Quran and modern science compatible or incompatible

In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
1. INTRODUCTION
Ever since the dawn of human life on this planet,
Man has always tried to understand Nature, his
own place in the scheme of Creation and the purpose
of Life itself. In this quest for Truth, spanning many
centuries and diverse civilizations, organized
religion has shaped human life and, to a large
extent, has determined the course of history. While
some religions have been based on written text,
claimed by their followers to be divinely inspired,
others have relied solely on human experience.
Al-Qur’an, the main source of the Islamic faith, is
a book believed by its followers, the Muslims, to be
completely of Divine origin. Muslims also believe
that it contains guidance for all humankind. Since
the message of the Qur’an is believed to be for all
times, it should be relevant to every age. But does
the Qur’an pass this test?
In this booklet, I intend to give an objective analysis
of the Muslim belief regarding the Divine origin of
the Qur’an, particularly in the light of established
scientific discoveries.
There was a time, in the history of world civilization,
when ‘miracles’, or what were perceived to be
miracles, took precedence over human reason and
logic. Of course, the normal defination of ‘miracle’ is
simply, anything that takes place out of the normal

course of life and for which humankind has no
explanation.
However, we must be careful before accepting
something as a miracle. In 1993, ‘The Times of
India’, Mumbai, reported that ‘a saint’ by the name
‘Baba Pilot’ claimed to have stayed continuously
submerged under water in a tank for three
consecutive days and nights. However, when
reporters wanted to examine the bottom of the tank
of water in which he claimed to have performed his
‘miraculous feat’, he refused to let them do so. He
argued by asking as to how one could examine the
womb of a mother that gives birth to a child.
Obviously the ‘saint’ had something to conceal! His
claim was a gimmick simply to gain publicity.
Surely, no modern person with even the slightest
inkling towards rational thinking would accept such
a ‘miracle’. If such false miracles are the tests of
divinity, then we would have to accept all world
famous magicians known for their ingenious
magical tricks and illusions, as genuine God-men!
A book, claiming to be of Divine origin, is in effect,
claiming to be a miracle. Such a claim should be
easily verifiable in any age, according to the
standards of that age. Muslims believe, that the
Qur’an is the last and final revelation of God, the
miracle of miracles, revealed as a mercy to mankind.
Let us therefore investigate the veracity of this
belief.

THE CHALLENGE OF THE QUR’AN
Literature and poetry have been instruments of
human expression and creativity, in all cultures.
The world also witnessed an age when literature
and poetry occupied pride of position, similar to that
now enjoyed by science and technology.
Even non-Muslim scholars agree that the Qur’an is
Arabic literature par excellence – that it is the best
Arabic literature on the face of the earth. The Qur’an
challenges mankind to produce the likes of it:
“And if ye are in doubt
as to what We have revealed
from time to time to Our servant,
then produce a Surah like
thereunto;
and call your witnesses or helpers
(if there are any) besides Allah,
if your (doubts) are true.
“But if ye cannot –
and of a surety you cannot –
then fear the Fire
whose fuel is Men and Stones –
which is prepared for those
who reject Faith.”
____________________________________________________________
[Al-Qur’an 2:23-24] 1
1
Al-Qur’an 2:23-24 indicates Surah or Chapter No. 2 and Aayaat
or Verses 23 and 24. The same notation is followed throughout
this book. References and translation of the Qur’an are from
the translation of the Qur’an by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, new revised
edition, 1989, published by Amana Corporation, Maryland, USA.

The challenge of the Qur’an, is to produce a single
Surah (chapter) like the Surahs it contains. The same
challenge is repeated in the Qur’an several times.
The challenge to produce a Surah, which, in beauty,
eloquence, depth and meaning is at least somewhat
similar to a Qur’anic Surah remains unmet to this day.
A modern rational man, however, would never accept
a religious scripture which says, in the best possible
poetic language, that the world is flat. This is because
we live in an age, where human reason, logic and science
are given primacy. Not many would accept the Qur’an’s
extraordinarily beautiful language, as proof of its
Divine origin. Any scripture claiming to be a divine
revelation must also be acceptable on the strength of its
own reason and logic.
According to the famous physicist and Nobel Prize
winner, Albert Einstein, “Science without religion is
lame. Religion without science is blind.” Let us therefore
study the Qur’an, and analyze whether the Qur’an and
Modern Science are compatible or incompatible?
The Qur’an is not a book of Science but a book of
‘Signs’, i.e. Aayaats. There are more than six thousand
‘Signs’ in the Qur’an of which more than a thousand
deal with hard core Science.
We all know that many a times Science takes a ‘U-turn’.
In this book I have considered only established scientific
facts and not hypotheses and theories based on mere
assumptions and not backed by proof.

2. ASTRONOMY
CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE:
‘THE BIG BANG’
The creation of the universe is explained by
astrophysicists as a widely accepted phenomenon,
popularly known as ‘The Big Bang’. It is supported
by observational and experimental data gathered by
astronomers and astrophysicists for decades.
According to ‘The Big Bang’, the whole universe was
initially one big mass (Primary Nebula). Then there
was a ‘Big Bang’ (Secondary Separation) which
resulted in the formation of Galaxies. These then
divided to form stars, planets, the sun, the moon,
etc. The origin of the universe was unique and the
probability of it happening by ‘chance’ is nil.
The Qur’an contains the following verse regarding
the origin of the universe:
“Do not the Unbelievers see
that the heavens and the earth
were joined together (as one
unit of Creation), before
We clove them asunder?”
[Al-Qu’ran 21:30]
The striking similarity between the Qur’anic verse
and ‘The Big Bang’ is inescapable! How could a book,
which first appeared in the deserts of Arabia 1400
years ago, contain this profound scientific truth?

INITIAL GASEOUS MASS BEFORE
CREATION OF GALAXIES
Scientists agree that before the galaxies in the
universe were formed, celestial matter was
initially in the form of gaseous matter. In short,
huge gaseous matter or clouds were present
before the formation of the galaxies. To describe
initial celestial matter, the word ‘smoke’ is more
appropriate than gas. The following Qur’anic verse
refers to this state of the universe by the word
dukhaan which means smoke.
“Moreover, He Comprehended
in His design the sky,
and it had been (as) smoke:
He said to it and to the earth:
‘Come ye together,
willingly or unwillingly.’
They said: ‘We do come (together),
in willing obedience.’”
[Al-Qur’an 41:11]
Again, this fact is a corollary to the ‘Big Bang’ and
was not known to anyone before the prophetehood of
Muhammad (Peace be upon him) 1 . What then, could
have been the source of this knowledge?
________________________________________________________
1
Muslims also send salutations upon all the previous divinely
inspired Prophets on taking their names.

