ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT - NEPA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT - NEPA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT - NEPA
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<strong>ENVIRONMENTAL</strong> <strong>IMPACT</strong> <strong>ASSESSMENT</strong><br />
FOR THE PROPOSED CEMENT PLANT AND QUARRY OPERATION<br />
BY CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED AT PORT ESQUIVEL<br />
INDUSTRIALCOMPLEX, ST CATHERINE AND<br />
ROSE HALL DISTRICT CLARENDON,<br />
JAMAICA<br />
December 2010<br />
DRAFT<br />
EnviroPlanners Limited<br />
17 Munroe Road, Kingston 6, Jamaica<br />
Tel: (876) 969-9153; Fax: (876) 925-3163<br />
Email: enviroplannersltd@yahoo.com � www.enviroplannersltd.com
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 2<br />
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 2<br />
Project Rationale ............................................................................................................. 3<br />
The Project ...................................................................................................................... 4<br />
Applicable Policies and Legislation ................................................................................ 6<br />
Impact Identification ....................................................................................................... 7<br />
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 15<br />
1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 22<br />
1.1 Purpose ................................................................................................................... 22<br />
2.0 Project Description ................................................................................................................................... 25<br />
2.1 Location of the Proposed Development ................................................................. 26<br />
2.2 Overview of Cement Production .......................................................................... 29<br />
2.3 Manpower .............................................................................................................. 33<br />
2.4 Project Economics ................................................................................................. 33<br />
2.5 Proposed Community Development Plan ............................................................. 34<br />
2.6 Reasons Why a Cement Plant is Needed ............................................................... 35<br />
3.0 Analysis of Alternatives ........................................................................................................................... 38<br />
3.1 Do Nothing Alternative .......................................................................................... 38<br />
3.2 Project Implementation Options ............................................................................ 39<br />
4.0 Terms of Reference (TOR) ...................................................................................................................... 46<br />
5.0 Institutional and Legal Framework (Regulatory Requirements) ............................................................. 54<br />
5.1 IDB/IFC/World Bank Guidelines ............................................................................................... 54<br />
5.1.1 International Finance Corporation (IFC, World Bank Group) Environmental<br />
Health, and Safety Guidelines for Cement and Lime Manufacturing ................... 54<br />
5.1.2 Document of the Inter-American Development Bank – Cement<br />
Manufacturing Plants Guidelines (An Approach to Reconciling the Financing<br />
of Cement Manufacturing Plants with Climate Change Objectives, March 10, 2010) ........................... 55<br />
5.1.3 Document of the Inter-American Development Bank – Coal-Fired<br />
Power Plants Guidelines (An Approach to Reconciling the Financing of<br />
Coal-Fired Power Plants with Climate Change Objectives, July 10, 2009) ............................................ 56<br />
5.2 National Legislation – National Environment ............................................................................ 56<br />
5.2.1 National resources Conservation Authority Act (1991) ......................................... 56<br />
5.2.2 Environment Review and Permitting Process (1997) ............................................ 57<br />
5.2.3 Wildlife Protection Act (1945) ............................................................................... 57<br />
5.2.4 The Endangered Species (Protection, Conservation and Regulation<br />
of Trade) Act (2000) .............................................................................................. 58<br />
5.2.5 The National Resources (Prescribed Areas) Prohibition of Categories<br />
of Enterprise, Construction and Development) Order (1996) ................................ 58<br />
5.2.6 Water Resources Act (1995) .................................................................................. 58<br />
5.2.7 Country Fires Act (1942) ....................................................................................... 59<br />
5.2.8 Quarries Contract Act (1983) ................................................................................. 60<br />
5.2.9 The Pesticides (Amendment) Act (1996) ............................................................... 60<br />
5.2.10 Clean Air Act (1964) .............................................................................................. 61<br />
5.2.11 The Natural Resources Conservation Authority (Air Quality)<br />
Regulations, 2002 .................................................................................................. 61
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
5.2.12 Noise Standards ..................................................................................................... 63<br />
5.2.13 Trade Effluent and Sewage Regulations (1996) (Draft) ......................................... 63<br />
5.2.14 Watershed Protection Act (1963) ........................................................................... 64<br />
5.3 National Legislation – Social Environment ................................................................................ 64<br />
5.3.1 Town and Country Planning Act (1958) ................................................................ 64<br />
5.3.2 Land Development and utilization Act (1996) ....................................................... 65<br />
5.3.3 Public Health Act (1976) ....................................................................................... 66<br />
5.3.4 The National Solid Waste Management Authority Act (2001) .............................. 66<br />
5.3.5 Jamaica National Heritage Trust Act (1985) .......................................................... 67<br />
5.3.6 Registration of Titles Act (1989) ........................................................................... 67<br />
5.3.7 The Factories Act (1973) ....................................................................................... 68<br />
5.3.8 Jamaica’s Energy Policy ........................................................................................ 69<br />
5.3.9 The Town and Country Planning (St. Catherine Coast) Provisional<br />
development Order, 1964 ....................................................................................... 70<br />
5.3.10 South Coast Sustainable Development Master Plan .............................................. 70<br />
5.4 International Legislative and Regulatory Considerations ........................................................... 71<br />
5.4.1 Cartegena Convention (Convention for the Protection and Development<br />
of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region) (1983) .................... 71<br />
5.4.2 Convention on Biological Diversity ....................................................................... 72<br />
6.0 Methodology and Approach .................................................................................................................... 74<br />
6.1 General Approach .................................................................................................... 74<br />
6.2 Physical Environment .............................................................................................. 74<br />
6.2.1 Site and Situation ................................................................................... 74<br />
6.2.2 Climate ................................................................................................... 75<br />
6.2.3 Hydrology .............................................................................................. 75<br />
6.2.4 Geology & topography .......................................................................... 76<br />
6.2.5 Drainage ................................................................................................. 76<br />
6.2.6 Storm water runoff ................................................................................. 76<br />
6.2.7 Coastal and Marine Ecosystem .............................................................. 76<br />
6.2.8 Noise & Air Quality ............................................................................... 76<br />
6.2.9 Solid Waste ............................................................................................ 77<br />
6.3 Biological Environment ........................................................................................... 77<br />
6.3.1 Terrestrial Flora ..................................................................................... 77<br />
6.3.2 Terrestrial Fauna .................................................................................... 77<br />
6.4 Socio-economic & Cultural Environment ............................................................... 77<br />
6.5 Manmade & Other Hazards ..................................................................................... 78<br />
6.6 Traffic Assessment ................................................................................................... 78<br />
7.0 Condition of the Existing Environment ................................................................................................... 79<br />
7.1 The Physical Environment ....................................................................................... 79<br />
7.1.1 Limestone Quarry Site ........................................................................... 80<br />
7.1.2 Cement Plant Site ................................................................................... 85<br />
7.1.3 Climate ................................................................................................... 94<br />
7.1.4 Air Quality ............................................................................................. 95<br />
7.1.5 Noise ...................................................................................................... 99<br />
7.1.6 Solid Waste ............................................................................................ 101<br />
7.1.7 Heritage Site Considerations .................................................................. 102
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
7.2 Biological Environment ........................................................................................... 102<br />
7.2.1 Cement Plant Site ................................................................................... 102<br />
7.2.2 Limestone Quarry Site ........................................................................... 103<br />
7.3 Socio Economic and Cultural Environment............................................................. 103<br />
7.3.1 Survey Findings ..................................................................................... 103<br />
7.4 Traffic Impact Assessment ...................................................................................... 104<br />
7.5 Hospitals .................................................................................................................. 104<br />
7.6 Police Stations .......................................................................................................... 105<br />
7.7 Man-made and other Hazards .................................................................................. 105<br />
8.0 Impact Summary and Monitoring Plan .................................................................................................... 108<br />
8.1 Impacts during the Construction Phase .................................................................... 108<br />
8.2 Impacts during Operations Phase ............................................................................. 113<br />
8.3 Impacts during Decommissioning Phase ................................................................. 120<br />
8.4 Summary Tables of Impacts and Mitigation Measures by Project Phase ........ 123<br />
9.0 Social and Economic Impacts .................................................................................................................. 145<br />
10.0 Emergency Preparedness and Response .................................................................................................. 148<br />
11.0 Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management and Monitoring Plan ........................................ 149<br />
REFERENCES
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
APPENDICES<br />
APPENDIX I Emergency Response Program<br />
APPENDIX II Environmental Health & Safety Program<br />
APPENDIX 2 Preliminary Mining Permit<br />
APPENDIX 4 Terms of Reference<br />
APPENDIX 6 EIA Team<br />
APPENDIX 7 Preliminary Mining Plan<br />
APPENDIX 7.1 Contractor Agreements<br />
APPENDIX 7.1.4 Air shed Modeling Report<br />
APPENDIX 7.1.5 Noise Study Report<br />
APPENDIX 7.2 Hydro-geological Study Report<br />
APPENDIX 7.3 Drainage Study Report<br />
APPENDIX 7.3.2.6 Survey Form
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
LIST OF FIGURES<br />
FIGURE 1.0: CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED PLANT LOCATION<br />
FIGURE 2.0: CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED 30-MONTH PROJECT SCHEDULE<br />
FIGURE 2.1.1: MAP OF CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED LAND DEVELOPMENT<br />
FIGURE 2.1.2: MAP OF CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED LIMESTONE QUARRY DEVELOPMENT<br />
FIGURE 2.1.3: MAP OF CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED CLAY QUARRY DEVELOPMENT<br />
FIGURE 2.1.4: SATELLITE VIEW SHOWING RELATIVE LOCATION OF LIMESTONE AND CLAY QUARRIES TO THE<br />
PROPOSED PLANT LOCATION FOR CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED<br />
FIGURE 2.2: OVERVIEW OF THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS<br />
FIGURE 7.1.3: SATELLITE VIEW SHOWING EXISTING EARTH DRAIN AND PROPOSEDFACTORY LAYOUT FOR CEMENT<br />
JAMAICA LIMITED<br />
FIGURE 7.1.3.1: MAP OF FUTURE PLANT SITE SHOWN THE CATCHMENT AREA ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXISTING<br />
TOPOGRAPHY<br />
PHOTO 7.1.3.5: PICTURE SHOWING TEAM MEMBER COLLECTING ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE FROM AN AREA RESIDENT<br />
FIGURE 7.1.5: SATELLITE VIEW SHOWING EXISTING MINING ACTIVITIES AT THE FUTURE LIMESTONE QUARRY FOR<br />
CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED<br />
FIGURE 7.1.4.1: SATELLITE VIEW SHOWING TOPOGRAPHY OF THE PROPOSED FUTURE LIMESTONE QUARRY FOR<br />
CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED<br />
FIGURE 7.1.4.2: MAP OF FUTURE QUARRY SITE SHOWING THE THREE (3) CATCHMENTAREAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE<br />
EXISTING TOPOGRAPHY<br />
PHOTO 7.1.4.6.1-A: PHOTO SHOWING CLARENDON GULLY LOOKING UPSTREAM TOWARD THE CULVERT WHICH<br />
RUNS UNDER HIGHWAY 2000<br />
PHOTO 7.1.4.6.1-B: PHOTO SHOWING CLARENDON GULLY AT THE CULVERT WHICH RUNS UNDER HIGHWAY 2000<br />
FIGURE 7.1.4.2: MAP OF FUTURE QUARRY SITE SHOWING THE CLARENDON GULLY CATCHMENT AREA<br />
PHOTO 7.1.4.6.1-A: PHOTO SHOWING CLARENDON GULLY LOOKING UPSTREAM TOWARDTHE CULVERT WHICH<br />
RUNS UNDER HIGHWAY 2000<br />
PHOTO 7.1.4.6.1-A: PHOTO SHOWING CLARENDON GULLY LOOKING UPSTREAM TOWARD THE CULVERT WHICH<br />
RUNS UNDER HIGHWAY 2000<br />
PHOTO 7.1.4.6.1-A: PHOTO SHOWING CLARENDON GULLY LOOKING UPSTREAM TOWARD THE CULVERT WHICH<br />
RUNS UNDER HIGHWAY 2000<br />
FIGURE 7.1.4.2: MAP OF FUTURE QUARRY SITE SHOWING THE CLARENDON GULLY CATCHMENT AREA<br />
FIGURE 7.1.15.1 AIR EMISSION POINT SOURCE<br />
FIGURE 7.1.15.2 MAP OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT<br />
FIGURE 7.1.15.3 SATELLITE MAP SHOWING RELATIVE DISTANCE BETWEEN SITES<br />
FIGURE 7.1.17: MAP OF FUTURE PLANT SITE SHOWING THE SIX (6) LOCATIONS OF THE BASELINE NOISE<br />
MONITORING SURVEY<br />
FIGURE 7.2 QUARRY SITE TOPOGRAPHY MAP<br />
FIGURE 7.3 CATCH ASSOCIATED WITH QUARRY SITE<br />
FIGURE 7.5 PROPOSEDPLANT SITE<br />
FIGURE 7.6 PLANT SITE GEOLOGICAL FORMATION<br />
FIGURE 7.7 PLANT SITE TOPOGRAPHY SURVEY<br />
FIGURE 7.8 CATCH ASSOCIATED WITH PLANT SITE
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
LIST OF TABLES<br />
TABLE 1 : CUMULATIVE AIR <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
TABLE 2: CUMULATIVE <strong>IMPACT</strong> OF SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS TO PEAK MODELED SHORT-TERM<br />
CONCENTRATIONS<br />
TABLE 3: CUMULATIVE TRAFFIC <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
TABLE 5.1.1: CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED PLANT PARTICULATE EMISSIONS COMPARED TO IFC<br />
TABLE 5.1.2: IFC STANDARDS FOR NOISE EMISSIONS<br />
TABLE 5.1.3: CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED PLANT GASEOUS EMISSIONS COMPARED TO IFC<br />
GUIDELINES<br />
TABLE 5.1.4: CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT MINIMUM PERFORMANCE<br />
CRITERIA<br />
TABLE 5.2: <strong>NEPA</strong> STANDARDS FOR AIR POLLUTANTS<br />
TABLE 14: <strong>NEPA</strong> GUIDELINESS FOR EFFLUENT STANDARDS<br />
TABLE 14-A: Immediate Technology Based Effluent Standards - Existing Plants<br />
TABLE 14-B: Proposed Sewage Effluent Standards - New Plants<br />
TABLE 14-C: Interim Sewage Effluent - Irrigation Standards<br />
TABLE 14- D: Immediate Technology Based Effluent Standards - Existing Plants<br />
TABLE 7.3.1.2: WATER QUALITY DATA ANALYSES FOR BOWERS GULLY CURRENTLY ON THE PROPOSED FUTURE<br />
PLANT SITE<br />
TABLE 7.1.3.4: PREDICTED RAINFALL INTENSITY FOR DIFFERENT RETURN PERIODS AT THE BODLES STATION<br />
TABLE 7.1.3.5: CALCULATION FOR THE CAPACITY OF THE EXISTING DRAIN AND THE EXPECTED FLOW FROM A 2<br />
YEAR RAINFALL EVENT<br />
TABLE 7.1.3.9.1: CALCULATION OF THE PROPOSED DRAIN SIZED FOR THE 50 YEAR RETURN PERIOD<br />
TABLE 7.1.4.4: PREDICTED RAINFALL INTENSITY FOR DIFFERENT RETURN PERIODS AT THE BODLES STATION<br />
TABLE 7.1.4.6.1: GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF THE CLARENDON GULLY BASED ON DATA GATHERED DURING SITE<br />
VISIT<br />
TABLE 7.1. 17 COMPARISON OF AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS AT THE STATIONS WITH <strong>NEPA</strong> PROPOSED NOISE<br />
GUIDELINES<br />
Table 4-1<br />
Table 4-2<br />
Table 4-3<br />
Table 4-4<br />
Table 4-5<br />
Table 4-6<br />
TABLE 15: TRAFFIC SURVEY CONDUCTED BY ENVIROPLANNERS<br />
TABLE 16: FLOOD FREQUENCY<br />
TABLE 8.4. detailed summary of these effects, the mitigation measures, and the environmental monitoring plans
Introduction<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY<br />
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been prepared in accordance with Terms of<br />
Reference (TOR) approved by Jamaica’s National Environment and Planning Agency (<strong>NEPA</strong>)<br />
found in Section 4.0 of this report.<br />
Cement Jamaica Limited (CJL) plans to build and operate a cement plant on the lands of the Port<br />
Esquivel Industrial Complex, St. Catherine, near the existing JB Feed Mill. The parcels of land<br />
(170 acres for the main plant and 500 acres for the limestone quarry) are strategically located<br />
within a region rich with limestone and zoned for mining with easy access to major roads, rail,<br />
and the port facility at Port Esquivel.<br />
The plant is expected to produce 900,000 tons of cement clinker in its first year of production<br />
(2013). The nominal design capacity of the cement plant is planned for 1,500,000 tons of<br />
cement clinker by the year 2015. Deep water access for the export of cement to neighboring<br />
Caribbean Islands, such as Haiti, is readily available via an existing sea port at Port Esquivel. In<br />
this regard, a cooperative agreement exists between CJL and the West Indies Aluminum<br />
Company (WINDALCO) to increase the utilization of the existing port facility which is currently<br />
used only 40-60% of the available time at Port Esquivel.<br />
The plant is planned to be constructed by an EPC Contractor, one of the world’s leading<br />
designers and constructors of modern cement plants. The EPC Contractor will utilize modern<br />
technology to allow CJL to maintain low operating costs, while minimizing fugitive dust<br />
emissions, and meeting the following guidelines established by the Inter-American Development<br />
Bank (IDB):<br />
• Cement Plant Environmental Emissions: less than 820 kg CO2/ton of clinker<br />
• Cement Plant Specific Fuel Consumption: less than 3200 MJ /ton of clinker<br />
Limestone is the main raw material in the cement manufacturing process. Therefore, as part of<br />
this project, CJL also proposes to greatly expand the existing quarrying operations at Rose Hall<br />
Clarendon, near the border of St. Catherine which is located only 1.5 kilometers from the cement<br />
plant. The limestone will be transported to the plant via an enclosed overland conveyor system<br />
that will run across Government of Jamaica Land (i.e. Bodles Agricultural Complex) and over<br />
Highway 2000 into the Port Esquivel Industrial Complex.<br />
Jamaica is also rich in clay and abundant reserves are located in relatively close proximity to the<br />
proposed location of the cement plant. This is important because clay is a raw material (typically<br />
used in the cement manufacturing process). Contracts will be established with existing clay<br />
quarry operating within a radius of 20 kilometers from the proposed location of the cement plant.
