x]sf 

/fhgLlts bnx?sf] g]t[Tjsf] sf/0f afXo 

zlQmsf] rnv]n a9\bf] 5 . 

g]kfndf rLgsf] k|efjnfO{ /f]Sg] k|Zgdf 

ef/t / klZrdx? aLrdf s'g} ljjfb 5}g . 

o;sf] k'li6 b/af/ xTofsf08 -@)%*_ n] 

ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ ef/tn] rLgsf] k|efj 

/f]Sg klZrdfx?sf] k|efj / rLg;Fusf] 

d'7e]8 rfxb}g . ;g\ !(^@ sf] ef/t 

rLg o'4af6 kf7 l;s]sf] lbNnLsf nflu 

of] 3fts x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ;a}eGbf ;r]t 

5 . t/ klZrdfx?n] tTsfn ltAatdfly 

bVvn k'¥ofP/ rLg;Fu tgfa pTkGg 

u/fpg] e"ldsf a]nfavtdf ljjfbsf ?kdf 

;fj{hlgs u/]sf 5g\ . of] cj:yfdf rLg 

klZrdfx?k|lt /f0fgLlts ?kdf s7f]/ / 

ef/t k|lt g/d /x]sf] 5 . lsgsL ef/taf6 

lelqg] klZrdf /0fgLlt rLgsf] rLGtfsf] 

ljifo dfq xf] ef/t :jo+ xf]Og . 

of] cj:yfdf g]kfndf /x]sf pu|/fi6«jfb, 

cGw/fi6«jfbsf] Ph]08fdf ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb, 

of l;lSsdLs/0fsf] gf/f lbg] afd tyf 

blIf0f b'j}sf] wlgi7tf klZrdfx? ;Fu 5 . 

pgLx? ef/tLo x:tIf]ksf] P]h]08fdf rLgsf] 

ck]lIft e"ldsf cfkm" dfkm{t rfxfG5g\ t/ 

rLgsf] nflu ef/teGbf k|f] klZrdf k|efljt 

/fi6«jfbsf] P]h]08f lbg]x? af6 p;sf] 

vt/f 5 . 

of] hl6n kl/l:yltn] g]kfnleq 

km/s km/s cGt{lj/f]wx? k}bf u/]sf] 

5 . rLg / ef/taLr cGt{;+3if{ rsf{P/ 

/fi6«jfbsf] Aofg/df k|f] kflZrdf /0fgLlts 

P]h]08f ckmufgL of Oh/fonL df]8ndf s]Gb| 

lgdf{0f lj:tf/sf] cEof; d08n] /fi6«jfb 

/ dfcf]jfbL /fi6«jfbsf] e|d= v'nf;f ePsf] 

5 . ef/tleqsf] klg k|f]= klZrdf wf/;Fusf] 

dfcf]jfbL ;DaGw cflwsf/Ls ?kd} v'n]kl5 

vf;} e|ddf /xg'kg] { afFsL 7fpF /xg uPg . 

b/af/ xTofsf08 kl5 leotgfddf cd]l/sf 

cfqmd0fsf] l/kf]6{ ug{ nluPsf tTsfnLg 

kqsf/ /d]z gfy kf08]nfO{ /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] 

ljz]if k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf rLg k7fPsf 

lyP . clxn] afOansf] ;kmt vfPsf s[i0f 

axfb'/ dx/fnfO{ h;/L . o;sf/0f ljz]if 

k|ltlglw;Dd rLgn] cfkm\gf] s'/f v'n:t 

/fVg] 5}g . dfcf]jfbLsf af/]df ca s'g} 

e|d 5}g, hlt k|r08sf] klxnf] ;Qf /f]x0fdf 

lyof] . 

csf] {tkm{ nf]stGqsf] P]h]08fdf hftLo 

If]qLo ?kdf pbo t/fO{sf dw]zLjfbL elgg] 

bnx? Pg]skf dfcf]jfbL h:tf vf;u/L 

)^@÷^# kl5 pboePsfx? klg klZrdf 

/0fgLlts P]h]08fdf k|hftGqsf] cfj/0fdf 

ef/tsf] e"ldsf / ;xfg'e"lt cfkm" dfkm{t 

xf]; eGg] rfxG5g\ . ljutdf dfcf]jfbLsf] 

ef/tleqsf] k|f] klZrdf wf/;Fusf] uf]Ko 

;DaGw rfx] Tof] ef=h=kf=;Fu xf];\ of …/cÚ 

;Fu ;fj{hlgs s'/f xf] . of] cj:yfdf 

klZrdfx?sf] b'j}tkm{af6 a9\bf] rnv]n k|lt 

ef/tn] cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 lgolGqt ug' {kg] 

cj:yf 5 . cGoyf :jefljs ?kdf rLg 

cfkm\gf] e"ldsf a9fpg afWo x'g'kg] { cj:yf 

5 . ef/t / rLgsf] ;dfgwf/0ff lbNnL 

/ j]O{lhËsf] klZrdf k|efjnfO{ a9\g glbg] 

cfkm\gf] lgoGq0f eGbf aflx/ uP Tof] 

b'a}sf] lgldQ wfts x'g] s'/fdf Psxb;Dd 

;xdltsf] glhs x'g;S5, cgldg 

alxud{gn] o;sf] k'li6 ub{5 eg] cgldgsf]

{ 

{ 

{ 

alxud{gdf b'a} /fi6« ;xdt x'g'n] cd]l/sL 

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf lk;sf]/sf] k'gM cfudgn] 

klZrdfx?sf] rf;f] TolQs} s8f 5 eGg] 

s'/f k'li6 x'G5 . 

of] l:yltdf cfGtl/s ?kdf g]kfnleq 

leGg / h]lnPsf] cGt{lj/f]w k}bf u/]sf] 

5 . klxnf] ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb / /fi6«jfbsf] 

P]h]08fdf k|f]= klZrdf;Fu hf]l8Psf] /fli6«zlQm 

/ csf] {tkm{ ef/tLo Aofg/df k|f] klZrdf;Fu 

hf]l8Psf If]qLo tyf /fli6«o zlQm . bf]>f] 

km/s km/s afXo w'/L;Fu hf]l8Psf larsf] 

cfk;L cGt{lj/f]w t]>f] /fHo / l;dfGts[t 

hg;d'bfo aLrsf] cGt{lj/f]w rf}yf] afXo 

zlQm /fi6«sf] aLrsf] cfk;L cGt{lj/f]w . oL 

cGt{lj/f]wx?nfO{ 7Ls 9+un] ;dfwfg ug{ 

;lsPg eg] b]z 3f]lift ?kd} u[xo'4df hfg] 

/ c;kmn /fHo aGg] lbzftkm{ ws]lng] 5 . 

of] l:yltdf /fi6«klt ;L sf] e|d0f k"j{ cfPsf] 

lrlgofF 6f]lnn] s'6lglts efiffdf u'8ljn 

e|d0f xf]Og O:6]6 e|d0fsf] tof/L ug{ tkm{ 

;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . of] ug{ k|r08 tof/ 

5g\ < k|Zg lrGx v8f 5 . 

@)%* ;fn Ho]i7 !( sf] b/af/ 

xTofsf08kl5 g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] zlQm 

;Gt'ng eTs]sf] lyof] . cfGtl/s jfXo 

?kdf k|f] klZrdfx? xflj x' Fb} uP eg] 

ef/tleqsf] klZrdfwf/ b/af/ xTofsf08 / 

!@ a' Fb] ;Demf}tf;Dd xfla ePklg Tof] ef/tsf] 

lgoGq0fdf /xg ;s]g . o;/L ef/tdfkm{t 

cufl8 a9]sf] klZrdfwf/ ckmuflg:yfgLs0f 

/fi6«jfbsf] aofg/df cufl8 cfPsf] k|f] 

klZrdf wf/f Oh/fonLs/0fsf] . of] 

cj:yfdf g]kfn Oh/fon Kofn]i6fOg, O{/fs, 

ckmufg, Olyof]lkofeGbf klg lsg vt/gfs 

eg] ;+;f/sf ;a}h;f] zlQm /fi6«x?sf] 

pkl:ylt / cjl:ylt 5 . oL åGåsf 

afah't klZrdfx?sf] xft dfly k/]sf] 5 . 

clxn] cf]nL ;/sf/ lj:yfkg / k|r08sf] 

k'g/fudnfO{ ef/tn] >Lnsf+df k"j{ /fi6«klt 

dx]Gb|fkfIfsf] jlx{udg / jt{dfg /fi6«klt 

d}lqkfnfl;l/;]gfsf] pbosf] ?kdf lnPsf] 

k|i6 b]lvG5 . t/ l;l/;]gf klg ef/tLo 

klZrdfsf] cg's'ntf /x]gg\ . ;fpy rfOgfF 

;L df >Lnsf+ rLgsf] kIfdf ;dy{g ;fy 

plePsf] 5 ef/tsf] ljkl/t . o;sf/0f OG8f] 

klZrdf / rLlgofFx?sf] l;t o'4df k|r08 

x'g of b]pjf bf]xf]/f] /0fgLltdf pleg ;Dej 

5}g . h;/L s]kL cf]nL k|i6 ?kdf ;db'/L 

e"ldsfdf pleP To;}u/L pleg sl7g 5 . 

s'g} klg 36gfqmdnfO{ k"j{ cfu|xaf6 

k| ]l/t ts{af6 a'em\g ;lsb}g . P]ltxfl;s 

tYosf cfwf/df To;sf] /fhgLlts w/ftn 

tYosf cfwf/df ePsf 36gfx?n] pTkGg 

u/]sf kl/0ffdx? g} /fhgLltsf k|df0fx? 

x'g\ . ;g\ !*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw lj=;+= 

!()# sf] sf]tkj{, @))& ;fn, @)$^ 

;fn, b/af/ xTofsf08 @)^@÷^# ;fnsf 

/fhgLlts 36gfx?kl5sf] kl/l:ylt ;a}df 

s]lx g s]lx ;dfg ljz]iftfx? 5g\ . oL 

kfFrj6} /fhgLlts 36gfsf k5fl8 klZrdf 

;fd|fHojfbsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ oyfjt sfod 

/fv]sf 5g\ . ablnbf] kl/l:ylt cg';f/ 

lbNnL cufl8 /fv]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] /fHo 

;Qfdf kl/l:ylt cg's"nsf gofF kfqx? 

:yflkt ug] { / k"/fgfx?nfO{ gofF cfj/0fdf 

v8f ug] { k|lqmofsf c+ux? xg\ . rLgsf] 

g]kfndf ef/t lrGtfsf] ljifo xf]Og . 

ef/tdfkm{t klZrdfn] Oh/fon, ckmuflg:tfg 

h:t} cfwf/ lgdf{0f cfkm" k|lt nlIft ultljlw 

k|lt xf] . o;sf] ;Gt'ng k|r08 b]pjf h:tf 

cl:y/ g]t[Tjn] ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] ljZjf; 

sd} dfq 5 . 

kl5Nnf] r/0fdf @))& ;fnsf] lbNnL 

;Demf}tfn] cfkm\gf] c:tLTj /Iffsf nfludf]xg 

zd;]/n] u/]sf] !(%) sf] ;lGw / @)) 

( ;fnd} ef/tLo ;]gfsf] cfudg . @)@* 

;fnsf] emfkfsf08 jfdkGyLx? d"ntM dfn] 

/ d;fnsf] hgdt;+u|x jlxisf/ )$^ sf] 

kl/jt{g s[i0f k|= e§/fO{ x/fp cleofg, 

dfcf]jfbL o'4sf] ljhf/f]k0f dbg e08f/L 

xTof, b/af/ xTofsf08 !@ a' Fb];Demf}tf 

lbNnLsf] Jofg/df klZrdfx?sf] k|d'v e"ldsf 

/x]sf] 5 . 

dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cnsfobf df]8ndf 

cufl8 ;f/]/ rLg ef/t o'4sf] cfwf/lgdf{0f 

ug] { of]hgfdf dfcf]jfbL o'4 lyof] . xtf/df 

cft+sf/L ;'lraf6 x6fP/ cd]l/sfn] lSng 

lr6lbg' ;+of]u xf]Og . o;sf] k"li6 o;/L 

x'G5 . dfcf]jfbL o'4sfndf @)%% Ho]i7 

c+ssf] cGt/f{li6«o d+rdf cGt{jftf{ lbFb} 

k|r08n] eg]sf 5g\M ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb o; 

If]qs} hgtfsf] d'lQm / k|ultsf] d'Vo afws 

xf] ef/tLo ;}Go x:tIf]ksf] k|ZgnfO{ ljrf/ 

u/]/ g} xfdLn] hgo'4nfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf 

5f} + . ef/tLo zf;sju{ slt ;Dd ck/fwL 

5g\ eGg] s'/f e'6fgL z/0ffyL{ ;d:of, 

>Ln+sfsf] cg'ej / :jo+ ef/tleq cufl8 

al9/x]sf] /fli6«o d'lQm / hgo'4sf ;Gb{edf 

tyf cGo s}of} + hl6ntfsf afah't ef/tLo 

;]gfn] g]kfndf 7f8f] x:tIf]k ub{5 eg] @ 

/fhgLlt 

s/f]8 g]kfnL ldn]/ /fli6«o o'4 ug' {kg] 

x'G5 . hxfF;Dd rLgsf] k|Zg xf] g]kfnsf] 

/fli6«o o'4df cfkm\g} lxtsf sf/0fn] klg 

p, ljkIfdf v8f x'g]5}g . ef/t / rLgsf 

aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]waf6 clwstd kmfObf 

p7fpg ;lsG5 / ;Sg'kb{5 . o'4 ;'? 

ubf{ o:tf] cleJolQm lbPsf k|r08 sf] x'g 

eGg] s'/fsf] e|d ca /x]g . ebf}sf] klxnf] 

xKtf rLlgofF ljb]zL dGqL jfªoLn] ef/t 

e|d0f ub} {5g\ . ptf dx/fsf] rLg e|d0f nuQ} 

olx ;dodf g]kfn cfPsf] rLlgofF pRr 

:t/ k|ltlglw d08nn] ;/sf/ kl/jt{g kl5 

lgjf{rg x'g ;S5 < k|Zg lrGx v8f u/]sf] 

5 eg] ;Qfaf6 ev{/ alxu{dg ePsf cf]nLn] 

cfkm\gf] ;/sf/ 9fNg' lgjf{rg x'g glbg] if8\ 

oGq /x]sf] ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\ . 

o;af6 k|i6 g]kfnnfO{ o'4sf] 

lqm8f:yn agfpFb} rLgnfO{ km;fP/ 

gofF ckmufg agfpg] cnsfobf df]8n 

csf] {tkm{ /fi6«jfbsf] Aofg/df l;+uf] d'l:nd 

/fi6« s]lGb|t Oh/fon v8f u/] h:t} 

g]kfnnfO{ blIf0f Plzof s]lGb|t csf] 