SHAPE OF THE EARTH IS SPHERICAL
In early times, people believed that the earth was
flat. For centuries, men were afraid to venture out
too far, for fear of falling off the edge! Sir Francis
Drake was the first person who proved that the
earth is spherical when he sailed around it in 1597.
Consider the following Qur’anic verse regarding the
alternation of day and night:
“Seest thou not that Allah
merges Night into Day
and He merges Day into Night?”
[Al-Qur’an 31:29]
Merging here means that the night slowly and
gradually changes to day and vice versa. This
phenomenon can only take place if the earth is
spherical. If the earth was flat, there would have
been a sudden change from night to day and from
day to night.
The following verse also alludes to the spherical
shape of the earth:
“He created the heavens and
the earth in true (proportions):
He makes the Night
overlap the Day,

and the Day
overlap the Night.”
[Al-Qur’an 39:5]
The Arabic word used here is Kawwara meaning
‘to overlap’ or ‘to coil’– the way a turban is wound
around the head. The overlapping or coiling of the
day and night can only take place if the earth is
spherical.
The earth is not exactly round like a ball, but
geo-spherical, i.e. it is flattened at the poles. The
following verse contains a description of the earth’s
shape:
“And the earth, moreover,
hath He made egg shaped.”
[Al-Qur’an 79:30]
The Arabic word for egg here is dahaahaa 1 which
means an ostrich-egg. The shape of an ostrich-egg
resembles the geo-spherical shape of the earth.
Thus the Qur’an correctly describes the shape of the
earth, though the prevalent notion when the Qur’an
was revealed was that the earth was flat.
MOONLIGHT IS REFLECTED LIGHT
It was believed by earlier civilizations that the moon
emanates its own light. Science now tells us
____________________________________________________________
1
The Arabic word dahaahaa has been translated by A. Yusuf
Ali as “vast expanse”, which also is correct. This word also means
an ostrich-egg.

that the light of the moon is reflected light. However
this fact was mentioned in the Qur’an 1,400 years
ago in the following verse:
“Blessed is He Who made
Constellations in the skies,
and placed therein a Lamp
and a Moon giving light.”
[Al-Qur’an 25:61]
The Arabic word for the sun in the Qur’an, is shams.
It is also referred to as siraaj which means a ‘torch’
or as wahhaaj meaning ‘a blazing lamp’ or as diya
which means ‘shining glory’. All three descriptions
are appropriate to the sun, since it generates
intense heat and light by its internal combustion.
The Arabic word for the moon is qamar and it
is described in the Qur’an as muneer which is a
body that gives noor i.e. reflected light. Again, the
Qur’anic description matches perfectly with the true
nature of the moon which does not give off light by
itself and is an inactive body that reflects the light
of the sun. Not once in the Qur’an, is the moon
mentioned as siraaj, wahhaaj or diya nor the sun as
noor or muneer. This implies that the Qur’an
recognizes the difference between the nature of
sunlight and moonlight.
The following verses relate to the nature of light
from the sun and the moon:

“It is He who made the sun
to be a shining glory
and the moon to be a light
(of beauty).”
[Al-Qur’an 10:5]
“See ye not
how Allah has created
the seven heavens
one above another,
“And made the moon
a light in their midst,
and made the sun
as a (Glorious) Lamp?”
[Al-Qur’an 71:15-16]
The Glorious Qur'an and modern science, are thus
in perfect agreement about the differences in the
nature of sunlight and moonlight.
THE SUN ROTATES
For a long time European philosophers and scientists
believed that the earth stood still in the centre of the
universe and every other body including the sun
moved around it. In the West, this geocentric concept
of the universe was prevalent right from the time of
Ptolemy in the second century B.C. In 1512, Nicholas
Copernicus put forward his Heliocentric Theory of
Planetary Motion, which asserted that the sun is

motionless at the centre of the solar system with the
planets revolving around it.
In 1609, the German scientist Yohannus Keppler
published the ‘Astronomia Nova’. In this he
concluded that not only do the planets move in
elliptical orbits around the sun, they also rotate
upon their axes at irregular speeds. With this
knowledge it became possible for European scientists
to explain correctly many of the mechanisms of the
solar system, including the sequence of night and
day.
After these discoveries, it was thought that the Sun
was stationary and did not rotate about its axis like
the Earth. I remember having studied this fallacy
from Geography books during my school days.
Consider the following Qur’anic verse:
“It is He Who created
the Night and the Day,
and the sun and the moon:
All (the celestial bodies)
swim along, each in its
rounded course.”
[Al-Qur’an 21:33]
The Arabic word used in the above verse is
yasbahoon . This word is derived from the word
sabaha. It carries with it the idea of motion that
comes from any moving body. If you use this word
for a person on the ground, it would not mean that
he is rolling but would imply that he is walking or

unning. If you use this word for a person in water,
it would not mean that he is floating but would
imply that he is swimming.
Similarly, if you use the word yasbah for a celestial
body such as the sun, it would not only mean that it
is flying through space but would also mean that it
is rotating as it goes through space. Most school
textbooks have now incorporated the fact that the
sun rotates about its axis. The rotation of the sun
about its own axis can be proved with the help of an
equipment that projects the image of the sun on the
top of a table, so that one can examine the image of
the sun without being blinded. It is noticed that the
sun has spots which complete a circular motion once
every 25 days i.e. the sun takes approximately 25
days to rotate round its axis.
The sun travels through space at roughly 240 km
per second, and takes about 200 million years to
complete one revolution around the centre of our
Milky Way Galaxy.
“It is not permitted
to the Sun to catch up the Moon,
nor can the Night outstrip the Day:
Each (just) swims along
in (its own) orbit
(according to Law).”
[Al-Qur’an 36:40]
This verse mentions an essential fact discovered

only recently by modern astronomy, i.e. the
existence of the individual orbits of the Sun and the
Moon, and their journey through space with their
own motion.
The ‘fixed place’ towards which the sun travels,
carrying with it the solar system, has been located
preirsely by modern astronomy. It has been given a
name, the Solar Apex. The solar system is indeed
moving in space towards a point situated in the
constellation of Hercules (alpha Lyrae) whose exact
location is now firmly established.
The moon rotates around its axis in the same
duration that it takes to revolve around the earth.
It takes approximately 29½ days to complete one
rotation.
One cannot help but be amazed at the scientific
accuracy of the Qur’anic verses. Should we not
ponder over the question: “What is the source of
knowledge contained in the Qur’an?”
THE SUN WILL EXTINGUISH
The light of the sun is due to a chemical process on
its surface that has been taking place continuously
for the past five billion years. It will come to an end
at some point of time in the future, when the sun
will be totally extinguished, leading to extinction of
all life on earth. Regarding the impermanence of the
sun’s existence, the Qur’an says:
“And the Sun runs its course

for a period determined
for it; that is
the decree of (Him)
the exalted in Might,
the All-Knowing.”
[Al-Qur’an 36:38] 1
The Arabic word used here is mustaqarr, which
means a place or time that is determined. Thus the
Qur’an says that the sun runs towards a determined
place, and will do so only up to a pre-determined
period of time – meaning that it will end or
extinguish.
INTERSTELLAR MATTER
Space outside organized astronomical systems was
earlier assumed to be a vacuum. Astrophysicists
later discovered the presence of bridges of matter
in this interstellar space. These bridges of matter
are called plasma, and consist of completely ionized
gas containing equal number of free electrons and
positive ions. Plasma is sometimes called the fourth
state of matter (besides the three known states
viz. solid, liquid and gas). The Qur’an refers to
the presence of this interstellar material in the
following verse:
“He Who created the heavens
____________________________________________________________
1
A similar message is conveyed in the Qur’an in 13:2, 35:13,
39:5 and 39:21.

and the earth and all
that is between.”
[Al-Qur’an 25:59]
It would be ridiculous for anyone to even suggest
that the presence of interstellar galactic material
was known 1400 years ago!
THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE
In 1925, American astronomer Edwin Hubble,
provided observational evidence that all galaxies
are moving away from one another, which implies
that the universe is expanding. The expansion of the
universe is now an established scientific fact. This is
what the Qur’an says regarding the nature of the
universe:
“With power and skill
did We construct
the Firmament:
For it is We Who create
the vastness of Space.”
[Al-Qur’an 51:47]
The Arabic word musioon is correctly translated as
‘expanding it’, and it refers to the creation of the
expanding vastness of the universe.
One of the greatest astrophysicist Stephen
Hawking, in his book, ‘A Brief History of Time’,

says, “The discovery that the universe is expanding
was one of the great intellectual revolutions of the
20th century.” The Qur’an mentioned the expansion
of the universe, before man even learnt to build a
telescope!
Some may say that the presence of astronomical
facts in the Qur’an is not surprising since the Arabs
were advanced in the field of astronomy. They are
correct in acknowledging the advancement of the
Arabs in the field of astronomy. However they fail
to realize that the Qur’an was revealed centuries
before the Arabs excelled in astronomy. Moreover
many of the scientific facts mentioned above, such
as the origin of the universe with a Big Bang, were
not known to the Arabs even at the peak of their
scientific advancement. The scientific facts
mentioned in the Qur’an are therefore not due to the
Arabs’ advancement in astronomy. Indeed, the
reverse is true: they advanced in astronomy,
because astronomy occupies a place in the Qur’an.