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EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
From here, the clay will be transported to the limestone quarry at Rose Hall utilizing 20-ton<br />
trucks via the existing roads to a new 1.5 kilometers haul road which will run from the Old<br />
Harbour Main Road to the Limestone Quarry at Rose Hall.<br />
The final raw mix component to be used by CJL is a waste product, red mud, from Jamaica’s<br />
bauxite industry. Here, again, large quantities of this waste material are available in Jamaica<br />
since it is the tailings from the principal industrial means of refining bauxite into alumina. It is<br />
planned to use the waste material from WINDALCO’s existing industrial facilities located at<br />
Ewarton and/or Mandeville and to take advantage of regular rail or truck service from these<br />
facilities to WINDALCO’s port at the Port Esquivel Industrial Complex, St. Catherine.<br />
A 54 MW coal-fired/co-generation facility will be designed by the EPC Contractor to utilize<br />
waste heat from the cement manufacturing operations. In addition, it is foreseen for the EPC<br />
Contractor to supply and install a captive coal-fired power plant for the additional power<br />
required for power and utilities. Here, again, the EPC Contractor will utilize modern technology<br />
to meet the energy efficiency guidelines established by the Inter-American Development Bank<br />
(IDB):<br />
• Coal Fired Power Plant: greater than 36% for Net Plant HHV Efficiency (%)<br />
• Coal Fired Power Plant: less than 890 kg Net CO2 Emissions Intensity (kg CO2/net<br />
MWh)<br />
This modern, 54 MW Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) power plant will utilize<br />
imported coal to reduce Jamaica’s demand for oil and eliminate a need for CJL’s dependence on<br />
Jamaica Public Service (JPS) for power supply. In addition to coal, biomass or other carbonneutral<br />
fuel will be added as needed to reach the maximum of 890 kg CO2/MWh (net).<br />
Project Rationale<br />
Jamaica is an island nation with a population of 2,700,000 people with an economy that, since<br />
1990, has grown marginally above its population growth rate. This rate of economic growth is<br />
inadequate given Jamaica’s debt-to-GDP ratio of 135%, which is the fourth highest per capita<br />
globally. In this respect, Jamaica’s economy is largely dependent on the Service Industry<br />
(primarily Tourism). In fact, the Service Industry accounts for more than 60% of Jamaica’s<br />
GDP.<br />
However, Jamaica’s economy is also aided by Mining and Agricultural exports and, in this<br />
respect; Jamaica is estimated to have 150 billion tons of recoverable limestone which is the<br />
primary raw material in the production of cement. In fact, the abundance of limestone and other<br />
raw/waste materials, such as clay and red mud, makes Jamaica an ideal landscape for the<br />
production and export of cement.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
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EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
It is somewhat ironic, therefore, that Caribbean Cement Company Limited (CCCL) is the sole<br />
manufacturer of cement in Jamaica and, until 1999, was also the sole supplier of cement to<br />
Jamaica. For this and other reasons (such as cement shortages), the Government of Jamaica<br />
(GOJ) has encouraged investments in the expansion of cement production, to meet local demand<br />
and the earning of foreign exchange from export.<br />
Within the Caribbean Common Market (CARICOM), Jamaica, Trinidad, and Barbados are the<br />
major cement producing countries. Each of the three (3) cement plants in these countries are<br />
owned by the Trinidad Cement Limited (TCL) Group, which has benefited from protection under<br />
the Common External Tariff (CET) because, for many years, the application of the CET made<br />
cement imports uneconomical. In recent years, supply shortages, quality issues, and rising<br />
cement prices have forced many CARICOM countries to seek CET waivers to pre-determined<br />
quotas to enable the importation of cheaper cement. The import of cement by CARICOM<br />
member states from non-TCL sources are more recently significant and highlight the degree to<br />
which distributors are seeking cheaper alternatives to the TCL Group.<br />
Jamaica is one of the largest economies in the Caribbean and it should be able to reverse the flat<br />
to moderate economic performances of prior years and start to achieve significant economic<br />
growth. The project described below will have a favorable impact on all sectors of the economy,<br />
particularly the construction sector which tends to experience a boom during the periods to<br />
economic growth. Moreover, the ability of the GOJ to improve tax revenue collections will<br />
impact on the Government’s ability to address Jamaica’s growing debt and provide additional<br />
resources for investment in public infrastructure. As a result of this project, it is expected that<br />
tax revenues from GCT (General Consumption Tax) and Income Tax will generate<br />
approximately $75 million USD annually for the GOJ.<br />
The Project<br />
Cement Jamaica Limited (CJL) plans a state-of-the-art, cost-effective, and environmentallyfriendly<br />
cement plant for Jamaica’s south coast with easy access to the sea port, limestone, clay,<br />
and red mud reserves that are required to produce and export portland cement. It is foreseen by<br />
CJL to design the cement plant to nominally produce 1.5 million tons of cement clinker per<br />
annum, of which three-quarters (3/4) would be exported and one-quarter (1/4) would be utilized<br />
by the local construction industry. Cemcorp Canada, the parent company of CJL, is a group that<br />
includes the largest condominium builder in Canada and major construction company. The<br />
group, itself, uses 70,000 tons of cement per annum.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
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EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
Figure 1.0 Project Location<br />
Specifically, CJL proposes to erect and operate a new cement plant at the existing Port Esquivel<br />
Industrial Complex and limestone quarry at Rose Hall, part of Old Harbour Hill in St Catherine.<br />
The project is estimated to cost $340 million USD and to use less than 310 million tons of<br />
limestone over the next 50 years (this is less than 1% of Jamaica’s available limestone reserves).<br />
A 30-month construction/commissioning schedule is anticipated, followed by 50-years of plant<br />
operations, and ultimately a 24-month decommissioning period which includes the re-vegetation<br />
of the limestone quarry.<br />
The cement production process involves the following activities:<br />
• Quarry & Raw Materials Preparation<br />
• Clinker Production<br />
• Cement Grinding & Distribution<br />
The successful implementation of this project should provide high quality cement at affordable<br />
prices to major distributors within the Caribbean region. CJL’s mission is to implement positive<br />
change in the Jamaican cement industry. In fact, CJL has already concluded significant take or<br />
pay contracts with strong and reputable users and distributors of cement to cover a significant<br />
portion of its proposed production which will serve to effectively manage the new company’s<br />
profitability.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
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EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
The plant will make optimum use of the existing deep water access at the Port of Esquivel for the<br />
cost-effective export of cement products to the wider Caribbean, USA and Canada. The plant,<br />
itself, will be located 3.5 kilometers from Port Esquivel at the intersection of the Port Esquivel<br />
access road and Highway 2000 which will provide easy access for the transport of product to the<br />
local construction industry. An existing rail road runs parallel to Windalco Road, adjacent to the<br />
proposed location of the new cement plant. Windalco’s port facilities will also provide<br />
convenient access for the importation of clean, high quality coal for use by CJL’s state-of-the-art,<br />
coal-fired/co-generation power generating plant. The power plant is needed to reduce Jamaica’s<br />
need for oil and to eliminate CJL’s dependence on JPS for power supply. Importantly, the fly<br />
ash (which is a waste material associated with coal burning power plants) will be 100% utilized<br />
by CJL as a cement additive. Moreover, a cogeneration facility will utilize waste heat from the<br />
cement manufacturing operations. Finally, gypsum which is added in small quantities (5%) to<br />
cement clinker (because it controls the setting time of concrete) will be transported to the cement<br />
plant by truck or barge from an existing gypsum facility owned by the TCL Group 65 kilometers<br />
away in Rockfort.<br />
Applicable Policies and Legislation<br />
Pollution control will be a main priority as it is the duty of CJL to be the steward of<br />
environmental protection at the cement plant, limestone quarry, and sea port. As such, pollution<br />
control measures and safeguards were selected with respect to the applicable policies and<br />
legislation requirements of Jamaica as well the International Guidelines, including those of the<br />
International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Inter-American Development Bank (IDB):<br />
• International Finance Corporation (IFC, World Bank Group) Environmental, Health, and<br />
Safety Guidelines for Cement and Lime Manufacturing<br />
• Document of the Inter-American Development Bank - Cement Manufacturing Plants<br />
Guidelines (An Approach to Reconciling the Financing of Cement Manufacturing Plants<br />
with Climate Change Objectives, March 10, 2010)<br />
• Document of the Inter-American Development Bank - Coal Fired Power Plants<br />
Guidelines (An Approach to Reconciling the Financing of Coal-Fired Power Plants with<br />
Climate Change Objectives, July 10, 2010)<br />
• Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act (1991)<br />
• Environmental Review and Permitting Process (1997)<br />
• Wildlife Protection Act (1945)<br />
• The Endangered Species (Protection, Conservation and Regulation of Trade) Act (2000)<br />
• The Natural Resources (Prescribed Areas)(Prohibition of Categories of Enterprise,<br />
Construction and Development) Order (1996)<br />
• Water Resources Act (1995)<br />
• Country Fires Act (1942)<br />
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• Quarries Control Act (1983)<br />
• The Pesticides (Amendment) Act (1996)<br />
• Clean Air Act (1964)<br />
• The Natural Resources Conservation Authority (Air Quality) Regulations, 2002<br />
• Trade Effluent and Sewage Regulations (1996) (Draft)<br />
• Watershed Protection Act (1963)<br />
• Town and Country Planning Act (1958)<br />
• Land Development and Utilization Act (1966)<br />
• Public Health Act (1976)<br />
• The National Solid Waste Management Authority Act (2001)<br />
• Jamaica National Heritage Trust Act (1985)<br />
• Registration of Titles Act (1989)<br />
• The Factories Act (1973)<br />
• Jamaica’s Energy Policy<br />
• The Town and Country Planning (St. Catherine Coast) Provisional Development Order,<br />
1964<br />
• South Coast Sustainable Development Master Plan<br />
• Cartagena Convention (Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine<br />
Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region) (1983)<br />
• Convention on Biological Diversity<br />
• Portland Bright Protected Area (PBPA)<br />
The project site consists of two (2) parcels of land in close proximity (2.0 kilometers) to each<br />
other and strategically located within a region rich with limestone and zoned for mining with<br />
easy access to major roads and the rail network as well as the existing West Indies Aluminum<br />
Company (WINDALCO) facilities at Port Esquivel. The water needed for plant operations will<br />
be provided by Windalco’s deep water well through CJL’s agreement with Windalco/ Jamaica<br />
Broilers. The limestone quarry, located at Rose Hall, is outside and to the north of the Portland<br />
Bright Protected Area (PBPA), while the plant site itself is located at an existing industrial<br />
complex, just on the edge of the PBPA, that is specifically zoned for industrial development by<br />
the Government of Jamaica.<br />
Impact Identification<br />
Environmental and Social Impacts were identified for each of the three (3) phases of the project:<br />
1. Construction Phase;<br />
2. Operational Phase;<br />
3. Decommissioning Phase.<br />
The main activities to be undertaken for each phase of this project include:<br />
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• Construction Phase:<br />
o Land clearing<br />
o Construction (plant, conveyor and road)<br />
o Transportation of heavy equipment and construction materials<br />
o Operation of heavy equipment<br />
o Fuel storage and dispensing for heavy equipment<br />
• Operational Phase:<br />
o Access and opening of the quarries<br />
o Mining and Crushing Operations<br />
o Cement Plant Operation<br />
o Transport and Stockpiling of raw materials<br />
o Transport of bag and bulk cement local and export.<br />
o Power Plant Operation<br />
o Fuel storage and dispensing<br />
• Decommissioning Phase:<br />
o Dismantling and removal of equipment<br />
o Re-vegetation of land and quarries<br />
The potential negative impacts associated with this project are presented in the Table below:<br />
POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE (SIGNIFICANT AND INSIGNIFICANT) <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
ASPECT POTENTIAL NEGATIVE <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
CONTRUCTION PHASE<br />
1. Noise • Nuisance to persons<br />
• Habitat disturbance<br />
• Hearing impairment (temporary, permanent)<br />
2. Fugitive dust emissions • Air pollution<br />
• Respiratory problems<br />
• Increased sediment loads and degradation of natural<br />
aquatic receptors<br />
3. Vehicular emissions • Air pollution<br />
• Respiratory problems<br />
4. Solid waste (top soil, vegetation, construction • Land and water pollution<br />
debris, garbage)<br />
• Decreased availability of land fill<br />
5. Human waste • Land and water pollution<br />
6. Use of fuel • Depletion of (oil) resources<br />
7. Removal of vegetation • Habitat destruction<br />
• Disruption of ecosystems<br />
8. Soil erosion • Movement of sediment and pollutants into water<br />
courses<br />
• On-site impact is the reduction in soil quality which<br />
results from the loss of the nutrient-rich upper layers<br />
of the soil<br />
9. Increased traffic movement • Traffic congestion<br />
• Motor vehicle accidents<br />
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10. Use of water • Depletion of water resources<br />
• Effluent<br />
11. Spills • Land and water pollution<br />
12. Construction work • Accidents causing death or injury<br />
13. Land use • Displacement of about twenty (20) small farmers<br />
• Construction worker’s camp<br />
14. Foreign work force • Temporary population increase<br />
• Foreign worker health problems<br />
• Foreign/Local interactions<br />
• Camp disturbance<br />
• Local community disturbance<br />
• Transmitted diseases<br />
POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE (SIGNIFICANT AND INSIGNIFICANT) <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
OPERATION PHASE<br />
ASPECT POTENTIAL NEGATIVE <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
1. Noise • Nuisance to persons<br />
• Habitat disturbance<br />
• Hearing impairment (temporary,permanent)<br />
2. Fugitive dust emissions • Air pollution<br />
• Respiratory problems<br />
• Foliage growth impedance<br />
• Increased sediment loads and degradation of natural<br />
aquatic receptors<br />
3. Vehicular emissions • Air pollution<br />
• Respiratory problems<br />
4. Solid waste (top soil, vegetation, operating • Land and water pollution<br />
debris, garbage)<br />
5. Human waste • Land and water pollution<br />
6. Use of Fuels & Lubricants • Depletion of (coal and oil) resources<br />
• Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2)<br />
• Air emissions (NOX, SOX, CO, Particulate)<br />
7. Removal of vegetation at Limestone Quarry • Habitat destruction<br />
• Disruption of ecosystems<br />
• Displacement of a handful of families informally<br />
dwelling in this area<br />
8. Soil Erosion • Movement of sediment and pollutants into water<br />
courses<br />
9. Increased traffic movement • Traffic congestion<br />
• Motor vehicle accidents<br />
10. Use of water • Depletion of water resources<br />
• Effluent<br />
11. Spills/Fuels & Lubricants (Oil spills/leaks) • Land and water pollution<br />
12. Operation and Maintenance • Accidents causing death or injury<br />
13. Land use • Development of land for other purposes<br />
14. Aesthetics • Visually unattractive<br />
15. Vibration • Nuisance to persons<br />
• Habitat disturbance<br />
16. Increase utilization of existing port facilities • Loss of marine habitat<br />
• Increased water pollution<br />
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POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE (SIGNIFICANT AND INSIGNIFICANT) <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
DECOMMISSIONING PHASE<br />
ASPECT POTENTIAL NEGATIVE <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
1. Noise • Nuisance to persons<br />
• Habitat disturbance<br />
• Hearing impairment (temporary,permanent)<br />
2. Fugitive dust emissions • Air pollution<br />
• Respiratory problems<br />
3. Vehicular emissions • Air pollution<br />
• Respiratory problems<br />
4. Solid waste (decommissioning debris, garbage) • Land and water pollution<br />
• Decreased availability of land fill<br />
5. Human waste • Land and water pollution<br />
6. Use of Fuels & Lubricants • Depletion of (oil) resources<br />
7. Spills/Fuels & Lubricants (Oil spills/leaks) • Land and water pollution<br />
8. Decommissioning • Accidents causing death or injury<br />
Potentially beneficial impacts associated with the Project are presented in the following Table:<br />
POTENTIALLY POSITIVE (SIGNIFICANT AND INSIGNIFICANT) <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
ACTIVITY POTENTIAL POSITIVE <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
CONSTRUCTION PHASE<br />
1. Creation of construction jobs • Employment for locals<br />
• Increased commercial activities in the area<br />
2. Excavation • May reveal a heritage site<br />
3. Improved infrastructure • Accident prevention<br />
4. Increased Standard of Living • Increased commercial activities in the area<br />
5. Foreign work force • Skills transfer<br />
• Technology transfer<br />
• Cultural diversity<br />
6. Increase utilization of existing port facilities • More jobs, increased earnings, government revenue<br />
OPERATING PHASE<br />
1. Creation of jobs • Employment for locals<br />
• Increased commercial activities in the area<br />
• New skills development<br />
• Technology transfer<br />
2. Increased Standard of Living • Increased commercial activities in the area<br />
3. Cement plant and quarry operation • Potential for supplying excess power to National Grid<br />
• Promotion of the use of cogeneration and alternative<br />
fuels<br />
• Utilization of waste materials from other industries<br />
(Red Mud)<br />
• Possible lower cement prices in Jamaica<br />
• Improve Jamaica’s trade balance (increased exports)<br />
4. Foreign work force • Skills transfer<br />
• Technology transfer<br />
• Cultural diversity<br />
5. Increased Tax Revenue • All categories (corporate, personal, consumption,<br />
etc.)<br />
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6. Increase utilization of existing port facilities • More jobs, increased earnings, government revenue<br />
DECOMMISSIONING PHASE<br />
1. Creation of decommissioning jobs • Employment for locals (job loss for others)<br />
• Increased commercial activities in the area<br />
2. Land use • Development of land for other purposes (ecological,<br />
social and commercial)<br />
The following Table presents a summary of the significant aspects for the construction,<br />
operation, and decommissioning phases of the project. Most of the significant impacts identified<br />
are associated with the construction and operating phases. In all cases the significant negative<br />
impacts can be mitigated.<br />
Negative environmental impacts can be mitigated by implementing measures during the<br />
construction, operating, maintenance and decommissioning phases to eliminate or significantly<br />
reduce them. Mitigation measures to address the potential negative impacts, significant or not,<br />
associated with this project are presented in the following Table.<br />
ASPECT / POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT<br />
<strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
MITIGATION MEASURES<br />
CONSTRUCTION PHASE<br />
1. Noise<br />
• Advise institutions and residents in the surrounding<br />
• Nuisance to persons<br />
communities of construction date and times when<br />
• Habitat disturbance<br />
high noise activity will occur<br />
• Hearing impairment (temporary, • Good site management; Appropriate choice of<br />
permanent)<br />
machinery; Methods of working; Hours of working;<br />
Efficient material handling.<br />
• Define access routes to the site with the smallest<br />
number of properties in proximity to it. Goods will<br />
be imported through Port Esquivel to keep vehicle<br />
movements to a minimum. Once link roads are<br />
completed, all construction traffic to/from the quarry<br />
site should only use the link roads to avoid the<br />
Parochial Road/Foothill Community.<br />
• Construction workers to wear Personal Protective<br />
Equipment<br />
2. Fugitive dust emissions & vehicular emissions • Cover haulage vehicles transporting aggregate, soil<br />
• Air pollution<br />
and cement<br />
• Respiratory problems<br />
• Cover onsite stockpiles of aggregate, cement, soil,<br />
• Increased sediment loads and<br />
etc.<br />
degradation of natural aquatic receptors • Ensure proper stock piling/storage and disposal of<br />
solid waste<br />
• Wetting of cleared land areas regularly and<br />
enforcement of speed limits<br />
• Provide workers with the necessary Personal<br />
Protective Equipment (PPE) e.g. dust masks and<br />
ensure that they are worn<br />
• Operate well maintained vehicles and equipment<br />
4. Solid waste (top soil, vegetation, construction • Contain garbage and construction debris and dispose<br />
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debris, garbage)<br />
• Land and water pollution<br />
5. Human waste<br />
• Land and water pollution<br />
7. Removal of Vegetation<br />
• Habitat destruction<br />
• Disruption of ecosystems<br />
8. Soil Erosion<br />
• Movement of sediment and pollutants<br />
into water courses<br />
9. Increased traffic movement<br />
• Traffic congestion<br />
• Motor vehicle accidents<br />
11. Spills<br />
• Land and water pollution<br />
12. Construction work<br />
• Accidents causing death or injury<br />
of at the approved municipal disposal site<br />
• Landscape project sites with top soil excavated<br />
• EPC Contractor to prioritize installation of sewage<br />
treatment facility as one of the first activities<br />
• Use a reputable company to provide portable toilets<br />
for workers at quarry site<br />
• Employment of project appointed ecologist<br />
• Translocation of fauna and some vegetation (trees)<br />
• Implement Habitat Restoration Program<br />
• Implementation of proper drainage plans<br />
• Implementation of proper mining plans<br />
• Only clear top soil from areas to be used<br />
• Place berms around stockpiles of top soil<br />
• Advise schools and residents in the surrounding<br />
communities of construction dates and times<br />
• Good site management; Appropriate choice of<br />
machinery; Methods of working; Hours of working;<br />
Efficient material handling.<br />
• Define access routes<br />
• Goods will be imported through Port Esquivel to<br />
keep vehicle movements to a minimum.<br />
• Once link roads are completed, all construction<br />
traffic to/from the quarry site should only use the link<br />
roads to avoid the Parochial Road/Foothill<br />
Community.<br />
• Construction workers to wear seat belts<br />
• Erect signs along main transportation routes and in<br />
sensitive areas such as schools<br />
• Transport heavy equipment during off-peak traffic<br />
hours (between 2:00 to 4:00 a.m.) with police<br />
outriders<br />
• Trucks transporting construction material should be<br />
advised to comply with the speed limits<br />
• Use traffic signals or flagmen to manage traffic flows<br />
where road improvement works are being undertaken<br />
• Store fuel with secondary spill containment<br />
infrastructure<br />
• Utilize proper dispensing equipment<br />
• Have spill containment and cleanup equipment on<br />
site and dispose of waste in accordance with best<br />
practices<br />
• Implementation of Emergency Preparedness and<br />
Response Program (See APPENDIX 12)<br />
• Implementation of the Environmental Health &<br />
Safety Program (See APPENDIX 11)<br />
• Implementation of Prearranged quality curative<br />
treatment in May Pen Hospital for all emergencies<br />
• Erect signs during construction activities<br />
• Provide workers with the necessary Personal<br />
Protective Equipment (PPE)<br />
• Train construction personnel in good safety practices<br />
and emergency preparedness and response measures<br />
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13. Land Use<br />
• Displacement of about twenty (20) small<br />
farmers<br />
• Construction worker’s camp<br />
14. Foreign work force<br />
• Temporary population increase<br />
• Foreign worker health problems<br />
• Foreign/Local interactions<br />
• Camp disturbance<br />
• Local community disturbance<br />
• Transmitted diseases<br />
OPERATION PHASE<br />
ASPECT / POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT<br />
<strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
1. Noise<br />
• Nuisance to persons<br />
• Habitat disturbance<br />
• Hearing impairment (temporary,<br />
permanent)<br />
2. Fugitive dust emissions<br />
• Air pollution<br />
• Respiratory problems<br />
• Increased sediment loads and<br />
degradation of natural aquatic receptors<br />
3. Vehicular emissions<br />
• Air pollution<br />
• Respiratory problems<br />
4. Solid waste (operating debris, garbage)<br />
• Land and water pollution<br />
5. Human waste<br />
• Land and water pollution<br />
6. Use of Fuels & Lubricants<br />
• Depletion of (coal and oil) resources<br />
• Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2)<br />
• Air emissions (NOX, SOX, CO,<br />
Particulate)<br />
7. Removal of Vegetation (Quarry Only)<br />
• Habitat destruction<br />
• Disruption of ecosystems<br />
• Agreement reached with farmers for their relocation<br />
adjacent to plant boundary.<br />
• Financial and employment assistance<br />
• Erection of security fence<br />
• Planned re-use of construction camp facilities for<br />
future cement storage<br />
• In-camp codes of conduct and enforcement of key<br />
behaviors and reasonable use of alcohol shall be<br />
required<br />
• Establishment of “Liaison Committee”<br />
• Provision of employment and opportunities to local<br />
population<br />
• Employ security personnel<br />
MITIGATION MEASURES<br />
• Industrial workers to wear Personal Protective<br />
Equipment, e.g. ear plugs and ensure they are worn<br />
• Equipment designed to conform to IFC EHS<br />
Guidelines<br />
• Controlled and informed blasting activities and times<br />
• Cover haulage vehicles transporting raw materials<br />
and cement<br />
• Covered onsite stockpiles of raw materials<br />
• Wetting of quarry haul road and unpaved areas and<br />
enforcement of speed limits<br />
• Provide workers with the necessary Personal<br />
Protective Equipment (PPE) e.g. dust masks and<br />
ensure that they are worn<br />
• Operate well maintained vehicles and equipment<br />
• Planting of trees to serve as windbreaks<br />
• Use of low-emission vehicles and proper<br />
maintenance procedures<br />
• Recycling of solid waste<br />
• Use of fuel for the cement rotary kiln<br />
• Use as composting material for green spaces<br />
• Proper design and maintenance of sewage treatment<br />
facility at both plant and quarry sites<br />
• Compliance with <strong>NEPA</strong> standards<br />
• Compliance with IDB Guidelines and <strong>NEPA</strong><br />
Requirements<br />
• Use of latest advances in technology<br />
• Use of 30mg/Nm 3 IFC standard<br />
• Regular wetting of unpaved roads<br />
• Employment of project appointed ecologist<br />
• Re-vegetation as you go by implementing Habitat<br />
Restoration Program<br />
8. Soil Erosion (Quarry Only) • Implementation of proper drainage plans<br />
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• Movement of sediment and pollutants<br />
into water courses<br />
9. Increased traffic movement<br />
• Traffic congestion<br />
• Motor vehicle accidents<br />
10. Use of water<br />
• Depletion of water resources<br />
• Effluent<br />
11. Spills<br />
• Land and water pollution<br />
12. Operation and maintenance work<br />
• Accidents causing death or injury<br />
14. Aesthetics<br />
• Visually unattractive<br />
16. Increase utilization of existing port facilities<br />
• Loss of marine habitat<br />
• Increased water pollution<br />
• Implementation of proper mining plans<br />
• Only clear top soil from areas to be used<br />
• Place berms around stockpiles of top soil<br />
• Hours of working; Efficient material handling.<br />
• Define access routes<br />
• Truck drivers and plant personnel to wear seat belts<br />
while in vehicles<br />
• Training and accident prevention classes<br />
• Erect signs along main transportation routes and in<br />
sensitive areas such as schools<br />
• Transport heavy equipment during off-peak traffic<br />
hours<br />
• Trucks transporting raw materials and cement should<br />
be advised to comply with the speed limits<br />
• Use traffic signals or flagmen to manage traffic flows<br />
where road improvement works are being undertaken<br />
• Use of modern technology (co-generation and Waste<br />
Heat Recover Boilers)<br />
• Use of closed-loop recirculation technology<br />
• Treatment of effluent in compliance with <strong>NEPA</strong><br />
guidelines<br />
