writing_womans_lives_symposium_paper_book_v2

teachers for Rüshdiye schools. All 32 students joined the entry exam were successful and 20 of them
graduated at the end of the 1872‐1873 academic year 16 .
In conclusion, in the early Tanzimat period, the strong willingness and initiatives of the Sultan and
his reformist governments definitely played a significant role in women’s education in 1840’s.
Subsequent developments showed that restructuring the public education and formal schooling
became a state policy. The governments had to tackle much more difficult task, girls’ education, and
they were determined to successfully achieve it. It is because of this determination and support, as
well as girls ultimate will to learn and improve their status in society led all these collective women
movements in the late Ottoman history.
Keywords: Tanzimat, Girls’ education, Ministry of education, Female activists, Women journals
Assistant Prof. Vehbi Baysan
Yeditepe University
Department of History
Vbaysan@yeditepe.edu.tr
Notes
1
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/7e98a2c8‐00cd‐11e0‐aa29‐00144feab49a.html
2
Babıali Evrak Odası, A. MKT., 24/87, dated 9 Cemaziyülahir 1261 A.H. (15 June 1845).
3
Takvim‐i Vekayi, No. 303, dated Receb 1262 A.H. (21 July 1846); the document is quoted by
Cevad, pp. 30‐3, by Reşat Özalp, Milli Eğitimle İlgili Mevzuat (1857‐1923) (Istanbul, 1982), pp. 3‐5
and by F. R. Unat, Türkiye Eğitim Sisteminin Gelişmesine Tarihi Bir Bakış (Ankara, 1964), pp. 90‐1.
4
Tiğinçe Oktar, Osmanlı Toplumunda Kadının Çalışma Yaşamı (Istanbul, 1998), pp. 32‐3.
5
Oktar, p. 34; Ergin, p. 449.
6
Oktar, p. 34.
7
Ubicini, pp. 194‐5.
8
Kemal Efendi was the Director of Public Schools and Founder of the Darulmaarif.
9
Ebüzziya Tevfik, Mecmua‐i Abuzziya, No. 120 quoted by Cevad, p. 43.
10
Takvim‐i Vekayi, No. 649, dated 26 Zilhicce 1278 A.H. (24 June 1862); Cevad, pp. 74‐5.
11
Oktar, p. 40.
12
Cevad, p. 101.
13
Cevad, p. 115; Ergin, pp. 668‐85.
14
See Table 19 and Table 20 for Darülmuallimat’s curriculum.
15
Ergin, pp. 671‐3 as quoted from the Takvim‐i Vekayi, No. 1217, dated 25 Muharrem 1287 A.H.
(26 April 1870).
16
Şefika Kurnaz, Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyete Kadınların Eğitimi (Ankara, date unknown), p. 7.
Kaynaklar
Cevad, Mahmud. Maarif‐i Umumiye Nezareti Tarihçe‐i Teskilat ve Icraati. Istanbul, 1338 A.H.
[1920].
Cevdet, Ahmed, Maruzat, Istanbul, 1980.
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐, Tarih‐i Cevdet, volume 12. Istanbul, 1309 A.H. [1891‐92].
Ergin, Osman, Istanbul Mektepleri ve Ilim, Terbiye ve San’at Müesseseleri Dolayisiyla Türkiye
Maarif Tarihi, 5 Volumes, reprint. Istanbul, 1977.
Kurnaz, Şefika. Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyete Kadınların Eğitimi. Ankara, 1999.
Oktar, Tiğinçe. Osmanlı Toplumunda Kadının Çalışma Yaşamı. Istanbul, 1998.
Özalp, Reşat. Milli Eğitimle İlgili Mevzuat (1857‐1923). Istanbul, 1982.
Pilehvarian, Nuran Kara. ‘Osmanli Devleti’nin Ilk Sivil Lisesi: Valide Mektebi/Darülmaarif
1266/1850’, EJOS, IV (2001) (= M. Kiel, N. Landman & H. Theunissen (eds.), Proceedings of the
11th International Congress of Turkish Art, Utrecht ‐ Netherlands, August 23‐28, 1999), No. 35,
pp, 1‐15.
Somel, Selçuk Aksin. The Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire 1839‐1908.
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