3. PHYSICS
ATOMS CAN BE DIVIDED
In ancient times a well-known theory by the name
of ‘Theory of Atomism’ was widely accepted. This
theory was originally proposed by the Greeks, in
particular by a scholar called Democritus, who lived
about 23 centuries ago. Democritus and the people
that came after him, assumed that the smallest unit
of matter was the atom. The ancient Arabs used to
believe the same. The Arabic word zarrah most
commonly meant an atom. In recent times modern
science has discovered that it is possible to split
even an atom. That the atom can be split further is
a development of the 20th century. Fourteen
centuries ago this concept would have appeared
unusual even to an Arab. For him the zarrah was
the limit beyond which one could not go. The
following Qur’anic verse however, refuses to
acknowledge this limit:
“The Unbelievers say,
‘Never to us will come
The Hour’:
say, ‘Nay! but most surely,
by my Lord,
it will come upon you –

y Him Who knows the unseen –
from Whom is not hidden
the least little atom
in the Heavens or on earth:
nor is there anything less
than that, or greater, but
is in the Record Perspicuous.’”
[Al-Qur’an 34:3] 1
This verse also refers to the Omniscience of God,
His knowledge of all things, hidden or apparent. It
then goes further and says that God is aware of
everything, including what is smaller or bigger than
the atom. Thus the verse clearly shows that it is
possible for something smaller than the atom to
exist, a fact discovered only recently by modern
science.
____________________________________________________________
1
A similar message is conveyed in the Qur’an in 10:61.

4. HYDROLOGY
THE WATER CYCLE
In 1580, Bernard Palissy was the first person to
describe the present day concept of ‘water cycle’. He
described how water evaporates from the oceans
and cools to form clouds. The clouds move inland
where they rise, condense and fall as rain. This
water gathers as lakes and streams and flows back
to the ocean in a continuous cycle. In the 7th century
B.C., Thales of Miletus believed that surface spray
of the oceans was picked up by the wind and carried
inland to fall as rain.
In earlier times people did not know the source of
underground water. They thought the water of the
oceans, under the effect of winds, was thrust towards
the interior of the continents. They also believed that
the water returned by a secret passage or the Great
Abyss. This passage is connected to the oceans and
has been called the ‘Tartarus’, since Plato’s time.
Even Descartes, a great thinker of the eighteenth
century, subscribed to this view. Till the nineteenth
century, Aristotle’s theory was still prevalent.
According to this theory, water was condensed in cool
mountain caverns and formed underground lakes
that fed springs. Today, we have come to know that
the rainwater that seeps into the cracks of the
ground is responsible for this.
This is described by the Qur’an in the following
verses:

“Seest thou not that Allah
sends down rain
from the sky,
and leads it through
springs in the earth?
then He causes to grow,
therewith, produce of
various colours.”
[Al-Qur’an 39:21]
“He sends down rain
from the sky
and with it gives life to
the earth after it is dead:
Verily in that are Signs
for those who are wise.”
[Al-Qur’an 30:24]
“And We send down water
from the sky
according to (due) measure,
and We cause it
to soak in the soil;
and We certainly are able
to drain it off (with ease).”
[Al-Qur’an 23:18]
No other text dating back 1400 years ago gives such
an accurate description of the water cycle.

EVAPORATION
“By the Firmament
which returns (in its round),”
[Al-Qur’an 86:11]
WINDS IMPREGNATE CLOUDS
“And We send the
fecundating winds,
then cause the rain to
descend from the sky,
therewith providing you
with water (in abundance).”
[Al-Qur’an 15:22]
The Arabic word used here is lawaaqih which is
the plural of laqih from laqaha, which means
to impregnate or fecundate. In this context,
impregnate means that the wind pushes the clouds
together increasing the condensation that causes
lightning and thus rain. A similar description is
found in the following verses of the Qur’an:
“Seest thou not that Allah
makes the clouds move
gently, then joins them
together, then makes them
into a heap?–then wilt thou
see rain issue forth
from their midst. And He
sends down from the sky

mountain masses (of clouds)
wherein is hail: He strikes
therewith whom He pleases
and He turns it away
from whom He pleases.
the vivid flash of His lightning
well-nigh blinds the sight.”
[Al-Qur’an 24:43]
“It is Allah Who sends the Winds,
and they raise the Clouds:
then does He spread them
in the sky as He wills,
and break them into fragments,
until thou seest raindrops
issue from the midst thereof:
then when He has made them
reach such of His servants as
He wills,
behold, they do rejoice!”
[Al-Qur’an 30:48]
Modern data on Hydrology agrees perfectly with the
Qur'anic description on the same subject.
The water cycle is described in several other verses
of the Glorious Qur’an, including 7:57, 13:17, 25:48-
49, 35:9, 36:34, 45:5, 50:9-11, 56:68-70 and 67:30.

5. GEOLOGY
MOUNTAINS ARE LIKE TENT PEGS
In geology, the phenomenon of ‘folding’, is a recently
discovered fact. Folding is responsible for the
formation of mountain ranges. The earth’s crust, on
which we live, is like a solid shell, while the deeper
layers are hot and fluid, and thus inhospitable to
any form of life. It is also known that the stability
of the mountains is linked to the phenomenon of
folding, for it was the folds that were to provide
foundations for the reliefs that constitute the
mountains.
Geologists tell us that the radius of the Earth is
about 6,035 km and the crust on which we live is
very thin, ranging between 2 to 35 km. Since the
crust is thin, it has a high possibility of shaking.
Mountains act like stakes or tent pegs that hold
the earth’s crust and give it stability. The Qur’an
contains exactly such a description:
“Have We not made
the earth as a wide expanse,
and the mountains as pegs?”
[Al-Qur’an 78:6-7]
The word awtaad means stakes or pegs (like
those used to anchor a tent); they are the deep
foundations of geological folds.