• Store fuel with secondary spill containment<br />
infrastructure<br />
• Utilize proper dispensing equipment<br />
• Have spill containment and cleanup equipment on<br />
site and dispose of waste in accordance with best<br />
practices<br />
• Training of personnel in proper handling of<br />
hazardous materials<br />
• Implementation of Emergency Preparedness and<br />
Response Program (See APPENDIX 10)<br />
• Implementation of the Environmental Health &<br />
Safety Program (See APPENDIX 11)<br />
• Implementation of Prearranged quality curative<br />
treatment in May Pen Hospital for all emergencies<br />
• Erect safety reminder signs and comply with local<br />
regulations<br />
• Provide workers with the necessary Personal<br />
Protective Equipment (PPE)<br />
• Train operation and maintenance personnel in good<br />
safety practices and emergency preparedness and<br />
response measures<br />
• Reserve green areas<br />
• Use aesthetically pleasing paints and colors<br />
• Opacity monitoring of industrial stacks<br />
• Execute mining plan which is focused on visual<br />
appeal, especially from Highway 2000<br />
• Optimum use of ocean transport<br />
• Follow rules and regulations of Windalco and<br />
Jamaica Port Authority<br />
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DECOMMISSIONING PHASE<br />
ASPECT / POTENTIAL NEGATIVE<br />
<strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
MITIGATION MEASURES<br />
4. Solid waste (decommissioning debris, garbage) • Maximizing recycling, e.g. scrap metal<br />
• Land and water pollution<br />
• Decreased availability of land fill<br />
7. Spills/Fuels & Lubricants (Oil spills/leaks) • Comply with regulations and follow procedures and<br />
• Land and water pollution<br />
protocols related to hazardous materials, if any.<br />
8. Decommissioning<br />
• Implementation of Emergency Preparedness and<br />
• Accidents causing death or injury<br />
Response Program (See APPENDIX 10)<br />
• Implementation of the Environmental Health &<br />
Safety Program (See APPENDIX 11)<br />
• Implementation of Prearranged quality curative<br />
treatment in May Pen Hospital for all emergencies<br />
• Erect safety reminder signs and comply with local<br />
regulations<br />
• Provide workers with the necessary Personal<br />
Protective Equipment (PPE)<br />
• Train demolition personnel in good safety practices<br />
and emergency preparedness and response measures<br />
The detailed summary of these effects, the mitigation measures, and the environmental<br />
monitoring plans are found in Table 8.4 found in Section 8.0 (Impact Summary and Monitoring<br />
Plan).<br />
Conclusion<br />
This project is recommended for implementation because the positive impacts far outweigh the<br />
negative impacts. Jamaica will benefit from increase employment, increased earnings, increased<br />
tax revenue, increased foreign investment, and increased exports while the use of modern<br />
technology and other measures are taken to mitigate all of the potentially negative impacts.<br />
All of the potential negative impacts identified can be effectively mitigated to reduce the risks<br />
and to meet the required environmental and social standards. The following is a summary of<br />
cumulative impacts:<br />
Cumulative Impact on Air Quality:<br />
A determination of the impact of the existing sources on the ambient air quality was<br />
made, as well as the cumulative impact with the addition of the air pollutant sources<br />
associated with the proposed cement manufacturing facility. TABLE 1 shows the model<br />
results for (i) existing sources and (ii) all sources. The results for the existing sources<br />
reveal predicted high concentrations that exceed the respective Jamaican National<br />
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) air quality standards for PM10 (24-hour<br />
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Pollutant<br />
16<br />
PM10<br />
NO2<br />
SO2<br />
CO<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
averaging period), NO2 (1-hour averaging period), and all averaging periods for SO2. In<br />
addition, the predicted annual average concentration for PM10 is exceeded once the<br />
background concentration is added as shown in TABLE 1.<br />
Average<br />
Period<br />
TABLE 1: CUMULATIVE AIR <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
However, TABLE 2 demonstrates that the addition of the cement manufacturing facility<br />
will actually contribute insignificantly to the cumulative impact of the overall air quality.<br />
This is because by adding the other nearby sources (specifically, the existing power<br />
plants at Old Harbour Bay - Jamaica Public Service Company (JPS) and Jamaica Energy<br />
Partners (JEP) together with the Jamaica Broiler, Hipro Feed Mill facility and the<br />
Jamaica Broilers Ethanol facility), it is demonstrated that the proposed cement<br />
manufacturing facility has a negligible impact to the cumulative air quality impact of all<br />
sources within the project area. In fact, TABLE 2 shows that the specific contribution of<br />
the existing Feed Mill overwhelmingly contributes to the peak modeled concentrations<br />
within the air shed. This can be easily rectified and CJL has expressed a willingness to<br />
design a new exhaust gas system for the Feed Mill according to "Good Engineering<br />
Practice" (GEP) so that its stack height is adequate to ensure that its point source<br />
emissions do not result in excessive pollutant concentrations in the immediate vicinity<br />
of its source.<br />
TABLE 2: CUMULATIVE <strong>IMPACT</strong> OF SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS TO PEAK MODELED SHORT-TERM<br />
CONCENTRATIONS<br />
Facilities<br />
Background<br />
(µg/m 3 )<br />
NAAQS<br />
(µg/m 3 )<br />
Existing Sources<br />
Maximum Concentration<br />
(µg/m 3 )<br />
Concentrations, µg/m 3<br />
PM10 – 24h NO2 – 1h NO2 – 24h SO2 – 1h SO2 – 24h CO – 1h CO – 8h<br />
Cement Jamaica Limited 17.996 0 0.245 0.01 0.3 0.0002 0.006<br />
Jamaica Public Service 1.3 0 0.028 6911.63 567.2 2128.4 0.052<br />
Jamaica Energy Partners 0.4 0.0004 0.093 1056.36 84.5 107.5 0.003<br />
Hipro Feed Mill 162.3 2904.74 679.157 0 0.0003 0 470.066<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
All Sources<br />
Maximum Concentration<br />
(µg/m 3 )<br />
24-hr 9 150 164 182<br />
Annual 20 60 41 49<br />
1-h 0 400 3021 3021<br />
Annual 0 100 95 96<br />
1-hr 0 700 7968 7968<br />
24-hr 0 280 652 652<br />
Annual 0 60 185 185<br />
1-hr 0 40000 2236 2236<br />
8-hr 0 10000 470 470
17<br />
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Jamaica Broilers Ethanol 0.004 0.0236 0.02 0 0.0007 0 0.006<br />
Totals 182 2905 680 7968 652 2236 470<br />
Cumulative Impact on Noise Quality:<br />
There will be a cumulative increase in noise.<br />
The plant, however, will be fully compliant with International Standards (IFC’s EHS<br />
Guidelines) so with the aid of personal protective equipment, the cement plant workers<br />
are unlikely to be impacted. Moreover, the plant is located within an existing industrial<br />
complex and will be designed for a maximum background noise of 60 dBA at any point<br />
from outside the plant fence so there will not be a significant increase in background<br />
noise from the proposed plant itself.<br />
Of greater concern is the noise resulting from increased traffic outside of the plant. In<br />
fact, the baseline noise study identified an existing noise level ranging from 41.0 dBA to<br />
83.3 dBA at a unique location some 0.3 kilometers away from the industrial complex<br />
itself. This suggests that the existing noise levels – having nothing to do with industrial<br />
activities - are already cause for concern and, if there is any incremental increase in the<br />
background noise then this will make it worse. However, the location of this noise<br />
receptor is, in fact, in a low population area and there is nothing present there (apart from<br />
Highway 2000) that generates noise in a sustained way so (for the purposes of this EIA<br />
Report and the cumulative impact resulting from the proposed cement plant), the source<br />
of this noise was considered to be isolated and coincidental to the time of monitoring.<br />
Cumulative Impact on Traffic:<br />
There will be a cumulative increase in automobile and truck traffic in the vicinity of the<br />
Port Esquivel Industrial Complex as a result of the estimated employment of 300<br />
cement factory workers plus an associated 400 daily truck movements. Based on the<br />
highlighted information presented in TABLE 3, the expected result is a maximum 20%<br />
increase to the base-line number of vehicles (3,378) reported at the intersection of<br />
Highway 2000 and Old Harbour main road during the hours of 8:00AM to 5:00PM.<br />
This is actually seen as a positive impact because this section of Highway 2000 is a toll<br />
road with low utilization, built to international safety standards consisting of four (4)<br />
traffic lanes with soft shoulders on either side. Toll revenues can be expected to increase<br />
by a minimum of 10%.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
Transported<br />
Material<br />
Clay<br />
Red Mud<br />
Gypsum<br />
Coal<br />
31,000-ton<br />
Ships<br />
Pozzolana<br />
35,000-ton<br />
Ships<br />
Cement<br />
18,000-ton<br />
Ships<br />
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EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
Traffic on Old Harbour Main Road will also increase as a result of the proposed project,<br />
but the primary area of concern (i.e. the parochial road leading to the limestone quarry)<br />
will be avoided by CJL constructing a new 1.5 kilometer haul road.<br />
Traffic on the Old Harbour Road in the vicinity of the development will be also increased<br />
as a result of the transportation of clay, this increase in vehicular traffic was included as<br />
part of the 20% increase in traffic onto Highway 2000 identified above.<br />
The other significant increase in traffic will be on the Port Esquivel Road, but this is a<br />
private road with very low usage (88 between the hours of 8:00 am – 5:00 pm). This<br />
impact will therefore not be of concern. One of the significant benefits of the proposed<br />
project is to increase the utilization of the existing port facility which have been<br />
negatively impacted by the economic downturn and its severe impact on Jamaica’s<br />
bauxite industry as well as Jamaica’s unemployment rate of more than 20%.<br />
In summary, an overall 20% increase in traffic will occur. However, based on the low<br />
utilization rates, the existing infrastructure is more than adequate to handle the increased<br />
number of vehicles and, therefore, the cumulative impact in terms of “congestion” is<br />
negligible.<br />
Transport<br />
Method<br />
20-ton<br />
Trucks<br />
Frequency of<br />
Round Trips<br />
85 Trips<br />
Daily<br />
Rail Avoid 19 Trips<br />
27-ton Cars Daily by Trucks<br />
20-ton<br />
Trucks<br />
40-ton<br />
Trucks<br />
40-ton<br />
Trucks<br />
17 Trips<br />
Daily<br />
775 Trips<br />
Monthly<br />
875 Trips<br />
Monthly<br />
TABLE 3: CUMULATIVE TRAFFIC <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
Distance<br />
(km)<br />
Name of Roads Impacted<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
Type<br />
12 Salt River Road Existing Local Public Road<br />
1 Old Harbour Main Road Existing Local Public Road<br />
2 CJL Limestone Quarry Road New Private Road<br />
40 No Traffic Impact if Rail is Used Existing Private Rail<br />
11 Eleven Mile Town Road St. Thomas Parrish Road<br />
11 Bustamante Highway Existing City Public Roads<br />
7 Kingston City Roads Existing National Public Road<br />
30 Highway 2000 Existing National Toll Road<br />
0.2 Old Harbour Main Road Existing Local Public Road<br />
0.2 Windalco Access Road Existing Private Road<br />
3.5 Windalco Access Road Existing Private Road<br />
3.5 Windalco Access Road Existing Private Road<br />
Trucks for<br />
Local<br />
Market<br />
100 Trips Daily 30 Highway 2000 Existing National Toll Road<br />
Trucks for 200 Trips Daily 3.5 Windalco Access Road Existing Private Road
19<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
Export<br />
Market<br />
Cumulative Impact on Water Resources:<br />
There will be a negligible cumulative impact on water usage within the Port Esquivel<br />
Industrial Complex because, here again, the current utilization rates are currently less<br />
than 50% as a result of the economic downturn. The water demand of the proposed<br />
project will increase the water usage of the industrial complex, principally as a result of<br />
the new power plant that is required to operate the cement plant. The cement plant,<br />
itself, including its sewage treatment plant will consume a maximum of only 30,000<br />
gallons of water per day for domestic and industrial purposes combined. This is<br />
because of the water-conserving features of the cement plant (i.e. the Waste Heat<br />
Recovery Boiler and closed-loop water recirculation systems). The technology<br />
employed is therefore designed for low water usage.<br />
There is existing deep water well on the property that is designed for 14,700 m 3 / hr that<br />
is not currently in use. The cement plant with captive power plant is estimated to<br />
require 500 m 3 /hr of water to result in a maximum increase of 5% in water demand for<br />
the Port Esquivel Industrial Complex will occur. However, based on the current low<br />
utilization rates, the existing infrastructure is more than adequate to handle the increased<br />
demand and, therefore, the cumulative impact in terms of “availability” is not of concern.<br />
Cumulative Impact on Waste Disposal:<br />
The cumulative effect of waste disposal is limited to the construction phase of the<br />
project. It is negligible because of the EPC Contractor’s Recycling Program<br />
(Segregation and recycling of construction waste by EPC Contractor into metal<br />
components, plastics, and glass separately elaborated in Section X) and because it is for<br />
such a brief period of time (less than 30 months) compared to the operational phase of<br />
the project (50 years). The waste generated during the operational phase of the project<br />
will either be burned as an alternative fuel in the cement rotary kiln or composted for<br />
use as organic fertilizer. The plant will be built with modern sewage treatment facilities<br />
and any effluent will comply with <strong>NEPA</strong>’s requirements as elaborated in Section 5.2.14<br />
of this EIA Report.<br />
Cumulative Impact on Energy Consumption:<br />
The cumulative effect of the proposed project on Jamaica’s energy consumption will be<br />
positive. This is because while the cement plant will be connected to the national power<br />
grid, the integrated/cogeneration/captive coal-fired power plant will be fully capable of<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
20<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
meeting 100% of the cement plant’s needs, and it will be capable of doing so at much<br />
lower costs than Jamaica Public Service (JPS). In fact, the plant will be capable of<br />
exporting lower-cost power to the National Grid which would help to improve the current<br />
power generation shortage situation in Jamaica. It is therefore likely that the proposed<br />
project will have a very positive cumulative impact on energy consumption – given that<br />
the vast majority of Jamaica’s power is produced using some combination of diesel<br />
oil/heavy oil which must be imported from other countries.<br />
Presently, there are two (2) generating power stations at Old Harbour Bay and both<br />
regular and high-tension power service is available at the proposed plant site. The<br />
negative impact of the proposed project on energy consumption is only during the<br />
construction phase of the project because only during this period of time will the<br />
cement plant will be dependent on Jamaica’s National Power Grid. However, the<br />
negative impact is negligible because the power demand to support construction<br />
activities will be a maximum of 4000 kWh/day and will last for a maximum of 30<br />
months before the captive power plant becomes operational. This demand will also be<br />
offset by utilizing power for a Standby Generator for emergency power which will be<br />
installed at the start of construction and therefore for used during construction.<br />
Cumulative Social Impact:<br />
According to the 2001 National Census of Jamaica, St. Catherine had an unemployment<br />
rate of 17%. A new census is scheduled for 2011, but it seems obvious, based on what<br />
has happened to Jamaica’s bauxite and sugar industries over the last decade, together<br />
with the current global recession that the local unemployment rate is currently in excess<br />
of 20%. Therefore, the cumulative effect of the proposed project on Jamaica’s social<br />
environment will be very positive. This is because the proposed project will be a<br />
significant source of employment:<br />
• Approximately 300 local workers will be employed in short-term construction<br />
jobs;<br />
• Approximately 450 local workers will be employed in long-term industrial jobs;<br />
• Indirectly, it is estimated that 1,000 people will be employed in cement-related<br />
industries as a result of this project.<br />
This is a positive not only for the immediate project area but the entire country as the<br />
major source of employment in the surrounding communities, until recently, has been<br />
from the bauxite and sugar industries as well as the port facilities at Old Harbour Bay and<br />
three (3) major housing communities being planned and built. The proposed project will<br />
go a long way towards alleviating unemployment in the communities and therefore<br />
increase the standard of living in this area and to the country by extension.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
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EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
The negative social impacts will be very minor because the cement plant will have its<br />
own first aid, security, fire-and prevention facilities so the net impact on local area<br />
hospitals, fire departments, and police stations will be minor. Moreover, the EPC<br />
Contractor has a sound health and safety management plan so the cumulative impact on<br />
the social infrastructure as the May Pen Hospital, for example, is not expected to<br />
increase in any significant way. Similarly, apart from increase local patrols, no<br />
significant increase on the local police is expected. Finally, the plant will be designed<br />
with fire-prevention and a fire prevention management system (sprinklers and hydrants)<br />
so the increased demand to local fire departments is expected to be minimal.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
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EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
1.0 INTRODUCTION<br />
Cement Jamaica Limited (CJL) proposes the construction of a cement production facility at the<br />
Port Esquivel Industrial Complex and Rose Hall District St. Catherine/Clarendon, to be built and<br />
operated using the most modern design and technological standards. The facility, having a<br />
proposed location as shown in FIGURE 1.0, will be nominally capable of producing 1.5 million<br />
ton per annum of clinker (the main component of cement) and will also incorporate the<br />
development of a limestone quarry. Limestone, itself, represents 75% of the raw material input<br />
to the clinker production. 20% of the raw material component for cement clinker is clay which<br />
will be acquired from existing clay mining operation. Waste components, red mud and coal ash;<br />
make up the final 5% of the mix design for producing cement clinker. Gypsum is blended into<br />
the clinker at a rate of about 2% and will be obtained from Carib Cement at Rockfort. This<br />
document provides a detail description of the project, applicable laws, the existing environment<br />
and describes the key impacts of the proposed development on the environment and local people<br />
through the construction, operation, and decommissioning phases of the project.<br />
This document presents the findings of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the<br />
proposed Cement Plant and Quarry Operation by Cement Jamaica Limited at Port Esquivel<br />
Industrial Complex and Rose Hall District St Catherine/Clarendon. The National<br />
Environmental and Planning Agency (<strong>NEPA</strong>), as a part of its permitting process require that<br />
projects of this nature conduct an EIA of the proposed development. EnviroPlanners Limited was<br />
contracted to conduct the study in accordance with the terms of reference approved by <strong>NEPA</strong>.<br />
1.1 Purpose<br />
An application was submitted for a development permit to the <strong>NEPA</strong>. The application was<br />
accompanied by Project Information Form (PIF) and supporting documentation. <strong>NEPA</strong><br />
responded to that application with a request that an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) be<br />
conducted on the proposed development, based on their review of the permit application. <strong>NEPA</strong><br />
supplied Generic Terms of Reference and requested modification of these Terms of Reference to<br />
be specific to the project. The modified Terms of Reference were submitted to <strong>NEPA</strong> for their<br />
approval and a response obtained.<br />
The TOR is outlined in Section 4.0 and the completed document as approved by <strong>NEPA</strong> is<br />
presented in Appendix 4.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
23<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
FIGURE 1.0: CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED PLANT & QUARRY LOCATIONS<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
24<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
FIGURE 2.0: CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED 30-MONTH PROJECT SCHEDULE<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
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EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION<br />
Cement Jamaica Limited (CJL) proposes to erect and operate a new cement plant at the existing<br />
Port Esquivel Industrial Complex. The project is estimated to cost $340 million USD. As shown<br />
in FIGURE 2.0, a 30-month schedule is anticipated for construction after which the serviceable<br />
lifetime of the plant is expected to be 50 years. Ultimately, a 24-month decommissioning period<br />
is expected which will include re-vegetation of the limestone and clay quarries.<br />
The main characteristics of the project are:<br />
• Constructions of a nominal 5,000 ton per day cement manufacturing plant. Construction<br />
and commissioning is expected to be completed by 2013 (30 months) and will be<br />
undertaken by one of the world’s leading cement equipment suppliers in an EPC<br />
(Engineer, Procure, Construct) contract model. The cement plant will be designed with<br />
the following modern technology to ensure environmental responsibility and<br />
sustainability in compliance with Guidelines for CO2 Emissions and Specific Fuel<br />
Consumption issued by the Inter-American Development Bank:<br />
o 5-Stage Preheater with Low Pressure Cyclones<br />
o Modern Low NOX Calciner<br />
o Modern High-Efficiency Grate Cooler<br />
o Modern Low NOX Kiln Burner with capability to burn alternative fuels for lower CO2<br />
emissions<br />
o Vertical Roller Mill Technology for Cement Grinding for significantly lower power<br />
consumption<br />
• Associated with the development of the cement plant will be the construction of a 9 MW<br />
cogeneration power plant. The cogeneration power plant will use waste heat from the<br />
cement plant’s pyro-processing system to generate power. The plant’s remaining power<br />
and utility requirements will be provided by a new 45 MW coal-fired power plant. This<br />
captive power plant will leverage the technological developments that have led to cleaner<br />
coal technologies that are able to increase their efficiency plant (i.e. to increase the<br />
amount of energy gained from each ton of coal) and to significantly decrease its air<br />
emissions (specifically sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides). Coal will<br />
be imported to reduce Jamaica’s demand for oil and to eliminate CJL’s dependence on<br />
Jamaica Public Service (JPS) for power supply. Again, the work will be undertaken<br />
mainly by a specialist equipment supplier from China in an EPC contract model.<br />
• The development of a limestone quarry and the sourcing and transportation of clay for<br />
existing clay quarries to supply the major raw materials for the production process.<br />
• Transport of large volumes of raw and finished materials as follows:<br />
o Clay will be transported from within a radius of 20 kilometers to the limestone quarry<br />
at Rose Hall at a rate of 1,700 tons per day.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
26<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
o Construction of a new 1.5 kilometer haul road from the Old Harbour Main Road in<br />
the vicinity of Bodles Crescent to the limestone quarry at Rose Hall primarily for use<br />
by 20-ton trucks hauling clay to the limestone quarry. Crushed Limestone and Clay<br />
(combined) will be transported via a 2.0 kilometer overland belt conveyor from the<br />
limestone quarry at Rose Hall to the cement plant at the Port Esquivel Industrial<br />
Complex at a rate of 8,000 tons per day.<br />
o Raw Coal from the existing Port Esquivel to the new cement plant via a 3.5 kilometer<br />
existing road (Port Esquivel Road) at a rate of 30,000 tons per month.<br />
o Red Mud will be transported via existing rail facilities to the cement plant at the Port<br />
Esquivel Industrial Complex from Mandeville and/or Ewarton at a rate of 375 tons<br />
per day.<br />
o Gypsum will be transported 40 kilometers to the cement plant by truck or barge from<br />
an existing gypsum quarry located near Rockfort, at a rate of 340 tons per day.<br />
o Pozzolana will be transported from the existing Port Esquivel to the new cement plant<br />
via a 3.5 kilometer existing road (Windalco Road) at a rate of 35,000 tons per month.<br />
o Cement will be transported from the new cement plant via truck or rail via the<br />
existing 3.5 kilometer Windalco Road at a rate of 4,300 tons per day.<br />
o Cement will be exported from Jamaica (using Windalco’s existing port facilities at<br />
Port Esquivel) to the Caribbean Region, United States, and Canada at a rate of<br />
140,000 tons per month.<br />
o Cement will be supplied to Jamaica’s construction industry (using the Old Harbour<br />
Main Road to Highway 2000 interchange) at a rate of 1,600 tons per day.<br />
• Transport of large volumes of materials along these routes as well as using the<br />
established transport infrastructure. Transport will be along roads, using heavy goods<br />
vehicles.<br />
• Finally, also associated with the development will be the construction of a power line (0.8<br />
kilometer in length) to connect the cement plant to the existing national power grid.<br />
Note: the plant will be connected to the national power grid, however, the<br />
cogeneration/captive coal-fired power plant will be fully capable of meeting 100% of the<br />
cement plant’s needs. This will help to improve the power generation shortage situation<br />
in Jamaica.<br />
2.1 Location of the Proposed Development<br />
The cement plant and limestone quarry will be situated on two (2) parcels of land in<br />
relatively close proximity (2 kilometers) to each other. The parcels of land are<br />
strategically located within a region rich with limestone and zoned for mining with easy<br />
access to major roads, rail, and the Windalco port facility at Port Esquivel.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
27<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
2.1.1 Proposed Plant Site Location<br />
The proposed plant site is located approximately 3 kilometers east of Freetown and 5<br />
kilometers south-southeast of Old Harbour, Clarendon, Jamaica. As shown FIGURE<br />
2.1.1 , the site is bordered to the north Highway 2000 and bordered to the west by the<br />
Port Esquivel Road.<br />
FIGURE 2.1.1: MAP OF CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED LAND DEVELOPMENT<br />
2.1.2 Proposed Limestone Quarry Location<br />
The proposed site of the limestone quarry is on lands located at Rose Hall in Clarendon<br />
near the border of St. Catherine adjacent to Freetown and the Bodles Agricultural<br />
facilities. Please see FIGURE 2.1.2 (Valuation Reference No. 20702007003).<br />
The project area for the limestone quarry straddles the eastern border of the parishes of<br />
Clarendon with that of St. Catherine approximately 5 kilometers west of the town of Old<br />
Harbour (GR 237 921.72E; 142 941.73N). It is centered at the false grid reference (GR)<br />
of 234 000E; 142 000N on the 1:50,000 metric topographic Sheet 17 (JD69 Series) (Fig<br />
1).<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
28<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
All grid references used for the remainder of this report are following those on Map 1 which is<br />
adapted from the 1:50,000 Sheet 17 topographic JD69 series published by the Jamaican Survey<br />
Department. The project area is rectangular approximately 2.88 km2 in area.<br />
FIGURE 2.1.2: MAP OF CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED LIMESTONE QUARRY DEVELOPMENT<br />
Limestone is Jamaica’s most abundant mineral. Limestone deposits account for 65% of<br />
the island by weight, and 85% of its surface coverage. High quality deposits exist – 98%<br />
CaCO3 high purity grade – however, 80% of existing limestone quarries in Jamaica are<br />
producing less than 100,000 metric tons per year. Currently, only 250,000 metric tons of<br />
limestone is exported annually because most of the limestone quarries are landlocked.<br />
Nevertheless, Jamaica is arguably the easiest location in the Latin American and the<br />
Caribbean region to access a wide variety of consistent quality limestone aggregate.<br />
Moreover, many of Jamaica’s limestone deposits exist at or close to the surface which<br />
makes for easy extraction.<br />
The preliminary mining permit for the Limestone Quarry at Rose Hall is presented in<br />
APPENDIX 2.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