Oh/fonL df]8nsf] cGw/fi6«jfbsf] Aofg/df 

klZrdf cv8f sfod ug] { cEof;sf xfjf 

a]n'gsf] xfjf h;/L v'l:sPkl5sf] jt{dfg 

cj:yfdf xfdL /x]sf 5f} + . of] cj:yfdf 

ePsf] ;/sf/ kl/jt{gnfO{ cl:y/tf pGd'v 

5 / cl:y/tf rLg lj?4 s]lGb|t /x]sf] 

a'emfO{ rLgn] ;xh} cg'dfg u/]sf] x'g' 

kb{5 . of] l:yltdf g]kfnn] 5f]8\g gx'g] 

lgisif{sf ;fy rLlgofF /fi6«kltsf] e|d0f x'g] 

cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . rLgn] kfls:tfgnfO{ 

cfkm\gf] kmnfd] 9f]sf dfg]sf] 5 eg] cf]7 / 

bfFt h:tf] . ef/t 3]g] { klZrdL ld;gnfO{ 

p;n] ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] kfls:tfg dfkm{t 

sfpG6/ lbPsf] 5 eg] ef/tnfO{ cl3 ;fg] 

cd]l/sL /0fgLltnfO{ kfls:tfgn] rLg dfkm{t 

;Gt'ng lbg vf]h]sf] 5 . s6'jfn k|s/0fdf 

k|r08nfO{ psf:b} pgsf] rLg e|d0f /f]Sg 

afa'/fd, dx/f, emngfy / pk]Gb| ofbj 

;lqmo /x] / cGtt k|r08nfO{ 5f]l8lbP . 

sf/0f lyof] rLg e|d0fdf pgn] zflGt tyf 

d}qL ;GwL k'g/fjnf]sg ub} { lyP h;nfO{ 

lrgLofF lj1 x'l;;]ª Ps cgnfO{gnfO{ 

lbPsf] cGt{jftf{df k|i6 u/]sf 5g\ . /fi6«klt 

;L sf] e|d0fdf Tolx Ph]G8f k|fyldstfdf 

/x]sf] ;+s]t 5 h'g ef/t rfxfFb}g . 

of] cj:yfdf jt{dfg ;/sf/n] rLlgofF 

/fi6«kltsf] e|d0fnfO{ s;/L ;kmn 

agfpFb5 eljion] g} atfpFnf . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 15

lxDdt v08sf] s]Gb| ljGb'af6 

lzIfflbIff lbg] xf], leIff lng] xf]Og 

b]z 

dfgj ljsf; pTklt / 

;Eotfsf] l;4fGt tM 

;dfhzf:qL Pjd\ cGj]z0fstf{sf] 

egfO{ cg';f/ 8flj{gsf] l;4fGtsf] 

kfgLaf6 lhjsf] ljsf; eO{ dfgjsf] 

ljsf; ePsf] tYonfO{ j}1flgs Pjd\ 

;dfhzf:qLx?n] :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\ . 

t/ k"jL{o bz{gn] eg] dfgj ljsf; 

/ pTkltnfO{ lxDdt v08sf] s]Gb|ljGb' 

s}nfz kj{tnfO{ lng] u/]sf] k"jL{ zf:q 

/ bz{gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] 

vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg cg';f/ ljZjdf 

;a}eGbf k"/fgf] dfgj s+ufn oxL 

lxDdt v08 g]kfnsf] /fdfkflts n]v 

a'6jndf km]nf kf/]sf] j}1flgs vf]hn] 

klg g]kfn dfgj pTklt / ;Eotf / 

ljsf;sf] k|yd >]0fLdf kb{5 eGg] s'/f 

cem j}1flgs ?kdf klg :ki6 ePsf] 

5 . xfd|f] k"jL{o bz{gsf cg';f/ dfgj 

hfltsf ;+u7g Pjd\ ;[li6stf{ eujfg\ 

dxfb]jnfO{ lng] u/]sf] 5 . To;df 

klg ;'/ c;'/sf] P]ltxfl;s u|Gydf 

b]jf;'/ ;+u|fxddf dxfb]j s0ff{nL 

c~rnsf] x'Dnf lhNnfdf hGdg' ePsf] 

jf pTklt x'g' ePsf] / ;+;f/sf 

b]jtfx?sf /fhf OGb|b]j h'Dnfdf 

hGdg' ePsf] Pjd\ ;+;f/s} /fhsfhLP, 

k|zf;g, zf;gk4lt, gLlt, lgod / 

sfg"gsf] z'?jft ug]{ k|yd ljZjsf] 

;+ljwfg dg':d[lt lgdf{0f ug]{ /fhf dg' 

s0ff{nL c~rnsf] sflnsf]6 lhNnfsf] 

dfGddf kb{5 . / o:t} s0ff{nL gbLsf] 

lsgf/}df /x]sf] cWof]of h;nfO{ /fhf 

/fdsf] b/af/ klg s0ff{nLsf] lt/}df 

kb{5 . To:t} kf08j / sf}/jsf] /fhwfgL 

s0ff{nLk|b]zsf] ;]tL c~rnsf] c5fd 

lhNnfdf kf08 ;}gL b/af/ kb{5 . 

o;}n] s0ff{nL g} ljZj ;Eotf / dfgj 

– uf]/v axfb'/ lj=;L= 

To;df lxDdt v08sf 

s]Gb|ljGb'af6 ;+;f/sf dflg;x?nfO{ 

lbzflgb]{zg lbg], lxDdt v08af6 

kof{oj/0fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt /fVg ;Fw} 

k|oTglzn x'g' kg]{df ljj:yf clxn] 

xfdL clxn] c?sf e/f}6], h+unL 

n7}t ePsf 5f} F . cfkm\gf] klxrfg, 

;+:s[lt / Oltxf;nfO{ ;lDemFbf, 

ga'em\bf cfh xfdL si6k"0f{ lhjg 

ljtfO/x]sf 5f} F . 

16 o'lg6L EjfO;

ljsf;sf] hu xf] eGg' kg]{ cj:Yff 

cfPsf] 5 . olt dfq xf]Og cfw'lgs, 

j}1flgs Pjd\ cg';Gwfg stf{x?n] 

Ps ;j]{If0f u/]sf] k|df0f cg';f/ 

;+;f/s} ;jeGbf klxn] v]tL ug]{ wfg 

pTkfbg ePsf] h'Dnfsf] l;hfe]nL Pjd\ 

sflnsf]6sf] ;fGgL/fhsf]6df sl/a 

!),))) jif{ klxn]b]lv wfg pTkfbg 

ePsf] Oltxf; 5 . oxL ;]/f]km]/f]df rLg 

/ cd]l/sfsf j}1flgsx?n] rLgsf] 

:jzfl;t If]q ltAatdf #@)) jif{ 

k'/fgf] wfgsf] cg'a+z kfPsf] k'li6 

ul/Psf] lyof] . To;eGbf w]/} jif{ 

klxnf cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ !)))) 

jif{ k"/fgf] wfg pTkfbg ePsf] s0ff{nL 

/x]5 eGg] s'/f Oltxf;n] b]vfPsf] 

5 . To;}n] klg g]kfn dfgj ljsf; 

/ ;Eotfdf cu| :yfg 5 eGg] Pp6f 

bl/nf] cfwf/ xf] . / olx cfwf/nfO{ 

xfdLn] g]kfn ;+;f/s} s]Gb|ljGb' Pjd\ 

ljZjsf ;d:t dfgjx?nfO{ lzIff lbIff 

Pjd\ lgb]{zg lbg] 7fpF eGg' k/]sf] 

P]ltxfl;s tYon] atfPsf] 5 . olt 

dfq xf]Og, ljZjsf zlQmzfnL Pjd\ 

s'zn zf;s v; ;fd|fHosf] pbo 

klg s0ff{nLg} s]Gb|ljGb' xf] . To;df 

kmf/; b]lv hfjf ;'dfqf ;Dd ;fd|fHo 

u/]sf] Oltxf; st} n's]sf] 5}g . o;}n] 

cfh k"jL{o bz{gsf c08/af6 cfPsf 

klZrd] bfz]{lgsx? z's/ft, Kn]6f], 

Pl/;6f]n, lhh; qmfOi6, lj:dfs{ 

x'Fb} sfndfS; ;d]tn] k"jL{o bz{gsf] 

j]bnfO{ g} ?kfGt/0f u/L cfw'lgs 

bz{g NofPsf x'g\ . pgLx?n] dfgj 

;Eotf / ljsf;sf] cu|:yfg u|L;nfO{ 

lnP klg xfd|f] k"jL{bz{gn] 7f8} OGsf/ 

u/]sf] 5 . h;df xfdLn] xfd|f] bz{g 

/ l;4fGtnfO{ e'Nb} cfofltt l;4fGt 

/ bz{gnfO{ c+ufn]/ xfdL x/]s If]qdf 

k/lge{/ ePsf 5f}F . k/d]Zj/, k/dlktf, 

lg/fsf/ eg]s} lgns08, zflGtsf 

b]j, b]jx?sf klg b]j, lktfx?sf 

klg dxflktf, c/fb]j dxfb]jnfO{ g} 

k/d]Zj/ elg k|fy{gf ub{5g\ . o:t} 

lhh; qmfOi6nfO{ w]/} klZrd]x?n] 

k/d]Zj/ dfGg'sf] sf/0f /f]d ;fd|fHo, 

u|L; ;fd|fHo / OlhK6 ;fd|fHon] 

Px'bLx?nfO{ xhf/f}F jif{ bf; agfPsf] 

lyof] . Tof] bf; d'lQmsf lj?4 ;+3if{ 

ug]{ qmddf k"jL{o bz{gsf] lzIff lng] 

gfnfGb/ ljZj ljBfno -u'?s'n 

cf>d_ ;/;+ut / e|d0fn] ubf{ 

zflGt, ljj]s, k|]d / k|ltj4tfn] g} 

pxfFn] k"jL{o bz{gsf] kf7 l;s] kl5 

pxfFn] bf;Tjsf] lj?4df u'?s'nsf] 

lgdf{0f u/L lzIff lbPsf] e]l6G5 . 

k"jL{o bz{gsf j]b leqsf sd{sf08, 

1fgsf08 / pk;gsf08df klZrd] 

wdf{jnDaLx?n] j]bs} pk;gsf08 g} 

k|fy{gfsf] ?kdf ljsl;t u/]sf] kfOPsf] 

5 . o:t} ;+;f/s} h'g;'s} wd{df 

c/fWofo b]j dxfb]jaf6 g} ;a} s'/fsf] 

1fgaf]w, o'4af]w, lzIffaf]w, wd{af]w 

cflb ePsf] xf] eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . o;y{ 

olt dfq xf]Og k|flrgsfndf lxDdt 

v08sf] s]Gb|ljGb'df Clif tkl;x?n] 

;fwfgf / ;fWo ub{y] . pQm ;fwfgfsf] 

cfwf/df lj1fgsf] k|of]u x'Fb} lyof] . 

h;df c:tz:t rnfpg] k'ik ljdfg 

tyf cGo 7"n7"nf afF8 x'Gy] . h;df 

cfw'lgs o'usf] qmddf To;nfO{ 

cfw'lgs Go"lSno; ad g} x'g\ . 

To;}n] cfh lxDdt v08sf] ;Eotf 

;+:s[lt / bz{gsf] af/]df cWoog, 

k7gkf7gnfO{ dxTj lbg' kg]{df lxDdt 

v08sf] s]Gb|ljGb' g]kfnn] o:tf] lzIff 

lbIff glbg'n] klg klZrd] bfz{]lgs / 

;+:s[lt a9\bf]tl/ ljsf; ePsf] 5, 

xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf . ljz]if u/]/ xfd|f] 

;Eotf / ;F:s[ltnfO{ nf]k u/fpg] 

v]n eO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] cfkm\gf]kg 

klxrfg / ;+:s[ltnfO{ nf]k x'Fb} hfg] 

/ xfdL ;fF:s[lts ?kdf klg k/lge{/ 

x'Fb} hfg] cj:yfdf 5f}F . To;}n] lxDdt 

b]z 

v08sf] Oltxf; ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltdf 

rf/}tkm{ cfqmds eO/x]sf] 5 . To;df 

lxDdt v08sf s]Gb|ljGb'af6 ;+;f/sf 

dflg;x?nfO{ lbzflgb]{zg lbg], lxDdt 

v08af6 kof{oj/0fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt /fVg 

;Fw} k|oTglzn x'g' kg]{df ljj:yf clxn] 

xfdL clxn] c?sf e/f}6], h+unL n7}t 

ePsf 5f}F . cfkm\gf] klxrfg, ;+:s[lt 

/ Oltxf;nfO{ ;lDemFbf, ga'em\bf 

cfh xfdL si6k"0f{ lhjg ljtfO/x]sf 

5f}F . To;}n] ;+;f/nfO{ lzIfflbIff lbg] 

7fpFaf6 cfh pgLx?s} lzIff lbIff / 

leIff lng] sfdn] lxDdt v08sf] ;'Gb/ 

b]z g]kfn cfh ;+;f/s} levf/L / dfuL 

vfg] b]zdf k'u]sf 5f}F . oxL ;Gbe{df 

g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s 

Pjd\ wfld{s ;a} k/lg{e/ / cfofltt 

cj:yfdf k'u]sf]n] xfd|f] b]zsf] xfnt 

v/fa x'Fb} uO/x]sf] klg xf] . To;}n] 

clxn] cfofltt lzIff Pjd\ ;+:s[ltaf6 

lgb]{lzt xfd|f] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjx? 

ePsf]n] klg xfdLn] ;+;f/nfO{ xfdLsxfF 

cfs{if0f u/fpg' kg]{df c?sf u'nfdL 

ePsf 5f}F . o;}n] xfdL cfkm"nfO{ lrgf}F / 

cfkm\gf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt bz{gnfO{ ge'nf}F, 

s;}sf] nf]e / nfnrdf gk/f}F eGg] 

lxDdt v08sf] s]Gb|ljGb'af6 cfXjfg 

5 . o;}n] ljZjdf ;+:s[lt, klxrfg / 

;Eotfsf] ;fd|fHodf km}nfpg klZrd]x? 

cfly{s, af}l4s ?kdf cu|;/ eP/ 

;+;f/nfO{ Pg=lh=cf]=÷cfO=Pg=lh=cf]= sf] 

gfddf Jofks PlS6lel6h ul//x]sf 

5g\ . lxDdt v08sf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ 

tx;gx; kfg]{ / klZrd] ;+:s[ltsf] 

hu a;fNg] v]ndf Jofks if8\oGq 

eO/x]sf] 5 . ;d:t lxDdt v08sf 

a'l4lhjL, Oltxf;ljb\, kqsf/, 

/fhgLlt1x? Pjd\ ljleGg gful/s 

;dfhn] a'em\g' kb{5 . cfkm\gf] ;Eotf 

/ ;+:s[ltsf] /Iff ug'{ kb{5 . s;}sf] 

nf]e / nfnrdf gk/L cfkm\gf] lz/ 

prf] kfg{ ;a}df cfXjfg 5 . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 17

g]kfnL ;dfh / wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf 

k|f=8f= ;'/]Gb| s]=;L= 

wd{ 

k| 

flrgsfnb]lv g} g]kfn 

ltAatrLg / l;lSsdef/tsf] 

dWolaGb'df /x]sf] b]zsf ¿kdf /xFb} 

cfPsf] xf] . sfnqmddf g]kfn, ef/taf6 

ltAat / ltAataf6 ef/t cfjthfjt 

ug]{ Jofkf/L Pj+ wfld{s JolQmx¿sf] 

cfjfudg Pj+ ;+ud:yn klg aGb} 

/Xof] . Pscsf]{ b]zaf6 cfpg]hfg], 

aGb–Jofkf/ / j}jflxs ;';DaGwn] klg 

xfd|f ltg} b]zaLr wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, 

Jofkfl/s / /fhgLlts cfbfgk|bfg 

klg lgoldt h:t} aGg] u¥of] . jt{dfg 

o'udf klg k"jL{ g]kfn / klZrd 

a+ufnsf] bflh{ln+u Pj+ l;lSsd aLr 

To;}u/L k"jf]{Q/ g]kfn–ltAat, ;du|df 

ltAatrLgaLr lgoldt cfbfg–k|bfg, 

j}jflxs, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ b}glGbgsf] 

Jofkfl/s ;';DaGw ckl/xfo{ tyf 

clgjfo{ alg/x]s} 5g\ h;nfO{ 

dflg;x¿ af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf …/f]6L– 

a]6LÚ sf] ;DaGw klg eGg] u5{g\ . 