A book entitled ‘Earth’ is regarded as a basic
reference textbook on geology in many universities
around the world. One of the authors of this book is
Dr. Frank Press, who was the President of the
Academy of Sciences in the USA for 12 years and
was the Science Advisor to former US President
Jimmy Carter. In this book, he illustrates the
mountain in a wedge-shape and the mountain itself
as a small part of the whole, whose root is deeply
entrenched in the ground. 1 According to Dr. Press,
the mountains play an important role in stabilizing
the crust of the earth.
The Qur’an clearly mentions the function of the
mountains in preventing the earth from shaking:
“And We have set on the earth
mountains standing firm,
lest it should shake with them.”
[Al-Qur’an 21:31] 2
The Qur’anic descriptions are in perfect agreement
with modern geological data.
MOUNTAINS FIRMLY FIXED
The surface of the earth is broken into many rigid
plates that are about 100 km in thickness. These
____________________________________________________________
1
Earth, Press and Siever, p. 435. Also see Earth Science,
Tarbuck and Lutgens, p. 157
2
A similar message is contained in the Qru'an in 31:10 and 16:15

plates float on a partially molten region called
aesthenosphere.
Mountain formations occur at the boundary of the
plates. The earth’s crust is 5 km thick below oceans,
about 35 km thick below flat continental surfaces
and almost 80 km thick below great mountain
ranges. These are the strong foundations on which
mountains stand. The Qur’an refers to the strong
mountain foundations in the following verse:
“And the mountains
hath He firmly fixed.”
[Al-Qur’an 79:32] 1
Thus, the information contained in the Glorious
Qur'an about the nature of mountains, is in perfect
agreement with recent discoveries in geology.
____________________________________________________________
1
A similar message is contained in the Qur’an in 88:19.

6. OCEANOLOGY
BARRIER BETWEEN SWEET AND SALT
WATERS
“He has let free the two bodies
of flowing water, meeting together:
Between them is a Barrier
which they do not transgress.”
[Al-Qur’an 55:19-20]
In the Arabic text the word barzakh means a
barrier or a partition. This barrier, however, is not a
physical partition. The Arabic word maraja literally
means ‘they both meet and mix with each other’.
Early commentators of the Qur’an were unable to
explain the two opposite meanings for the two
bodies of water, i.e. they meet and mix, and at the
same time there is a barrier between them. Modern
Science has discovered that in the places where two
different seas meet, there is a barrier between
them. This barrier divides the two seas so that each
sea has its own temperature, salinity and density. 1
Oceanologists are now in a better position to explain
this verse. There is a slanted unseen water barrier
between the two seas through which water from one
sea passes to the other.
But when the water from one sea enters the other
sea, it loses its distinctive characteristic and
____________________________________________________________
1
Principles of Oceanography, Davis, pp. 92-93.

ecomes homogenized with the other water. In a way
this barrier serves as a transitional homogenizing
area for the two waters.
This phenomenon is also mentioned in the following
verse of the Qur'an:
“And made a separating bar
between the two bodies
of flowing water?”
[Al-Qur’an 27:61]
This phenomenon occurs in several places, including
the divider between the Mediterranean and the
Atlantic Ocean at Gibralter. A white bar can also be
clearly seen at Cape Point, Cape Peninsula, South
Africa where the Atlantic Ocean meets the Indian
Ocean.
But when the Qur’an speaks about the divider
between fresh and salt water, it mentions the
existence of “a forbidding partition” with the barrier.
“It is He Who has
let free the two bodies
of flowing water:
one palatable and sweet,
and the other salty and bitter;
yet has He
made a barrier between them,
and a partition that is forbidden
to be passed.
[Al-Qur’an 25:53]

Modern science has discovered that in estuaries,
where fresh (sweet) and salt water meet, the
situation is somewhat different from that found in
places where two salt water seas meet. It has been
discovered that what distinguishes fresh water from
salt water in estuaries is a “pycnocline zone with a
marked density discontinuity separating the two
layers.” 1 This partition (zone of separation) has a
salinity different from both the fresh water and the
salt water. 2
This phenomenon occurs in several places, including
Egypt, where the river Nile flows into the
Mediterranean Sea.
These scientific phenomena mentioned in the Qur’an
was also confirmed by Dr. William Hay, a wellknown
marine scientist and Professor of Geological
Sciences at the University of Colorado, U.S.A.
DARKNESS IN DEPTHS OF OCEAN
Prof. Durga Rao is a world renowned expert in the
field of Marine Geology and was a professor at King
Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah. He was asked to
comment on the following verse:
“Or (the Unbelievers’ state)
is like the depths of darkness
in a vast deep ocean,
____________________________________________________________
1
Oceanography, Gross, p. 242. Also see Introductory Oceanography,
Thurman, pp. 300-301.
2
Oceanography, Gross, p. 244 and Introductory Oceanography,
Thurman, pp. 300-301.

overwhelmed with billow
topped by billow,
topped by (dark) clouds:
depths of darkness,
one above another:
if a man stretches out his hand,
he can hardly see it!
For any to whom Allah
giveth not light,
there is no light!”
[Al-Qur’an 24:40]
Prof. Rao said that scientists have only now been
able to confirm, with the help of modern equipment,
that there is darkness in the depths of the ocean.
Humans are unable to dive unaided underwater for
more than 20 to 30 metres, and cannot survive in
the deep oceanic regions at a depth of more than
200 metres. This verse does not refer to all seas
because not every sea can be described as having
accumulated darkness layered one over another. It
refers especially to a deep sea or deep ocean, as the
Qur’an says, “darkness in a vast deep ocean”. This
layered darkness in a deep ocean is the result of two
causes:
1. A light ray is composed of seven colours seen
in the rainbow. These seven colours are Violet,

Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red
(VIBGYOR). The light ray undergoes
refraction when it hits water. The upper 10 to
15 metres of water absorb the red colour.
Therefore, if a diver is 25 metres under water
and gets wounded, he would not be able to see
the red colour of his blood, because the red
colour does not reach this depth. Similarly,
orange rays are absorbed at 30 to 50 metres,
yellow at 50 to 100 metres, green at 100 to 200
metres, and finally, blue beyond 200 metres
and violet and indigo above 200 metres. Due to
successive disappearance of colour, one layer
after another, the ocean progressively becomes
darker, i.e. darkness takes place in layers of
light. Below a depth of 1000 meters there is
complete darkness. 1
2. The sun’s rays are absorbed by clouds which in
turn scatter light rays thus causing a layer of
darkness under the clouds. This is the first
layer of darkness. When light rays reach the
surface of the ocean they are reflected by the
wave surface giving it a shiny appearance.
Therefore, it is the waves which reflect light
and cause darkness. The unreflected light
penetrates into the depths of the ocean. Thus,
the ocean has two parts. The surface
characterized by light and warmth and the
depth characterized by darkness. The surface
____________________________________________________________
1
Oceans, Elder and Pernetta, p. 27.

is further separated from the deep part of the ocean
by waves.
The internal waves cover the deep waters of
seas and oceans because the deep waters have
a higher density than the waters above them.
The darkness begins below the internal waves.
Even the fish in the depths of the ocean cannot
see; their only source of light is from their own
bodies.
The Qur’an describes this aptly:
“Darkness in a vast deep ocean overwhelmed with
waves topped by waves”.
In other words, above these waves there are more
types of waves, i.e. those found on the surface of
the ocean. The Qur’anic verse continues, “topped
by (dark) clouds; depths of darkness, one above
another.”
These clouds as explained are barriers one over the
other that further cause darkness by absorption of
colours at different levels.
Prof. Durga Rao concluded by saying, “1400 years
ago a normal human being could not explain this
phenomenon in so much detail. Thus the
information must have come from a supernatural
source”.
_____________________________________________________________
1
The reference for this statment is the video tape titled ‘This is the
Truth’. For a copy of this video tape contact the Islamic Research
Foundation.

“It is He Who has
Created man from water:
then has He established
relationships of lineage
and marriage:
for thy Lord has power
(over all things).”
[Al-Qur’an 25:54]
Was it possible 14 centuries ago for any human
being to guess that every living being was made
from water? Moreover would such a guess be
conceivable by a human being in the deserts of
Arabia where there has always been scarcity of
water?