29<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
2.2 Overview of Cement Production<br />
The proposed plant will produce cement from solid raw materials; limestone, clay and red<br />
mud which is a by-product of the bauxite bayer process. The raw materials are heated to<br />
a very high temperature (1450 ⁰C) in the pyro-processing system via rotary kiln, causing<br />
thermal reactions which produce cement clinker. This clinker is then cooled and<br />
pulverized to produce the fine power (cement) for sale. A Process Flow Diagram<br />
illustrating the cement manufacturing process is presented in Figure 2.2. A brief<br />
summary of each stage of the production process is as follows:<br />
2.2.1 Raw Material Extraction:<br />
Extraction of the raw materials is from local quarries. The main raw materials are<br />
limestone, clay, and red mud (red mud is a bauxite tailing). The limestone and clay will<br />
be crushed together within the boundary of the Limestone Quarry and then transported<br />
approximately 2.0 kilometers, as a mix, to the cement plant by overland conveyor. In<br />
order to prevent dust emissions during the transport of extracted materials, the following<br />
techniques will be employed: The overland conveyor will be covered; a simple, linear<br />
layout will be applied to minimize the number of transfer points; cleaning of return belts<br />
in the conveyor belt systems; storage of crushed and pre-blended raw materials in<br />
covered or closed bays.<br />
2.2.2 Raw Material Preparation:<br />
Once the raw materials have arrived at the cement plant they will be stored separately<br />
from the other additives inside a covered storage building. Crushed materials, such as<br />
coal, will be stored in large covered stock piles. The process of crushing, stacking, and<br />
reclaiming for the purpose of feeding into the next stage of the process also achieves raw<br />
material ‘pre-blending’. The raw materials are then fed in to separate feed bins. Red<br />
mud is a waste product which will be used to make cement clinker and this component<br />
will be delivered to site from external sources by rail and then stored in covered stock<br />
piles. This raw material will be added to the limestone/clay mix in relatively small<br />
quantities (
30<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
ensure particulate emissions below 30 mg/Nm 3 including all other point sources, such as<br />
the clinker cooling, cement grinding, and coal grinding, in accordance with industry<br />
standards.<br />
FIGURE 2.2: OVERVIEW OF THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS<br />
2.2.3 Solid Fuel Preparation:<br />
The production of cement requires the use of a significant amount of energy. In order to<br />
provide this energy, conventional solid fuels, such as coal, are burned in the pyroprocessing<br />
system described above. It is also foreseen to burn waste oil and other byproduct<br />
from oil refining process, petroleum coke, and possibly other sources of<br />
alternative fuels as well. The conventional fuels (coal) will be transported to the cement<br />
plant by truck from Port Esquivel. Before firing in the pyro-processing system, the fuels,<br />
just like the raw materials, have to be pulverized into a fine powder prior to feeding into<br />
the cement manufacturing process.<br />
2.2.3 Pyro-process (Kiln System):<br />
The raw materials are added and then heated to high temperatures; the cement “clinker”<br />
is formed as a result of thermal reaction. The cement plant will use the most modern and<br />
efficient design for undertaking this process. The raw materials are first preheated by 5cyclone<br />
stages using the heat from the exhaust gases from the rotary kiln. From the 5stage<br />
pre-heater/pre-calciner, the pre-calcined raw meal material mix enters the large,<br />
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EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
rotary kiln where the remaining fuel is burned and the final high temperature chemical<br />
reactions take place. The produced clinker is then cooled and heat is recuperated. All of<br />
the waste heat is used to generate power by the cogeneration system. The clinker is<br />
dispatched by deep bucket pan conveyor to the clinker silos prior to the clinker grinding<br />
operations.<br />
2.2.3 Cement Grinding and Storage:<br />
The clinker is ground with additives (e.g. gypsum, limestone, pozzolana, including flyash<br />
from the coal power plant) to meet the quality requirements of the final cement. In the<br />
cement mill, grinding is carried out in a closed circuit arrangement. The system consists<br />
of one roller mill for significant power savings in comparison to three tube mills (ball<br />
mills). The finished product (cement) is collected by bag filters and then transported to<br />
cement storage silos prior to bulk loading, bagging and dispatch.<br />
2.2.4 Bagging and Dispatch:<br />
Part of the cement will be sold in bulk and will be transported in specialized bulk<br />
transporters. The rest will be bagged on site at a bagging plant, before being dispatched<br />
and sold to customers. Approximately 75% cement produced will be exported, and the<br />
remainder will be sold to customers in the local construction industry.<br />
2.2.5 Process Controls:<br />
The cement plant will be controlled by a Distributed Control System (DCS) from the<br />
Central Control Room. Process variables in all manufacturing departments will be<br />
continuously monitored in order to regulate and optimize cement production, i.e. from<br />
raw material storage to cement storage, packing and loading. However, manual<br />
intervention is warranted during process upsets, equipment malfunction or emergency<br />
conditions. Process temperatures and pressures are continuously monitored for any<br />
abnormal conditions to ensure that any abnormalities can be detected and rectified.<br />
Operation of the pyro-processing system receives close attention since product quality<br />
will be largely determined in the kiln. At every stage of the cement manufacturing, the<br />
raw and intermediate materials as well as the end products will be analyzed at the plant's<br />
laboratory to ensure that they conform to set quality standards on a consistent basis. The<br />
laboratory is equipped for testing of major process related materials, sample preparation,<br />
chemical analysis and physical testing.<br />
2.2.6 Pollution Controls:<br />
Pollution control measures and safeguards are key features in the operation of any<br />
industrial plant. The pollution control measures for the project were selected after<br />
identifying emissions of various pollutants, particularly air pollutants from the different<br />
stages of cement manufacturing.<br />
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2.2.6.1 Air Pollution Controls: Air pollutants generated during the operation of the<br />
Project consist primarily of particulates from quarrying, raw, and finished materials as<br />
well as fuel combustion by-products. Pulse jet type bag filters and bag houses will be<br />
employed as de-dusting equipment to control major emissions in the Kiln, Raw Mill,<br />
Grate Cooler, Coal Mill and the Cement Mill. For other emissions, a sufficient<br />
number of standardized bag filters will be installed at all transfer points at hopper,<br />
bins or silos as well as dust producing machinery (crushers, loading equipment,<br />
conveyors etc.) for de-dusting purposes. Modern technology burners, dosing systems<br />
for fuel and kiln feed, and kiln control systems are used for the plant processes to<br />
control emissions (NOx, SOx, CO). Cyclones will also be installed to capture<br />
materials entrained in airflows, which are routed through principal process units (e.g.<br />
milling and pyro-processing stages). They are considered as pre-treatment recovery<br />
and recycling device, and assists in enhancing the efficiency of both bag house and<br />
bag filter systems.<br />
2.2.6.2 Water Pollution Controls: The Project adopts a modern, dry process of<br />
manufacturing cement. The principal effluent released from the clinker production<br />
and cement manufacturing process is equipment cooling water, which is innocuous.<br />
Moreover, apart from the cooling water used during the raw mill down condition to<br />
protect the bag filter, the process water will be completely reused via recirculation<br />
through water treatment systems. Domestic wastewater generated from toilets and<br />
the canteen is estimated to be at 225 m 3 /d. All wastewater is routed to the wastewater<br />
treatment plant prior to disposal. The treated effluent will comply with <strong>NEPA</strong><br />
Standard for sewage effluent. Overflow cooling waters, tanker washings and floor<br />
washings will be collected and conveyed by open drains. These process wastewaters<br />
will be channeled into a solids 'gravity' separator then to the wastewater treatment<br />
plant prior to discharge. During the peak of construction activities (i.e. the maximum<br />
demand), the fresh water requirement will be 1,200 persons x 100 kg<br />
water/person/day =120 tons of fresh water.<br />
2.2.6.3 Noise Controls: Most cement projects generate significant, intermittent<br />
noise levels during blasting of the limestone within the quarry. A unique feature of<br />
the limestone found at Rose Hall, however, is that much of the limestone may be<br />
quarried by “ripping” techniques which will significantly decrease the frequency of<br />
blasting. Therefore, the principal noise emission sources will be associated with<br />
motors, fans, blowers, crushers, air compressor, and tube mills in the coal-fired power<br />
plant. In-plant shielding of noise emissions will be adopted to ensure that noise levels<br />
at the boundaries are within the regulatory limits (See TABLE 5.2 which<br />
demonstrates that the cement plant will be fully compliant with both IFC and <strong>NEPA</strong><br />
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Standards for noise emissions). All equipment to be employed for the plant will be<br />
designed to operate with low noise levels, and will not exceed the maximum<br />
allowable noise level for the surrounding receiving land use.<br />
2.2.6.4 Drainage from Quarry to Avert Flooding: Drainage will be provided to<br />
take storm water into nearby river courses to avert flooding arising from changes to<br />
the topography of areas being quarried.<br />
2.2.6.5 Access to the Plant and Quarry: Access will be sought along the local road<br />
from the most western end of the Bodles facilities. This access point will prevent any<br />
disruption of the adjoining local residential communities, while providing easy access<br />
to the public, and large traversing from either ends of the country along the Highway<br />
2000.<br />
2.3 Manpower<br />
The Project will require manpower in both of its project components: the quarry component<br />
and the cement plant component during both the construction and operational phases. Apart<br />
from the workers provided by the EPC Contractor, approximately 300 local workers will be<br />
involved in the construction phase of the project. During the operation phase of the project,<br />
the total manpower requirement is estimated to be 450 people. Indirectly, it is estimated that<br />
1,000 people will be employed in cement-related industries as a result of this project. All<br />
recruited staff will be given appropriate training in order to educate them on the specific job<br />
tasks to be performed; safety procedures; and the concepts of quarrying and cement<br />
manufacturing.<br />
2.4 Project Economics<br />
The total project value is estimated at $340 million USD. Development of the project is<br />
planned to be completed within 30 months. Employment emanating from the operations will<br />
be in three phases, namely:<br />
2.4.1 Construction phase: Over 300 persons will be employed over a 24 month period.<br />
2.4.2 Operations phase: Approximately 450 persons comprising administrative,<br />
technical, and non-technical persons will be employed permanently and immediately<br />
after completion of the plant. These include engineers, chemists, computer operators,<br />
accountants, administrative assistances, secretaries, etc. The value of the project to the<br />
economy excludes the spin-off benefits affixed to the Project for related downstream and<br />
upstream industries as well as supporting sectors during the construction and operation<br />
phases of the project.<br />
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2.5 Proposed Community Development Plan to benefit Socio- Economic Environment<br />
Several positive Community Development initiatives will be implemented in conjunction<br />
with the establishment of the Cement Plant.<br />
2.5.1 Creation of a school for Jamaican children with Autism<br />
During the construction phase of the cement plant an advanced education school,<br />
focusing on the treatment and education of children with autism, will be created to<br />
promote awareness and equal opportunity for Jamaican residents that is not currently<br />
available. This educational center will be built and funded by CJL and run in partnership<br />
with the University of the West Indies in Jamaica and George Brown College in Canada<br />
(see APPENDIX 11A for Draft MOU with partners). This educational center will<br />
provide a full day, twelve-month program for students starting at the age of three. The<br />
said school will have an early intervention class for young students aged 3-5, primary<br />
classes with students aged 5-12, and secondary classes with students aged 13-18. These<br />
classes will provide intensive 1:1 Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) training, which is<br />
known to be the best way of treating and educating children with autism.<br />
The program and school will draw upon the world-renowned programs taught at New<br />
Haven Learning Center in Toronto, Canada. New Haven has become the prototype for<br />
how to best understand the disorder and treat children who are affected. Children's health<br />
professionals consider the New Haven Learning Centre to be the "gold standard in<br />
autistic treatment and education". Employment opportunities and training will be<br />
created for the supply of local teachers and support staff, which is expected to be<br />
indefinite. Further information on the school for Jamaican children with autism can be<br />
found in APPENDIX 11B<br />
2.5.2 Establishment of a Behavioral Science Technology Programme at the<br />
University of the West Indies<br />
A Behavioral Science Technology program will be set-up at the University of the West<br />
Indies to support regional development through education by facilitating the training of<br />
students in applied behavior analysis and behavioral intervention. Graduates of the<br />
program are typically employed in a variety of settings with diverse clinical populations<br />
of all ages who frequently present challenging behaviors, including but not limited to<br />
individuals with autism. Graduates may work to develop and implement behavioral<br />
interventions designed to manage challenging behaviors and/or teach a variety of skills.<br />
Graduates may find employment in schools, hospitals, residential and treatment facilities<br />
and rehabilitation and vocational agencies. This program helps to support regional<br />
development through education.<br />
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2.5.2 Creation of a Hybrid-Learning Platform at the University of the West Indies<br />
(specifically for the Behavioral Science Technology program)<br />
The University of the West Indies will employ a hybrid approach to instructor led<br />
classroom based education, which will provide a competitive educational advantage in<br />
the global marketplace. The platform will provide both in-class instructor led education<br />
along with parallel online learning paths. As part of the online education students will<br />
have access to classroom videos, presentations, MP3 Audio of the lectures, classroom<br />
presentations, quizzes and a community forum including blogs dedicated to Applied<br />
Behavior Analysis (ABA) training that connects students throughout the world - (all<br />
online tools are specifically designed to maximize the Internet connection and speed in<br />
the students’ geographical region).<br />
The course work will be secure and compliant with Sharable Content Object Reference<br />
Model (SCORM) standards. SCORM is a collection of standards and specifications for<br />
web-based e-learning. This unique platform will establish the University of the West<br />
Indies as a leader in integrated education throughout the global arena. Further<br />
information on hybrid learning platform can be found in APPENDIX 11C.<br />
2.5.3 Creation of a Holiday Resort for Children and Families of Children with<br />
Autism<br />
A holiday resort will be established in Jamaica that caters to families of children with<br />
autism from Jamaica, North America and around the world. The resort will promote<br />
regional integration by forging links among countries with autistic citizens – preliminary<br />
research shows that there are no holiday resorts of this structure in existence. The resort<br />
will include the same amenities a typical all-inclusive resort has with the added feature of<br />
1:1 care for children with autism. This initiative creates an entire new tourist market for<br />
resort providers and local Jamaican businesses, as families of children with autism find it<br />
difficult to take proper holidays. Additional employment opportunities will be created<br />
for the supply of local support staff and teachers, which is expected to last indefinitely.<br />
2.6 Reasons Why the Cement Plant is Needed<br />
During the period 2000 to 2007, the global demand for cement increased at a pace that<br />
resulted in increased capacity utilization, product shortages, and rising prices. The increase<br />
in the demand for cement in China and the rest of the far-east was most significant and<br />
driven by massive investments in the public and private sector. In the USA, cement<br />
consumption reached unprecedented levels in 2005 and 2006, with demand surpassing 127<br />
million metric tons in each of those years and with imports accounting for over 25% of total<br />
consumption. Within the Caribbean Community, the demand for cement between 2005 and<br />
2007 was also at elevated levels due to heightened preparation for the Cricket World Cup<br />
(CWC) in 2007 as well as continued investments in the Tourism and Housing Sectors.<br />
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In the Caribbean Common Market (CARICOM), Jamaica, Trinidad and Barbados are the<br />
major cement producing countries, with the latter two having significant levels of exports.<br />
All three cement plants in these countries are owned and operated by the TCL Group which,<br />
for years, has benefited from the protection of the Common External Tariff (CET). In all<br />
three countries, the CET applicable is higher than the standard 15%, but capped by the World<br />
Trade Organization’s bound rate of 60%. The application of the CET has made cement<br />
imports uneconomical in most instances and has resulted in virtual monopolistic conditions<br />
on the island of Jamaica. In recent years, supply shortages and rising cement prices have<br />
forced many CARICOM countries to seek CET waivers up to pre-determined quotas to<br />
enable the importation of cheaper cement, particularly from China, Colombia, Venezuela and<br />
the Dominican Republic. These imports are currently estimated at 1.1 million metric tons per<br />
annum. The import of cement by CARICOM member states from non-TCL sources are<br />
significant and highlight the degree to which distributors are seeking better and cheaper<br />
alternatives.<br />
Cement Jamaica Limited (CJL) visualizes that the Caribbean market (including the<br />
reconstruction of Haiti as well as the potential for exports to the United States and Canada)<br />
has great opportunities. Therefore, CJL is proposing the establishment of a 1.5 million ton<br />
clinker per annum, state of the art, cost effective, environmentally-friendly cement plant to be<br />
located in the southern coast of Jamaica that will have full access to water, limestone,<br />
gypsum and other natural deposits required to produce Portland Cement. CJL has already<br />
concluded significant take or pay contracts with strong and reputable users and distributors of<br />
cement to cover a significant portion of its proposed production. This will serve to minimize<br />
CJL’s production risks and effectively manage the company’s profitability.<br />
Jamaica is estimated to have 150 billion metric tons of recoverable limestone, the primary<br />
raw material in producing cement. In fact, limestone is Jamaica’s most abundant mineral.<br />
Limestone deposits in Jamaica account for 65% of the island by weight, and 85% of its<br />
surface coverage. High quality deposits exist – 98% CaCO3 high purity grade – however,<br />
80% of existing limestone quarries in Jamaica are producing less than 100,000 metric tons<br />
per year. In fact, only 250,000 metric tons of limestone is currently being exported.<br />
Nevertheless, Jamaica is arguably the easiest location in the Latin American and the<br />
Caribbean region to access a wide variety of consistent, quality limestone aggregate.<br />
Moreover, many of Jamaica’s limestone deposits exist at or close to the surface which makes<br />
for easy extraction. The abundance of limestone and other raw materials, including waste<br />
materials such as red mud, makes Jamaica an ideal landscape for the location of cement<br />
plants. The Government of Jamaica (GOJ) has encouraged investments in establishing a<br />
competing cement plant to Jamaica’s current, sole cement manufacturer.<br />
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In a key policy decision, the GOJ applied for and obtained approval for the suspension of the<br />
40% CET in May 2006 for duty free cement imports. The waiver of the CET has recently<br />
been in effect for a quota of up to 240,000 metric tons. Since 2005, cement imports into<br />
Jamaica have been significant and although Jamaica’s current, sole cement manufacturing<br />
company recently expanded its cement capacity, there remain several importers. Developers<br />
believe a competing cement factory is important and necessary given the need to adequately<br />
supply the market with high quality and price competitive cement in order to avoid any<br />
recurrences of the cement supply shortages that damaged Jamaica’s Construction Sector in<br />
2005 and 2006.<br />
There are a number of significant developments planned for Jamaica, specifically in the<br />
Tourism Sector, which include Harmony Cove, Palmyra Condominiums, the Negril<br />
Peninsula project, Celebrations Jamaica, and other hotel investments from Spanish<br />
Companies. In total, over 30,000 rooms were planned to be built during the period 2005-<br />
2015, with over 20,000 of these rooms slated for development during the period 2009-2015.<br />
Jamaica’s abundant natural resources, especially high quality and easily extractable<br />
limestone, make the island arguably the best location in Caribbean region for cement plants.<br />
Jamaica is one of the largest economies in the Caribbean and it is therefore somewhat ironic<br />
that the island currently boasts only one (1) cement manufacturing plant and exports only<br />
250,000 tons of limestone annually. The project described within will help Jamaica to<br />
reverse the flat to moderate economic performances of prior years and start to achieve<br />
significant economic growth because it will have a favorable impact on all sectors of the<br />
economy. The ability of the GOJ to improve tax revenue collections as a result of this<br />
project will help the GOJ to address Jamaica’s growing debt and to provide additional<br />
resources for investment in public infrastructure. As a result of this project, it is expected<br />
that tax revenues from GCT (General Consumption Tax) and Income Tax will generate<br />
approximately $75 million USD annually for the GOJ.<br />
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3.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE<br />
A description of how the proposed project relates to the overall strategy/policy for the<br />
applicable technical area (i.e. the basis and rationale for the project) has been presented in<br />
Section 2.0 (Project Description and Technical Basis), Section 2.1 (Location), 2.4<br />
(Project Economics), and 2.5 (Why the Cement Plant is Needed). In comparison, Section<br />
3.0 presents a systematic comparison of feasible project alternatives, both in terms of both<br />
the project (i.e., technology, design, operation, etc.) and site selection. The assessment of<br />
project alternatives and site selection must specifically include environmental and social<br />
factors and include a no action (i.e., without the project) scenario.<br />
The alternative assessment should be quantitative and expressed in economical terms, as<br />
feasible. The assessment must clearly state and justify the selected alternative. This report<br />
also compares various alternatives by which the project could be realized and seeks to<br />
identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs<br />
and benefits. Alternatives include location as well as approach to design, process, and<br />
construction technology as well as the country chosen.<br />
Alternative Actions:<br />
The main alternatives to the development of the new cement plant can be summarized as<br />
follows:<br />
3.1 Do Nothing Alternative:<br />
The ‘do nothing’ alternative means that Jamaica will continue to have only one (1)<br />
cement manufacturing plant on the island in spite of Jamaica’s abundant natural resources<br />
and especially high quality and easily extractable limestone reserves which make the<br />
island arguably the best location in Caribbean region for cement plants. This singlesource<br />
alternative not only fails to address Jamaica’s needs to increase exports of natural<br />
resources, but could also very easily result in the cement supply shortages and cement<br />
quality issues that previously damaged Jamaica’s Construction Sector. As a minimum,<br />
the virtual monopoly will cause cement prices to be higher than what they would be<br />
otherwise. Increased prices for the basic building materials (cement and fuel)<br />
incrementally increase other costs such as power and food prices.<br />
The ease of availability to basic building materials is needed to further develop Jamaica’s<br />
economy. Otherwise, it becomes increasingly difficult for developing nations to<br />
withstand the rising costs of basic necessities such as fuel. The ‘do nothing’ alternative<br />
does not seem plausible given the legitimacy of the proposed project rationale and the<br />
benefits to be derived. For example, ‘doing nothing’ would mean that the local<br />
environment would remain in its present condition, degraded by local land pressures.<br />
Choosing this option would mean that none of the aforementioned economic benefits<br />
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would be realized by Jamaica. In sum, there will be no economic growth as a result of<br />
the cement plant development, Jamaica’s trade deficit would not improve, and Jamaica<br />
would remain susceptible to high cement prices and possible lapses in cement quality.<br />
3.2 Project Implementation Options<br />
Several options were considered for the implementation of the project including country<br />
selection, location selection, site selection and technology selection and these are all<br />
discussed below.<br />
3.2.1 Increase Availability of Low Cost Imports: A waiver of the CET on cement<br />
imports is really a ‘band-aid’ approach because it does not help Jamaica with its<br />
trade deficit. This is a particular injustice because Jamaica is rich in all of the<br />
raw materials (limestone, clay, and red mud) needed to manufacture cement and<br />
to actually become a exporter of cement and limestone.<br />
3.2.2 Project Site Options: Given that limestone typically represents 80% of the raw<br />
materials from which cement is manufactured, the availability of limestone is<br />
the primary criterion for determining potential sites for a new cement plant.<br />
Numerous site options were considered over many years to identify the most<br />
suitable location of the new cement plant. Therefore, other key factors such as<br />
the proximity of the limestone reserves to the tourist industry were deemed to be<br />
nearly as important as the proximity of the cement plant to the limestone<br />
reserves. These include accessibility (to the site), human population density,<br />
housing density, ecological community, and the extent of works required to<br />
make such sites fully functional. The main alternatives to the location of the<br />
new cement plant can be summarized as follows:<br />
3.2.2.1 Locate the Limestone Quarry at Crescent Park Pen: A location of<br />
limestone quarry in the area known as the Crescent Park Pen, which has<br />
sufficient reserves of limestone, was considered. This location was<br />
ultimately rejected due to issues associated with local infrastructure,<br />
equipment, and materials transport.<br />
3.2.2.2 Locate the Cement Plant Adjacent to Crescent Park Pen: The most ideal<br />
location for the location of the cement plant near the limestone quarry of<br />
Crescent Park Pen is the old bauxite plant. This location was determined<br />
to be the most convenient location in close proximity to the limestone<br />
reserves and the availability of an existing loading site for a belt conveyer<br />
that runs to the terminal located at Ocho Rios Port. However, this<br />
location, while very convenient, was rejected because of its potential<br />
impact and close proximity to the Tourism Industry of Ocho Rios. It<br />
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would require the rebuilding of the 7 kilometer long belt conveyor belt and<br />
it would represent an encroachment into the Tourist Area. Given the<br />
economic importance of the Tourism Industry to Jamaica’s economy, the<br />
main alternatives for the location of the cement plant were confined to the<br />
industrial areas along the southern coast of Jamaica which have been<br />
specifically targeted for development by the Government of Jamaica and<br />