To;/L x]bf{ g]kfnsf hfthflt / 

wd{–;Dk|bfoaLr ;lDdng, ;lDd>0f / 

3'ngldng dfq xf]Og /St ;lDd>0fsf] 

;DefjgfnfO{ klg c:jLsf/ ug{ 

;ls+b}g . ;+u;+u} ltAat, dWo ef/t 

/ klZrdf]Q/ ef/ttkm{af6 sf7df8f}+ 

/ ;'b"/klZrd nIo u/L g]kfn k|j]z 

u/]sf d+uf]n, cfo{ -j}lbs_ / cfo{ 

-cj}lbs_ u/L # k[ys\ ;EotfaLrsf] 

wfld{s–;f+:s[lts 3'ngldng, cfbfg 

k|bfg Pj+ ;dGjofTds hLjg bz{g 

klg TolQs} cg's/0fLo Pj+ pbfx/0fLo 

/xFb} cfPsf] 5 . hxfF ;a} efiff, wd{ 

/ ;+:s[ltsf g]kfnLx¿ ;bLof}F b]lv 

;dGjofTds / ;befjsf ;fy ldnh'n 

Pj+ d}lqk"0f{ tl/sfn] /lx–al;cfPsf] 

nfdf] k[i7e"ld 5 . 

b]z nfdf] ;do;Dd /fhtGqfTds 

k|0ffnL cGtu{t zfl;t /x]af6 /fhfx¿n] 

;a} hflt, wd{ / ;Dk|bfok|lt ;dfg 

tyf ;dGjofTds Jojxf/ u/] jf ;a} 

g]kfnLx¿ ;xh tl/sfn] Ps If]qaf6 

csf]{ If]qdf a;fOF ;b}{ g]kfnL a:tLnfO{ 

ldl>t kfg]{ / cGt/hftLo ljjfx 

;d]t ug]{ u/]h:tf cf]7] …;dGjoÚ nfO{ 

dfq g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;lxi0f'tfk"0f{ 

Jojxf/sf] b[i6fGtsf ?kdf k|:t't 

u/L cf]7] ;dGjosf] b[i6fGt lbg'eGbf 

klg s]xL 7f]; wfld{s–;f+:s[lts 

b[i6fGt cl3 ;fbf{ g} n]Vo j:t' a9L 

cflwsfl/s tyf vFlbnf] x'g ;Sg] 5 . 

tn To;k|sf/sf s]xL ;dGjod'vL 

b[i6fGtx¿ k|:t't 5g\ M 

!= ;dfg If]qflwsf/sf] 

Joj:yf– j0f{Joj:yfn] ubf{ IfqL 

jf a|fDx0f pkNnf] hftsf] :yfgdf 

ePtfklg ufpF, k|uGgf, sf]6 / 

If]qdf tt\tt\ hflts} dfG5] lskl6of 

jf cGo cfwf/df x}sd rnfpg] 

kl/kf6LnfO{ /fHon] cjnDag 

u/]sf] b]vfk5{ . h;cg';f/ 

lnDa"jfgdf lnDa" t vDa"jfgdf 

/fO{ lsk6jfnfsf ?kdf lnDa"jfg 

/ vDa"jfgsf] xsjfnf b]lvG5 . 

oxL s'/f afO;L rf}la;Ldf 7s'/L, 

du/ftdf du/, d':tf+udf ysfnL 

clg ef]6]ufpFdf uf]jfsf] xs8u 

rNg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] cy{ 

18 o'lg6L EjfO;

xf]– xfd|f] b]zdf Oltxf; sfnb]lv 

g} hftLo Psflwsf/ /x]g . 

@= hfte]bd'St k"hf/L k|yf – 

g]kfnL dlGb/ ljleGg hfthfltsf 

ePklg ToxfF s'g} k|sf/sf] 

hfte]b–5"te]b 5}g . h;cg';f/ 

;'b"/ klZrdsf kxf8L lhNnfdf 

blnt hfltn] 5'§} lxGb' dlGb/ 

agfP/ blnt k"hf/L /fv]sf 5g\ . 

ToxfF c¿ hftsf dflg;x¿n] klg 

k"hf u5{g\, km"nk|;fb u|x0f u5{g\ . 

;flxTosf/ 36/fh e§/fO{n] o; 

;Gbe{df b[i6fGt lbFb}– sflnsf]6sf] 

rdf/]sf]6 dlGb/df a|fDx0f Ot/ 

g]kfnLn] lgTo k"hf u5{g\ eGb} ;f] 

af/] yk ;+s]t ug{ vf]h]sf] cfef; 

kfOG5 . cufl8 e§/fO{ /fV5g\ 

M u'Xo]Zj/Ldf a|fDx0f afx]s s} 

k"hf/L 5g\ . ef]hk'/sf] lbt]nL 

r08L dlGb/df /fO{ k"hf/L 5g, 

w/fgsf] a'9f;'Aafdf lnDa" k"hf/L 

5g\ . To:t} dgsfdgf nufot 

cg]s dlGb/df du/ k"hf/L 5g\ . 

hfgsL dlGb/df t/fO{d'ns} k"hf/L 

x'G5g\ . o;/L cGo hflt k"hf/L 

ePsf 7fpFdf a|fDx0f IfqL hfg'x'Fb}g, 

vfg'x'Fb}g eGg] 5}g . ;a}sf] >4f 

;a} 7fpFdf /x]s} 5 . of] g} ;dGjo 

/ ;lxi0f'tfsf] HjnGt b[i6fGt klg 

xf] . o; ljljwtfnfO{ o;k|sf/ 

k|sfz kf/]sf 5g M 

#= ;+:sf/ut P]Sotf– 

;fdfGotM ;gftg lxGb'wdL{x¿ 

sf6df/ / clx+;fsf k"hf/L dflgG5g\ 

t/ oxfF t pN6f] b]lvG5 . ;gftgL 

lxGb' IfqLx¿ sf6df/ / df;'df+; 

u|x0f u5{g\ eg] u}/lxGb' ls/ft 

/ k|s[ltk"hs nfdfef]6]x¿ o:tf 

lx+;faf6 tls{G5g\ . b[i6fGt x'g\ – 

uf]vf{ 5]s]Dkf/ / r'Dr]t ufpFsf ef]6] 

/ Onfd If]qsf hf];dgL, slj/ / 

kmfNu'gGb ;Dk|bfosf ls/ftx¿ 

hf] of t sf6\df/ ub}{gg xf]Og 

eg] zfsfxf/L /xFb} cfPsf 5g\ . 

lxGb'wdL{ afx'gx¿ df+;fxf/L clg 

ls/ftwdL{ /fO{lnDa"x¿ zfsfxf/L Û 

lgZro g} of] oxfFsf hfthfltaLr 

/x]sf d"No–dfGotfx¿ aLrsf] 

;dGjosf] b[i6fGt xf] . 

$= wfld{s ¿kfGt/0f / 

;dGjo– elgG5, j]bsfnLg ?b| 

g} k|frLgsfndf lzj clg kf}/fl0fs 

sfndf z+s/ gfdaf6 k'sfl/g 

yfn] . h] ePtfklg oL dxfb]js} 

ljleGg gfd x'g . o;/L g} lxGb'sf 

lzj– kfj{tL g} ls/ftsf kf?xfª 

/ ;'lDgdf x'g\ . :jo+ uf}tda'4nfO{ 

lji0f'sf gjf}+ cjtf/ dflgG5 . o;/L 

g} slt af}4 ;Dk|bfosf cg'ofoLx¿n] 

kz'kltgfynfO{ klg a'4 eujfgs} 

¿kdf dfG5g\ eg] csf]{tkm{, lxGb' 

wd{leqs} z}j, zfSt, j}i0fj / ;f}o{ 

;Dk|bfosf cg'ofoLx¿ d+h'>L hf] 

a'4 ;Dk|bfosf Ps k|d'v k|tLs 

klg x'g'nfO{ b]jL, ;/:jtLsf ¿kdf 

Tolts} >4fk"j{s pkf;gf u5{g\ . 

ptf b]jtf dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{ klg 

z}j, j}i0fj, zfSt / ;f}o{ ;Dk|bfon] 

b]j]Gb|sf ¿kdf t af}4 ;Dk|bfosf 

cg'ofoLx¿n] Ps k|d'v gfysf 

?kdf clg sf7df8f}+sf Hofk"x¿n] 

rflxF jiff{sf b]jtf OGb|sf] :j¿kdf 

pkf;gf ug'{klg ;dGjosf] csf]{ 

b[i6fGt dflgG5 . 

%= cGt/b]zLo wfld{s 

w/f]x/ – b]zleq dfq xf]Og, 

g]kfnsf] wfld{s cf:yfn] e"uf]nnfO{ 

;d]t tf]8]/ ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts / 

wfld{s ?kn] cljefHo /x]sf ltAat 

/ ef/t;Fu g]kfnn] ldn]/} wfld{s 

wd{ 

;dGjo / ;lxi0f'tfsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ 

;+u;+u} cl3 a9fO/x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ 

x'G5 . k|frLg sfnb]lv g} g]kfn, 

ltAatrLg / ef/t aLrsf s8Lsf 

¿kdf /xFb} cfof] . oxfFsf] af}4 / 

lxGb' wd{ k/Dk/f xfd|f ltg} b]zsf 

aLr cljl5Gg ¿kdf k'mNb}kmNb} 

cfof] . ef/tsf] af}4 k/Dk/f / 

ltAatsf] nfdf tyf emfFqmLjfb 

clg g]kfnL lxGb'sf] rf/wfd / 

ef/tLo lxGb'sf] kz'kltgfyk|ltsf] 

elQmefjn] xfd|f ltg} b]zsf] wfld{s 

;dGjonfO{ e"uf]nn] afFWg glbPsf] 

dfq xf]Og cem} klg s[i0f oh'j]{bLn] 

dfq kz'kltgfysf] k"hf ug'{k5{ eGg] 

dfGotfn] blIf0f ef/taf6} e§x¿ 

NofOg] k/Dk/fnfO{ wfGb} / dfGb} 

g} cfO/x]sf5g lsgeg] g]kfnLx¿ 

z'Sn oh'j]{bL x'g\ . 

^= wd{sf] cGt/b]zLo cfofd– 

dfly g} elg;lsof], g]kfnsf] wd{– 

;+:s[lt ltAatrLg / ef/taLrsf] 

;+ud:ynsf ¿kdf x'ls{of] . b'a} 

b]zsf] wd{–;F:s[ltnfO{ xfd|f] wd{– 

;+:s[ltn] ;d[4 dfq agfPg ;+u;+u} 

ptfaf6 klg sof}+ s'/f l;lsof] / 

hLjgnfO{ wGo agfOof] . ;f/f 

hut\nfO{ yfxf 5, uf}tda'4 o;} 

kfjge"ldsf] n'lDagLdf hlGdPsf 

dxfg\ cfTdf lyP h;n] cfhsf] 

ljZjnfO{ af}4 wd{ / bz{g ;'Dk]/ 

uP . ;+u;+u} csf]{ ;To s] xf] 

eg] uf}tdn] h'g af}4 wd{ / 

bz{gsf] hu v8f u/] Tof] ToxL 

ef/tLo df6f]dfly pleP/ agfP . 