8. BOTANY
PLANTS HAVE MALE AND FEMALE
Previously, humans did not know that plants too
have male and female gender distinctions. Botany
states that every plant has a male and female
gender. Even the plants that are unisexual have
distinct elements of both male and female.
“‘And has sent down
water from the sky.’
With it have We produced
diverse pairs of plants
each separate from the others.”
[Al-Qur’an 20:53]
FRUITS HAVE MALE AND FEMALE
“And fruit of every kind
He made
in pairs, two and two.”
[Al-Qur’an 13:3]
Fruit is the end product of reproduction of the
superior plants. The stage preceding fruit is the
flower, which has male and female organs (stamens
and ovules). Once pollen has been carried to the
flower, they bear fruit, which in turn matures and
frees its seed. All fruits therefore imply the
existence of male and female organs; a fact that is
mentioned in the Qur’an.

In certain species, fruit can come from non-fertilized
flowers (parthenocarpic fruit) e.g. bananas, certain
types of pineapple, fig, orange, vine, etc. They also
have definite sexual characteristics.
EVERYTHING MADE IN PAIRS
“And of everything
We have created pairs.”
[Al-Qur’an 51:49]
This verse lays emphasis on everything. Besides
humans, animals, plants and fruits, it may also be
referring to electricity in which the atoms consist of
negatively – and positively – charged electrons and
protons. And many more things!
“Glory to Allah, Who
created in pairs
all things that the
earth produces,
as well as their own
(human) kind
and (other) things of which
they have no knowledge.”
[Al-Qur’an 36:36]
The Qur’an here says that everything is created in
pairs, including things that the humans do not
know at present and may discover later.

9. ZOOLOGY
ANIMALS AND BIRDS LIVE IN
COMMUNITIES
“There is not an animal
(that lives) on the earth,
nor a being that flies
on its wings,
but (forms part of)
communities like you.”
[Al-Qur’an 6:38]
Research has shown that animals and birds live in
communities, i.e. they organize, and live and work
together.
THE FLIGHT OF BIRDS
“Do they not look at
the birds, held poised
in the midst of (the air
and) the sky?
Nothing holds them up
but (the power of) Allah.
Verily in this are Signs
for those who believe.”
[Al-Qur’an 16:79]

Another verse also touches on birds:
“Do they not observe
the birds above them,
spreading their wings
and folding them in?
None can uphold them
except (Allah) Most Gracious:
truly it is He
that watches over all things.”
[Al-Qur’an 67:19]
The Arabic word amsaka literally means, ‘to put
one’s hand on, seize, hold, hold someone back,’
which expresses the idea that Allah holds the bird
up in His power. These verses stress the extremely
close dependence of the birds’ behaviour on Divine
law. Modern scientific data has shown the degree of
perfection attained by certain species of birds with
regard to the programming of their movements. It is
only the existence of a migratory programme in the
genetic code of the birds that can explain the long
and complicated journey that very young birds,
without any prior experience and without any guide,
are able to accomplish. They are also able to return
to the departure point on a definite date.
Prof. Hamburger in his book ‘Power and Fragility’
gives the example of ‘mutton-bird’ that lives in the
Pacific with its journey of over 24,000 km in the
shape of figure ‘8’. It makes this journey over a

period of 6 months and comes back to its departure
point with a maximum delay of one week. The highly
complicated instructions for such a journey have to
be contained in the birds’ nervous cells. They are
definitely programmed. Therefore, should we not at
least reflect on the identity of this ‘Programmer’?
THE BEE AND ITS SKILL
“And thy Lord taught the Bee
to build its cells in hills,
on trees, and in
(men’s) habitations;
then to eat of all
the produce (of the earth),
and find with skill
the spacious paths of its Lord.”
[Al-Qur’an 16:68-69]
Von-Frisch received the Nobel Prize in 1973 for his
research on the behaviour and communication of the
bees. The bee, after discovering any new garden or
flower, goes back and tells its fellow bees the exact
direction and map to get there, which is known as
‘bee dance’. The meanings of this insect’s movements
that are intended to transmit information between
worker bees have been discovered scientifically
using photography and other methods. The Qur’an
mentions in the above verses how the bee with its
skill, finds the spacious paths of its Lord.

The gender used for the bee in the above verses is
the female gender (fa’slukî and kulî), indicating that
the bee that leaves its home for gathering food is a
female bee. In other words the soldier or worker bee
is a female bee.
In fact, in Shakespeare’s play, ‘Henry the Fourth’,
some of the characters speak about bees and
mention that the bees are soldiers and that they
have a king. That is what people thought in
Shakespearean times. They thought that the
worker bees are male bees and they go home and
are answerable to a king bee. This, however, is not
true. The worker bees are females and they do not
report to a king bee but to a queen bee. But it took
modern investigations in the last 300 years to
discover this.
SPIDER’S WEB, THE FRAGILE HOME
“The parable of those who
take protectors other than Allah
is that of the Spider,
who builds (to itself) a house;
but truly the flimsiest of houses
is the Spider’s house –
if they but knew.”
[Al-Qur’an 29:41]

Besides giving the physical description of the spider’s
web as being very flimsy, delicate and weak, the
Qur’an also stresses on the flimsiness of the
relationship in the spider’s house, where the female
spider many a times kills its mate, the male spider.
The parable also has reference to the weakness of
such relationship of the people who seek protection
for this world and for the hereafter from those other
than Allah.
LIFESTYLE AND COMMUNICATION OF
ANTS
“And before Solomon were
marshalled his hosts –
of Jinns and men and birds,
and they were all kept
in order and ranks.
“At length, when they came
to a (lowly) valley of ants,
one of the ants said :
‘O ye ants, get into
your habitations,
lest Solomon and his hosts
crush you (under foot)
without knowing it.’”
[Al-Qur’an 27:17-18]

In the past, some people would have probably
mocked at the Qur’an, taking it to be a book of fairy
tales in which ants talk to each other and
communicate sophisticated messages. In recent
times however, research has shown us several facts
about the lifestyle of ants, which were not known
earlier to humankind. Research has shown that the
animals or insects whose lifestyle is closest in
resemblance to the lifestyle of human beings are the
ants. This can be seen from the following findings
regarding ants:
(a) The ants bury their dead in a manner similar
to the humans.
(b) They have a sophisticated system of division
of labour, whereby they have managers,
supervisors, foremen, workers, etc.
(c) Once in a while they meet among themselves
to have a ‘chat’.
(d) They have an advanced method of
communication among themselves.
(e) They hold regular ‘markets’ where they
exchange goods.
(f) They store grain for long periods in winter and
if the grain begins to bud, they cut the roots, as
if they understand that if they leave it to grow,
it will rot. If the grain stored by them gets wet
due to rains, they take it out into the sunlight
to dry, and once dry, they take it back inside
as though they know that humidity will cause
development of root systems which will cause
the grain to rot.

10. MEDICINE
HONEY: HEALING FOR HUMANKIND
The bee assimilates juices of various kinds of
flowers and fruit and forms honey within its body,
which it stores in its cells of wax. Only a couple of
centuries ago humans came to know that honey
comes from the belly of the bee. But this fact was
mentioned in the Qur’an 1,400 years ago in the
following verse:
“There issues from
within their bodies
a drink of varying colours,
wherein is healing for men.”
[Al-Qur’an 16:69]
We are only now aware that honey has healing
properties and is also a mild antiseptic. The
Russians would use honey to cover their wounds in
World War II. The wound would retain moisture
and would leave very little scar tissue. Due to the
density of honey, no fungus or bacteria could grow
in the wound.
Dramatic improvements were visible in 22
incurable chest and Alzheimer's disease patients at
nursing Homes in England who were treated by
Sister Carole, a nun, with propolis, a substance
which bees produce to seal hives against bacteria. 1
______________________________________________________________
1
The reference for this statment is the video tape titled ‘This is the
Truth’. For a copy of this video tape contact the Islamic Research
Foundation.