the Port of Kingston.<br />
3.2.2.3 Locate the Cement Plant Adjacent to Longville Park: The so-called “Plant<br />
Site A” adjacent to the Longville Park was thoroughly investigated.<br />
However, it was ultimately rejected due to its environmental and social<br />
impacts on the existing fish ponds, farms, and the newly developed<br />
residential area. It was clearly identified that this location would have<br />
greater negative impacts as a result of more significant industrial<br />
development in the quieter residential and agricultural areas.<br />
3.2.2.4 In addition, it is estimated that more extensive and expensive piling would<br />
be required for any heavy equipment located in close proximity to the<br />
existing fish ponds. Finally, it was ultimately rejected by CJL because the<br />
irregular shape of the available land made it impossible for the EPC<br />
Contractor to layout the equipment on the available land area of 101 acres<br />
in such a way to allow for the future possibility of the installation of a<br />
second kiln line.<br />
3.2.3 Technology Options: Any discussion of the technology included as part of this<br />
project is considered to be ‘state of the art’ in terms of energy efficiency and its<br />
design makes use of a waste product (red mud) that is transformed into a usable<br />
product. Several alternative raw materials were considered as follows:<br />
3.2.3.1 Shale: Shale was considered for use as one of the raw materials for<br />
cement production. The shale quarry is in Cambridge Hill area, which is<br />
about 80 kilometers away to cement plant site via Highway 2000 and<br />
crossing several big residential communities and towns, like Kingston<br />
City, Harbour View, Old Harbor, etc. In addition, the shale chemical<br />
analysis revealed that the available shale was high in alkali content. In<br />
order to produce the low alkali cement, a by-pass design would have been<br />
required. The result of the bypass would have been a reduction in fuel<br />
efficiency and an increase in CO2 emissions. The shale was rejected due<br />
to the issues associated with high alkali and long transport.<br />
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3.2.3.2 Iron Ore: Iron ore was also considered during our initial feasibility<br />
studies. However, iron ore would have to be imported from abroad since<br />
Jamaica has no significant iron resources. In addition, in our discussions<br />
with Windalco, they were concerned with the potential contamination to<br />
Bauxite during the “import operations”. Therefore, the possibility to<br />
import iron ore via Kingston port was evaluated. Ultimately, the design of<br />
using iron ore was dismissed due to issues related with material transports<br />
and the resultant environmental impact. Moreover, one of the key<br />
objectives of this project is to increase Jamaica’s exports and to make<br />
Jamaica less dependent upon imports such as iron ore.<br />
3.2.3.3 Red Mud: Ultimately, the iron ore was substituted with red mud to<br />
address the need for iron input to the cement manufacturing process. This<br />
was environmentally attractive because red mud is widely available in<br />
Jamaica because it is a waste produce (tailings) from the alumina<br />
manufacturing process. Site visits and discussions have taken place with<br />
Windalco as a source for this waste material. Positive discussions have<br />
been had with Windalco which confirm the viability of transporting red<br />
mud from the alumina plants at Mandeville and Ewarton via rail. The use<br />
of red mud will improve the environmental impact by using the tailings of<br />
bauxite industry.<br />
3.2.3.4 Fly Ash: 100% of the coal burning ash collected from coal power plant<br />
will be used as a part of raw materials for cement production in the project<br />
design. This will eliminate the ash disposal as waste material and avoid<br />
the installation of holding ponds which could have negative impacts on the<br />
environment.<br />
3.2.3.5 Effluent: In the plant design, the waste water in the cement production<br />
process, such as cooling water for machinery, will be fully recycled. There<br />
will be no effluent discharge from the production process.<br />
3.2.3.6 Power Distribution: In the original design, Jamaica Public Service (JPS)<br />
was to supply power to the cement plant operation. However, there is a<br />
shortage of power generation capacity in Jamaica so this would have<br />
further aggravated a tense situation in the local power supply. Therefore,<br />
the power distribution system has been redesigned to make CJL selfsufficient.<br />
The proposed design now considers the planned installation of<br />
a 9 MW Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) power plant and 45 MW coal-fired<br />
power plant which meet the recommended guidelines of the Inter-<br />
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3.2.4 Process Options:<br />
American Development Bank for fuel efficiency and CO2 emissions. A<br />
key design feature of the proposed system is to utilize the waste hot gas<br />
from the cement production facility to generate power via cogeneration.<br />
3.2.4.1 Design of Grinding Mill(s): The grinding efficiency of a ball mill is only<br />
half as efficient as a vertical roller mill, therefore, for this project, CJL has<br />
chosen vertical roller mills for the following process options:<br />
3.2.4.1.1 Finish Grinding: Three (3) ball mills for finish grinding were<br />
originally chosen based on the simplicity of design and operation,<br />
with consideration given to the skill level for local operators.<br />
However, ball mills result in significantly higher specific power<br />
consumption (minimum power savings 10 kWh/ton of cement). In<br />
addition, the noise level of a vertical roller mill is significantly<br />
lower than that of a ball mill. Therefore, the three (3) ball mills<br />
have been replaced with one (1) roller mill for an efficient<br />
operation and lower environment impact.<br />
3.2.4.1.2 Raw Grinding: Modern raw grinding systems employ vertical<br />
roller mills almost exclusively over ball mill systems nowadays.<br />
This is because is because of the ability of a vertical roller mill to<br />
grind, dry, and classify - all in one compact machine for simplicity<br />
of layout and construction cost savings. Jamaica has a tropical<br />
climate with periods of high rainfall; therefore, the raw materials<br />
will likely have high moisture content during these periods of time.<br />
Not only will this create problems for being able to dry the raw<br />
materials in a ball mill system, but here again, a minimum power<br />
savings of 3 kWh/ton raw meal can be realized by choosing one (1)<br />
vertical roller mill over one or more ball mills. Another<br />
consideration is the use of a high pressure roller press for raw<br />
grinding for improved power savings over ball mill systems and<br />
similar power consumption to vertical roller mills. However, the<br />
use of a high pressure roller press is only possible when the raw<br />
materials are very dry. This will not be the case because Jamaica is<br />
a tropical environment. Therefore, the use of high pressure roller<br />
press for this project was dismissed early.<br />
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3.2.4.1.3 Solid Fuel Grinding: The solid fuel grinding system sometimes<br />
lends itself to favor ball mills over vertical roller mills in spite of<br />
the power savings (about 5 kWh/ton solid fuel). This is because<br />
capacity (tons per hour) is very small for the fuels in comparison to<br />
the finished cement. However, often times, solid fuels are also<br />
high in moisture content (>10% moisture) which favors the use of<br />
a vertical roller mills, again, because of the ability to grind, dry,<br />
and classify the product – all in one compact machine.<br />
Nevertheless, ball mills may be preferred in cases where the solid<br />
fuel has to be ground very fine. This is most common when the<br />
use of alternative fuels such as petroleum coke are considered<br />
because the volatile content of the fuel is very low and, therefore,<br />
the petroleum coke has to be ground very fine in order to promote<br />
complete combustion. Ultimately, vertical roller mill technology<br />
was chosen for the cement plant and ball mills were chosen for the<br />
power plant for this project.<br />
3.2.5 Construction Technology Options: The proposed project site is<br />
exposed to three of the main natural hazards that affect Jamaica as<br />
elaborated below. The highest structure in the cement plant is the preheater<br />
tower at approximately 120 meters in height. In this respect,<br />
concrete construction will be applied in the foundation and lower level<br />
of the pre-heater tower. The middle and top levels of the pre-heater<br />
tower are expected to use structural steel. Alternatives, such as the use<br />
of fewer pre-heater stages, to lower the height of the structure would<br />
compromise, unfortunately, negatively impact the fuel efficiency of the<br />
plant and therefore the increase environmental emissions. Therefore,<br />
good engineering practices need to be implemented within the context of<br />
the preferred technology.<br />
A thorough investigation of construction technology options will therefore<br />
depend on sound engineering design as well as field investigations (such<br />
as weather, climate, soil bearing capacity, the availability of construction<br />
materials locally and price, the availability of local lifting/crane<br />
equipment, and local labor skills). During the design phase, the EPC<br />
Contractor will choose the construction technology which best meets<br />
CJL’s project schedule, safety, and quality as well as the economic benefit<br />
to the local community with due consideration to the following natural<br />
hazards:<br />
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3.2.5.1 Seismic Activity: Earthquake hazard zones for Jamaica were determined<br />
over the period from 1692 to the present time and shows that the Kingston<br />
area lies within the zone of highest probability of high intensity of<br />
earthquakes in Jamaica. Data from the Earthquake Unit at the University<br />
of the West Indies indicates that the Kingston area has an average<br />
exposure rate of 7 occurrences per century. With proper design, the<br />
threshold for damage can be increased for well-built structures. Alluvium<br />
and engineered soils that exist at the project site are highly susceptible to<br />
ground shaking and tend to amplify the effects of ground motion through<br />
earthquakes. To reduce the earthquake hazard, CJL’s facility will be<br />
designed to withstand the ground motions expected. This will involve<br />
detailed site investigations and modeling.<br />
3.2.5.2 Hurricanes: Hurricanes produce heavy rainfall, high winds, and storm<br />
surge, all of which have the potential to cause damage and dislocation at<br />
the Carib Cement plant. The high velocity winds can cause structural<br />
damage. This will be addressed by proper engineering design and<br />
implementation of a maintenance program by CJL.<br />
3.2.5.3 Coastal Flooding: The site is susceptible to storm surge produced by<br />
hurricanes that have the potential to cause severe coastal erosion and<br />
inundation. Therefore, the engineering design of the drainage systems for<br />
the plant site and quarries is particularly important.<br />
3.2.6 Country Options: CJL has concluded that Jamaica is the best available<br />
location in the Caribbean region for the presence of a new cement plant<br />
for the following reasons:<br />
3.2.6.1 Jamaica’s abundant natural resources, especially high quality and easily<br />
extractable limestone, make the island arguably the best location in<br />
Caribbean region for cement plants.<br />
3.2.6.2 Jamaica currently only has one other cement manufacturing plant on the<br />
island.<br />
3.2.6.3 Jamaica has good infrastructure conditions: there are good transport<br />
infrastructure facilities, such as, rail system, national highways, deep<br />
water sea ports, etc. It is, therefore, ideal for cement distribution.<br />
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3.2.6.4 As a former British colony, Jamaica is an English speaking country for<br />
ease of communications for CJL’s Canadian parent company. In fact,<br />
owners of the Canadian parent company already have interests in<br />
Jamaica’s cement wholesale business. Jamaica also has good legal<br />
systems, municipal administration systems, and a stable and healthy<br />
democratic government. Jamaica is home to the largest university in<br />
Caribbean area – West Indies University - which provides a good<br />
education and scientific research base for leveraging the required human<br />
resources to design, construct, and operate a modern cement plant.<br />
3.2.6.5 Jamaica’s government has an open mind to encourage foreign investment<br />
and has recently implemented economic policies to attract overseas capital<br />
for local economic development.<br />
3.2.6.6 Jamaica is an island country and the third largest island in the West Indies.<br />
3.2.6.7 Jamaica has a stable government, economy, and banking system.<br />
3.2.6.8 Jamaica has a population of nearly 3 million persons.<br />
3.2.6.9 Jamaica has good diplomatic and economic relationships with Caribbean<br />
countries and plays a leading role within the Caribbean Community.<br />
3.2.6.10 Jamaica has a good industrial foundation as a result of the bauxite<br />
and alumina industries. Therefore, there are skillful technicians or<br />
workers trained in the mining and manufacturing industries who should be<br />
able to work in the cement manufacturing industry with adequate training.<br />
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4.0 TERMS OF REFERENCE<br />
The National Environmental and Planning Agency (<strong>NEPA</strong>), as a part of its permitting process,<br />
requires that projects of this nature conduct an EIA of the proposed development.<br />
EnviroPlanners Limited was contracted by Cement Jamaica Limited to conduct the study in<br />
accordance with the terms of reference approved by <strong>NEPA</strong>. An application was submitted for a<br />
development permit to the <strong>NEPA</strong>. The application was accompanied by Project Information<br />
Form (PIF) and supporting documentation. <strong>NEPA</strong> responded to that application with a request<br />
that an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) be conducted on the proposed development,<br />
based on their review of the permit application. <strong>NEPA</strong> supplied Generic Terms of Reference and<br />
requested modification of these Terms of Reference (TOR) to be specific to the project. The<br />
modified Terms of Reference was submitted to <strong>NEPA</strong> for their approval and a successful<br />
response was received on January 7, 2010 as shown in APPENDIX 4.<br />
The Environmental Impact Assessment will provide a comprehensive evaluation of the site, in<br />
terms of predicted environmental impacts, needed mitigation strategies, potentially viable<br />
alternatives to the development proposed and all related legislation.<br />
The following issues related to the specific project site will be identified and given special<br />
consideration:<br />
4.1 Sites located within, adjacent to or in the vicinity of areas listed as protected (e.g. under<br />
the Wild Life Protection, Forest, Natural Resources Conservation Authority, Fishing<br />
Industry or Jamaica National Heritage Trust Acts or designated Ramsar Sites) or having<br />
protected species.<br />
4.2 The main issue(s) to be considered are determined by the statutes of the legislation or<br />
convention in question and what the convention speaks to.<br />
4.3 The impact of the development on the specific sensitivities of the protected area will be<br />
identified and be highlighted as is applicable (e.g. diversion of water flows, extraction of<br />
water, pollution).<br />
4.4 The Environmental Impact Assessment will include but not limited to the following:<br />
4.4.1 Provide a comprehensive description of the existing site proposed for<br />
mining operations and for the establishment of the Cement Plant. Detail<br />
the elements of the project, highlighting areas to be mined and the areas<br />
which are to be preserved in their existing state.<br />
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4.4.2 Identify the major environmental issues of concern through the<br />
presentation of baseline data which should include social and cultural<br />
considerations. Assess public perception of the proposed development.<br />
4.4.3 Outline the Legislations and Regulations relevant to the project.<br />
4.4.4 Predict the likely impacts of the development on the environment,<br />
including direct, indirect and cumulative impacts, and indicate their<br />
relative importance to the design of the development’s facilities.<br />
4.4.5 Identify mitigation action to be taken to minimize adverse impacts and<br />
quantify associated costs.<br />
4.4.6 Design a Monitoring Plan which should ensure that the mitigation plan is<br />
adhered to.<br />
4.4.7 Describe the alternatives to the project that could be considered at that<br />
site.<br />
4.5 EnviroPlanners Limited will ensure that a thorough and comprehensive environmental<br />
impact is carried out by executing the following tasks:<br />
4.5.1 Task #1: Description of the Project:<br />
4.5.1.1 Provide a comprehensive description of the project, noting areas<br />
proposed for mining operations, mineral processing and construction of<br />
the Cement Plant. Detail the elements of the project, highlighting areas to<br />
be reserved for construction, areas to be preserved in their existing state as<br />
well as activities and features which will introduce risks or generate<br />
impact (negative and positive) on the environment. This will involve the<br />
use of maps, site plans, aerial photographs and other graphic aids and<br />
images, as appropriate, and include information on location, general layout<br />
and size, as well as pre-construction, construction, and post construction<br />
plans. All phases be clearly defined, the relevant time schedules provided<br />
and phased maps, diagrams and appropriate visual aids. A review of the<br />
impacts caused by operation will be done.<br />
4.5.2 Task #2: Description of the Environment:<br />
4.5.2.1 This task involves the generation of baseline data which is used to<br />
describe the study area as follows:<br />
4.5.2.1.1 Physical environment;<br />
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4.5.2.1.2 Biological environment;<br />
4.5.2.1.3 Socio-economic and cultural constraints.<br />
4.5.2.2 The methodologies employed to obtain baseline and other data will<br />
be clearly detailed.<br />
4.5.2.3 Baseline data will include:<br />
4.5.2.3.1 Physical:<br />
4.5.2.3.1.1 A detailed description of the existing geology,<br />
geomorphology, topography and hydrology of the quarry<br />
and cement plant sites. Special emphasis will be placed on<br />
storm water run-off, drainage patterns, effect on<br />
groundwater and availability of potable water. Any slope<br />
stability issues that could arise will be thoroughly explored<br />
and mitigation measures identified;<br />
4.5.2.3.1.2 Water quality of any existing wells, rivers,<br />
ponds, streams or coastal waters in the vicinity of mining<br />
activities and the proposed cement plant. Quality Indicators<br />
will include but not necessarily be limited to nitrates,<br />
phosphates, faecal coliform, and suspended solids;<br />
4.5.2.3.1.3 Climatic and Airshed conditions (air quality<br />
studies) in the area of influence, including particulate<br />
emissions from stationary or mobile sources, NOx, SOx,<br />
wind speed and direction, precipitation, relative humidity<br />
and ambient temperatures;<br />
4.5.2.3.1.4 Noise levels of undeveloped site and the<br />
ambient noise in the area of influence;<br />
4.5.2.3.1.5 Obvious sources of pollution existing and extent<br />
of contamination.<br />
4.5.2.3.1.6 Availability of solid waste management<br />
facilities.<br />
4.5.2.3.2 Biological:<br />
4.5.2.3.1.1 Present a detailed description of the flora and<br />
fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) of the areas, with special<br />
emphasis on rare, endemic, protected or endangered<br />
species.<br />
4.5.2.3.1.2 Migratory species will also be considered.<br />
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4.5.2.3.1.3 There may be the need to incorporate microorganisms<br />
and the existence of micro-habitats to obtain an<br />
accurate baseline assessment.<br />
4.5.2.3.1.4 Species dependence, niche specificity,<br />
community structure, population dynamics, carrying<br />
capacity, species richness and evenness (a measure of<br />
diversity) will to be evaluated.<br />
4.5.2.3.3 Socio-economic & cultural:<br />
4.5.2.3.3.1 Present and projected population; present and<br />
proposed land use; planned development activities, issues<br />
relating to squatting and relocation, community structure,<br />
employment, distribution of income, goods and services,<br />
recreation, public health and safety; cultural peculiarities,<br />
aspirations and attitudes will be explored. The historical<br />
importance of the area will also be examined. While this<br />
analysis is being conducted, an assessment of public<br />
perception of the proposed development will be conducted.<br />
This assessment may vary with community structure and<br />
may take multiple forms such as public meetings or<br />
questionnaires.<br />
4.5.3 Task #3: Legislative & Regulatory Considerations:<br />
4.5.3.1 Outline the pertinent regulations, policies and standards governing<br />
environmental quality, safety and health, protection of sensitive areas,<br />
protection of endangered species, siting and land use control at the<br />
national and local levels.<br />
4.5.3.1 The examination of the legislation will include at minimum,<br />
legislation such as the NRCA Act, the Wildlife Protection Act, The<br />
Mining Act, legislation from the Solid Waste Management Authority<br />
(SWMA), and the appropriate international convention/protocol/treaty<br />
where applicable.<br />
4.5.4 Task #4: Identification of Potential Impacts:<br />
4.5.4.1 Identify the major environmental and public health issues of<br />
concern and indicate their relative importance to the design of the project<br />
and the intended activities.<br />
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4.5.4.2 Identify potential impacts as they relate to, (but are not restricted<br />
by) the following:<br />
4.5.4.2.1 Change in drainage pattern;<br />
4.5.4.2.2 Flooding potential;<br />
4.5.4.2.3 Landscape impacts of excavation and construction<br />
4.5.4.2.4 Loss of natural features, habitats, niches and<br />
species by construction and operation;<br />
4.5.4.2.5 Pollution of potable, coastal, surface and ground<br />
water;<br />
4.5.4.2.6 Air pollution;<br />
4.5.4.2.7 Socio-economic and cultural impacts;<br />
4.5.4.2.8 Risk assessment;<br />
4.5.4.2.9 Noise<br />
4.5.4.2.10 Change in soil pH;<br />
4.5.4.2.11 Waste disposal;<br />
4.5.4.2.12 Possible improper or accidental waste disposal<br />
via discharge into sewers and water bodies, creation of<br />
mud lakes;<br />
4.5.4.2.13 Capacity and design parameters of waste<br />
treatment facility;<br />
4.5.4.2.14 Impact of leachate.<br />
4.5.4.3 Distinguish between significant positive and negative<br />
impacts, direct and indirect, long term and immediate impacts.<br />
4.5.4.4 Identify avoidable as well as irreversible impacts.<br />
4.5.4.5 Characterize the extent and quality of the available data,<br />
explaining significant information deficiencies and any<br />
uncertainties associated with the predictions of impacts.<br />
4.5.4.6 A major environmental issue is determined after examining<br />
the impact (positive and negative) on the environment and having<br />
the negative impact significantly outweigh the positive.<br />
4.5.4.7 It is also determined by the number and magnitude of<br />
mitigation strategies which need to be employed to reduce the<br />
risk(s) introduced to the environment.<br />
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4.5.4.8 Project activities and impacts will be represented in matrix<br />
form with separate matrices for pre and post mitigation scenarios.<br />
4.5.5 Task #5: Mitigation Measures:<br />
4.3.5.1 Prepare guidelines for avoiding, as far as possible, any adverse<br />
impacts due to proposed usage of the site and utilizing of existing<br />
environmental attributes for optimum development.<br />
4.3.5.2 Quantify and assign financial and economic values to mitigating<br />
methods.<br />
4.5.6 Task #6 Monitoring:<br />
4.5.6.1 Design a plan to monitor implementation of mitigatory or<br />
compensatory measures and project impacts during construction and<br />
operation.<br />
4.5.6.2 An Environmental Management Plan for the long term operations<br />
of the site will also be prepared.<br />
4.5.6.3 An outline monitoring program should be included in the EIA, and<br />
a detailed version submitted to <strong>NEPA</strong> for approval after the granting of the<br />
permit and prior to the commencement of the development. At the<br />
minimum the monitoring program and report will include:<br />
4.5.6.3.1 Introduction outlining the need for a monitoring<br />
programme and the relevant specific provisions of the permit<br />
license(s) granted.<br />
4.5.6.3.2 The activity being monitored and the parameters chosen<br />
to effectively carry out the exercise.<br />
4.5.6.3.3 The methodology to be employed and the frequency of<br />
monitoring.<br />
4.5.6.3.4 The sites being monitored. These may, in instances, be<br />
pre-determined by the local authority and should incorporate a<br />
control site where no impact from the development is expected.<br />
4.5.6.3.5 Frequency of reporting to <strong>NEPA</strong>:<br />
The Monitoring report will also include, at minimum:<br />
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4.5.6.3.5.1 Raw data collected. Tables and graphs are to be<br />
used where appropriate.<br />
4.5.6.3.5.2 Discussion of results with respect to the<br />
development in progress, highlighting any parameter(s) which<br />
exceeds the expected standard(s).<br />
4.5.6.3.5.3 Recommendations/<br />
4.5.6.3.5.4 Appendices of data and photographs if necessary.<br />
4.5.7 Task #7 Project Alternatives:<br />
4.5.7.1 Examine alternatives to the project including the no-action<br />
alternative.<br />
4.5.7.2 This examination of project alternatives will incorporate the use<br />
history of the overall area in which the site is located and previous uses of<br />
the site itself. Refer to <strong>NEPA</strong> guidelines for EIA preparation.<br />
4.5.7.3 All Findings will be presented in the EIA report and will reflect<br />
the headings in the body of the TORs, as well as references. Eight hard<br />
copies and an electronic copy of the report will be submitted. The report<br />
will include an appendix with items such as maps, site plans, the study<br />
team, photographs, and other relevant information.<br />
4.6 Other pertinent and specific information to be covered/included in the EIA:<br />
In addition to the above the following information will be included in the<br />
Environmental Impact Assessment Study:<br />
4.6.1 Revised maps showing the areas proposed for quarry operation and the<br />
construction of the cement plant with the relevant setback from adjoining<br />
proposed residential and residential areas.<br />
4.6.2 A Species Management Plan to reflect the temporary handling of any<br />
endangered or endemic species identified during the study.<br />
4.6.3 An Archaeological study/assessment of the Rose Hall Quarry site.<br />
4.6.4 Public Health and safety concerns for the quarry and cement plant- (Health<br />
Impact Study) facilities on the adjoining communities.<br />
4.6.5 Preparation of a cumulative impact report of the new developments on the<br />
existing environment.<br />
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4.6.6 Provision of a conceptual reclamation and restoration plan for both facilities<br />
especially for the new quarry.<br />
4.6.7 Development of a closure plan for both facilities.<br />
4.6.8 Statements on Energy Conservation should be incorporated.<br />
4.6.9 Quarry Restoration and After Care Analysis.<br />
4.6.10 Outline of the transportation corridor for the conveyor belt and any other<br />
means of transportation of aggregates and finish products.<br />
4.6.11 Traffic Studies for both facilities.<br />
4.6.12 The disposal and management of solid, liquid and any hazardous waste<br />
during the construction and operational phases.<br />
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5.0 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK (REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS)<br />
The parent company of Cement Jamaica Limited (CJL) is committed to design and operate the<br />
proposed development to the same standard as its industrial developments in other parts of the<br />
world, such as North America. CJL is also committed to comply with all applicable legal and<br />
regulatory requirements that obtain in Jamaica. This commitment also applies to the EPC<br />
Contractor. The design and operational criteria for the facility have been based upon guidance<br />
provided by various Jamaican authorities, legislative and regulatory considerations identified<br />
below, and the Inter-American Development Bank.<br />
The following legislation and regulations are pertinent to the proposed construction, operation,<br />
and decommissioning of the cement plant and its associated quarries. In each case, comments<br />
are made with respect to the project.<br />
5.1 IDB/IFC/World Bank Guidelines:<br />
5.1.1 International Finance Corporation (IFC, World Bank Group)<br />
Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Cement and Lime<br />
Manufacturing<br />
The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines issued by IFC are<br />
technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of<br />
“Good International Industry Practice” (GIIP). When one or more members of<br />
the World Bank Group are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are<br />
applied.<br />
As shown in TABLE 5.1.1 and TABLE 5.1.2, Cement Jamaica Limited (CJL) has<br />
voluntarily agreed to apply IFC Guidelines to particulate emissions and noise<br />