;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 pgn] a'4Tj 

k|fKt u/]sf] :yfg slknj:t' 

-jt{dfg g]kfn_ jf n'lDagL 

geO{ af]wuof -jt{dfg ef/tsf] 

ljxf/_ lyof] . o;/L g} O{=k"= $*# 

df *) jif{sf] pd]/df hxfF a'4n] 

o'lg6L EjfO; 19

dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt u/] Tof] klg 

ef/ts} s'zLgu/ lyof] t/ cfh 

xfdL pgsf] bz{g u|x0f ug'{eGbf 

klg pgL g]kfnL ls ef/tLo < eg]/ 

le8Gt ul//x]sf 5f}+ . OdfGbf/ eP/ 

eGg] xf] eg] dxfg\ JolQm, 1fglj1fg 

/ k|ljlw s;}sf] x'Fb}g, l;+uf] 

dfgj;Eotfsf] x'G5 . uf}tda'4 

x'g\ jf sfn{dfS;{ clg cfOG:6fOg 

x'g\ jf 8flj{g / :6]km]g xlsG; . 

tL s;}sf eGbf klg l;+uf] dfgj 

hfltsf ;femf lglw x'g\ . 

wfld{s cf:yf, ljZjf; / 

k/Dk/f Pj+ cEof; x]bf{ xfdL 

g]kfnLx¿ pSt dfGotfsf] cg's"n 

b]lvG5f}+ . lsgeg] ljZjnfO{ xfdLn] 

uf}tda'4 h:tf] dxfg\ x:tL lbPsf 

5f}+ hxfFaf6 k|fb'ef{j ePsf] af}4 

wd{nfO{ cfh ljZjsf emG8} %) 

s/f]8 cyf{t\ &=!$ k|ltzt dflg;n] 

cjnDag u5{g\ . lgZro g} ljrf/, 

wd{ / k|ljlwsf] ;Ldf x'Fb}g . o; 

sf]0faf6 g]kfn / g]kfnLx¿n] 

cEof; u/]sf] wfld{s k/Dk/fdfly 

b[li6kft ubf{ o;}sf] ;'b"/ / dWo 

klZrd If]q -1ftJo 5 To; a]nfsf] 

afO;L rf}la;L /fHosf] dfGotfaf6 

x]bf{ logLx¿ cnu cnu /fHox¿ 

x'g\_ df gf}j6L eujtLx¿ gf} 

:yfgdf 5l/P/ clwi7flkt /x]sf]df 

ltgsf] bz{g ugf{n] hLjg ;fy{s 

ePsf] dfGg] k|rng lyof] . h;nfO{ 

ægf} alxgL b]jLÆsf ?kdf lnOg] / 

ltgsf] bz{g ugf{n] hLjg ;fy{s 

ePsf] dflgg] k|rng cBflk 5Fb}5 . 

tL b]jL x'g\–lqk'/f;'Gb/L -8f]Nkf_, 

jl8dflnsf -afh'/f_, j/bf eujlt 

-c5fd_, z}n]Zj/L -8f]6L_, d]nf}nL 

eujtL / lqk'/f;'Gb/L -j}t8L_, 

pu|tf/f -88]Nw'/f_, v}/fjfË eujtL 

-;Nofg_ / afu]Zj/L -g]kfnu+h_ oL 

…gf} alxgLÚ sf] dlxdf s] eg] æafO;L 

rf}la;LÆ /fHosf] hdfgfdf logLx¿ 

a]Unfa]Un} /fHosf] e"uf]nleq 

lj/fhdfg lyP tyf oL /fHosf] s'/f 

h] ePtfklg oL ;a}sf] ;+/If0f / 

b]vefndf rflxF s'g} hftLo e]befj 

lyPg . To;sf] ljk/Lt blnt jf 

hghftLo dflg;x¿ :jo+ cl3 

;/L logsf] ;+/If0f–;Dj4{g ug]{ 

u/]sf oy]i6 b[i6fGtx¿ tTsfnLg 

;dfhdfly ulx/f] b[li6kft u/]sf 

v08df ;xh} cg'e"t ug{ g;lsg] 

xf]Og . 

sxfF;Dd eg] j}t8Ldf /0f;}gL, 

lgunf;}gL afx]s ;Ldfkfl/ ef/ttkm{ 

lkyf}/fu9sf dlGb/x¿nfO{ ;d]t 

klg slxn]sfxLF ægf} alxgLÆ df 

;+nUg kfg]{ k|rng ;d]t obfsbf 

k|rngdf b]lvG5 . ptf of] k|rng 

Tolt cljZjfl;nf] klg nfUb}g 

lsgeg] :jo+ lzj -dxfb]j_ sf] 

6fpsf] eStk'/ g]kfnsf] 8f]n]Zj/ 

dxfb]j / z/L/sf] efu rflxF ef/t, 

pQ/fv08sf] s]bf/gfy dlGb/df 

lj/fhdfg /x]sf] dfGotf cg';f/ 

k"hfcf/fwgf ug]{ k|rng cBflk 

lxGb' k/Dk/fdf 5Fb} g} 5 . oL 

s]xL o:tf b[i6fGtx¿ x'g\ h;n] 

g]kfnL ;dfh, ;gftg lxGb' 

k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltsf] ;dGjofTds 

tyf ;lxi0f'tfefjL /x]sf] tYonfO{ 

HjnGt kfb{5g\ . 

:t'k lgdf{0f k/Dk/f 

dfgj d[t zl//sf] bfx;+:sf/ u/]/ 

af+sL /x]sf] cjz]ifnfO{ hldg d'gL uf8]/ 

To;dfly agfO{Psf] df6f]sf] l9:sf] jf 

:df/snfO{ :t'k (Stupa) elgG5 . 

cGo]li6 :df/s, hf] cw{ uf]nfsf/ ue{ 

ePsf] jf $ s'g} cfsf/sf] x'G5 . 

:t'k ;+:s[t zAb xf], c:t' / y'k b'O{ 

wd{ 

zJb ldn]/ :t'k ag]sf] 5 . cl:y 

-c:t'_ eGg' g} cjz]if wft' xf] . :t'ksf] 

ue{ -leqL efu _ df dxTjk'0f{ cd'No 

j:t'x? klg /flvPsf] x'G5 . af}4 

wdf{jnDjLx?n] :t'knfO{ lgdf{0f ug]{ / 

ljz]if dfg–;Ddfg klg u5{g\ . 

:t'knfO{ r}To klg elgG5 . hf] 

k'/fgf] ?k jf gfd xf] . k|fo M g]jf/ 

a'l4i6x?n] r}To eg]/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 

kfO{G5 . r}To zAb lrlt d'n wft'jf6 

ag]sf] 5 . lrTo ± c0f Ö r}To, h:sf] 

cy{ zjlrtf jf cUgLkL7 x'G5 . o;n] 

k'hf:yfg jf wfld{s efjjf]w u/fFp5 . 

lrtnfO{ ;Fw} wd{df hfu?s /fVg], a'4 

eujfgsf] lrtfjz]if jf jFxfsf] kfyL{j 

z/L/ xf8 v/fgL cflb lrtfdf afFsL 

/x]sf] a:t' /fv]/ Ps a:t' ljz]if 

lgdf{0f ePsf] eGg] j'emfFp5 . lrtsf 

pQd u'0f Ps} 7fFp ;+u|x u/L /fv]sf]n] 

klg r}To gfd elgPsf] jtfO{G5 . 

nfdf dxfofgL af}4 wd{n] r}TonfO{ 

;Dk'0f{ a|Xdf08 / af}4 bz{gsf] ;f/ 

k|lts d'lt{ dfg]sf] 5 . r}TonfO{ 

Hof]tL :j?k, cfbL a'4, wd{wft', 

wd{sfo, 1fgsfo, tTj?k, ;j{s'zn 

;u|+x, ;j{kf/ldtf k/s h:tf ;+1fn] 

kl/ro lbg] ePsf]n] o;sf] 7'nf] dxTj 

/x]sf] kfO{G5 . r}TonfO{ lxdfnL e]s 

jf ltJjlt nfdf efiffdf dfg] -5f]t]{g_ 

elgG5 . k|fo M d[tssf] ;Demgfdf 

5f]t]{g, kmn}Frf, la>fd :ynx? lgdf{0f 

ug]{ k/Dk/f g} 5 . h;sf] pb]Zo 

d[ts b'Mvaf6 d'lQm eO{ lgjf{0f k|flKt 

ug'{ g} xf], elgG5 . 

g]kfnL jf:t'snfsf] Oltxf;df 

dlGb/x? e}Fm :t'k–r}Tosf] pNn]vgLo 

:yfg /x]sf] kfO{G5 . sf7df08f} 

pkTosfdf oqtq /x]sf o:tf :t'k 

r}Tox? w]/} 5g\ . af}4 wdf{jnDjLx? 

:t'knfO{ ;'o{ rGb«sf] k|lts dfG5g\ . 

20 o'lg6L EjfO;

O{=k"= t];|f] ztfJbLdf ;d|f6 czf]sn] 

:yfkgf u/]sf lglUnxjf -slknj:t'_ 

:tDelznf n]vaf6 1ft x'G5 ls 

jxfF g]kfnsf k|yd r}To lgdf{tf 

lyP . g]kfndf cfkm\gf] tLy{f6gsf] 

j]nf cfbLa'4 sgsdgLsf] hGd:yfgdf 

lgdf{0f ul/Psf] k|frLg :t'knfO{ 

czf]sn] bf];|f] k6s lh0ff]{bf/ u/L 

7'"nf] jgfPsf lyP . 

:t'ksf] Oltxf; cWoog ug]{ xf] 

eg] k|frLgsfndf :t'k s'g} wd{;Fu 

;DjlGwt lyPg . h;sf] pTkltsfn 

5}6f}F ztfJbLeGbf lgs} cuf8L b]lvG5 

Û af}4sfn eGbf cl3 g} :t'k 

jf:t'snfsf] k|f/De ePsf] :jod\ a'4n] 

eg]sf lyP . ;d|f6 czf]sn] sf7df08f} 

pkTosf e|d0f ug]{ s|ddf kf6g zx/sf] 

$ lbzfdf $ j6f / jLrdf ! u/L % 

j6f :t'kx?sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . 

tL r}Tox?df pQ/df z+vd'n;Fu}sf] 

:t'k, blIf0fdf nugv]nsf] :t'k, k"j{df 

Odf8f]nsf] :t'k, klZrddf, k'Nrf]ssf] 

:t'k / jLrdf bf}jxfnsf] :t'k r}To 

x'g\ . 

Psk6s a'4nfO{ cfkm\gf lzio 

cfgGbn] ;f]w]sf] lyP /] æ u'? tkfFO{sf] 

d[To'kZrft d[t zl//nfO{ s] ug]{ fj:tL 

ª_ :juf{jtl/t r}To–sgf}h, 

r_ ;lGw r}To– /fhu[x 

5_ b]zgf r}To– j}zfnL 

h_ dxfkl/ lgjf{0f r}To–s'lzgu/df 

5g\ . 

:t'ksf] lz/df uh'/ /flvG5, 

h;n] r6\ofË, ljh'nLsf t+/u 

k/fjt{g ug{ d2t lbg] ljZjf; 5 . 

:t'k j/Lk/L £ofË, u'Djf, ljxf/ klg 

jgfO{Psf x'G5g\ . :t'k– 5f]t]{gaf6 

e'tk|]t clgi6af6 jrfpg], ;'v zflGt 

lbg], ;d[l4 k|fKt x'g] dt /x]sf] 5 . 

:t'k lgdf{0fdf t];|f] ztfAbLsf] cGtlt/ 

g]kfnsf] jf:t'snfljb c/l0fsf] rLg— 

ltJjt uP/ ljleGg jf]lw;Tj r}Tox? 

lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . O{=;+= @%) lt/ df}o{ 

;d|f6 czf]sn] g]kfn–ef/tdf zflGt / 

czf]s lznf:tDe lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . 

o;/L :t'k–r}To -5f]t]{g_ n] 

af}4wd{sf] O{ltxf;–;+:s[lt, jf:t'snf 

;d]tsf] ;/+If0f u/]sf] 5 . :joDe'gfy, 

af}4gfyn]– dxfofgL r}Tosf] k|ltlglwTj 

u/]sf] 5 . pkTosfdf k|frLg lnR5lj 

sfnLg, dNnsfnLg r}Tox? klg 

kfO{G5g . h;n] a'4 wd{k|lt cf:yf / 

k|efj JoQm u/]sf] 5 . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 21

ljrf/ 

pHhjn k|;fb k/fh'nL 

;+ljwfgsf] sfo{Gjoglt/ nfuf}+ 

k| 

yd ;+ljwfg;efsf] lju7g 

/fHo k"g{;+/rgf / zlQm 

af8Fkmf8Fsf] ;jfndf k|d'v /fhg}lts 

bnx?df c;dembf/Ln] ubf{ hgtfsf] 

alnbfgaf6 k|fKt ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ 

lju7g ug]{ sfd eof] / k'gM bf];|f] 

;+ljwfg ;ef r'gfj eP/ ;+ljwfg 

3f]if0ff ePsf] Ps jif{ e};s]sf] 5 . 

t/ ;+ljwfg sfo{Gjog lt/ ;a} bnn] 

k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf 5g\ . t/ 

To;df klg s]xL /fhg}lts bnx?n] 

;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjnfO{ alxisf/ 

u/]sf lyP eg] plgx?n] ;j{klIfo 

;+d]ng dfkm{t ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ug{' 

k5{ eGg] bafa lbPsf lyP . lt 

jlxisf/ ug]{ bnleq ljKnjsf] g]t[Tjsf] 

dfcf]jfbL k'gM hgljb|f]x ug]{ sfo{lbzfdf 

lxl8/x]sf] 5 eg] r'gfjdf efu lnP/ 

klg of] 3f]if0ff ePsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ 

dw]zL bnx?n] klg Jofks cfGbf]ng / 

– pHhjn k|;fb k/fh'nL 

lj/f]w ul//x]sf 5g\ . To:t} cflbjf;L 

hghfltx?n] klg of] ;+ljwfg Jofks 

cfnf]rgf ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/ h] 

xf];\ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ^ bzsb]lvsf] 

;+ljwfg;efsf] v}Frf]nfO{ h] h:tf] 

ePklg ;kmn ePsf] dfGg'k5{ . ca 

;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿n] d'n'snfO{ 

c:yL/ / c/fhstf lt/ g8f]/fO{ 

:yfoLTj k|bfg ug{ nfUg' kb{5 .xfdL 

g]kfnL l/; u5f}{, O{Zof ub}{gf} xfdL 

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22 o'lg6L EjfO;

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o'lg6L EjfO; 23

"Some Foods are Responsible for Developing 

Criminal Incitements in Mankind" 

Background 

Human being are the most 

intellectual creation of 

the nature. He or she is a social 

creature also. He/she cannot live 

alone. In spite of social creature. 

Every man or women has 

different kinds of taste, different 

kinds of wish, different kinds of 

nature, wants along with his/her 

face. So some men or women 

want to crush others right or wish 

even want to hurt or kill other to 

fulfill their wishes. So state has 

made laws and has kept courts, 

police offices to save common 

people from such injustices. 

Thus, crime is also a natural 

phenomena in every society. 

There is no any society without 

criminals or there were no any 

society without any criminals 

even in their past history. And 

there will be no any state or 

society without any criminals in 

the world as crime is a natural 

phenomena of ecosystem of 

nature. That is why state is 

necessary to give the people 

safety and justice and keep the 

state peace and security by 

giving necessary punishment 


to the criminals or wrong doers. 

But to solve the problem, only 

the punishment is not enough. 

There many remedies have 

been suggested to solve the 

problem of criminalities by many 

criminologists. 

Elements of Crime 

To take criminals to improve their 

criminal habits and make them 

fit to come back and live in the 

society, only the punishment 

is not enough. "Prevention is 

better than cure" This proverb 

has suggested us that only 

the punishment as cure for 

the problem of the society is 

not enough, as criminologists 

have tried to find out why do a 

criminals do crime ? What are the 

causes of crime? Many theories 

of crime have been developed to 

find out the causes of crime. 

Theories of Crime 

1. Demo logical Theory 1 

This theory is related with ghost, 

spirits and witches. According 

to this theory these ghosts 

spirit or witches make a man to 

do criminal activities. But this 

thought has been thought to be 

too old and unbelievable. 

2. Free will Theory 2 

According to this theory. 