A person suffering from an allergy of a particular
plant may be given honey from that plant so that
the person develops resistance to that allergy.
Honey is also rich in fructose and vitamin K.
The knowledge contained in the Qur’an regarding
honey, its origin and properties, was discovered
centuries after its revelation.

11. PHYSIOLOGY
BLOOD CIRCULATION AND MILK
The Qur’an was revealed 600 years before the
Muslim scientist Ibn Nafees described the
circulation of the blood and 1,000 years before
William Harwey brought this understanding to the
Western world. Roughly thirteen centuries before it
was known what happens in the intestines to
ensure that organs are nourished by the process of
digestive absorption, a verse in the Qur’an described
the source of the constituents of milk, in conformity
with these notions.
To understand the Qur’anic verse concerning the
above concepts, it is important to know that
chemical reactions occur in the intestines and that,
from there, substances extracted from food pass into
the blood stream via a complex system; sometimes
by way of the liver, depending on their chemical
nature. The blood transports them to all the organs
of the body, among which are the milk-producing
mammary glands.
In simple terms, certain substances from the
contents of the intestines enter into the vessels of
the intestinal wall itself, and these substances are
transported by the blood stream to the various
organs.

This physiological concept must be fully appreciated if we
wish to understand the following verses of the Qur’an:
“And verily in cattle there is
a lesson for you.
We give you to drink
of what is inside their bodies,
coming from a conjunction
between the contents of the
intestine and the blood,
a milk pure and pleasant for
those who drink it.”
[Al-Qur’an 16:66] 1
“And in cattle (too) ye
have an instructive example:
from within their bodies
We produce (milk)
for you to drink;
there are, in them,
(besides), numerous (other)
benefits for you;
and of their (meat) ye eat.”
[Al-Qur’an 23:21]
____________________________________________________________
1
Translation of this Qur’anic verse is from the book “The Bible, the
_____________________________________________________________
Qur’an and Science” by Dr. Maurice Bucaille.
The 1400 year old Qur’anic description of the
production of milk in cattle is strikingly similar to what
modern physiology has discovered in recent times

12. EMBRYOLOGY
MUSLIMS SEEK ANSWERS
A group of Muslim Scholars, under the direction of
an eminent Yemani Scholar, Sheikh Abdul Majid
Azzindani, collected information concerning
embryology 1 and other sciences in the Qur'an and
undisputed Hadith 2 and translated it into English.
They then followed the Qur'anic advice:
“If ye realise this not,
ask of those who possess
the Message.”
[Al-Qur’an 16:43 & 21:7]
All the information from the Qur’an and the
undisputed Hadith concerning embryology so
gathered, after being translated into English and
presented to Prof. (Dr.) Keith Moore, Professor of
Embryology and Chairman of the Department of
Anatomy at the University of Toronto, in Canada.
At present he is one of the highest authorities in the
field of Embryology.
He was asked to give his opinion regarding the
material presented to him. After carefully
examining it, Dr. Moore said that most of the
_____________________________________________________________
1
Embryology is the study of human development before birth.
2
Hadith or Sunnah means the sayings or actions of Prophet
Muhammed (pbuh).

information concerning embryology mentioned in
the Qur’an and the undisputed Hadith is in perfect
conformity with modern discoveries in the field of
embryology and does not conflict with them in any
way. He added that there were a few verses
however, on whose scientific accuracy he could not
comment. He could not say whether the statements
were true or false, since he was himself unaware of
the information contained therein. There was also
no mention of this information in modern writings
and studies on embryology.
One such verse is:
“Proclaim! (or Read!)
In the name of thy Lord
and Cherisher, Who created –
Created man, out of a (mere)
clot of congealed blood.”
[Al-Qur’an 96:1-2]
The Arabic word alaq, besides meaning a congealed
clot of blood, also means something that clings, a
leech-like substance.
Dr. Keith Moore had no knowledge whether an
embryo in the initial stages appears like a leech. To
check this out he studied the initial stage of the
embryo under a very powerful microscope and
compared what he observed with the diagram of a
leech. He was astonished at the striking
resemblance between the two!

In the same manner, he acquired more information
on embryology, that was hitherto not known to him,
from the Qur’an.
Dr. Keith Moore answered about eighty questions
dealing with embryological data mentioned in the
Qur’an and Hadith. Noting that the information
contained in the Qur’an and Hadith was in full
agreement with the latest discoveries in the field of
embryology, Prof. Moore said, “If I was asked these
questions thirty years ago, I would not have been
able to answer half of them for lack of scientific
information”. 1
In 1981, during the Seventh Medical Conference in
Dammam, Saudi Arabia, Dr. Moore said, “It has
been a great pleasure for me to help clarify
statements in the Qur’an about human development.
It is clear to me that these statements must have
come to Muhammad from God or Allah, because
almost all of this knowledge was not discovered
until many centuries later. This proves to me
that Muhammad must have been a messenger of
God or Allah”. 2
Dr. Keith Moore had earlier authored the book,
‘The Developing Human’. After acquiring new
knowledge from the Qur’an, he wrote, in 1982, the
3rd edition of the same book, ‘The Developing
_____________________________________________________________
1
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
2
The reference for this statment is the video tape titled ‘This
is the Truth’. For a copy of this video tape contact the Islamic
Research Foundation.

Human’. The book was the recipient of an award for
the best medical book written by a single author.
This book has been translated into several major
languages of the world and is used as a textbook of
embryology in the first year of medical studies.
Dr. Joe Leigh Simpson, Chairman of the Department
of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, at the Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, U.S.A., proclaims: “...these
Hadiths, sayings of Muhammad (pbuh), could not
have been obtained on the basis of the scientific
knowledge that was available at the time of the
writer (implying in the 7th century). It follows that
not only is there no conflict between genetics and
religion (implying Islam) but in fact religion (Islam)
may guide science by adding revelation to some of the
traditional scientific approaches . . . there exist
statements in the Qur’an shown centuries later to be
valid which support knowledge in the Qur’an having
been derived from God.”
DROP EMITTED FROM BETWEEN THE
BACK BONE AND THE RIBS
“Now let man but think
from what he is created!
He is created from
a drop emitted –
Proceeding from between
the back bone and the ribs.”
[Al-Qur’an 86:5-7]

In embryonic stages, the reproductive organs of the
male and female, i.e. the testicles and the ovaries,
begin their development near the kidney between
the spinal column and the eleventh and twelfth ribs.
Later they descend; the female gonads (ovaries) stop
in the pelvis while the male gonads (testicles)
continue their descent before birth to reach the
scrotum through the inguinal canal. Even in
adulthood after the descent of the reproductive
organs, these organs receive their nerve supply and
blood supply from the Abdominal Aorta, which is in
the area between the backbone (spinal column) and
the ribs. The lymphatic drainage and the venous
return also go to the same area.
NUTFAH – MINUTE QUANTITY OF
LIQUID
The Glorious Qur’an mentions no less than eleven
times that the human being is created from nutfah,
which means a minute quantity of liquid or a trickle
of liquid that remains after emptying a cup. This is
mentioned in several verses of the Qur’an including
22:5 and 23:13. 1
Science has confirmed in recent times that only one
out of an average of three million sperms is required
for fertilising the ovum. This means that only 1 /3
millionth part or 0.00003% of the quantity of sperms
that are emitted is required for fertilisation.
_____________________________________________________________
1
The same is also mentioned in the Qur’an in 16:4, 18:37, 35:11,
36:77, 40:67, 53:46, 75:37, 76:2 and 80:19.