emissions for this project – even though they are not specifically required by<br />
<strong>NEPA</strong>. In fact, CJL agrees to apply either the IFC or <strong>NEPA</strong> Guidelines,<br />
whichever is more stringent.<br />
TABLE 5.1.1: CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED PLANT PARTICULATE EMISSIONS COMPARED<br />
TO IFC GUIDELINES<br />
Dust Collector IFC Guideline Supplier’s Value<br />
Main Dust Collector<br />
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TABLE 5.1.2: IFC STANDARDS FOR NOISE EMISSIONS<br />
(<strong>NEPA</strong>’s guidelines for daytime perimeter noise are 75 decibels and 70 decibels for nighttime noise):<br />
IFC Guideline Supplier’s Value<br />
Maximum 60 dBA at any point from Outside Plant Maximum 60 dBA at any point from Outside Plant<br />
Fence<br />
Fence<br />
Maximum 85 dBA from Distance of 1.0 m from any Maximum 85 dBA from Distance of 1.0 m from any<br />
mechanical equipment, except blower<br />
mechanical equipment, except blower and ball mill<br />
Maximum 90 dBA from Distance of 1.0 m for Blowers Maximum 90 dBA from Distance of 1.0 m for Blowers<br />
and ball mill<br />
Maximum 90 dBA from Distance of 1.0 m for all Maximum 90 dBA from Distance of 1.0 m for all<br />
Motors > 150 Kw<br />
Motors > 150 kW<br />
5.1.2 Document of the Inter-American Development Bank - Cement<br />
Manufacturing Plants Guidelines<br />
(An Approach to Reconciling the Financing of Cement Manufacturing Plants<br />
with Climate Change Objectives, March 10, 2010)<br />
As shown in TABLE 5.1.3, Cement Jamaica Limited (CJL) has also voluntarily<br />
agreed to apply IFC Guidelines to gaseous emissions for this project – even<br />
though they are not specifically required by <strong>NEPA</strong>. Cement plants are a<br />
significant source of CO2 emissions, both due to fuel combustion and the<br />
decarbonization of limestone. The primary technique to be used by the EPC<br />
Contractor for prevention and control of CO2 emissions is process selection and<br />
operation to promote energy efficiency (i.e. 5-stage pre-heater with calciner and<br />
high-efficiency clinker cooler). In addition, the EPC Contractor will give due<br />
consideration to meet IFC Guidelines for nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions which<br />
are generated in the high temperature combustion processes of the cement kiln<br />
and calciner.<br />
TABLE 5.1.3: CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED PLANT GASEOUS EMISSIONS COMPARED TO<br />
IFC GUIDELINES<br />
Pollutant<br />
IFC Guidelines<br />
(mg/Nm 3 , dry at 10% O2)<br />
Supplier’s Value<br />
(mg/Nm 3 , dry at 10% O2)<br />
NOx
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5.1.3 Document of the Inter-American Development Bank – Coal Fired<br />
Power Plants Guidelines<br />
(An Approach to Reconciling the Financing of Coal-Fired Power Plants with<br />
Climate Change Objectives, July 10, 2009)<br />
Coal is the least expensive, most abundant fossil fuel source for electric<br />
generation. However, coal-fired power plants produce a series of pollutants and<br />
other environmental impacts derived from the combustion of the coal. Based on<br />
technological developments over the last decades (which have led to cleaner coal<br />
technologies), IDB has agreed to support those coal-fired power plants in Latin<br />
America and the Caribbean (LAC) Region that are designed to meet minimum<br />
performance criteria in terms of efficiency and GHG emissions intensity,<br />
provided they also use the best appropriate available technology (e.g. the use of<br />
supercritical as opposed to subcritical technologies). Therefore, CJL and the EPC<br />
Contractor have agreed to use Super-Critical Technology for this project and to<br />
meet the minimum performance criteria shown presented in TABLE 5.1.4:<br />
TABLE 5.1.4: CEMENT JAMAICA LIMITED’s PROPOSED COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT<br />
MINIMUM PERFORMANCE CRITERIA<br />
Technology<br />
Net Plant Higher Heat Value (HHV)<br />
Efficiency (%) (Bituminous coal)<br />
Net CO2 Emissions Intensity<br />
(kg CO2/net MWh)<br />
IFC Guidelines<br />
Super-Critical<br />
Technology<br />
5.2 National Legislation of Jamaica – Physical Environment<br />
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Supplier’s Value<br />
Super-Critical Technology<br />
>38.3 >38.3<br />
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5.2.1.1 No person shall discharge on or cause or permit the entry into<br />
waters, on the ground or into the ground, of any sewage or trade effluent<br />
or any poisonous noxious or polluting matter.<br />
5.2.1.2 No person is allowed to construct or reconstruct or alter any works<br />
designed for the discharge of any effluent.<br />
5.2.2 The Act also empowers the authority to require of any owner or<br />
operator of pollution control facility information on the performance of the<br />
facility, the quantity and condition of effluent discharged, and the area<br />
affected by the discharge of such effluent. The Authority has the right to<br />
consult with any agency or department of Government having functions in<br />
relation to water or water resources to carry out operations to:<br />
5.2.2.1 Prevent pollutants from reaching water bodies.<br />
5.2.2.2 Remove and dispose of any polluting matter or remedy or mitigate<br />
any polluted water body in order to restore it.<br />
5.2.2 Environment Review and Permitting Process (1997)<br />
The Environmental Permit and License System (P&L), introduced in<br />
1997, is a mechanism to ensure that all developments in Jamaica meet<br />
required standards in order to minimize negative environmental impacts.<br />
The P&L System is administered by <strong>NEPA</strong>, through the Applications<br />
Section (formerly the Permit and License Secretariat). Permits are<br />
required by persons undertaking new development which fall within a<br />
prescribed category. Under the NRCA Act of 1991, the NRCA is<br />
authorized to issue, suspend and revoke permits and licences if facilities<br />
are not in compliance with the environmental standards and conditions of<br />
approval stipulated. An applicant for a Permit or License must complete<br />
an application form as well as a Project Information Form (PIF) for<br />
submission to the NRCA.<br />
5.2.3 Wildlife Protection Act (1945)<br />
The Wildlife Protection Act of 1945 prohibits removal, sale or possession<br />
of protected animals, use of dynamite, poisons or other noxious material to<br />
kill or injure fish, prohibits discharge of trade effluent or industrial waste<br />
into harbors, lagoons, estuaries and streams, and authorizes the<br />
establishment of Game Sanctuaries and Reserves. Protected under the<br />
Wildlife Protection Act are six species of sea turtle, one land mammal, one<br />
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butterfly, three reptiles and several species of birds including rare and<br />
endangered species and game birds.<br />
5.2.4The Endangered Species (Protection, Conservation and Regulation of<br />
Trade) Act (2000)<br />
This Act deals with restriction on trade in endangered species, regulation<br />
of trade in species specified in the schedule, suspension and revocation of<br />
permits or certificates, offences and penalties, and enforcement. Many<br />
species of reptile, amphibian and birds that are endemic to Jamaica but not<br />
previously listed under national protective legislation, or under<br />
international legislation, are listed in the Appendices of this Act.<br />
5.2.5 The National Resources (Prescribed Areas) Prohibition of Categories<br />
of Enterprise, Construction and Development) Order (1996)<br />
The island of Jamaica and the Territorial Sea of Jamaica have been<br />
declared a Prescribed Area. No person can undertake any enterprise,<br />
construction or development of a prescribed description or category except<br />
under and in accordance with a permit. The Natural Resources<br />
Conservation (Permits and Licenses) Regulations (1996) give effect to the<br />
provisions of the Prescribed Areas Order.<br />
5.2.6 Water Resources Act (1995)<br />
The Water Resources Act of 1995 established the Water Resources<br />
Authority (WRA). This Authority is authorized to regulate, allocate,<br />
conserve and manage the water resources of the island. The Authority is<br />
also responsible for water quality control and is required under Section 4<br />
of the Act to provide upon request to any department or agency of<br />
Government, technical assistance for any projects, programmes or<br />
activities relating to development, conservation and the use of water<br />
resources.<br />
It is the responsibility of the WRA as outlined in Section 16 to prepare, for<br />
the approval of the Minister, a draft National Water Resources Master<br />
Plan for Jamaica. Areas to be covered in this Draft Master Plan of 1990<br />
included objectives for the development, conservation and use of water<br />
resources in Jamaica with consideration being given to the protection and<br />
encouragement of economic activity, and the protection of the<br />
environment and the enhancement of environmental values.<br />
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Section 25 advises that the proposed user will still have to obtain planning<br />
permission, if this is a requirement, under the Town and Country Planning<br />
Act. In addition, Section 21 of the Act stipulates that if the water to be<br />
used will result in the discharge of effluents, an application for a license to<br />
discharge effluents will have to be made to the Natural Resources<br />
Conservation Authority or any other relevant body as indicated by the<br />
Minister.<br />
With regard to underground water, Section 37 states that it is unlawful to<br />
allow this water to go to waste. However, if the underground water<br />
"interferes or threatens to interfere with the execution or operation of any<br />
underground works", it will not be unlawful to allow the water to go to<br />
waste in order to carry out the required works provided that there is no<br />
other reasonable method of disposing of the water. The Authority also has<br />
the power to determine the safe yield of aquifers (Section 38).<br />
5.2.7 Country Fires Act (1942)<br />
Section 4 of the Country Fires Act of 1942 prohibits the setting of fire to<br />
trash without prior notice being given to the nearest police station and the<br />
occupiers of all adjoining lands. In addition, a space of at least fifteen feet<br />
in width must be cleared around all trash to be burnt and all inflammable<br />
material removed from the area. Section 6 of the Act empowers the<br />
Minister to prohibit, as may be necessary, the setting of fire to trash<br />
without a permit.<br />
5.2.7.1 Offences against this Act include:<br />
5.2.7.1.1 Setting fire to trash between the hours of 6.00 p.m. and<br />
6.00 a.m. (Section 5a);<br />
5.2.7.1.2 Leaving open-air fires unattended before they have been<br />
completely extinguished (Section 5b);<br />
5.2.7.1.3 Setting fires without a permit and contrary to the<br />
provisions outlined in Section 6 (Section 8);<br />
5.2.7.1.4 Negligent use or management of a fire which could result<br />
in damage to property (Section 13a);<br />
5.2.7.1.5 Smoking a pipe, cigar or cigarette on the grounds of a<br />
plantation which could result in damage to property (Section 13b).<br />
5.2.7.2 Vegetation clearance will be required but no burning is anticipated<br />
to facilitate this; however, the Developer should note the legal<br />
requirements for burning of vegetation.<br />
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5.2.8 Quarries Contract Act (1983)<br />
The Quarries Control Act of 1983 established the Quarries Advisory<br />
Committee, which advises the Minister on general policy relating to<br />
quarries as well as on applications for licenses. The Act provides for the<br />
establishment of quarry zones, and controls licensing and operations of all<br />
quarries. The Minister may on the recommendation of the Quarries<br />
Advisory Committee declare as a specified area any area, in which quarry<br />
zones are to be established and establish quarry zones within any such<br />
specified area.<br />
Section 5 of the Act states that a license is required for establishing or<br />
operating a quarry though this requirement may be waived by the Minister<br />
if the mineral to be extracted is less than 100 cubic metres. Application<br />
procedures are outlined in Section 8. The prescribed form is to be filed<br />
with the Minister along with the prescribed fee and relevant particulars.<br />
The applicant is also required to place a notice in a prominent place at the<br />
proposed site for a period of at least 21 days starting from the date on<br />
which it was filed.<br />
CJL will apply for and obtain the necessary permits and/or licenses for<br />
any and all quarries used to provide material for this project.<br />
5.2.9 The Pesticides (Amendment) Act (1996)<br />
The Pesticides (Amendment) Act of 1996 amended sections of the<br />
principal act, which came into effect in 1975 and established the Pesticides<br />
Control Authority. This Act gives the Authority the responsibility of<br />
controlling the importation, manufacture, packaging, sale, use and disposal<br />
of pesticides. Section 11 states that the Authority is required to keep a<br />
register or record of all relevant information such as registered pesticides,<br />
restricted pesticides, pest control operators and persons licensed to import<br />
or manufacture pesticides. Under Section 16 of the Act, the Authority may<br />
also, with the approval of the Minister, make regulations which relate to<br />
areas such as:<br />
5.2.9.1 Aerial application of pesticides;<br />
5.2.9.2 Supervision required for the use of pesticides, the<br />
prescribed protective clothing to be worn and other precautionary<br />
measures;<br />
5.2.9.3 The permissible levels of pesticides to be used;<br />
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5.2.9.4 The periods during which particular pesticides may or may<br />
not be used on certain agricultural crops;<br />
5.2.9.5 The disposal of pesticides and packages.<br />
5.2.10 Clean Air Act (1964)<br />
This act refers to premises on which there are industrial works, the<br />
operation of which is in the opinion of an inspector likely to result in the<br />
discharge of smoke or fumes or gases or dust in the air. An inspector may<br />
enter any affected premise to examine, make enquiries, make tests and<br />
take samples of any substance, smoke, fumes, gas or dust as he considers<br />
necessary or proper for the performance of his duties.<br />
CJL will ensure that all exhaust and emissions meet both the National<br />
Standards and IDB Standards.<br />
Environmental issues: Environmental issues in cement manufacturing projects<br />
primarily include the following:<br />
5.1.1.1 Air Emissions<br />
5.1.1.2 Energy consumption and fuels<br />
5.1.1.3 Wastewater<br />
5.1.1.4 Solid waste generation<br />
5.1.1.5 Noise<br />
5.2.11 The Natural Resources Conservation Authority (Air Quality)<br />
Regulations, 2002<br />
Part I of this Act stipulates license requirements and states that every<br />
owner of a major facility or a significant facility shall apply for an air<br />
pollutant discharge license. Part II speaks to the stack emission targets,<br />
standards and guidelines.<br />
The Act states that no person shall emit or cause to be emitted from any<br />
air pollutant source at a new facility, any visible air pollutants the opacity<br />
or pollutant amount of which exceeds the standards.<br />
Every owner of a facility with one or more air pollutant source or activity<br />
shall employ such control measures and operating procedures as are<br />
necessary to minimize fugitive emissions into the atmosphere and such<br />
owner shall use available practical methods which are technologically<br />
feasible and economically reasonable and which reduce, prevent or control<br />
fugitive emissions so as to facilitate the achievement of the maximum<br />
practical degree of air purity.<br />
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Under this Act, a "major facility" is described as any facility having an air<br />
pollutant source with the potential to emit:<br />
5.211.1 One hundred or more metric tons/year of any one of total<br />
suspended particulate matter (TSP);<br />
5.2.11.2 Particulate matter with a diameter less than ten<br />
micrometres (PM10);<br />
5.2.11.3 Sulphur oxides measured as sulphur dioxide (SO2);<br />
5.2.11.4 Carbon monoxide (CO);<br />
5.2.11.5 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) measured as equivalent nitrogen<br />
dioxide;<br />
5.2.11.6 Five or more tons/year lead;<br />
5.2.11.7 Ten or more tons per year of any single priority air<br />
pollutant; or<br />
5.2.11.8 Twenty-five or more metric tons per year of any<br />
combination of priority air pollutants;<br />
The stack emission standards specified in the Twelfth Schedule shall apply<br />
to all new facilities with air pollutant sources.<br />
Emissions from the Cement Plant will have the potential to influence<br />
ambient air quality. The accumulated impact of emissions from the<br />
Cement Plant and the other major contributors to the airshed may impact<br />
air quality in the airshed. These impacts will be influenced by<br />
meteorological conditions (precipitation, wind direction and speed, etc).<br />
The regulations define primary and secondary ambient air quality<br />
standards. The standards for those pollutants of particular relevance to<br />
the operations at the Cement Plant are shown in TABLE 5.2.<br />
TABLE 5.2: <strong>NEPA</strong> STANDARDS FOR AIR POLLUTANTS<br />
Pollutant Averaging Time<br />
<strong>NEPA</strong> Standards<br />
(µg/m 3 )<br />
Total Suspended Particulates<br />
Annual 60<br />
24 Hour 150<br />
PM10: diameter
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5.2.12 Noise Standards<br />
Jamaica has no national legislation for noise, but World Bank guidelines<br />
have been adopted by the National Environment and Planning Agency<br />
(<strong>NEPA</strong>), and are used for benchmarking purposes along with the draft<br />
National Noise Standard that is being prepared. The guidelines for<br />
daytime perimeter noise are 75 decibels and 70 decibels for nighttime<br />
noise.<br />
5.2.13 Trade Effluent and Sewage Regulations (1996) (Draft)<br />
Jamaica has draft regulations governing the quality of the effluent<br />
discharged from facilities to public sewers and surface water systems.<br />
These draft regulations were gazetted sometime in 2006. The draft<br />
guidelines require the facility to meet certain basic water quality standards<br />
for trade effluent including sewage. The requisite permits and licenses are<br />
required to install and operate sewage treatment facilities.<br />
5.2.13.1 The project site contains several streams and is adjacent to a<br />
gully. During the construction and operation phases the integrity of the<br />
water quality in these systems should not be compromised.<br />
5.2.13.2 Cement Jamaica Ltd. will apply for a permit to construct a<br />
sewage treatment facility and a license to discharge sewage effluent.<br />
The proposed sewage treatment facility will be designed to meet <strong>NEPA</strong><br />
standards for effluent discharge.<br />
TABLE 14: <strong>NEPA</strong> GUIDELINESS FOR EFFLUENT STANDARDS<br />
TABLE 14-A: Immediate Technology Based Effluent Standards - Existing Plants<br />
Parameter Effluent Standard<br />
BOD5 20 mg/l<br />
TSS 30 mg/l<br />
Nitrates (as Nitrogen) 30 mg/l<br />
Phosphates 10 mg/l<br />
COD 100 mg/l<br />
Ph 6-9<br />
Fecal Coliform 1000 MPN/100 ml<br />
Residual Chlorine 1.5 mg/l<br />
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TABLE 14-B: Proposed Sewage Effluent Standards - New Plants<br />
Parameter Effluent Standard<br />
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 20 mg/l<br />
TSS 20 mg/l<br />
Nitrates (as Nitrogen) 10 mg/l<br />
Phosphates 4 mg/l<br />
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 100 mg/l<br />
pH 6-9<br />
Fecal Coliform 1000 MPN/100 ml<br />
Residual Chlorine 1.5 mg/l<br />
5.2.14 Watershed Protection Act (1963)<br />
This Act provides for the protection of watersheds and areas adjoining<br />
watersheds and promotes the conservation of water resources. The entire<br />
island however is considered to be one watershed, but for management<br />
purposes is divided into smaller units. There are 26 watershed<br />
management units declared under the Act. The Act makes provision for<br />
conservation of watersheds through the implementation of provisional<br />
improvement schemes whereby soil conservation practices are carried out<br />
on land. No regulations have ever been prepared under this Act and<br />
therefore voluntary compliance and training have been the only measures<br />
available to ensure appropriate management practices in watersheds in<br />
Jamaica.<br />
5.3 National Legislation of Jamaica – Social Environment<br />
5.3.1 Town and Country Planning Act (1958)<br />
Section 5 of the Town and Country Planning Act authorizes the Town and<br />
Country Planning Authority to prepare, after consultation with any local<br />
authority, the provisional development orders required for any land in the<br />
urban or rural areas, so as to control the development of land in the<br />
prescribed area. In this manner, the Authority will be able to coordinate<br />
the development of roads and public services and conserve and develop<br />
the resources in the area. Any person may, under Section 6 of the Act,<br />
object to any development order on the grounds that it is:<br />
5.3.1.1 Impractical and unnecessary;<br />
5.3.1.2 Against the interests of the economic welfare of the<br />
locality.<br />
However, if the Minister is satisfied that the implementation of the<br />
provisional development order is likely to be in the public interest, he<br />
may, under Section 7 (2) of the Act, confirm it with or without<br />
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modification by publishing a notice in the Gazette. Section 8 of the Act<br />
also gives the Minister the authority to amend a confirmed development<br />
order. Section 10 of the Act states that a development order must include:<br />
5.3.1.3 Clearly defined details of the area to be developed;<br />
5.3.1.4 Regulations regarding the development of the land in the<br />
area specified;<br />
5.3.1.5 Formal granting of permission for the development of land<br />
in the area.<br />
If the provisions of section 9A of the Natural Resources Conservation<br />
Authority (NRCA) Act apply to the development, the application can only<br />
be approved by the Planning Authority after the NRCA has granted a<br />
permit for the development (Section 11 (1A)). The Authority may impose<br />
a "tree preservation order" under Section 25 of the Act if it considers it<br />
important to make provision for the preservation of trees and woodlands in<br />
the area of the development.<br />
This order may:<br />
5.3.1.6 Prohibit the cutting down, topping, lopping or willful<br />
destruction of trees;<br />
5.3.1.7 Secure the replanting of any section of the woodland area<br />
in which trees were felled during the forestry operations permitted<br />
under the order.<br />
The tree preservation order is not applicable to the cutting down of trees<br />
which were already dead, dying or had become dangerous and the order<br />
can take effect only after it has been confirmed by the Minister.<br />
The Minister can, under Section 26 of the Act, make regulations to restrict<br />
and regulate the display of advertisements in any area to be developed if<br />
he considers this to be in the interest of public safety. Section 28 of the<br />
Act empowers the local authority to require the owner or occupier of land<br />
in the development area to take the steps necessary to ensure its proper<br />
maintenance.<br />
5.3.2 Land Development and utilization Act (1996)<br />
Under Section 3 of the Land Development and Utilization Act (1966), the<br />
Land Development and Utilization Commission is authorized to designate<br />
as agricultural land, any land which because of its "situation, character and<br />
other relevant circumstances" should be brought into use for agriculture.<br />
However, this order is not applicable to land, which has been approved<br />
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under the Town and Country Planning Act for development purposes other<br />
than that of agriculture. Among the duties of the Commission outlined in<br />
Section 14 of the Act is its responsibility to ensure that agricultural land is<br />
"as far as possible, properly developed and utilized".<br />
The proposed cement plant site is zoned for industrial development.<br />
5.3.3 Public Health Act (1976)<br />
The Public Health (Air, Soil and Water Pollution) Regulations 1976, aim at<br />
controlling, reducing, removing or preventing air, soil and water pollution in all<br />
possible forms. Under the regulations given:<br />
5.3.3.1 No individual or corporation is allowed to emit, deposit, issue or<br />
discharge into the environment from any source.<br />
5.3.3.2 Whoever is responsible for the accidental presence in the<br />
environment of a contaminant must advise the Environmental Control<br />
Division of the Ministry of Health and Environmental Control, without<br />
delay.<br />
5.3.3.3 Any person or organization that conducts activities which release<br />
air contaminants such as dust and other particulates is required to institute<br />
measures to reduce or eliminate the presence of such contaminants.<br />
5.3.3.4 No industrial waste should be discharged into any water body<br />
which will result in the deterioration of the quality of the water.<br />
5.3.4 The National Solid Waste Management Authority Act (2001)<br />
The National Solid Waste Management Authority Act (2001) is “an act to<br />
provide for the regulation and management of solid waste; to establish a<br />
body to be called the National Solid Waste Management Authority and for<br />
matters connected therewith or incidental thereto”. The Solid Waste<br />
Management Authority (SWMA) is to take all steps as necessary for the<br />
effective management of solid waste in Jamaica in order to safeguard<br />
public health, ensure that waste is collected, sorted, transported, recycled,<br />
reused or disposed of, in an environmentally sound manner and to promote<br />
safety standards in relation to such waste. The SWMA also has<br />
responsibility for the promotion of public awareness of the importance of<br />
efficient solid waste management, to advise the Minister on matters of<br />
general policy and to perform other functions pertaining to solid waste<br />
management.<br />
Solid waste management will be generated during both the construction<br />
and operation phases of the cement plant and will require the removal and<br />
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proper disposal of vegetative matter, which is cleared for construction,<br />
construction rubble and operational wastes.<br />
5.3.5 Jamaica National Heritage Trust Act (1985)<br />
The Jamaica National Heritage Trust Act of 1985 established the Jamaica<br />
National Heritage Trust (JNHT). The Trust's functions outlined in Section<br />
4 include the following responsibilities:<br />
5.3.5.1 To promote the preservation of national monuments and<br />
anything designated as protected national heritage for the benefit<br />
of the Island;<br />
5.3.5.2 To carry out such development as it considers necessary for<br />
the preservation of any national monument or anything designated<br />
as protected national heritage;<br />
5.3.5.3 To record any precious objects or works of art to be<br />
preserved and to identify and record any species of botanical or<br />
animal life to be protected.<br />
Section 17 further states that it is an offence for any individual to:<br />
5.3.5.4 Willfully deface, damage or destroy any national<br />
monument or protected national heritage or to deface, damage,<br />
destroy, conceal or remove any mark affixed to a national<br />
monument or protected national heritage;<br />
5.3.5.5 Alter any national monument or mark without the written<br />
permission of the Trust;<br />
5.3.5.6 Remove or cause to be removed any national monument or<br />
protected national heritage to a place outside of Jamaica.<br />
The JNHT has been written to advising them of the project and to<br />
determine if there are any known heritages or archaeological sites of<br />
interest within the project area. No written response was received, up to<br />
the time of the submission of this report.<br />
5.3.6 Registration of Titles Act (1989)<br />
The Registration of Titles Act of 1989 is the legal basis for land<br />
registration in Jamaica, which is carried out using a modified Torrens<br />
System (Centre for Property Studies, 1998). Under this system, land<br />
registration is not compulsory, although once a property is entered in the<br />
registry system the title is continued through any transfer of ownership.<br />
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5.3.7 The Factories Act (1973)<br />
Under Section 4 of the Factories Act, the Minister may make regulations<br />
generally for giving effect to the purposes of this Act, and for the purposes<br />
of ensuring the safety, health and welfare of persons who are employed in<br />
any factory or in connection with machinery, and in particular, and<br />
without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provisions, any such<br />
regulations may provide for:<br />
5.3.7.1 The safe means of approach or access to, and exit from, any<br />
factory, or machinery;<br />
5.3.7.2 The fencing and covering of all dangerous places or<br />
machines;<br />
5.3.7.3 Life-saving and first aid appliances;<br />
5.3.7.4 Securing safety in connection with all operations carried on<br />
in a factory;<br />
5.3.7.5 Securing safety in connection with the use of all engines,<br />
machinery, and mechanical;<br />
5.3.7.6 The proper ventilation of any factory, having regard to the<br />
nature of the process carried on therein;<br />
5.3.7.7 The sanitation, including the provision of lavatory<br />
accommodation (having regard to the number of workers<br />
employed) at any factory;<br />
5.3.7.8 The provision and maintenance of appropriate facilities for<br />
the welfare of persons employed at any factory.<br />
In Section 5 of the Act the Chief Factory Inspector may enter upon the<br />