Man does crime in search of 

happiness. Uncontrolled wishes 

can be resulted in crime. Hobbes 

Rouseu were the propounders of 

this theory. 

3. Classical Theory 3 

Jeremi Ben Benthem, B.M. De 

Beccaria were the propounders 

of this theory. This theory also 

supports the views of free will 

theory and suggests clear law 

and balanced punishment 

system to control the crime. 

4. New Classical Theory 4 

In different cases to apply same 

law was thought to be wrong. So 

new classical theory was born. 

The propounders of this theory 

1. Madhab Prasad Acharya- 

Criminology, Page:31 

2. I bd: page: 30 

3. Idb: page: 31 

4. Idb: page: 33

were Ortolan, Shava, Eli, kant, 

Hegel so on. 

5. Geographical Theory 5 

According to this theory, 

crime takes place according to 

geographical formation of the 

land and change of climate. 

Crime relating to life takes place 

in the hot season and crime 

relating to property takes place 

in the cold season 6 . Rink, adolf 

quettal were the propounders of 

this theory. 

6. Biological 

explanation of crime - The 

birth of positive school. 

Gibbon, Lombroso were the 

propounders of theory. Rafaele 

Garofalo was other supporter 

of this theory. According to this 

theory, the biological formation 

of the body of a criminal is 

different form the other common 

men. According to this theory, we 

can identify the criminals seeing 

their size, shape and special 

formation of their bodies. 7 

7. Phrenology Theory 8 

According to this theory, the size 

and shape of skull (outside shape) 

is similar to the inside formation 

of brain 0.S and N fowlor found 

out this fact. 

8. Chromosome theory 9 

According to this theory odd 

chromesome xxy or xyy in a body 

of a man or woman introduce 

him/her as a odd criminal. 

9. Feeble minded theory 10 

Weak minded person may be 

criminal 

10. Psycho analatic 

theory 11 

Sigmond fried was the 

propounder of this theory. 

According to this theory 

emotional disturbance was 

assumed to be a criminal. 

11. Socialist Theory 

This theory explains criminality as 

economical way. Karl Mark (1818- 

1883) and Engeles (1820-1885) 

was explainer of this theory. This 

theory is connected with the 

theory of economic analysis. They 

claim that economical inequality 

is the main cause of producing 

crime. They (Mark and Engeles) 

hold the view that poverty, 

unemployment, economical 

exploitation, trade of 

exploitation so on causes the 

birth of criminals 12 

Sociological explanation 

of crime 13 

The propounder of this theory 

is F.F.liszt. The supporters of this 

view say that any society gives 

birth its criminals in it's society. 

Crimes and criminals are both 

the products of the society. This 

process is natural process like 

of birth, sickness and death of 

human being. 

Every society do have crimes 

and criminals. The propounder 

of socialist explainer views that 

the results of interaction of 

following three elements do 

born criminals:- 

(a) personal causes (orgin, 

age, sex, discipline, family 

conditions, personal 

physical and mental 

conditions) 

(b) Physical causes (climate, 

soil, season) 

(c) Social causes (village, town, 

occupation religion, social 

contamination settlement, 

customs so on) 

5. Ibd: page: 36 



8. Ibd:page:50 

9. Ibd:page:54 

10.Idb:page:20 

11.Idb:page:21 

12. "Karl Marx and Fiedrick 

Engeles' works volume 23th 

publication" referred by Dr. 

Lokendra Sharma in his book 

criminology page:45 

13. Dr.Lokendra Sharma 

crime logy page:56 

o'lg6L EjfO; 25

; 

Promulgator- Emile Durkheim 

There are many theories 

(iv) Anomy Theory 17 (vi) Multy causation 

promulgated under this According to this theory, 

sociological explanation as different persons have different, 

followings:- 

aim, ambition wants, needs; In 

(i) Social 

the condition of change because 

disorganization theory 14 violation of social rule, because of 

change in environment because 

According to this view, society is 

natural disturbance, because of 

progressive. In the progressive 

disturbance in peace, people 

society, change is natural. New 

have to bear the effect of this 

concepts and assumsitions 

change or disturbances. These 

want to replace the old ones. 

disturbances or change may 

This contamination process 

make the individuals activities 

some times brings clashes. This 

unbalanced. This may make 

clashes may produce crime Emile 

some person or persons criminal. 

durheim was the Propounder of 

Un fulfillment of some one's 

this theory. 

wants, aims may make him or her 

(ii) Ecological Theory 15 

criminal. 

(Ecological and (v) Labelling Theory 18 

cartographic school) Propounder of this theory 

This theory shows the 

cause of crime to be geographical 

was Fierrington, an American 

learned. According to this theory, 

differentiation (as, mountain, in every society every person has 

plain valley, environment, different kinds of nature, habbit, 

culture, urbanization dense thinking stander, on the base of 

population so on. Propounder 

of this theory were A.M. Guerry, 

H.Mayhew Quetlet so on. 

their physical structure. Only the 

persons who have good morality 

and good character, can protect 

their rights and do their duty. 

(iii) Theory of Different 

Others who are anable to do so 

Association 16 

may lay behind. They can not 

It's propounder was E. H. 

have good relation with others 

Sustherland. According to this 

theory, criminals learn to do 

crime from different person or 

persons' association following 

their criminal activities. 

in the society. Such persons may 

lag behind alone in the society 

and may be hated by others in 

his society. Such persons may 

involve in some crime. 

theory 19 

According to this theory, there 

are many many causations, not 

only one or two causations to 

make some body criminal. There 

may be different causations for 

different criminals to involve 

in according to their different 

condition. 

"Racism and crime" Mass Media 

and Crime" Family and school 

also include in this theory. 

To find the full elements of crime, 

these theories are still incomplete 

without 'food' 

Above referred so may theories 

referred so many causes of 

criminality in a men or women 

but none referred some foods as 

the causes to develop criminal 

incitement in a man or woman. 

Some food may develop criminal 

incitements in a man or woman 

as food does so many works in 

human body. 

Some food develops cells in 

human body 

Some food develops bone in 

human body. 

Some food develops blood in 

14. Ibd: page:57 

15. Ibd: page: 57 

16. Ibd: page: 58 

17. Ibd:page: 58 

18. Ibd:page 59, 60 

19. Ibd: page: 61,62,63 

26 o'lg6L EjfO;

human body. 

Some foods prevent disease to 

enter into the body of human 

being. Some food cure disease. 

Some foods produces disease 

in human body. Some foods 

took men or women into 

insanity. 

Some food cure insanity of 

men or women. Some food 

develops sexual incitements to 

men and women. 

If food do many things, why 

cannot some food develops 

criminal incitements in human 

being ? 

Classification of food in 

Religions philosophy 

Our eastern religious 

philosophy has discussed 

about food about their 

different types of energies. 

Bhaghabat Gita 20 has classified 

the food into three classes 

(i) satwik (2) Rajasi and (3) 

Tamasi. Satwik food includes, 

vegetables (except garlic onion 

mushroom tomato) milk, ghee, 

butter, curd, rice, wheat, corn, 

barley, sugar and fruits and the 

Tamasi food includes not well 

cooked food, too much salty 

food, intoxicalabe food, meat, 

dry food, food giving bad smell 

(not pure and holy not fit for 

worshiping or yagya) 

Saturik food are common or 

normal food. This food give 

positive energy and positive 

thought in a human being. But 

tamasi foods, in contrary gives 

negative energy and negative 

thought or anti human or anty 

social thought or incitements 

in human being. Meat is one 

of the Tamasi food of all. It is 

regarded as demon like food. 

The third kinds of food that 

the Bhagabat Gita referred is 

"Rajasi" which includes too 

much bitter food, too much 

sour food too much salty, too 

much pungent, too much dry, 

which gives too much heat in 

human body. 

Classification of person 

in Religious Epic 

Our religious philosophy has 

described 3 kinds of inborn 

nature of human being. Among 

them (i) is satwik nature, (2) 

Rajasi nature 

(3) Tamasi nature. The 

person who has satwik nature 

(having good nature) having 

character of honesty, religious 

wise, kind, wishful to help 

other wants Satwik food to 

eat. The person who has Rajasi 

nature (having medium kinds 

of nature- royal nature) wants 

to eat Rajasi food. The person 

who have Tamasi nature wants 

to eat Tamasi food. 

The Tamasi nature of person 

is bad. The person having this 

nature is quarrel some, selfish, 

cruel, dishonest so on. 

Direct effect of some 

food for developing 

criminality 

We have seen a lot of criminal 

cases because of drinking of 

alcoholic drinks with our own 

eyes. Alcoholic drinks and 

narcotic drugs also increase, 

incitement for doing criminal 

activities to their consumers. 

In the occasion of festivals 

we have seen many criminal 

activities because of drinking 

alcoholic drinks. 

So many criminals cases 

as public crime because 

of drinking alcohol were 

registered in district 

administration office of 

Nuwakot district in the last 10 

years 21 . Attackers (criminals) 

attacked Bhimsen Adhikari of 

Ganeshthan-4 after drinking 

alcohol. Many murder cases, 

hurting cases, and rape cases 

also have been come to be 

seen because of drinking 

20. 17th chapter of 

Bhagabat Gita Edited by Om 

Prakash Adhikari, page: 243, 

244. 

21. One of the case was 

Bhimsen Adhikari VS Dhana 

Bdr. Magar in 2071 B.S. 

including others. 

o'lg6L EjfO; 27

alcohol. The attacker had drunk 

alcohol just before they begin to 

attack victims 22 

Alcoholic drinks gives direct 

effect to its drinkers giving 

criminal incitements very 

soon. After drinking to much 

alcohol one can not control his/ 

her hidden wishes and anger. 

The drinker loses his/herself 

controlling power and shows 

criminal activities. 

This kinds alcoholic drink is one 

of the most effective 'Tamasi' 

food for giving or showing direct 

effect of increasing criminal 

incitements for the drinker. But 

there are other 'Tamasi' foods 

in Hindu (religions) philosophy 

which gives indirect or slow effect 

to the consumers for adding 

criminal incitements. Among 

Tamasi food, one of the impure 

food is meat which may add its 

consumers criminal incitements 

indirectly or slowly. As many 

more time one consumes the 

more will be its effect to its 

consumers. We have seen clearly 

the more number of criminals 

from the group or cast of meat 

eaters than that of group or cast 

of non meat eaters from the lists 

of cases in the supreme court 23 

So some food like alcohol, 

narcotic drug even a meat or 

other foods may be responsible 

to men directly or indirectly for 

adding criminal incitements. So 

this has been a subject to be seen 

as research, whether some food 

like alcoholic drinks, narcotic 

drugs, meat, may or may not 

add to their consumers criminal 

incitements. 

(b) Kul Bahadur Rokka, Salyan, 

(Kshertri) VS Nepal Govt. case 

Homicide - NKP 2048, Ank,. 5, 

Page 202. 

If such foods are proved to 

be true to develop criminal 

incitement from research, this 

type of food must be suggested 

to Nepal Government to avoid 

for the criminal prisoners for the 

further steps of reformation of 

criminal prisoners. 

;"rgf Û ;"rgf Û 

g]kfn ef/t ;DaGw 

ljz]if c+s 

k|sfzg x'“b}5 

tkfO{+sf] ljrf/ n]v 

k7fOlbg' x'g :jb]z tyf 

ljb]zdf /xg' ePsf 

n]vs, ljåfg, 

k//fi6«ljb\ Pj+ 

sfg'gljb\x?nfO{ xflb{s 

cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . 

;Dks{M 

unityvoice@ymail.com 

kmf]gM )!–(*%!)*@!*$ 

(*%!)(#*)* 

By Advocate 

Krishna Bahadur Adhikary 

Ganesthan-4, Nuwakot 

PH; 9841452883 

22. One of the case was 

murder case Gyan Bahadur Mall 

VS Government of Nepal, in 

Nuwakot district court in 2047 

B.S. 

23. (a) Man Bahadur Thapa 

VS Nepal Govt. case murder 

case: murder NKP 2057, Ank.8, 9 

page:666 

28 o'lg6L EjfO;

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x'G5g\ . ljsf; s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf 

ljleGg l;4fGt 5g\ t/ s'g b]zsf] 

ljsf; s;/L ug'{ kb{5 eGg] s'/f 

To; b]zsf] oyfy{tfn] dfq lgwf{/0f 

ug{ ;Sb5 . csf]{ zAbdf e"–agf]6, 

hLjg–:t/, r]tgfsf] :t/, ;+:sf/ut 

dfGotfcg'?k To;} b]zsf dflg;n] 

ToxL b]zsf nflu lgwf{/0f u/] cg';f/ 

x'g'kb{5 . jf:tjdf ljsf; eg]sf] 

;sf/fTds kl/jt{g xf] . kl/jt{gn] 

g/fd|f]nfO{ /fd|f], l9nf]nfO{ l56f], 

ufx|f]nfO{ ;lhnf] tyf cr]tgtfnfO{ 

r]tgzLn agfpFb5 . g]kfnsf] / 

g]kfnh:tf c? b]zsf] cfkm\gf] 

vfFrf]nfO{ cfkm}Fn] cfTdlge{/ eP/ ug{ 

;lsg] of] k4ltdf s'g} Jojwfg cfpFg 

;Sb}gg\ . 

/a6{ r]Da/sf] …kl5 k/]sfnfO{ 

cufl8Ú eGg] ljsf;–gLlt unt 

5 . o;n] ljsf; u/fpFb}g a? 4G4 

a9fpFb5 . r]tgf klxnf] cfjZostf 

xf] . /fi6«nfO{ ;dli7df ;r]t geP;Dd 

s'g} sfd kmQ] x'Fb}g, pN6} hxfF;'s} 

cj/f]w cfpFb5 . 

g]kfn h:tf] k|fs[lts 

;f}Gbo{, ;|f]t / ;fwgn] e/k'/ b]z 

ljZjd} pTs[i6, wgL, 1fgL, ;DkGg / 

r]tgzLn b]z aGg'kg]{df xfd|f] g]t[Tj 

ju{sf] Joj:yfksLo c;Ifdtfsf] sf/0f 

k/–lge{/ x'g', x'Fb} hfg'n] g} xfdL 

k5fl8 kg'{sf] d"n sf/0f xf] . s;}n] 

dfUg] dflg;nfO{ cfkm"eGbf ;DkGg 

agfpFg rfxFb}g . cfkm"h:t} eP;\ eg] 

klg Tof] ljwjfn] lbPsf] cflzifh:t} 

x'g hfG5 . a? tL bof b]vfpFg], 

;fxfg'e"lt /fVg] bftfn] cfkm\gf] ahf/ 

a9fpg], zf]if0f ug]{, x}sd /lx/xg], 

cfkm\gf efiff, ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt nbfP/ 

d]sflnog l;4fGt cg'?k eO{/fv]sf 

/fd|f ;+:sf/ laufg]{ layf]Ng] eO{/fv]sf] 

5 . o:tf s'/fnfO{ x[boËd u/]/ 

ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] xfdL ;dli6df 

cwf]ultlt/ nfu]sf 5f}+ . 

cGt/f{li6«o k|oTg M 

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] 

tTjfjwfgdf To; dftxtsf y'k|} 

lgsfox?af6 u|fdL0f tyf zx/L 

ljsf;sf nflu cglulGt sfo{qmdx? 