SULALAH – QUINTESSENCE OF LIQUID
“And made his progeny
from a quintessence
of the nature of
a fluid despised.”
[Al-Qur’an 32:8]
The Arabic word sulaalah means quintessence or the
best part of a whole. We have come to know now that
only one single spermatozoon that penetrates the
ovum is required for fertilization, out of the several
million produced by man. That one spermatozoon out
of several million, is referred to in the Qur’an as
sulaalah. We have also come to know now that only
one ovum is fertilized out of the tens of thousand
produced by the female. That one ovum out of tens
of thousand is also refered to in the Qur'an as
Sulaalah. This word also means gentle extraction
from a fluid. The fluid refers to both male and
female germinal fluids containing gametes. Both
ovum and sperm are gently extracted from their
environments in the process of fertilization.
NUTFATUN AMSHAAJ – MINGLED
LIQUIDS
“Verily We created man
from a drop of mingled sperm.”
[Al-Qur’an 76:2]

The Arabic word nutfatin amshaajin means mingled
liquids. According to some commentators of the
Qur’an, mingled liquids refers to the male or female
agents or liquids. After mixture of male and female
gamete, the zygote still remains nutfah. Mingled
liquids can also refer to spermatic fluid that is
formed of various secretions that come from various
glands.
Therefore, nutfatin amshaaj, i.e. a minute quantity
of mingled fluids refers to the male and female
gametes (germinal fluids or cells) and part of the
surrounding fluids.
SEX DETERMINATION
The sex of a foetus is determined by the nature of
the sperm and not of the ovum. The sex of the child,
whether female or male, depends on whether the
23rd pair of chromosomes is XX or XY respectively.
Primarily, sex determination occurs at fertilization
and depends upon the type of sex chromosome in
the sperm that fertilizes an ovum. If it is an ‘X’
bearing sperm that fertilizes the ovum, the foetus
is a female and if it is a ‘Y’ bearing sperm then
the foetus is a male.
“That He did create
in pairs – male and female,
from a seed when lodged
(in its place).”
[Al-Qur’an 53:45-46]
The Arabic word nutfah means a minute quantity of
liquid and tumnaa means ejaculated or planted.

Therefore nutfah specifically refers to sperm
because it is ejaculated.
The Qur’an says:
“Was he not a drop
of sperm emitted
(in lowly form)?
“Then did he become
a clinging clot;
then did (Allah) make
and fashion (him)
in due proportion.
“And of him He made
two sexes, male
and female.”
[Al-Qur’an 75:37-39]
Here again it is mentioned that a small quantity
(drop) of sperm (indicated by the word nutfatan min
maniyyin) which comes from the man is responsible
for the sex of the foetus.
Mothers-in-law in the Indian subcontinent, usually
prefer having male grandchildren and often blame
their daughters-in-law if the child is not a boy. If
only they knew that the determining factor is the
nature of the male sperm and not the female ovum!
If they were to blame anybody, they should rather
blame their sons, not their daughters-in-law, since
both the Qur’an and Science hold that it is the male
fluid that is responsible for the sex of the child!

FOETUS PROTECTED BY THREE VEILS
OF DARKNESS
“He makes you,
in the wombs of your mothers,
in stages, one after another,
in three veils of darkness.”
[Al-Qur’an 39:6]
According to Prof. Keith Moore, these three veils of
darkness in the Qur’an refer to:
(i)
anterior abdominal wall of the mother
(ii) the uterine wall
(iii) the amnio-chorionic membrane.
EMBRYOLOGICAL STAGES
“Man We did create
from a quintessence (of clay);
then We placed him
as (a drop of) sperm
in a place of rest, firmly fixed;
then We made the sperm
into a clot of congealed blood;
then of that clot We made
a (foetus) lump;

then We made out of that
lump bones and clothed
the bones with flesh;
then We developed
out of it another creature.
so blessed be Allah,
the Best to create!”
[Al-Qur’ an 23:12-14]
In this verse Allah states that man is created from
a small quantity of liquid which is placed in a place
of rest, firmly fixed (well established or lodged) for
which the Arabic word qaraarin makeen is used.
The uterus is well protected from the posterior by
the spinal column supported firmly by the back
muscles. The embryo is further protected by the
amniotic sac containing the amniotic fluid. Thus
the foetus has a well protected dwelling place.
This small quantity of fluid is made into alaqah,
meaning something which clings. It also means
a leech-like substance. Both descriptions are
scientifically acceptable as in the very early stages
the foetus clings to the wall and also appears to
resemble the leech in shape. It also behaves like a
leech (blood sucker) and acquires its blood supply
from the mother through the placenta.
The third meaning of the word alaqah is a blood
clot. During this alaqah stage, which spans the
third and fourth week of pregnancy, the blood clots
within closed vessels. Hence the embryo acquires
the appearance of a blood clot in addition to

acquiring the appearance of a leech. Compare the
readily available Qur'anic knowledge with Man's
struggle with scientific findings:
In 1677, Hamm and Leeuwenhoek were the
first scientists to observe human sperm cells
(spermatozoa) through a microscope. They thought
that a sperm cell contained a miniature human
being which grew in the uterus to form a newborn.
This was known as the perforation theory. When
scientists discovered that the ovum was bigger than
the sperm, it was thought by scientists like De Graf
and others that the foetus existed in a miniature
form in the ovum. Later, in the 18th century,
Maupertuis propagated the theory of biparental
inheritance.
The alaqah is transformed into mudghah which
means ‘something that is chewed (having teeth
marks)’ and also something that is tacky and small
which can be put in the mouth like gum. Both these
explanations are scientifically correct. Prof. Keith
Moore took a piece of plaster seal and made it into
the size and shape of the early stage of foetus and
chewed it between the teeth to make it into a
mudghah. He compared this with the photographs
of the early stage of foetus. The teeth marks
resembled the ‘somites’ which is the early formation
of the spinal column.
This mudghah is transformed into bones (izâm).
The bones are clothed with intact flesh or muscles
(lahm). Then Allah makes it into another creature.