premises and inspect the factory and machinery, at all reasonable times by<br />
day and night, and take materials used or samples of the products of such<br />
factory.<br />
Where any accident occurs in a factory which:<br />
5.3.7.9 Causes loss of life to a person employed in that factory; or<br />
5.3.7.10 Disables any such person for more than two days from<br />
earning full wages at the work at which he was employed, the<br />
manager of the factory or person having control of the machinery<br />
in such factory shall forthwith report the occurrence of such<br />
accident to the Chief Factory Inspector and in connection therewith<br />
he shall furnish such particulars as the Chief Factory Inspector in<br />
any case from time to time may require.<br />
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The provisions as laid out under the Factories Act will be relevant to the<br />
Cement Jamaica Ltd. and the establishment of the Cement Plant.<br />
5.3.8 Jamaica’s Energy Policy<br />
The Jamaican economy is not well endowed with petroleum based energy<br />
resources and therefore, depends heavily on imports. The policy seeks to<br />
diversify Jamaica's energy base with the aim of ensuring adequate and<br />
secure energy supply for Jamaica. The Energy Policy addresses issues<br />
relating to energy sources such as petroleum, renewable and other fuels. In<br />
keeping with the Government of Jamaica's commitment to deregulate and<br />
liberalize the Jamaican economy, the involvement of the private sector on<br />
a competitive basis is chosen as the best way to modernize and expand the<br />
energy sector, so as to achieve the required growth in energy supplies and<br />
to improve efficiencies in energy production.<br />
There are several objectives of the Energy Policy a few of which are to:<br />
5.3.8.1 Diversify the energy base;<br />
5.3.8.2 Encourage efficiency in energy production, conversion and<br />
use with the overall objectives of reducing the energy intensity of<br />
the economy;<br />
5.3.8.3 Complement the country's Industrial Policy recognizing the<br />
importance of energy as a critical input to industrial growth and<br />
stability;<br />
5.3.8.4 Minimize the adverse environmental effects and pollution<br />
caused by the production, storage, transport and use of energy, and<br />
minimize environmental degradation as a result of the use of fuel<br />
wood; and<br />
5.3.8.5 Establish an appropriate regulatory framework to protect<br />
consumers, investors and the environment.<br />
These objectives will be achieved by creating and enabling the<br />
environment to:<br />
5.3.8.6 Encourage private sector participation and investments<br />
through a policy of divestment and an appropriate regulatory<br />
framework conducive to new investment;<br />
5.3.8.7 Encourage energy conservation/efficiency on the supply<br />
side as well as demand side management;<br />
5.3.8.8 Fully protect the environment while ensuring that adequate<br />
energy supplies are available to the country and to sustain the<br />
desired rate of economic growth.<br />
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The protection of the environment is a primary objective of this Energy<br />
Policy and therefore, the environmental guidelines of the Natural<br />
Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA) relating to the energy sector<br />
will be strictly enforced.<br />
With the establishment of the Cement Plant, Cement Jamaica Ltd. will act<br />
in keeping with the provisions under the Energy Policy and will sell their<br />
excess power to JPS. The objectives under the policy including the<br />
encouragement of the private sector to participate in the provision of<br />
energy sources, the diversification of Jamaica’s energy base and the<br />
protection of the environment are all applicable to this proposed project.<br />
5.3.9 The Town and Country Planning (St. Catherine Coast) Provisional<br />
development Order, 1964<br />
This order is to make provision for the orderly and progressive development of<br />
the southern part of the parish of St. Catherine excluding Spanish Town but<br />
including the areas to the east, south and southeast. This will also include the<br />
whole parish coast from the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporate Area Boundary<br />
on the east to the parish of Clarendon boundary on the west. No development will<br />
be permitted which would conflict with the proposals outlined in the Order. Land<br />
use proposals are not made for the whole of the area contained within the<br />
boundary of the Order. The areas are zoned for: urban development, roads,<br />
commercial areas, beaches, seaside parks, roadside parks, areas of natural beauty<br />
and historic interest, industrial area, amenity, zoning related to use classes, public<br />
services and miscellaneous.<br />
5.3.10 South Coast Sustainable Development Master Plan<br />
The Portland Bright Protection Area is a massive area, but the Government of<br />
Jamaica has zoned the edge for industrial development. The limestone quarry is<br />
outside the Portland Bight Protected Area. Jamalco Bauxite Plant, Old Harbour<br />
Bay Power Station, Port Esquivel Bauxite Port, JB Ethanol, JB Feed Mill,<br />
Windalco Port, and recent approval granted for LNG Facility (cooperative with<br />
Venezuela).<br />
The South Coast Development Master Plan (SCSDMP), 1999 was developed to<br />
facilitate a planned approach to the expected growth in the tourism industry and to<br />
explore environmentally sustainable pathways to economic growth. The plan area<br />
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runs from the east of Hellshire in St Catherine to Little London in Westmoreland,<br />
extending approximately 11 kilometers inland and offshore to a depth of 20m.<br />
The Plan aims to provide a framework for the management of the natural and<br />
man-made environment and to achieve orderly and sustainable development of<br />
the South Coast. It includes land use designation to promote: best use and<br />
sustainable development of natural resources; protection and conservation of the<br />
terrestrial and marine environment; conservation of the cultural heritage;<br />
community development and improved health conditions; and diversification of<br />
economic activities.<br />
The SCSDMP identified projects and programs in each of the key development<br />
sectors for the South Coast. The projects aim to address critical infrastructure and<br />
human resources constraints, as well as to secure the environmental assets of the<br />
region and promote economic growth. The projects were evaluated taking into<br />
consideration economic, social and environmental criteria, as well as consistency<br />
with the concept of sustainable development and stakeholder support. Appropriate<br />
development of infrastructure is a prerequisite for economic growth and<br />
diversification.<br />
The Plan envisages sustained development based on adding value to the natural<br />
and human resources of the region through the growth of community-based<br />
services. The high quality of coastal and upland landscapes; the rivers and<br />
groundwater resources; the prime agricultural land; extensive forests and<br />
wetlands; the beaches, reefs and fish nursery areas; and the distinctive cultural<br />
heritage of the region are the key environmental assets which will support<br />
sustainable growth. Building on these resources, strong protection and<br />
management of critical natural resources is at the core of the Plan’s vision.<br />
The project is consistent with the aims and objectives of bringing development to<br />
the Southern Region of Jamaica.<br />
5.4 International Legislative and Regulatory Considerations<br />
5.4.1 Cartagena Convention (Convention for the Protection and<br />
Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean<br />
Region) (1983)<br />
Adopted in March 1983 in Cartagena, Colombia, the Convention for the<br />
Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider<br />
Caribbean Region, also known as the Cartagena Convention, is the only<br />
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legally binding environmental treaty for the Wider Caribbean. The<br />
Convention came into force in October 1996 as a legal instrument for the<br />
implementation of the Caribbean Action Plan and represents a<br />
commitment by the participating governments to protect, develop and<br />
manage their common waters individually and jointly.<br />
Ratified by twenty countries, the Cartagena Convention is a framework<br />
agreement which sets out the political and legal foundations for actions to<br />
be developed. The operational Protocols, which direct these actions, are<br />
designed to address special issues and to initiate concrete actions. The<br />
Convention is currently supported by three Protocols.<br />
These are:<br />
5.4.1.1 The Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Oil<br />
Spills in the Wider Caribbean Region (The Oil Spills Protocol),<br />
which was adopted and entered into force at the same time as the<br />
Cartagena Convention;<br />
5.4.1.2 The Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and<br />
Wildlife in the Wider Caribbean Region (The SPAW Protocol),<br />
which was adopted in two stages, the text in January, 1990 and its<br />
Annexes in June, 1991. The Protocol entered into force in 2000;<br />
5.4.1.3 The Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based<br />
Sources and Activities in the Wider Caribbean Region (LBS<br />
Protocol), which was adopted in October, 1999.<br />
5.4.2 Convention on Biological Diversity<br />
The objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity are "the<br />
conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and<br />
the fair equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of<br />
genetic resources". This is the first global, comprehensive agreement<br />
which has as its focus all aspects of biological diversity: genetic resources,<br />
species and ecosystems. The Convention acknowledges that the<br />
"conservation of biological diversity is a common concern of humankind<br />
and an integral part of the development process". In order to achieve its<br />
goals, the signatories are required to:<br />
5.4.2.1 Develop plans for protecting habitat and species.<br />
5.4.2.2 Provide funds and technology to help developing countries<br />
provide protection.<br />
5.4.2.3 Ensure commercial access to biological resources for<br />
development.<br />
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5.4.2.4 Share revenues fairly among source countries and<br />
developers.<br />
5.4.2.5 Establish safe regulations and liability for risks associated<br />
with biotechnology development.<br />
Jamaica’s Green Paper Number 3/01, entitled Towards a National<br />
Strategy and Action Plan on Biological Diversity in Jamaica, speaks to<br />
Jamaica’s continuing commitment to its obligations as a signatory to the<br />
Convention.<br />
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6.0 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH<br />
6.1 General Approach<br />
A multi-disciplinary team of experienced scientists and environmental professionals was<br />
assembled to carry out the required resource assessment, generation and analysis of<br />
baseline data, determination of potential impacts and recommendation of mitigation<br />
measures. The members of the EIA Professional Team are given in APPENDIX 6. An<br />
interactive approach among the environmental team members and other project<br />
professionals was adopted and was facilitated by team meetings as required. In cases<br />
where specific expertise was not available amount the team those activities were subcontracted<br />
to identified experts, as was the case for the airshed modeling.<br />
Baseline data for the study area was generated using a combination of Field studies;<br />
Analysis of maps, plans, aerial photos; Review of engineer’s reports and drawings;<br />
Review of background project documents; Structured interviews; Social surveys; Internet<br />
searches; Agency requests and document searches. Written environmental searches were<br />
undertaken through the Water Resources Authority (WRA), National Water Commission<br />
(NWC) and the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM).<br />
In addition website searches of the National Environment and Planning Agency (<strong>NEPA</strong>),<br />
Meteorological Service of Jamaica, and NWC were undertaken to obtain any further<br />
relevant information.<br />
6.2 Physical Environment<br />
6.2.1 Site and Situation<br />
A definition of the study area was determined based on the drainage<br />
pattern into and out of the site, the area to be traversed by the conveyor<br />
and reconnaissance of the communities within a sphere of influence – two<br />
(5) kilometer radius. Baseline data collection on the study area was<br />
conducted and included climate, hydrology, geology, noise, air quality,<br />
traffic, topography, socioeconomic, flora and fauna.<br />
All issues material to the site, such as rainfall, groundwater pollution<br />
incidents, flooding incidents, and other critical facilities were reviewed<br />
within a three (3) kilometer radius of the site. The available data that was<br />
referenced for this study is listed below:<br />
6.2.1.1.1 Satellite Photographs taken from Google Earth’s website;<br />
6.3.1.1.2 The 1:12,500 topographic sheet published by the Jamaica<br />
Survey Department;<br />
6.3.1.1.3 Water Resources Authority (WRA) Data Request – Old<br />
Harbour;<br />
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6.3.1.1.4 Hydro-stratigraphic Map of Old Harbour;<br />
6.3.1.1.5 Office of the Disaster Preparedness and Emergency<br />
Management (ODPEM);<br />
6.3.1.1.6 National Works Agency;<br />
6.3.1.1.7 Jamaica Meteorological Office;<br />
6.3.1.1.8 Internet searches of <strong>NEPA</strong> and other websites.<br />
6.3.1.1.9 Previous environmental impact studies for projects within<br />
the general area.<br />
Data was garnered from field, aerial photographs other relevant reports<br />
held within various governmental and non-governmental organizations.<br />
Implementation of the Terms of Reference (TOR) of this study involved<br />
execution of the following tasks:<br />
6.3.1.1.10 Review of the Project Description to understand the<br />
nature and components of the structures and activities of the<br />
proposed development, as well as examination of the Terms of<br />
Reference (TOR) with a view to identifying those aspects of the<br />
Terms of Reference that were to be addressed by the Hydrology<br />
Component of the EIA;6.3.1.3.1.11 Collation of available maps,<br />
plans, reports and data of relevance to the project and their review<br />
by desk study to understand the hydrological framework and to<br />
guide field investigation of the development site and its environs;<br />
6.3.1.3.1.12 Field reconnaissance of the development site and its<br />
environs to confirm the desk study interpretation and collect such<br />
additional data as was possible, including on-site discussions with<br />
the Project Engineer.<br />
6.2.2 Climate<br />
The climate information such as rainfall was obtained from the National<br />
Meteorological Services.<br />
6.2.3 Hydrology<br />
The hydrological assessment was made using a combination of data source<br />
and calculation models such as the WinTR-55; which is a single-event,<br />
rainfall-runoff small watershed hydrologic model. The model<br />
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generates hydrographs from both urban and agricultural areas and at<br />
selected points along the stream system. Rainfall Intensity values were<br />
obtained from the Jamaica Meteorological Office.<br />
6.2.4 Geology, Topography<br />
Data was generated from published geological information as well as<br />
assessment of the site through field visits, previous site reports and<br />
intrusive site reports done and is current public domain reports held within<br />
various governmental and non-governmental organizations.<br />
6.2.5 Drainage<br />
Data was collected, reviewed and analyzed to provide analysis of the<br />
change in drainage patterns, issues related to potential for ponding, and<br />
any history of flooding on the sites. This included:<br />
6.2.5.1 Drainage for the sites during construction to include<br />
mitigation for sedimentation to the aquatic environment;<br />
6.2.5.2 Drainage for the site during operation, to include<br />
mitigation for sedimentation to the aquatic environment and<br />
flooding incidences.<br />
6.2.6 Storm Water Runoff<br />
Data was collected, reviewed and analyzed to effect discussion of the<br />
proposed development’s impact on runoff and the consequential flooding<br />
potential. Potential increases to flows and channel shifting as well as to<br />
the coastal environment were identified subject to the available data.<br />
Other effects of storm water, such as soil erosion especially during the<br />
quarrying activities will be discussed along with mitigation measures to<br />
reduce same.<br />
6.2.7 Coastal and Marine Ecosystem<br />
An assessment of the construction and operation activities as to their<br />
influence on the existing marine environment was made. Also based on<br />
prediction of increased runoff, the effects on the marine environment were<br />
examined.<br />
6.2.8 Noise & Air Quality<br />
The approach taken in determining existing condition on the site as it<br />
relates noise and air was to conduct a search for available historic data.<br />
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The search came up with no available data for that site. Therefore,<br />
measurements were made on site using standard calibrated instruments.<br />
6.2.9 Solid Waste<br />
The availability of appropriate and approved solid waste facilities was<br />
examined.<br />
6.3 Biological Environment<br />
The approach taken for the study was to do a detailed walk through of the project<br />
site to ensure a proper coverage of all possible Fauna. The proposed site for the<br />
cement plant is highly disturbed and would not likely support any significant<br />
fauna. The quarry site exhibit clear signs of significant disturbance, but for the<br />
most part has been re-colonized by secondary forest. Detailed notes and<br />
photographs were taken during the surveys, summarized as follows:<br />
6.3.1 Terrestrial Flora<br />
The proposed plant site is highly disturbed and does not exhibit a great<br />
deal of biodiversity. The sparse vegetation indicates that the site was<br />
cleared in the past and is only partially re-colonized by a few naturally<br />
occurring species. The southeastern section is currently used by small<br />
farmers for cash crop. A detailed walk through the site was done to<br />
determine the presence of any flora of significance.<br />
The proposed quarry site comprises predominantly of dry limestone forest<br />
the majority of which has been exposed to major disturbance.<br />
6.3.2 Terrestrial Fauna<br />
A detailed walk through the sites was done to determine the presence of<br />
any fauna of significance. The non-existence of any significant fauna on<br />
the plant site was as expected given the absence of any significant<br />
vegetation makes the site undesirable as an habitat for fauna. The quarry<br />
site had reasonable amounts of reptiles, butterflies and birds.<br />
6.4 Socio-Economic & Cultural Environment<br />
To determine the cultural and social factors associated with the construction and<br />
operation of the proposed limestone quarry and cement plant, members of the<br />
communities in the general vicinity of the project were interviewed and a review<br />
of economic and social literature was conducted. These were undertaken to<br />
ascertain information to satisfy the following factors as outlined in the approved<br />
terms of reference provided by <strong>NEPA</strong>:<br />
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6.4.1 Present and projected population;<br />
6.4.2 Present and proposed land use;<br />
6.4.3 Planned developmental activities;<br />
6.4.4 Issues relating to squatting and relocation;<br />
6.4.5 Community structure, employment and imcome;<br />
6.4.6 Aspiration and attitude;<br />
6. 4.7 Access to, and delivery of health, education and social services;<br />
6.4.8 Recreation;<br />
6.4.9 Public health and safety;<br />
6.4.10 Historical importance of the area;<br />
6.4.11 Public Perception;<br />
6.4.12 Project awareness and acceptance<br />
6.5 Manmade & Other Hazards<br />
A review of all historical data available relating to hazards associated with<br />
projects of this nature, both locally and abroad was made. Incidences that may be<br />
peculiar to the project site were also researched. Consideration was given to<br />
possible occurrences both during the construction and the operation phases.<br />
6.6 Traffic Assessment<br />
The physical situation associated with the movement of traffic in the vicinity of<br />
the project site was observed and noted, along with the road conditions in the<br />
area. The volume and type of vehicular traffic traversing the roads adjacent to the<br />
site was measured. The data gathered was used to estimate the impacts together<br />
with any issues associated with the traffic locations.<br />
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7.0 CONDITION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT<br />
Cement Jamaica Limited (CJL) has proposed the construction of nominal 5,000 tons per day of<br />
cement clinker manufacturing plant at the Port Esquivel Industrial Complex with a limestone<br />
quarrying less than 2 kilometers away in the Rose Hall area of Clarendon.<br />
Baseline data collection on the study area was conducted and included climate, hydrology,<br />
geology, noise, air quality, traffic, topography, socioeconomic, flora and fauna. All issues<br />
material to the site, such as rainfall, groundwater pollution incidents, flooding incidents, and<br />
other critical facilities were reviewed within a 3 km radius of the site. The available data that<br />
was referenced for this study is listed below:<br />
• Satellite Photographs taken from Google Earth’s website.<br />
• The 1:12,500 topographic sheet published by the Jamaica Survey Department.<br />
• Water Resources Authority (WRA) Data Request – Old Harbour.<br />
• Hydro-stratigraphic Map of Old Harbour.<br />
• Office of the Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM).<br />
• National Works Agency.<br />
• Jamaica Meteorological Office.<br />
• Internet searches of <strong>NEPA</strong> and other websites.<br />
Data was garnered from field, aerial photographs other relevant reports held<br />
within various governmental and non-governmental organizations.<br />
Implementation of the terms of reference of this study involved execution of the<br />
following tasks:<br />
(i) Review of the Project Description to understand the nature and components of<br />
the structures and activities of the proposed development, as well as<br />
examination of the Terms of Reference with a view to identifying those<br />
aspects of the Terms of Reference that were to be in the EIA;<br />
(ii) Collation of available maps, plans, reports and data of relevance to the project<br />
and their review by desk study to understand the overall framework and to<br />
guide field investigation of the development site and its environs;<br />
(iii)Field reconnaissance of the development site and its environs to confirm the<br />
desk study interpretation and collect such additional data as was possible.<br />
7.1 The Physical Environment<br />
The relative location of the Limestone Quarries to the Cement Plant Site shown in<br />
FIGURE 2.1.4 are within 2 kilometers of one another.<br />
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7.1.1 Limestone Quarry Site (See APPENDIX 7 - Preliminary Limestone Mining<br />
Plan Report)<br />
The limestone quarry project area straddles the eastern border of the parishes of<br />
Clarendon with that of St. Catherine approximately 4 km west of the town of Old<br />
Harbour (GR 237 921.72E; 142 941.73N). It is centered at the false grid reference (GR)<br />
of 234 000E; 142 000N on the 1:50,000 metric topographic Sheet 17 (JD69 Series). The<br />
project area is rectangular approximately 2.88 km 2 in area and can be defined by the<br />
following grid references based on the 1:50,000 topographic map Sheet 17<br />
Northwestern corner – 233 616E 143 394N<br />
Northeastern corner – 234 423E 143 394N<br />
Southeastern corner – 234 423E 141 514N<br />
Southwestern corner – 233 616E 141 514N<br />
Figure 7.1: Limestone Quarry Location Map<br />
7.1.1.1 Geology and Geomorphology<br />
The geology and composition of the limestone deposit is based on information<br />
from Geddes (2009) Evaluation of limestone Old Harbour Hill - Phase 1 (the<br />
composition of the raw material was evaluated based on surface samples).<br />
The main structural elements in the project area are bedding and fractures. In<br />
general bedding is rare in the area however where seen and their orientation<br />
analyzed a distinct pattern emerge. Firstly most bedding in the eastern section of<br />
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the project area dips between 9 and 30 degrees in an easterly direction while those<br />
on the western side dip between 11 and 24 degrees in a southwesterly direction.<br />
These orientations suggest that the hill may represent an antiform with a vertical<br />
fold axis striking in a NNW-SSE direction along the main ridge of the hill.<br />
Alternatively the present orientation of the bedding in the area may be due to<br />
localized drag folding in the vicinity of faults. However the shallow dips observed<br />
suggest that faulting did not have a great effect on bedding, since beds dragged by<br />
faulting usually show much steeper dips.<br />
The project area is dominated by a major NE- SW trending fault that runs to the<br />
western section. There are several other minor faults/lineaments distributed<br />
throughout the area some of which has been widened to form gullies.<br />
The main effect of these faults is that movements along them in the past have<br />
caused the limestone to be highly fractured and brecciated. The rocks affected in<br />
this way are broken up into angular fragments from 1mm – 45cm (5cm average).<br />
Thus horizons are frequently unconsolidated and lend themselves to easy ripping.<br />
In places however, the brecciated material has been partially to completely<br />
recemented by the deposition of a calcium carbonate cement, to form a hard<br />
consolidated limestone up to 2 metres thick.<br />
Much of the eastern and western sides of the hill and its interior sections are<br />
marked by N-S faults which have resulted in steep cliffs along which brecciation<br />
is intense. The orientation of these major N –S faults, which are sub-parallel to the<br />
suggested NNW –SSE trend of the fold axis, strongly suggest that similar E –W<br />
compression forces created both the faults and folds.<br />
The other major structural features in the area are joints. These are ubiquitous in<br />
the project area. There are several different joint sets in the area with the major<br />
ones being vertical and trending NE –SW and NW – SE. These tend to intersect<br />
with the faults to create blocks of limestone varying in size from a few<br />
centimeters to hundreds of metres.<br />
Both faults and joints act as conduits allowing the percolation of water and soil.<br />
The cement holding the fault breccia together is often red from the lateritic soil<br />
being transported by seeping water.<br />
Several fractures are however not filled and are at different stages of being<br />
widened by erosion and solution to create fissures and gullies. A particularly<br />
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prominent gully, the Clarendon Gully drains the area immediately north and east<br />
of project area.<br />
Regional assessment – The geological unit known as the Newport Limestone<br />
Formation is of Miocene age and includes the entire area investigated, which<br />
stratigraphically probably corresponds to the central and upper sections of the<br />
unit. The limestones are biogenic with numerous fossils, solid, massive to thickly<br />
bedded, predominantly very pure with a high CaCO3 content. Superficial as well<br />
as deeper karstification of the limestone may be assumed. The limestones are<br />
sporadically lightly brecciated and slightly tectonically fractured. The limestones<br />
in the form of thick benches dip 9-30° in the eastern part and 11-24° in the<br />
western and southwestern part of the area. Thus, they form an apparently flat<br />
anticline with an axis in a NNW-SSE direction. The less frequent fault tectonics<br />
apparently has a predominantly N-S direction limiting the deposit, as well as a<br />
NE-SW and NW-SE direction.<br />
The results of the chemical analysis prove that the limestones from surface<br />
outcrops have a high CaCO3 content. A heightened to high MgO content was<br />
detected in only isolated samples. The contents of other contaminants are very<br />
low and favourable to cement grade limestone. The evaluation from the report by<br />
Geddes states: “Calcium Carbonate content ranging from 84.47 t0 98.78 %;<br />
Magnesium Carbonate content from 0.22 to 13.64 and Silica content from less<br />
than 0.2 to 5.78%. High silica and high magnesium carbonate values are found in<br />
only a few samples and are highly restricted in space and thus should have no<br />
effect on the quarrying activity to provide OPC raw material.<br />
7.1.1.2 Topography and Hydrology<br />
Contour data for the proposed sites was obtained from topographic surveys<br />
conducted by a commissioned land surveyor. The contour data revealed that the<br />
topography of the area is mountainous with moderate slopes. The proposed site<br />
is a headland with elevations varying from 118m to 34m above mean sea level.<br />
Figure 7.2 shows the contour data obtained when superimposed in a satellite<br />
image of the site.<br />
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Figure 7.2: Proposed Quarry Site Topography Map<br />
The site can be divided into three major catchments, eastern catchment,<br />
western catchment and southern catchment. Figure 7.3 shows the three major<br />
catchment areas.<br />
The eastern catchment encompasses an area of approximately 99.7 hectares<br />
(996 938 m 2 ) and ultimately drains via overland flow to the Clarendon<br />