;+rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . ljZj vfB 

;+u7g (WFO), To:t} s[lif cg';Gwfg 

(IARC = International Agriculture 

Research Centre) kz' ljsf;sf 

nflu (International LiveQmock 

Center for Africa = ILCA), wfgafnL 

cg';Gwfg (International Rice 

Research InQmitution=IRRI), 

pi0f k|b]zLo s[lif ljsf;sf nflu 

(IITA=Internaionla InQmitution 

for Tropical Agriculture), 

/f]u lgoGq0fsf nflu (International 

Centre for Diroh Desese 

Region=ICDDR), cw{ pmi0fk|b]zLo 

(ICRISAT) cg';Gwfg h:tf ;of}+ 

cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf ufpF ljsf; ;DaGwL 

cg';Gwfgdf nfu]sf 5g\ . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 29

To:t} If]lqo :t/df klg 

xl/tqmflGt, Zj]tqmflGt, lrKsf] cleofg, 

;xsf/L cleofg, u/La pGd"ng, 

cGtf]bo cleofgx?n] ef/tdf, gfFuf 

v'§] lrlQm;s h:tf cleofgn] 

rLgdf, ;jf]{bo cleofgn] >Ln+sfdf, 

;fd'bflos jg / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f of]hgfn] 

g]kfndf / To:t} afn arfp, kf}li6s 

cfxf/, k/Dk/fut :yfgLo ;Lk ljsf; 

(ITK), ;+3g s[lif ljsf; (IADP), 

l56f5l/tf u|fdL0f ljsf; sfo{qmdx? 

(RRA, PRA, ICTA) n] s]xL ;kmntf 

xfl;n u/]sf] b]lvPtf klg oL ;a}n] 

PsfËL ljsf; dfq u/]sf 5g\ . 

To;}u/L ef/tsf cflbjf;L 

ljsf;, kj{tLo, ;'vfu|:t d?e"ld 

/ xl/hg ljsf; sfo{qmdx?, 

;fgf ls;fg (SFDA), e"ldxLg 

>lds cfof]hgf (LLP), /f]huf/ 

Uof/]G6L :sLd (MESG), af]T;f]jfgfsf] 

cltl/Qm u|fld0f ljsf; sfo{qmdx?sf 

cleofgx? kfO{G5g\ . 

o:t} ;+u7gfTds ?kdfnfO{ 

s]nfO{ x]bf{ a+unfb]zsf] ufpF ljsf; 

;ldlt (BRAC), Oh/fonsf] lsa'h, 

ef/tsf] Ans ljsf; / k+rfotL /fh, 

cfi6«f (AQMRA) h:tf ;d"x h:t} 

g]kfndf j8f ;ldlt ufpFk~rfot, 

lhNnfk~rfot, c~rn k~rfot, 

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f of]hgfdf cfwfl/t lhNnf 

k|zf;g of]hgf, j8f, ufpF / lhNNff 

ljsf; ;ldltx?, ;]jf s]Gb|x? 

k~rot ljsf; tyf hUuf s/x? 

(PDLT) h:tf OsfOx?n] s]xL sfd 

ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/ tL ;a} /fhgLltsdf 

cndlnO{ /x]sf 5g\ . ljsf;sf] nflu 

/fhgLlt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 

/fli6«o k|oTg M 

s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, 

;8s oftfoft, ljB't, ;+rf/, s'l6/ 

tyf w/]n' pBf]u, jg ljsf;, hn tyf 


vfgLhJo h:tf ;of}F If]qdf ;/sf/L, 

u}/;/sf/L, cGt/f{li6«o tyf ;fd'bflos 

gful/s ;dfhx?af6 ljsf; k|oTg 

gePsf x}gg\ . tL ;a} PsflË, 

ljb]zLaf6 k|efljt, hg;xeflutflaxLg 

s]lGb|s[t, ;dGjolaxLg, lbuf] / :ki6 

gLlt gePsf tyf vfFrf]df cfwfl/t 

r/0fa4 ljsf;sf qmddf gePsfn] 

nufgL afn'jfsf] kfgL eof] / b]zn] 

cfh;Dd s'g} k|ult ug{ ;s]g . 

;fgf ls;fg ljsf; (SFDP), 

l6 / le, k|hf ljsf;, b'u{d ljsf;, 

;xsf/L, s'l6/ pBf]u, kz' ljsf;, 

;Lk ljsf;, dlxnf ljsf;, kl/jf/ 

sNof0f, ;femf, Plss[t ufpF ljsf; 

h:tf y'k|} sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ePsf 

5g\ . 

o:tf sfo{qmdx?n] ;Lldt 

:yfg jf ;d"xnfO{ dfq ;d]6\g] x'Fbf 

/fli6«o:t/df k|efjxLg g} b]lvG5g\ . 

logn] s]an /fhg}lts p2]Zo k|flKt 

eGbf c? s]xL ug{ ;s]gg\ . cfh 

;Ddsf] k|ult :jtM x'g] ljsf;fTds 

eGbf al9 ePs} 5}g . ;a} If]q cw'/f 

/ cefju|:t g} 5g\ . lsgls logLx? 

s'g}n] klg k|To]s JolQmsf] cle?lr 

kl/jf/sf] ;xof]u / ufpFsf] vfFrf]nfO{ 

a'em]/ ljsf; ult cl3 a9fpg ;s]sf 

5}gg\ . hu}b]lv / d];}l;t sfd 

ug{ klg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . xfd|f] ufpF 

ljsf; t ljb]zLaf6 nflbPsf] (Blue 

print approach) dfq 5 . o;df 

u/]sf] nufgLn] ljsf; ult k5fl8 

(Reversal) ws]lnPsf] 5 . To; 

p;n] xfd|f ufpF ljsf;sf cfof]hgf 

s]xL cf+lzs ;kmn 5g\ s]xL Ifl0fs 

;kmn 5g\ t/ w]/}n] c;kmntf g} 

kfPsf 5g\ / ;a} cToGt dGb ultdf 

5g\ . ctM ;a} ufpFnfO{ ;a} If]qdf Ps} 

rf]l6 p7fpg PsflË ;3g PsLs[t 

of]hgfj4 Jojl:yt a:tL ljsf; 

gu/L ;Dea} gb]lvPsf]n] g]kfnsf] 

ljsf; 

ufpF ljsf;sf nflu of] gofF tl/sf 

-df]8]n_ k|:t't ul/Psf] ePtf klg 

t;|f] d'n'ssf ;a} b]zdf of] sfo{qmd 

;kmlne"t x'g ;Qm5 . ;/sf/n] 

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / hgtf ldn]/ sfd 

u/]sf] v08df Ps bzsd} b]zsf] 

cy{tGq / hghLjgd} sfofkn6 x'g 

;Sb5 . :jl0f{d kl/sNkgf oyfy{df 

kl/0ft x'g ;Sb5 . 

u/LaL pGd"ngsf] nflu ul/Psf 

cg]sf sfo{qmddWo] C0fk|jfx klg 

Ps k|d'v xf], h'g @)#! ;fnb]lv 

yfngL ePsf] lyof] . k|To]s jfl0fHo 

a}+sn] cfkm\gf] s'n lgIf]ksf] sd;]sd 

% k|ltzt o; If]qdf nufpg' kg]{ 

k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ lj=;= 

@)## ;fnkl5 …k|fyldQf If]qÚ / @)#* 

;fnkl5 ;3g a}ls+u sfo{qmdsf] 

gfdn] ;+rflnt ul/Psf] lyof] . )#( 

;fn b]lv u|fdL0f :jfjnDa/ sf]if nfu' 

ePsf] lyof] . …ul/a;Fu a}+sÚ sfo{qmd 

@)$( ;fnb]lv nfu' ul/Psf] lyof] 

eg] @)%) ;fnb]lv dlxnf n3'shf{ 

sfo{qmd nfu' eof] . o;/L ;fgf 

ls;fg ljsf; cfof]hgf, ;3g a}+lsª\, 

dlxnsfnflu pTkfbg shf{, u|fdL0f 

:jfjnDjg, u/Lj;Fu a}+s, dlxnf n3' 

sfo{qmd ;d]t u/]/ sl/a @) jif{df 

s]jn % nfv ^) xhf/ $$! kl/jf/n] 

dfq C0f kfpg ;s] hg' vfFrf]sf] @) 

k|ltzt klg 5}g . pQm kl/jf/nfO{ 

;f] cjlwdf ( ca{ $% s/f]8 @@ 

nfv C0f k|jfx u/] klg To; lbzfdf 

cfzfltt dfq xf]Og k|ult g} ePg eGg' 

kb{5 . o;f] x'g'sf] k5fl8 sfo{qmd 

xr'jf x'g', l;4fGtdf geP/ JolQmk/s 

x'g' d"n ;d:of xf] . kl/jf/ l:ylt 

sf8{ (Family Position Card) ge/L 

JolQmsf] rfxgf / ?lr sRrf kbfy{sf] 

cfk"lt{ / pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/sf] 

bLuf] Joj:yf gagfO{ sfd ugf{n] o;f] 

ePsf] xf] .

;dLIff 

hª\u]–a'4] sf] klxnf] uf“;d} 9'+uf 

;Ldfljb\ eg]/ sxlnPsf 

a'l4gf/fo0f >]i7n] n]v]sf] 

……hË]–a'4]Æ gfds k':tssf] nf]sfk{0f 

;df/f]xdf k':tssf e"ldsfsf/n] “rf]O{ 

eg]sfn] vf]O{ eGg k'u] . /fi6«slj dfwj 

k|;fb l3ld/], ;:s[ltljb ;Todf]xg 

hf]zL, e"ldsfsf/ k|f 8f v]d sf]O/fnf 

aGw', n]vssf dgn] vfPsf] elgPsf 

k|f 8f cle ;'j]bL, k':tssf k|sfzs 

jf;'b]j 9sfn, n]vs :jod / pb\3f]ifs 

g/]Gb| sf]O/fnf ;d]tn] hËaxfb'/sf] 

u'gufg ufPsf] ;'Gg] cjz/ kfPsfn] 

– 8L/fh sf]O/fnf 

plxNo} dl/;s]/ klg Oltxf;n] 

;wF} ufnL u/]sf hËaxfb'/ /f0ffn] 

;g\ !*%&– %( sf] ef/tsf] 

l;kfxL ljb|f]x bjfP/ hlnofnfjfu 

sf08df cu|]h ;/sf/nfO{ 

;3fP/ nufPsf] u'gsf] abnfdf 

k|rf/ k|zf/ / 5n u/]s} e/df 

cu|]hx?n] j}w agfPsf] @ l8;]Da/ 

!*!% sf] tyfslyt ;'uf}nL 

;lGwaf6 u'd]sf e"efux? 

;w} hËaxfb'/ /f0ffnfO{ ufnLu/]sf] 

dfq ;'Gb} cfPsf]df d}n] gf}nf] cg'ej 

/ crDdsf] cg'e"lt ug]{ cj;/ 

kfP klg dgdf s'07f af]s]/ bË g} 

k/] . bË o;sf/0fn] k/] ls, ca eg] 

pkGof;nfO{ Oltxf; g} xf] eGb} k9\b}, 

n]Vb}, a'‰b}, a'emfpFb} cfPsf] g]kfnL 

;dfhdf ;To ;fFrf oyfy{ s'/fx?n] 

klg ……b"w / kfgL 5'l§Pem}Æ phfu/ 

x'g] df}sf kfpg] eP, casf xfd|f efjL 

;GttLx?n] ;SsnL Oltxf; k9\g 

kfpg] eP5g eg]/ . 

o'lg6L EjfO; 31

s'07f af]Sg g} kg]{ sf/0f o:tf] 

eof] ls hËaxfb'n] u/]sf] gofF d'n's 

lkmtf{ lnPsf] ;lGwsf] uxg cWoog g} 

gu/L ;'g]s} e/df ……hË]– a'4]Æ h:tf] 

k':tsnfO{ p4wf]ifssf] efif0f ;'Gbf / 

k|sfzs jf;'b]j 9sfnsf] k|sfzsLo 

egfOdf n]lvPsf] b]Vbf of] k':tssf] 

cA?s-OHht_ lnP/ k':tsnfO{ 

Oltxf; aGg] d"n af6f] 5]Sb} pkGof; 

g} agfPsf] /x]5 eGg] s'/fn] k':tssf] 

dlxdf ;'Gg kfpgf;fy bfFtdf 9'Ëf] 

nfUg k'u]sf] xf] . 