Prof. Marshall Johnson who is one of the leading
scientists in the USA, and is the head of the
Department of Anatomy and Director of the Daniel
Institute at the Thomas Jefferson University in
Philadelphia in the USA, was asked to comment on
the verses of the Qur’an dealing with embryology. At
first he said that the verses of the Qur’an describing
the embryological stages cannot be a coincidence. It
was probable that Muhammad (pbuh) had a powerful
microscope. On being reminded that the Qur’an was
revealed 1400 years ago, and microscopes were
invented many centuries after the time of Prophet
Muhammad (pbuh), Prof. Johnson laughed and
admitted that the first microscope invented could not
magnify more than 10 times and could not show a
clear picture.
Later he said: “I see nothing here in conflict with
the concept that Divine intervention was involved
when Muhammad (pbuh) recited the Qur’an.” 1
According to Dr. Keith Moore, the modern
classification of embryonic development stages
which is adopted throughout the world, is not
easily comprehensible, since it identifies stages
on a numerical basis i.e. stage 1, stage 2, etc. On the
other hand, the divisions revealed in the Qur’an are
based on distinct and easily identifiable forms or
shapes, which the embryo passes through. These
are based on different phases of pre-natal
_____________________________________________________________
development
1
The reference for this statment is the video tape titled ‘This is the Truth’.
For a copy of this video tape contact the Islamic Research Foundation.

and provide elegant scientific descriptions that are
comprehensible and practical.
Embryological stages of human development have
also been described in the following verses:
“Was he not a drop
of sperm emitted
(in lowly form)?
Then did he become
a clinging clot;
then did (Allah) make
and fashion (him)
in due proportion.
and of him He made
two sexes, male
and female.”
[Al-Qur’an 75:37-39]
“Him Who created thee,
fashioned thee in due proportion,
and gave thee a just bias;
in whatever Form He wills,
does He put thee together.”
[Al-Qur’an 82:7-8]

EMBRYO PARTLY FORMED AND
PARTLY UNFORMED
At the mudghah stage, if an incision is made in the
embryo and the internal organ is dissected, it will be
seen that most of them are formed while the
remaining are not yet completely formed.
According to Prof. Johnson, if we describe the
embryo as a complete creation, then we are only
describing that part which is already created.
If we describe it as an incomplete creation, then
we are only describing that part which is not yet
created. So, is it a complete creation or an incomplete
creation? There is no better description of this stage
of embryogenesis than the Qur’anic description,
“partly formed and partly unformed”, as in the
following verse:
“We created you
out of dust,
then out of sperm,
then out of a leech-like clot,
then out of a morsel of flesh,
partly formed
and partly unformed
that We may manifest
(Our Power) to you.”
[Al-Qur’an 22:5]

Scientifically we know that at this early stage
of development there are some cells which are
differentiated and there are some cells that are
undifferentiated – some organs are formed and yet
others unformed.
SENSE OF HEARING AND SIGHT
The first sense to develop in a developing human
embryo is hearing. The foetus can hear sounds after
the 24th week. Subsequently, the sense of sight is
developed and by the 28th week, the retina becomes
sensitive to light.
The Qur'an explains it thus:
“And He gave
you (the faculties of) hearing
and sight and feeling
(and understanding).”
[Al-Qur’an 32:9]
“Verily We created man
from a drop of mingled sperm,
in order to try him:
so We gave him (the gifts),
of Hearing and Sight.”
[Al-Qur’an 76:2]
“It is He Who has created
for you (the faculties of)

hearing, sight, feeling and
understanding:
little thanks it is ye give!”
[Al-Qur’an 23:78]
In all these verses the sense of hearing is mentioned
before that of sight. Thus the Qur’anic description
matches perfectly with the discoveries in modern
embryology.

13. GENERAL SCIENCE
FINGERPRINTS
“Does man think that We
cannot assemble his bones?
Nay, We are able to put
together in perfect order
the very tips of his fingers.”
[Al-Qur’an 75:3-4]
Unbelievers argue regarding resurrection taking
place after bones of dead people have disintegrated
in the earth and how each individual would be
identified on the Day of Judgement. Almighty Allah
answers that He can not only assemble our bones
but can also reconstruct perfectly our very
fingertips.
Why does the Qur’an, while speaking about
determination of the identity of the individual,
speak specifically about fingertips? In 1880,
fingerprinting became the scientific method of
identification, after research done by Sir Francis
Golt. No two persons in the world can ever have
exactly the same fingerprint pattern, not even
identical twins. That is the reason why police forces
worldwide use fingerprints to identify criminals.
Fourteen hundred years ago, who could have known
the uniqueness of each human’s fingerprint? Surely it
could have been none other than the Creator Himself!

PAIN RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN
It was thought that the sense of feeling and pain
was dependent only on the brain. Recent discoveries
however prove that there are pain receptors present
in the skin, without which a person would not be
able to feel pain.
When a doctor examines a patient suffering from
burn injuries, he verifies the degree of burns by a
pinprick. If the patient feels pain, the doctor is
happy, because it indicates that the burns are
superficial and the pain receptors are intact. On the
other hand, if the patient does not feel any pain, it
indicates that it is a deep burn and the pain
receptors have been destroyed.
The Qur’an gives a clear indication of the existence
of pain receptors in the following verse:
“Those who reject
our signs,
We shall soon
cast into the Fire;
as often as their skins
are roasted through,
We shall change them
for fresh skins,
that they may taste
the Penalty:

for Allah is Exalted
in Power, Wise.”
[Al-Qur’an 4:56]
Prof. Tagatat Tejasen, Chairman of the Department
of Anatomy at Chiang Mai University in Thailand,
has spent a great amount of time on research of
pain receptors. Initially he could not believe that
the Qur’an mentioned this scientific fact 1,400
years ago. He later verified the translation of this
particular Qur’anic verse. Prof. Tejasen was so
impressed by the scientific accuracy of the Qur’anic
verse, that at the 8th Saudi Medical Conference
held in Riyadh on the Scientific Signs of Qur’an and
Sunnah, he proudly proclaimed in public:
“There is no God but Allah and
Muhammad (pbuh) is His Messenger.”

14. CONCLUSION
To attribute the presence of scientific facts in the
Qur’an to coincidence would be against common
sense and a true scientific approach.
Indeed the scientific accuracy of the Qur'anic verses
confirm the Qur'an's open declaration.
“Soon will We show them
Our Signs in the (furthest)
regions (of the earth), and
in their own souls, until
it becomes manifest to them
that this is the Truth
it is not enough that
Thy Lord doth witness
all things?”
[Al-Qur’an 41:53]
The Qur’an invites all humans to reflect on the
Creation of this universe in the verse:
“Behold! In the creation
of the heavens and the earth,
and the alternation
of Night and Day –
there are indeed Signs
for men of understanding .”
[Al-Qur’an 3:190]

The scientific evidences of the Qur’an clearly prove
its Divine origin. No human could have produced a
book, fourteen hundred years ago, that would
contain such profound scientific facts.
The Qur’an, however, is not a book of Science but a
book of ‘Signs’. These signs invite Man to realize the
purpose of his existence on earth, and to live in
harmony with Nature. The Qur’an is truly a
message from Allah, the Creator and Sustainer of
the universe. It contains the same Message of the
Oneness of God, that was preached by all prophets,
right from Adam, Moses, Jesus to Muhammad
(peace be upon them).
Several detailed tomes have been written on the
subject of Qur’an and modern science and further
research in this field is on. Inshallah, this research
will help mankind to come closer to the Word of the
Almighty. This booklet contains only a few of the
scientific facts present in the Qur’an. I cannot claim
to have done full justice to the subject.
Prof. Tejasen accepted Islam on the strength of just
one scientific ‘sign’ mentioned in the Qu’ran. Some
people may require ten signs while some may
require hundred signs to be convinced about the
Divine origin of the Qur’an. Some would be
unwilling to accept the Truth even after being
shown a thousand signs. The Qur’an condemns such
a closed mentality in the verse:

“Deaf, dumb and blind,
They will not return
(To the path).”
[Al-Qur’an 2:18]
The Qur’an contains a complete code of life for the
individual and society. Alhamdulillah (Praise be to
Allah), the Qur’anic way of life is far superior to the
‘isms’ that modern man has invented out of sheer
ignorance. Who can give better guidance than the
Creator Himself?
I pray that this humble effort is accepted by Allah,
to whom I pray for mercy and guidance (Aameen).