;fFrf] ;To / tYok"0f{ Oltxf;nfO{ 

n'sfpg] sfo{ lsg / s:n] u/]sf] xf] 

jf ug{ nufPsf] < 

st} lxhf] cfhsf ;r]t / 

cWoogzLn g]kfnL gful/sx?sf 

dgdf o; cl3 ef/t ;/sf/sf tkm{jf6 

a[l6; ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf 

aLrdf ePsf ;a} k'/fgf ;lGwx? 

vf/]h ub}{ g]kfn / ef/tsf aLrdf 

ePsf] #! h'nfO{ !(%) sf] d}qL tyf 

zflGt ;lGwsf] wf/f * n] g]kfnsf] 

x'g cfPsf] k"j{df l6i6f gbL x'Fb} 

aËnfb]zsf] ;Ldfgf;Dd tyf klZrddf 

sfË8f–;tnh_ ;Ddsf] / blIf0f tkm{ 

cu|]+h ljåfg\ Francis Buchanan Hamilton 

sf] AN ACCOUNT OF THE KINGDOM OF 

NIPAL gfds k':tsdf ;dfj]; ePsf] 

gS;f tyf b]x/fb"gdf latf{ kfpg] 

b]x/fb"g lgjf;L uf]kfn u'?ª\n] tof/ 

u/L >L % /0faxfb'/ zfxnfO{ lbPsf] 

;'uf}nL ;lGw k"j{sf] xfd|f] lazfn uf]vf{ 

;fd|fHosf] gS;f jf c? k|dfl0ft gS;f 

adf]lhdsf e"efux? ef/t;Fu ePsf] 

pQm d}qL tyf zflGt ;lGw k"0f{?kdf 

nfu' ub}{ lkmtf{ lng afFsL /x]sf ;a} 

e"efux? ef/taf6 lkmtf{ lng' k5{ eGg] 

hgcfjfhnfO{ bjfpgs}nflu g]kfn / 

g]kfnL gful/sx?nfO{ ;w} c:tJo:t 

agfpg nflu k/]sf b]zL ljb]zL 

zq'x?sf cfFvf nfu]sf t xf]Ogg\ < 

-uf]kfn u'?ª\ eGg] uf]vf{ 

;fd|fHosf] b]x/fb"g lgjf;L dflg;n] 

agfPsf] elgPsf] gS;f gf/fo0flx6L 

/fh b/jf/sf] nfn afs;df lyof] /] 

eGg] s'/f of]uL g/xl/gfysf d'vaf6 

Ps bzs cl3 g} ;'g]sf] x'F . xfn ;f] 

gS;f sxfF 5 < ;/sf/n] b/jf/sf] 

nfn afs;sf] laj/0f ;fj{hlgs 

gu/];Dd cg'dfg afx]s o;} xf] eGg 

;lsGg_ . 

plxNo} dl/;s]/ klg Oltxf;n] 

;wF} ufnL u/]sf hËaxfb'/ /f0ffn] 

;g\ !*%&– %( sf] ef/tsf] l;kfxL 

ljb|f]x bjfP/ hlnofnfjfu sf08df 

cu|]h ;/sf/nfO{ ;3fP/ nufPsf] 

u'gsf] abnfdf k|rf/ k|zf/ / 5n 

u/]s} e/df cu|]hx?n] j}w agfPsf] 

@ l8;]Da/ !*!% sf] tyfslyt 

;'uf}nL ;lGwaf6 u'd]sf e"efux? dWo] 

/fKtL gbL / dxfsfnL gbLsf aLrdf 

kg]{ afFs], abL{of, s}nfnL / sGrgk'/ 

;d]tsf e"efux?nfO{ ! l8;]Da/ !*^) 

df ;lGw u/]/ lkmtf{ lnPsf] P]ltxfl;s 

tYon] v'Nnf?kdf k|z+;f kfPsf] 

36gfnfO{ ;fdfGo gdfg]/ P]ltxfl;s 

g} dfGg' k5{ . 

of] ;lGwnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;'uf}nL 

;lGwn] sfod ul/lbPsf] d]rL gbLb]lv 

sf]zL gbL;Dd tyf !! l8;]Da/ !*!^ 

df nfndf]xf]/ nfu]sf] ;lGwn] cu|]h 

;/sf/n] lkmtf{ u/]sf sf]zL gbLb]lv 

/fKtL gbL;Dd / ! l8;]Da/ !*^) sf] 

;lGwn] lkmtf{ ePsf] e"efunfO{ Psd'i6 

agfP/ cu|]h ;/sf/nfO{ ;Ldfgfdf 

lkn/ nufpg afWo agfpg ;Sg] 

hË axfb'/ plxNo} kms]{/ gcfpg] 

af6f] uP t/ pGn] nufPsf lkn/x? 

……hË] lkn/sfÆ gfdn] xfn;Dd klg 

hË axfb'/ /f0ffn] sfod u/fPsf] 

g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgfdf k|fo h;f] pleP/ 

t}gfyL hgfPs} 5g\ . pgL wGo 5g\ . 

pgLsf laifodf 9fF6– 9'F6, 5\Ssf– 

;dLIff 

kGhf u/]/, lglxt :jfy{sfnflu xf]Og 

pGn] u/]sf sfdx?sf] l/f] gla/fO 

ljZn]if0f x'g' kg]{ xf] t/ePsf] kfOPsf] 

5}g / klg cfzf u/f} xfd|f cfzfx? 

cjZo klg ;dodf k'/f x'g] 5g\ . t/ 

pGn] afFs] abL{of s}nfnL / sGrgk'/ 

-gofFd'n's_ cu|]h ;/sf/af6 lkmtf{ 

lnbf u/]sf] ;lGwkqsf] wf/f @ df 

s] n]lvPsf] 5 < ;f] wf/fdf pNn]v 

ePsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ dfly pNn]v ePsf 

pf]ifs tyf k|sfzsn] xfdL g]kfnLnfO{ 

;f]em} 9fF6]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ……hË]– a'4]Æ 

gfds k':ts / k':tssf n]vssf] 

cfA?s -OHht dfq_ lng] sfd eP 

h:tf] nfUof] < 

k|sfzsn] lsg 9fF6] jf s;}n] 

9f6\g afWo kf/] < ……xTs]nfn] ;'o{ 

sbflk 5]lsg] 5}gÆ eGg] csf6\o ;To 

cfkm\g} 9fpFdf /xg] g} xf] . of] laifodf 

hfGg] a'‰g] / uxg cWoog ug]{x?n] 

;To phfu/ ug{ sGh':ofO ug]{ 

5}gg\ eGg] ck]Iff /fVb} k|sfzsn] of] 

……hË]– a'4]Æ gfds k':tdf sxfF 9fF6] 

5g\ eGg] s'/f k|i6 kfg{sfnflu pQm 

;lGwsf] wf/f @ k9]/ x]/f} h:df o:tf] 

n]lvPsf] 5 – 

The British Government hereby 

bestows on the Maharajah: of 

Nipal in full sovereignty , the whole 

lowlands between the river Kali and 

Raptee, and the whole lowlands 

laying between the river Raptee 

and the District of Gorukpore, which 

were in the possession of the Nipal 

state in the year 1815, and were 

ceded to the British Government by 

Article III of the Treaty concluded at 

Segowlee on 2nd of December in 

that year 

a'l4 gf/fo0f >]i7 ;d]tsf] g]kfn 

ef/t / rLg ;lGw gfds k':tsdf 

o:tf] 5 M– 

32 o'lg6L EjfO;

la|l6z ;/sf/ O{ ; !*!% k"j{ 

g]kfnsf] clwgdf /x]sf / ;f]xL aif{sf] 

l8;]Da/ @ tfl/vsf lbg ;'uf}nLdf 

;DkGg ;lGwsf] wf/f # cGtu{t la|l6z 

;/sf/sf] e"efudf uflePsf dxfsfnL 

/ /fKtL gbL aLrsf] t/fO{sf] ;Dk'0f{ 

e"efu tyf /fKtL / uf]/vk'/sf] aLrdf 

kg]{ t/fO{sf] e"efudf g]kfnsf >L % 

dfxf/fhflw/fhsf] k"0f{ k|e';Qf /xg] 

u/L tL e"efux? d};"kmdf 6Sof{pF5 . 

x'gt n]vsn] of] k':ts w]/} laqmL 

x'G5 k|sfzsnfO{ 3f6f kb}{g eg]/ 

nf]sfk{0f ;df/f]xdf #%) hgf hltsf] 

pkl:yltdf ;fGTjgf lbPsfn] k':ts 

w]/} laqmL xf]nfg\ w]/} kf7sx?n] k9\ 

nfg\ of] Jofkf/sf] /fd|f] kIf xf] . 

@ l8;]Da/ !*!% sf lbg 

;'uf}nLdf PARIS BRADSHAW, Lt.-Col.,P.A 

n] ;lx u/]sf] ;lGw kqdf uh/fh 

ld> / rGb|z]v/ pkfWofon] dsjfgk'/ 

EofNnLdf k'u]/ ;xL 5fk u/]sf] xf] egL 

k|dfl0ft ug]{ DD. Ochterlony ( Agent, 

Governor-General) n] $ dfr{ !*!^ df 

;lx x'gfn] $ dfr{ !*!^ sf] ;'uf]nL 

;lGw xf] eg]/ n]v]sf] xf] eg] oL b'O{ 

hgf dfG5]nfO{ pQm k|:tfljt ;'uf}nL 

;lGwsf] sfuh /fhfn] c:jLsf/ u/]/ 

lkmtf{ ug{ k7fPsf] lyof] xf]nf ls 

;lGwdf ;xL ug{ k7fPsf] lyof] < 

;lGwsf ;t{x? /fhfn] :jLsf/ 

u/]sf] eP Tof] k|:tfljt ;lGwdf 

nfndf]xf]/ nfUg] lyPg / < olb 

/fhfn] oL b'O{ hgfnfO{ ;lGwdf ;xL 

ug{ dsjfgk'/ k7fPsf] eP nfndf]xf]/ 

nfu]sf] sfuh vf]O t < o:tf] tYok'0f{ 

k|dfl0ft sfuh xfn;Dd st} klg 

kfOPsf] 5}g . To;}n] pgLx?nfO{ 

;lGwsf] sfuhdf ;xL ug{ xf]Og 

k|:tfljt ;lGwsf] sfuh cu|]hnfO{ 

lkmtf{ ug{sfnflu dsjfgk'/ k7fOPsf 

b/jf/sf clws[tx? x'g\ eGg' pko'Qm 

of] ;lGwnfO{ cfwf/ 

dfg]/ ;'uf}nL ;lGwn] 

sfod ul/lbPsf] d]rL 

gbLb]lv sf]zL gbL;Dd 

tyf !! l8;]Da/ !*!^ df 

nfndf]xf]/ nfu]sf] ;lGwn] 

cu|]h ;/sf/n] lkmtf{ 

u/]sf sf]zL gbLb]lv /fKtL 

gbL;Dd / ! l8;]Da/ !*^) 

sf] ;lGwn] lkmtf{ ePsf] 

e"efunfO{ Psd'i6 agfP/ 

cu|]h ;/sf/nfO{ ;Ldfgfdf 

lkn/ nufpg afWo agfpg 

;Sg] hË axfb'/ plxNo} 

kms]{/ gcfpg] af6f] uP 

x'g cfpF5 . 

oL b'O{ hgf clws[tnfO{ cu|]h 

;/sf/n] cfkm"v';L g]kfn ;/sf/sf 

k|ltlglw sfod u/fP/ sn 5n an 

jf nfnr b]vfP/ pgLx?sf] nfng 

kfng dfg;Ddfg ;fg ;f}uft ;a} k'/f 

u/fpg] eGb} plgx?nfO{ ;xL 5fk 

u/fpg nufPsf] b]lvG5 eg] pgLx? 

kms]{/ g]kfn gcfO{ b]z g} 5f]8]/ 

cu|]hsf] k'R5/ ;dft]/ j}t/0fL tg{ 

knfog ePsf b]zb|f]xLx?n] dsjfgk'/ 

EofNnLdf k'u]/ $ dfr{ !*!^ sf lbg 

;xL u/]sf] / DD. Ochterlony ( Agent, 

Governor-General) n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 

b]lvg] sfuhnfO{ g} ;'uf}nL ;lGw xf] 

eg]/ dfGotf lbg] ulNt ug]{ xf] eg] 

pQm ;lGwnfO{ ;'uf}nL ;lGw geg]/ 

……dsjfgk'/ EofNnL ;lGwÆ eGg' kg]{ 

xf]Og / < 

of] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ug{sfnflu * 

l8;]Da/ !*!^ df cu|]h ;/sf/sf 

tkm{af6 EDWARD GARDNER Resident 

;dLIff 

n] lrQ b'v]sf] /fhfsf] dgdf dnxd 

k§L nufpg pQm @ l8;]Da/ !*!% sf] 

;'uf}nL ;lGwsf] wf/f # df pNn]lvt 

e"efu dWo] sf]zLb]lv /fKtL gbL;Ddsf] 

t/fO{ lkmtf{ ug]{ / wf/f $ df pNn]lvt 

b'O{ nfv ?k}of glbg] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 

:d[lt kqnfO{ !! l8;]Da/ !*!^ sf] 

/fhfsf] nfndf]xf]/n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 

5 . 

t/ ! l8;]Da/ !*^) sf] ;lGwsf 

wf/f @ sf] ulxl/P/ cWoog ug]{x?n], 

@ l8;]Da/ !*!% ;'uf}nL ;lGwnfO{ !! 

l8;]Da/ !*!^ df >L % /fh]Gb|n], ! 

l8;]Da/ !*^) df k|wfgdGqL >L # 

hËaxfb'/n], @! l8;]Da/ !(@# df 

>L # rGb|;dz]/n] tyf @@ h'nfO{ 

!($( df g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fi6«;3sf] 

;b:otf kfpgsfnflu k]; u/]sf] 

lgj]bg / #) cS6'a/ !(%) sf] g]kfn 

/ la|l6z ;/sf/sf aLrdf ePsf] 

d}qL tyf zflGt ;lGwsf] wf/f * n] 

;d]t ;'uf}nL ;lGw eg]sf] @ l8;]Da/ 

!*!% sf] xf] egL k|dfl0ft u/L :jLsf/ 

u/]sf] k|df0f x'Fbf x'Fb} $ dfr{ !*!^ sf] 

;'uf]nL ;lGw eg]/ n]Vg'sf k5fl8sf] 

/x:ofTds /fh r} s] xf] < 

o:tf P]ltxfl;s ;lGwx?sf] uxg 

cWoog gug]{ t/ cIfDo /fi6«3ft 

ub}{ b]z g} 5f]8]/ cu|]hsf] k'R5/ 

;dft]/ knfog ePsfx?n] ;xL u/]sf] 

sfuhnfO{ $ dfr{ !*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL 

;lGw xf] eg]/ n]Vg] k|sfzs >L 

jf;'b]j 9sfn tyf of] n]vfOnfO{ cfFvf 

lrDn]/ ;xdlt lbg] ;Ldfljb\ n]vs 

a'l4gf/fo0f >]i7x?nfO{ cfd g]kfnL 

gful/sn] k':tssf] k|sfzsLo k9] 

kl5 cf]7 n]Ko{|fpFb} lv;L ub}{ g]kfnsf 

zf;sg]tfx?n] b'lgofFnfO{ 9fF6] h:t} 

ug]{ logLx?klg 9fF6sf k':ts Jofkf/L 

kf] /x]5g eGg yfn] eg] pxfFx? h:tf 

;Ddflgt /fi6«k|]dL JolQmTjx?sf] dfg 

db{g x'g hfg] x'Fbf o:sf] lhDd]jf/L r} 

s:n] lng] < 

o'lg6L EjfO; 33

dgf]/~hg 

æ5Ssf kGhfÆ ebf} @$ ut]af6 b]ze/ 

k|bz{gdf, 6«]n/n] /fVof] /]s8{ 

…^ Psfg ^Ú / …j8f gDa/ ^Ú 

h:tf ;kmn lkmNd lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf] 

snfsf/ ;d"xn] csf]{ lkmNd …5Ssf 

kGhfÚsf] lgdf{0f klg ;s]sf 5g\ . 

lkmNdnfO{ ebf} @$ ut]af6 k|bz{gdf 

NofOg] ePsf] 5 . lkmNd …5Ssf 

kGhfÚnfO{ lgb]{zg eg] bLkf>L lg/f}nfn] 

u/]sL x'g\, of] pgL4f/f lgb]{lzt klxnf] 

rnlrq xf] . …^ Psfg ^Ú / …j8f gDa/ 

^Ú af6 lgs} ;kmntf / rrf{ xft kfg{ 

;kmn ePsf lyP . …^ Psfg ^Ú nfO{ 

lbg]z l8;L n] / …j8f gDa/ ^ÚnfO{ 

pHhjn l3ld/]n] lgb]{zg u/]sf lyP . 

eg] o;kfnL eg] bLkf>L lg/f}nf cfkm}F 

g} lgb]{zgdf plqPsL l5g\ . ebf} @$ 

ut]b]lv b]ze/ k|bz{g x'g] lkmNdnfO{ 

lgd{n zdf{, s'~hgf l3ld/], lgzfg 


ahufO{+, ;'dg lu/L, s]bf/ l3ld/], 

lht' g]kfn, bLks/fh lu/L / bLkf>L 

lg/f}nf ldn]/ lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ . 

cufl8sf b'O{ lkmNdsf] ;kmntfsf] 

sf/0fn] ubf{ g} xf]nf 6]«n/n] eg] 

;fj{hlgs ePsf] lbgdf g} /]s8{ 

tf]8sf] 5 . of] rnlrqsf] 6«]n/nfO{ @$ 

3G6fdf ! nfv #) xhf/ k6s o'6'adf 

x]l/Psf] 5 . of] s'g} rnlrqsf] 6«]n/n] 

/fv]sf] /]s8{ g} xf] . lkmNdsf] 6«]n/ 

x]bf{ lkmNd sd]8Ldo x'g] k|i6 b]lvG5 . 

;a} ;+jfbnfO{ sd]8Log ?kdf k|:t't 

ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ syfn] j]/f]huf/L 

;d:of, a}b]zLs /f]huf/L nufotsf] 

syfj:t' af]s]sf] b]lvG5 . 

b'O{ lkmNdsf lgb]{zs;Fu l;k]sf] 

1fgnfO{ yk]/ …5Ssf kGhfÚsf] lgb]{zg 

u/]sf] bLkf>L lg/f}nf atfpFl5g\ . pgL 

bz{sf] xfd|f] lkmNd k|ltsf] ck]Iff a9]sf] 

/ bz{sx?s} ck]IffnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ 

lgdf{0f u/]sf]n] o;n] klxnfsf] eGbf 

;kmntf k|fKt ug]{df lgs} cfzfjfbL 

b]lvPsL l5g\ . 

lkmNddf bLks/fh lu/L, lzjxl/ 

kf}8]n, lhtÚ g]kfn, s]bf/ l3ld/], aÚl4 

tfdfª, lk|o+sf sfsL{, jiff{ /fpt, gd|tf 

;fksf]6f cflb snfsf/x?sf] clego 

/x]sf] 5 . eg] slj/fh uxt/fhsf] 

g[To, /f]zg >]i7sf] åGå, k'?iff]Qd 

k|wfgsf] 5fof+sg, ljlkg dNnsf] 

;Dkfbg, bLks zdf{ / /fhg/fh 

l;jfsf6Lsf] ;+uLt lbPsf 5g\ .

clkn 

af}l4s ;d'bfodf clkn 

a'l4hLjL sf] xf] 

af}l4s 

< h;n] b]z, hgtf / 

;dfh pkof]uL ljifodf lrGtg u5{ . 

h;n] s]xL ;f]R5 / k|Zg u5{, …of] 

lrh lsg o:tf] ePsf] 5 < of] 

s;/L ePsf] 5 ]0fLdf pQL0f{ x'g] xfd|f ldqx¿n] 

k|fo 8fS6/, kfOn6, OlGhlgo/eGbf 

c¿ /f]h]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g . d}n] klg 

olx ;Ldfleq /x]/ OlGhlgo/ k9]+ . 

t/, clxn] ljrf/ u5'{, ljlzi6 >]0fLdf 

pQL0f{ x'g] xfd|f ljBfyL{x¿ lsg 

k|zf;g, /fhgLlt1, jlsn, kqsf/ 

8f= s]aL /f]sfof 

aGg rfxFb}gg\ < jf:tjdf b]z rnfpg] 

oL k];fnfO{ lsg cFufNg rfxFb}gg\ < 

of] lsl;dsf] dfGotf cem} ;dfhdf 

hah{:t ¿kdf :yflkt 5 . s] of] 

ljifodf casf] lk+9Ln] ax; ug{'kb}{g 

< OlGhlgo/, 8fS6/, kfOn6afx]s 

c¿ s] k|ltli7t k];f x'g ;tm}g < 

To;sf/0f g]kfnsf kfOn6, 8fS6/, 

OlGhlgo/df ;Lldt l8u|Lwf/LnfO{ 

lbOPsf] a'l4hLjLsf] k'/fgf] kl/efiff 

;xL 5}g . 

of] Pp6f cWoogsf] ljifo 

xf] . lsg a'l4hLjLx¿ lgtfGt cfkm\ 

gf] ;Ldfleq /xG5g\ < ;dfhsf] 

cWoog ug{ g;Sg], ;dfhdf 3l6/x]sf 

36gfx¿sf] 1fg gx'g], /fi6«sf] af/]df 

lrlGtt gx'g], of] ;a k|To'Tkfbs z}lIfs 

k|0ffnLsf] c;/ xf] . t];|f] ljZjsf 

ul/a d'n'ssf dfG5]x¿ ;fdflhs 

lje]b, ul/aLnufot ;d:ofn] lklN;P/ 

lzIffsf] cj;/ kfPgg\ . hf] ju{n] 

lzIff kfP, tL pRr 3/flgofn] dfq 

kfP . ltgLx¿n] slxNo} b'Mv, cefj 

ef]u]sf 5}gg\ . To:tf] kl/j]zdf x's]{/ 

cfPsf x'gfn] pxfFx¿df To:tf] b]zsf 

lglDt n8\g] eGg] r]tgfsf] ljsf;} 

ePg . 

csf]{ s'/f xfd|f] k9fO{ lgtfGt 

k|df0fkq xfl;n ug]{ / hflu/ vfg]df 

dfq s]lGb|t eof] . t/, k9\g] eg]sf] 

o'lg6L EjfO; 35

{ 

t ljlzi6 ljifodf 1fg xfl;n ug]{ 

xf] . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ :jtGq ¿kdf ;f]Rg], 

ljrf/ ug]{ df}sf of] lzIffn] slxNo} 

klg lbPg . k/Dk/fut lzIff k|0ffnLn] 

lzIfs;Fu k|Zg ug{ gkfOg], ax; ug{ 

gkfOg] lyof] / 5 . To;}n] a'l4hLjL 

ju{nfO{ cfkm\gf] hflu/ / k};f afx]s 

c¿ ;fdfhk|lt ;f]Rg g;Sg] agfPsf] 

xf] . 

k9fOdf cufl8 ePsf ljBfyL{x¿n] 

b]z lgdf0f{sf lglDt dxTjk"0f{ ljifo 

dflgPsf /fhgLlt, kqsfl/tf, sfg'g, 

k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg cflb ljifosf] 

cWofog ug{ k|foMn] OR5f b]vfPsf] 

kfOPg . cfSsnem'Ssn Psfw 

hgf s]xL sf/0fj;\ To;tkm{ nfu]sf 

b]lvG5g\ . b]z clxn]sf] cj:yfdf 

cfOk'Ug'sf] sf/0f of] klg Pp6f 

xf] h:tf] nfU5 . To;sf/0fn] klg 

a'l4hLjLx¿ b]zsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfgdf, 

gLlt lgdf{0fsf] :yfgdf k'Ug ;s]gg\ . 

xfdLx¿n] Tof] e"ldsf v]Ng ;s]gf}+ . /, 

Ps lsl;dn] xfdLdf Tof] OdfGbfl/tf 

klg ePg . a'l4hLjLx¿sf] e"ldsf 

GoFg eof] / u/fOof] . To;sf/0f /fi6« 

o:tf] l:yltdf cfPsf] xf] . oxfF af}l4s 

JolQmx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts JolQmx¿n] 

;~rfng ug]{ cj:yf /x\of] . clxn] 

b]zdf cGof}ntf, csd{0otfsf] cj:yf 

cfPsf] 5, o;sf] bf]if s;nfO{ 

lbg'x'G5 eg]/ s;}n] ;f]Wof] eg] d Tof] 

a'l4hLjL ju{nfO{ lbG5' . lsgls b]z 

lgdf{0fsf af/]df af}l4s hutn] sfd} 

u/]sf] 5}g . 

a'l4hLjLx¿sf] 7Fnf] tKsfnfO{ 

PghLcf], cfOPghLcf]n] sAhfdf 

lnPsf] 5 . hxfF ;fdfGoeGbf klg 

w]/} tna / ;'ljwfx¿ lbPsf] 5 . 

Tof] If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;fyLx¿sf] km]l/ 

gofF ju{ ag]sf] 5 . Tof] ju{n] klg 

b]zsf], ;dfhsf lglDt ;f]Rg / ljrf/ 

ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ToxfF cfkm\g} 

of]hgfsf sfdx¿ ;]6 ePsf x'G5g\ . 

kfFr jif{;Ddsf nflu sfdsf] gLlt 

agfOG5 . Tolta]nf;Dd aflx/ w]/} 

kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] x'G5, To;nfO{ a'‰g 

;Sb}gg\ . To;n] oflGqs k|sf/n] sfd 

a9fP/ hfg] x'G5 . Tof] ;]S6/df sfd 

ug]{ a'l4hLjL ;fyLx¿n] xfd|f] b]zsf] 

Ph]G8fnfO{ eGbf klg ljb]zLx¿s} 

Ph]G8f cyjf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ g} 

sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf 5g\ . To;af6 

b]znfO{ s'g} klg pknlAw x'g ;s]sf] 

5}g . 

kf6L{x¿;Fu ;Da4 ePsf 

a'l4hLjL ;fyLx¿ klg Psbd Psfª\ 

sL 5g\ . h'g kf6L{k|lt ;Da4 5g\, 

To;sf] s'g} uNtL klg k|Zgsf] ?kdf 

gp7fpg], kf6L{n] unt u/f];\ jf ;xL, 

To;nfO{ cGwfw'Gw lx;fan] cGweQm 

eP/ ;dy{g ug] { / c¿sf] lj/f]w ug] 

vfnsf] k|j[lQ klg oxfF b]lvPsf] 5 . 

of] ;a} lx;fan] x]g] { xf] eg] af}l4s 

hutn] ;dfh, /fi6« kl/jt{gsf] nflu 

h'g e"ldsf v]Ng'kg] { lyof], Tof] e"ldsf 

v]Ng ;s]g . )$^ ;fnsf] clGtdlt/ 

s]xL af}l4s tKsfn] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 

lyof] . )^@,)^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngdf 

gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ 

/Xof] . t/ x/]s e"ldsf cfGbf]ngsf] 

a]nf dfq eof], c? a]nf ePg . 

clxn] b]zdf ljb]zL zlQmx¿sf] 

x:tIf]k eO/x]sf] 5, To;n] b]zdf 

s:tf] vfnsf] c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 

eGg] af/]df uxg ljZn]if0f, lrGtg, 

dgg ePsf] 5}g . af}l4s hutn] 

j}b]lzs x:tIf]kdfly klg k|ZglrGx 

ug{ ;Sg'kYof]{, ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . s]xL 

l56km'6 ¿kdf t cfPsf 5g\ t/ ;ª\ 

ul7t / ;r]t j}rfl/s lx;fan] clxn] 

eO/x]sf] gfª\uf] j}b]lzs x:tIf]klj?4 

hfg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ . o;n] ubf{ 

clxn] b]zdf 7Fnf] ;ª\s6 cfPsf] 5 . 

hgtfn] rfx]sf] gofF g]kfn lgdf{0fsf 

;kgfx¿dfly 7Fnf] s'7f/f3ft eO/x]sf] 

5 . t/, a'l4hLjL ;fyLx¿ To;sf] 

clkn 

lj?4df v/f] ?kdf pq]/ af]n]sf] / 

n]v]sf] b]lvFb}g . 

jsfnt / kqsfl/tf ul//x]sf 

s]xL k|a'4 JolQmx¿n] klg 7f8} /fi6«kltsf] 

sbd 7Ls lyof] eg]/ af]ln/xg'ePsf] 

5 . Pdfn] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] 

klxn]sf] ;/sf/n] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿ 

wdfwd pN6Øfpg] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . 

s]xL a'l4hLjLaf6} …of] sbd 7Ls 5Ú 

eg]/ ;Nnfx lbPsf] klg b]lvof] . 

dnfO{ nfU5, pxfFx¿n] Tof] hfgLhfgL 

jf cfkm\gf] ljj]sn] 5ftLdf xft /fv]/ 

To:tf] s'/f u/]sf] xf]Og . oxfF pxfFx¿sf] 

/fhgLlts kf6L{k|ltsf] OG6« ]:6n] klg 

sfd u/]sf] 5 . ljb]zLx¿sf] bafan] 

klg sfd u/]sf] 5 . s]xL a'l4hLjLx¿ 

ljb]zL bnfnx¿sf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf 

b]lvG5g\ . o;n] ubf{ x'g] sfd ePsf] 

5}g, gx'g] sfd eg] w]/} xF 'b}5 . 

o;y{ xfdLn] g]kfn af}l4s d~rsf] 

u7g u/]sf 5f} . o;df ;a} v]dfsf 

cu|ufdL ;f]r ePsf ;fyLx¿ x'g' 'x'G5 . 

t/, xfdLn] b]z / hgtfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df 

/fv]/ cu|udgsf] kIfdf OdfGbf/Lsf ;fy 

ljgf eo, ljgf 8/, ljgf nf]e, ljgf 

qf;, cfkm\gf] ljj]sn] b]v]sf] af]Ng'k5{ . 

g]kfnsf] gful/s ;dfhsf] l:ylt klg 

vx/] vf]nfh:tf] pn] {/ cfpF5 / km]l/ 

;'s]/ vf]nf xf] ls xf]Og h:tf] x'G5 . 

o:tf] afWotf klg 5 . To:tf]df cfly{s 

afWotf, kfl/jfl/s ;d:of, j}b]lzs 

bafan] klg TolQs} sfd u/]sf] 5 . 

xfd|f] /fi6«sf] eljio cGwsf/d} b]lvG5 . 

jf:tjdf g]kfndf eGg] xf] eg] ;To af]Ng] 

dfG5]x¿sf] sdL 5 . t/ klg ca ;a} 

a'l4hLjL ju{x¿ clnslt cufl8 cfpg' 

k¥of] . /, ;fF3'/f] 3]/faf6 aflx/ lg:s]/ 

;dfh / b]zsf] nflu af]Ng, eGg, sfd 

ug{ yfNg'k¥of] . of] xfd|f] ;fb/ clkn 

klg xf] . 

n]vs g]kfn af}l4s d~rsf 

cWoIf x'g\ . 

36 o'lg6L EjfO;

19.8cmx27.5 bhadra design.indd

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