gully located east of the quarry site. See Figure 7.3<br />
The western catchment has an area of approximately 71.8 hectares (718,336 m 2 )<br />
and drains through three earth swales to the Mammee gully which runs parallel<br />
to the western boundary of the property before crossing the Old Harbour main<br />
road and discharging into the Palmetto Gully.<br />
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The Southern catchment has an area of 53.8 hectares (538,660 m 2 ) drained in a<br />
southerly direction via overland sheet flow. There was no noticeable drainage<br />
features draining this catchment which suggests that the land is drained by the<br />
existing roads an overland sheet flows to the Palmetto Gully.<br />
Figure 7.3 Catchments associated with the proposed quarry site<br />
The following could be concluded from the Hydrology and drainage analysis<br />
conducted to date:<br />
Ø The Catchments for site are primarily bounded by the natural topography<br />
in the area. The estimated 50 year peak flows from these catchments are<br />
expected to increase during the operation of the quarry.<br />
Ø The increases in flows are not expected to significantly affect the flows in<br />
the Clarendon and Mammee Gullies.<br />
Western<br />
Eastern<br />
Southern<br />
Ø There is no historical flood events on the site excepting at a box culvert 3<br />
which channels the Mammee Gully flow under an existing local road? This<br />
however is said to be a rare occurrence.<br />
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7.1.1.3 Water Quality<br />
There are three main watercourses within the region of influence of the proposed<br />
limestone quarry site; these are the Clarendon Gully, the Mammee Gully and the<br />
Palmetto Gully. None of these gullies maintain permanent flow, which takes place<br />
during and for short periods after rainfall/storm events. Although small pools of<br />
water were seen in depressions along the Mammee Gully during initial visit, at the<br />
time of sampling the gullies were all dry, therefore no water sample was collected<br />
for analysis.<br />
Figure 7.3: The Mammee Gully to the west of the quarry site<br />
i<br />
7.1.2 Cement Plant Site<br />
The proposed site for the development of the cement plant is located within the Port<br />
Esquivel Industrial Complex, on approximately 170 acres of land bordered to the north<br />
by Highway 2000 and to the west by the Port Esquivel main road. See Figure 7.4 below.<br />
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Figure 7.5: Proposed cement plant site<br />
7.1.2.1 Geology and Geomorphology<br />
The dominant superficial geological feature of the proposed cement plant site is<br />
alluvial deposits comprising of coarse gravels, sand and clay originating<br />
from the Rio Cobre Basin. The soil map of St. Catherine identifies the soil<br />
types for the areas as being the Lodge Clay Loam variety.<br />
Quaternary alluvium covers the Coastal Plains in the southern half of the Rio<br />
Cobre Basins. The Alluvium Aquifer in the Project Area is represented by<br />
Quaternary Alluviums. The alluvium unit is often characterized by much<br />
variability in litho logy (both laterally and vertically) and has implications on its<br />
hydrologic character. Although predominantly a clayey unit, a well developed<br />
surficial aquifer may be found in the upper 20 to 30 metres, comprising fluvioalluvial<br />
sands and silt, gravel, clays and marine sediment. The alluvial aquifer is<br />
unconfined and lies atop the karstic White Limestone Aquifer.<br />
There appears to be restricted hydraulic continuity between the alluvium and<br />
underlying limestone, each functioning as an independent aquifer. This is largely<br />
the result of a confining marine clay layer that separates the two. The confining<br />
unit allows the underlying White Limestone to become pressurized above<br />
atmospheric pressure levels and therefore has a higher hydraulic head than water<br />
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levels in the alluvium aquifer. (Details are presented in Appendix 7.2 – Hydrogeological<br />
Study Report)<br />
The general geology and geomorphology of the site suggest that it should be able<br />
to accommodate the structures associated with the cement plant; however a detail<br />
geotechnical study is required before final design is done.<br />
Figure 7.6: Geological Formation of the plant site and wider environs<br />
7.1.2.2 Topography and Hydrology<br />
The site at present is has a gentle slope from north to south with the site elevation<br />
ranging from 23.5 m to 14m. The site receives an earth drain at the north end<br />
approximately 2m wide and 2.7 m deep which runs through the centre of the<br />
proposed site with a manmade pond, triangular in shape, having equal side of<br />
about 10 metres in length. The northeastern section of the site also has a<br />
constructed concrete canal that pulls water from the Bowers River, for use to<br />
irrigate the farming activities that takes place on that section of the site.<br />
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Investigations of the site topography as well as anecdotal information revealed<br />
that the main drain referred to earlier is unable to contain the storm water which is<br />
expected from even the 2 year return period and so ponding in several low spots<br />
occurs on the site. (See Figure 7.7 - topography survey diagram below)<br />
Figure7.7: Topographical survey of proposed plant site<br />
The area of concern has several catchments which are generally bounded by the<br />
natural topography. From the site visit it was evident that in its existing form, the<br />
land is drained via overland sheet flow to the earth drain travelling through the<br />
site as well as the low spots. The catchments associated with the site have an<br />
overall area of 223 HA. The catchments associated with subdivision one have<br />
moderate slopes reaching a summit of 39 m above mean sea level north of the<br />
site. (Figure 7.8 shows the catchments associated with the site)<br />
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Figure 7.8: Catchment associated with the proposed plant site<br />
Meteorological data was supplemented by information regarding historical<br />
rainfall events that was obtained by conducting interviews with present residents<br />
in the area. From the information obtained, it was concluded that the proposed<br />
sites had no historical flooding events even during severe weather systems such as<br />
Hurricane Ivan in 2004 and Hurricane Dean in 2007. It was the general consensus<br />
that all the rainfall runoff tended to travel over land and on the existing roads to<br />
the existing earth drain. It should be noted however that there are no residents<br />
directly adjacent to the site and so they could not speak for what happens on the<br />
property.<br />
A preliminary hydrologic analysis was conducted to conclude whether the<br />
existing drain could handle the expected flows from catchment. The analysis<br />
revealed that the existing drain could not handle the expected flows for even the 2<br />
year event however the closest residents interviewed (less than 1km from site) had<br />
no recollection of flooding in past storm events.<br />
The proposed plan is to redirect the route of the existing earth drain to a proposed<br />
open U-drain which will run along the northern boundary in a westerly direction<br />
to the western boundary of the site. The drain will then continue south along the<br />
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western boundary to the southwest corner of the site before discharge into an<br />
existing culvert which will have to be upgraded. The site will then be graded to<br />
drain via overland sheet flow to internal drainage to be designed once the<br />
construction of the plant begins, and ultimately discharged to the Open U-drain<br />
being proposed along the western boundary.<br />
The proposed catchment is expected to generate a flow of 79.22 cubic metres per<br />
second for the 1 in 50 year event. The proposed U-drain will therefore be 8.6 m<br />
wide and 1.9m deep with a slope of 0.67% in order to handle the expected flow.<br />
The following could be concluded from the analysis conducted to date:<br />
� The Catchments associated with the site are primarily bounded by the natural topography<br />
in the area.<br />
� Presently the site is drained by overland sheet flow to the existing earth drain which runs<br />
through the site.<br />
� Anecdotal information retrieved on the site showed that there are no historical flood<br />
events on the site.<br />
� A detailed topographic survey of the proposed site and the earth drain upstream should be<br />
conducted to confirm the expected flows reaching the site.<br />
� A flood plain analysis should be conducted before internal drainage infrastructure as<br />
well as design floor levels are concluded.<br />
� Use the proposed drainage infrastructure to conduct the flow out of the site<br />
� Site should be graded to encourage runoff to proposed drainage infrastructure.<br />
Further details on the hydrology of the proposed cement plant site may be obtained from;<br />
Appendix 7.3 – “Drainage Plan for Proposed Cement Plant”<br />
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EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
7.1.2.3 Water Quality<br />
The Bowers River which enters the site in the northeastern section and flows<br />
through the central region (see Figure 7.7) was the only water course that<br />
contained water during the time of the assessment. Samples for the analysis of<br />
water quality were collected in the vicinity of the pond and results are presented<br />
in TABLE 7.1.3.2.<br />
TABLE 7.3.1.2: WATER QUALITY DATA ANALYSES FOR BOWERS GULLY CURRENTLY<br />
ON THE PROPOSED FUTURE PLANT SITE<br />
PARAMETER<br />
Salinity<br />
(ppt)<br />
TEST METHOD RESULTS<br />
NRCA AMBIENT<br />
FRESH WATER<br />
STANDARD<br />
OS 10.6 -<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
NRCA SEWAGE<br />
EFFLUENT<br />
STANDARD<br />
BOD5<br />
(mg/L)<br />
H-10099 3.6 < 1.7<br />
20<br />
Oil & Grease PR/GRV 6.4 - -<br />
Nitrate<br />
(mg/L)<br />
H-8039 2.7 < 7.5<br />
10 (Total Nitrogen)<br />
Sulphate<br />
(mg/L)<br />
H-8051 240.0 - 250 mg/l<br />
Phosphate<br />
(mg/L)<br />
H-8048 0.05 < 0.8 4<br />
pH OS 7.66 7.0 – 8.4 6.5 – 8.5<br />
TSS<br />
(mg/L)<br />
Conductivity<br />
(mS/cm)<br />
Fecal Coliform<br />
(MPN/100ml)<br />
SM-2540D 43.0 - 20<br />
OS 19.4 - -<br />
SM-9221 < 7 - 1000<br />
The result of the water quality analysis revealed that the overall<br />
quality of the water in the Bowers River was of reasonable quality<br />
with only BOD being marginally outside the limits of the standard<br />
for ambient fresh water.<br />
-
92<br />
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7.1.2.4 Coastal and Marine Environment<br />
The coastal zone of potential influence by the proposed development of the<br />
cement plant and limestone quarry is the Old Harbour Bay as shown in FIGURE<br />
7.1.15.1. As part of this report, the findings of previous recent studied of the<br />
coastal and marine environment of the Old Harbour Bay done by CL<br />
Environmental was review and the information garnered summarized as follows:<br />
The percentage cover of the inshore environment shows 94% cover of sand and<br />
mud. This indicates a highly disturbed coastal environment as evidenced by<br />
visibly high turbidity, occasional high wave action and the industrial influences<br />
acting on the site (Windalco Bauxite Operations, JPS Power Plant Operations, JB<br />
Ethanol Operations, and related port activities).<br />
The offshore sites, located about 3 km from the shore, are characterized by<br />
shallow (1.5m), flat pavement covered by a thin layer of white, medium grain<br />
sand. Here exists extensive, healthy, seagrass meadows comprised solely of<br />
Thalassia testudinum (see FIGURE 7.1.15.2), with interspersed benthic<br />
macroalgae such as Halimeda sp., Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa sertularoides,<br />
Dictyota, and Padina.<br />
FIGURE 7.1.15.1: MAP OF OLD HARBOUR BAY SHOWING PORT ESQUIVEL, ROCKY POINT, AND<br />
CABARITA POINT<br />
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FIGURE 7.1.15.2: SEAGRASS (Thalassia testudinum) WITH EXCESSIVE SEDIMENTATION<br />
The satellite image of Old Harbour Bay (FIGURE 7.1.15.3) shows that the plant<br />
site and the quarry site are approximately four (4) and six (6) kilometers away<br />
from the coastal environment. There will be no effluent discharge from either the<br />
plant or the quarry, and therefore no possibility of waste from either locations<br />
being transported to the marine environment. Control features are needed at the<br />
quarry during operations and at the plant site during construction to ensure that in<br />
major rainfall events, sediments are not transported to the coastal environment.<br />
FIGURE 7.1.15.3: SATELLITE IMAGE OF OLD HARBOR BAY IN THE AREA OF PORT ESQUIVEL SHOWING<br />
THE RELATIVE DISTANCE TO THE PLANT SITE AND QUARRY SITE FROM THE COAST (4-6 KM AWAY)<br />
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EIA for Cemen nt Plant & Limmestone<br />
Quarry, , St. Catherine/ /Clarendon – CCement<br />
Jamaicaa<br />
Limited,<br />
The proposed p prroject<br />
is likkely<br />
to resuult<br />
in increeased<br />
runoff ff to the mmarine<br />
enviro onment but tthis<br />
should nnot<br />
have any significant iimpact<br />
on cooastal<br />
and mmarine<br />
ecosystem.<br />
The Windalco PPort<br />
at Port Esquivel wwill<br />
be utilizzed<br />
for impoort<br />
of<br />
equipm ment and raw<br />
material aand<br />
the expoort<br />
of producct.<br />
The projject<br />
should rresult<br />
in an approximateely<br />
30 perceent<br />
increase use of the eexisting<br />
portt<br />
when comppared<br />
with present p usagge.<br />
The incrreased<br />
port aactivities<br />
couuld<br />
result inn<br />
some impaact<br />
on<br />
the co oastal environment;<br />
howwever,<br />
the operators oof<br />
the port ( (Windalco) have<br />
assure ed that they wwill<br />
mitigatee<br />
any potentiial<br />
impact.<br />
7.1.3<br />
Clima ate<br />
7.1.3. 1 Rainfall:<br />
The mean m annual rainfall for the Bodles AAgricultural<br />
Research Station<br />
for thhe<br />
30-<br />
year period p 1951 to 1980 wass<br />
~1052 mmm.<br />
St. Catherrine<br />
and Clarrendon<br />
plainns<br />
are<br />
typica ally dry areaas<br />
compared to the rest oof<br />
the island,<br />
being in thhe<br />
rain shadoow<br />
of<br />
the Blue B and Johhn<br />
Crow MMountains.<br />
TThere<br />
is considerable<br />
vvariation<br />
in total<br />
annua al rainfall in the area. Thhe<br />
years of 22002<br />
and 20005<br />
were thee<br />
wettest yeaars<br />
in<br />
the 14 4 year periodd.<br />
Seven (7) ) of the fourrteen<br />
(14) yeears<br />
experiennced<br />
rainfalll<br />
over<br />
1000 mm, m but lesss<br />
than 1500 mm. Six (66)<br />
of the fourrteen<br />
(14) yeears<br />
had lesss<br />
than<br />
1000 mm m of rainffall.<br />
The an nnual distribbution<br />
of rainnfall<br />
is preseented<br />
in grapph<br />
below;<br />
200<br />
180<br />
160<br />
140<br />
120<br />
100<br />
AMO OUNT …<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
BODLEES<br />
RAINFFALL<br />
DISSTRIBUTION<br />
Jan<br />
Feb<br />
Mar<br />
Apr<br />
May<br />
Jun<br />
Jul<br />
Aug<br />
Sep<br />
Oct<br />
Nov<br />
Dec<br />
PPrepared<br />
by EnviroPlanners<br />
LLtd.<br />
– 26 Novemmber<br />
2010
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TABLE 7.1.3.4: PREDICTED RAINFALL INTENSITY FOR DIFFERENT RETURN PERIODS AT THE BODLES<br />
STATION<br />
Return Periods 2 5 10 50<br />
Predicted Rainfall Intensity 94 140 170 236 mm/24 hrs<br />
7.1.3.2 Temperature & Relative Humidity:<br />
Jamaica, mean monthly temperatures exhibits only minor variations with the<br />
summer (June to October) and winter months (November to March).<br />
Temperatures range between lows of ~16 ⁰C in the winter months and highs<br />
approaching 34 ⁰C in the summer months. Relative humidity is lowest in the<br />
drier months and higher in the wetter months. On average, the relative humidity<br />
ranges between 74% (in July) and 82% (in October).<br />
7.1.3.3 Wind:<br />
Representative data from the NMIA indicates that wind speeds are greatest in the<br />
dry hot summer months (June to August), often exceeding 18 kilometers/hour.<br />
After September, average conditions tend to be relatively calmer (less than 10<br />
kilometers/hour) until about mid-January. Between that time and the end of May,<br />
conditions are somewhat windier. Windy conditions during the winter months<br />
(January to March) are often associated with northwesters, blowing in from the<br />
northern latitudes. In terms of wind directions, the prevailing winds come from<br />
between 0 degrees and ~135 degrees (north to north-east). This is expected as the<br />
dominant system affecting the island is the North East Trade Winds. Between<br />
May and August, prevailing winds appear to come from the east.<br />
7.1.4 Air Quality<br />
As part of the Environmental Impact Assessment conducted for the proposed facility, an<br />
air dispersion modelling analysis was undertaken to determine the impact of the air<br />
pollutants from the proposed facility on the ambient air quality. A determination was<br />
also be made as to whether a significant air quality impact will be created based on the<br />
incremental contributions of the proposed facility to the cumulative air quality impact.<br />
In this regard, Jamaica’s Natural Resources Conservation Authority (Air Quality)<br />
Regulations of 2006 has defined as “significant air quality impact” as follows:<br />
(a) the increment in the predicted average concentration of sulphur dioxide (SO2),<br />
total suspended particulates (TSP), particulate matter less than ten microns<br />
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(PM10), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is greater than an annual average of 21 µg/m 3<br />
or a 24-hour average concentration of 80 µg/m 3 ; or<br />
(b) the increment in the predicted average concentration of CO is greater than 500<br />
µg/m 3 as a 8-hour average or 2000 µg/m 3 as a 1-hour average<br />
For cement plant operations, the primary air pollutant to ambient air quality is the<br />
secondary air pollutants, as defined above, are NOx, SO2 and CO.<br />
An air dispersion modeling using AERMOD (the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model) was<br />
conducted to predict the impact of the emissions on ambient air quality from the proposed<br />
cement manufacturing facility. The Air Quality Modeling Report, in its entirety, can be<br />
found in APPENDIX 7.1.4. This appendix describes the air dispersion modeling analysis<br />
for SO2, PM10, NO2 and CO from the proposed facility only and the consequent<br />
comparison with the Jamaican National Ambient Air Quality Standards, as well as a<br />
determination of whether the proposed facility’s air emissions will create a “significant<br />
air quality impact”. Importantly, a cumulative air quality impact analysis can also found<br />
in this APPENDIX 7.1.4.<br />
The conclusions of AERMOD Report are summarized as follows:<br />
7.1.4.1 The emission rates for PM, NOx and SO2 that will be emitted from the<br />
proposed cement manufacturing facility are in compliance with their respective<br />
emission standards as shown in TABLE 7.1.4.1. It may be inferred that these<br />
emission standards will not be exceeded based on the superior suite of air<br />
pollution control technology (fifty sets of fabric filters and a desulphurization<br />
unit) to be employed by the proposed cement manufacturing facility. That is,<br />
the contribution of the proposed cement manufacturing facility to the overall<br />
air quality impact in the local air shed can be expected to be negligible (see<br />
TABLE 7.1.4.2).<br />
7.1.4.2 The proposed cement manufacturing facility only has a minor<br />
contribution to the overall peak modeled short term concentrations for CO,<br />
PM10, NO2 and SO2 as shown in TABLE 7.1.4.2. As shown, other nearby<br />
sources includes the Jamaica Public Service Company (JPS) Old Harbour Bay<br />
Power Plant, the Jamaica Energy Partners (JEP) Dr. Bird Power Barges, the Best<br />
Dressed Chicken Feed Mill facility, and the Jamaica Broilers Ethanol facility.<br />
These sources were included in the modeling analysis in order to capture the<br />
cumulative air quality impact at the identified receptor locations.<br />
7.1.4.3 The model predictions for the proposed cement manufacturing facility<br />
revealed compliance with the CO, PM10, NO2 and SO2 ambient air quality<br />
standards and guideline concentration for the requisite averaging periods.<br />
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Pollutant<br />
97<br />
PM10<br />
NO2<br />
SO2<br />
CO<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
Moreover, the incremental impact of these air pollutants were also less than the<br />
established values that would have created a “significant air quality impact”.<br />
However, design changes will need to be made by the EPC Contractor to<br />
achieve compliance with the PM10 and NO2 ambient air quality standards and<br />
guideline concentrations. Specifically:<br />
7.1.4.3.1 The vent height of the fabric filter associated with the quarry<br />
crushing plant will need to be increased from 8.5m to 10.5m, while the<br />
vent height of the fabric filter associated with the additives and coal preblending<br />
area will need to be increased from 3m to 8m.<br />
7.1.4.3.2 Additionally, the design NOx specification for the cement kiln<br />
will need to be changed from 800 mg/Nm 3 to 400 mg/Nm 3 .<br />
Since the proposed cement manufacturing facility sources demonstrates compliance<br />
with the ambient air quality standards and the guideline concentration, as well as the<br />
significant impact incremental values, it is envisaged that approval will be granted for<br />
the establishment of the facility. That is, it has been determined that the predicted<br />
maximum concentrations as a result of the implementation of the proposed cement<br />
manufacturing facility (including the quarry footprint) would not exceed the<br />
concentrations that would have caused a significant air quality impact. Additionally,<br />
the proposed cement manufacturing facility also achieves compliance with the various<br />
ambient air quality standards for all applicable averaging periods.<br />
TABLE 7.1.4.1: SUMMARY OF MODEL RESULTS FOR THE PROPOSED CEMENT FACILITY<br />
Average<br />
Period<br />
Background<br />
(µg/m 3 )<br />
Significant Impact<br />
Concentration<br />
(µg/m 3 )<br />
Jamaican<br />
NAAQS<br />
(µg/m 3 )<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
Proposed Cement Plant Sources<br />
Max Concentration<br />
(µg/m 3 )<br />
24-hr 9 80 150 59<br />
Annual 20 20 60 16<br />
1-hr 0 N/A 400 369<br />
24-hr 0 80 N/A 24.4<br />
Annual 0 20 100 4.2<br />
1-hr 0 N/A 700 424<br />
24-hr 0 80 280 28<br />
Annual 0 20 60 5<br />
1-hr 0 2000 40000 3.44<br />
8-hr 0 500 10000 0.67
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The contribution of mobile source emissions both on and off the facility was not<br />
considered in the modeling project, however, the emissions from these vehicles were<br />
considered as part of the background concentration value for particulates and nitrogen<br />
oxides. TABLE 7.1.4.1 highlights the emission standards to be applied to the proposed<br />
cement manufacturing facility. These standards are based on the Jamaica NRCA (Air<br />
Quality) Regulations, 2006.<br />
TABLE 7.1.4.2: SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS TO PEAK MODELED SHORT-TERM CONCENTRATIONS<br />
Facilities<br />
Concentrations, µg/m 3<br />
PM10 – 24h NO2 – 1h NO2 – 24h SO2 – 1h SO2 – 24h CO – 1h CO – 8h<br />
New Cement Jamaica<br />
Limited 17.996<br />
0<br />
0.245 0.01<br />
0.3 0.0002<br />
0.006<br />
Existing JPS Operations 1.3 0 0.028 6911.63 567.2 2128.4 0.052<br />
Existing JEP Operations 0.4 0.0004 0.093 1056.36 84.5 107.5 0.003<br />
Existing Feed Mill<br />
Operations<br />
162.3<br />
2904.74<br />
679.157 0<br />
0.0003 0<br />
470.066<br />
Existing JB Ethanol<br />
Operations<br />
0.004<br />
0.0236<br />
0.02 0<br />
0.0007 0<br />
0.006<br />
Totals 182 2905 680 7968 652 2236 470<br />
Since the entire proposed cement manufacturing facility will be designed to accomplish a<br />
PM emission standard of 30 mg/m 3 , it is therefore concluded that compliance will be<br />
achieved. Also, the same 30 mg/m 3 PM emissions will be applied to the coal-fired power<br />
generating facility. With a fuel (coal) heat input to the coal-fired power plant of 27.95<br />
MJ/kg and a coal usage of 6.55 kg/s, a PM emission rate of 8.15 ng/J input is obtained,<br />
which complies with the stipulated standard as shown in TABLE 7.1.4.3.<br />
TABLE 7.1.16.3: EMISSIONS RATE COMPARISON WITH STANDARDS<br />
Facility Pollutant Emission Standard Emission Rate, mg/m 3 or ng/J<br />
New Cement PM 100 mg/m<br />
Manufacturing Plant<br />
3 (20°C, 101.3 kPa, dry<br />
gas) from clinker cooler; 50<br />
mg/m 3 30 mg/m<br />
from kilns, finish grinders<br />
and all other sources (20°C,<br />
101.3 kPa, dry gas)<br />
3 for all unit operations<br />
New Fuel Combustion PM 60 ng/J input, except during start-<br />
8.15 ng/J<br />
- Coal Fired < 70 MW<br />
up, shut-down, soot-blowing or<br />
malfunction for each stack<br />
SO2 520 ng/J input 267.2 ng/J<br />
NOx 260 ng/J 28.9 ng/J<br />
Finally, the coal-fired power generating facility will be designed to achieve a maximum<br />
emission rate of 740 mg/m 3 SO2 and 80 mg/m 3 NOx. When these values are applied to a<br />
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fuel (coal) heat input of 27.95 MJ/kg and a coal usage of 6.55 kg/s, emission rates of<br />
267.2 and 28.9 ng/J are, respectively, determined and are in compliance with the<br />
designated emission standard.<br />
In summary, the maximum predicted concentrations for the proposed cement facility<br />
sources have been determined and compared with their Significant Impact<br />
Concentrations, as well as the Jamaican National Ambient Air Quality Standards<br />
(NAAQS). The results reveal that the maximum predicted ground level concentrations<br />
from all the proposed sources of the cement facility (including the quarry) do not exceed<br />
the Significant Impact Concentrations. Additionally, the maximum predicted ground<br />
level concentrations from all the proposed cement facility sources plus the background<br />
concentrations (as recommended in the Air Quality Guideline Document) were all less<br />
than the NAAQS.<br />
FIGURE 7.1.15.1: MAP SHOWING THE SPECIFIC LOCATIONS OF THE POINT SOURCES FOR THE NEW<br />
CEMENT PLANT<br />
7.1.5 Noise<br />
A “base-line” noise assessment was performed at six (6) pre-selected locations in the<br />
Bodles area in St. Catherine from Tuesday November 23rd, 2010 at 7:00pm to<br />
Wednesday November 24th, 2010 at 6:00pm. Six (6) stations were monitored over a<br />
twenty four hour (24 hour) period.<br />
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The National Environment and Planning Agency’s has two guidelines as it relates to<br />
noise levels. The first is designated occupational and the second environmental noise.<br />
Stations 1 to 5 were within the occupational/industrial noise guideline. The<br />
environmental guideline is broken-down into zones and time periods (10 pm to 7 am and<br />
7 am to 10 pm) as shown in TABLE 7.1.17. Environmental noise guidelines include<br />
industrial, commercial and residential noise. For the purposes of this study, station 6 is<br />
considered residential and is well beyond the perimeter of the plant. As shown in<br />
FIGURE 7.1.5, during the 7 am to 10 pm time band, all stations except station 6<br />
(58.0dBA) complied with the <strong>NEPA</strong> guidelines. During the 10 pm to 7 am time band,<br />
again station 6 (53.4dBA) was non-compliant with the <strong>NEPA</strong> guidelines. Numbers in red<br />
shows are not currently in compliance with <strong>NEPA</strong> day and/or night standards.<br />
TABLE 7.1. 5 COMPARISON OF AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS AT STATIONS WITH <strong>NEPA</strong> PROPOSED NOISE<br />
GUIDELINES<br />
STN # ZONE<br />
ACTUAL AVG.<br />
LEVELS (dBA)<br />
(7 am. - 10 pm.)<br />
<strong>NEPA</strong> DAY<br />
STD. (dBA)<br />
(7 am. - 10 pm.)<br />
ACTUAL AVG.<br />
LEVELS (dBA)<br />
(10 pm. - 7 am.)<br />
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<strong>NEPA</strong> NIGHT<br />
STD. (dBA)<br />
(10 pm. - 7 am.)<br />
STN 1 Industrial 57.1 75 54.3 70<br />
STN 2 Industrial 46.6 75 45.2 70<br />
STN 3 Industrial 45.1 75 49.9 70<br />
STN 4 Industrial 46.8 75 47.4 70<br />
STN 5 Industrial - 75 - 70<br />
STN 6 Residential 58.0 55 53.4 50
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FIGURE 7.1.5: MAP OF FUTURE PLANT SITE SHOWING THE SIX (6) LOCATIONS OF THE BASELINE<br />
NOISE MONITORING SURVEY<br />
The complete Background Noise Study and Report can be found in APPENDIX 7.1.5.<br />
As indicated, all the stations, except Station 6 (58.0 dBA – day time and 53.4 dBA night<br />
time) were also compliant IFC/World Bank guidelines.<br />
7.1.6 Solid Waste<br />
The National Solid Waste Management Authority (NSWMA) has responsibility for<br />
collection and disposal of solid waste within the project area. The approved disposal site<br />
is Riverton City and the service provider for domestic waste is the Metropolitan Parks<br />
and Markets (MPM). Contract haulage firms will be used for the construction waste.<br />
The solid waste management requirements of both phases of the development require<br />
prompt and efficient removal of solid waste to an approved disposal site. Stockpiling and<br />
composting of organic waste is recommended.<br />
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7.1.7 Heritage Sites Considerations<br />
The developments lie in an area whose settlement dates back in the records to the Spanish<br />
and early British period. They both lie on a historically important trade, communication<br />
and security route between May Pen and Old Harbour. Sugar cane, tobacco, cattle and<br />
other livestock rearing were well established and documented activities. There is<br />
therefore the likelihood that although reconnaissance revealed no artifacts of interest, the<br />
sites may contain subsurface artifacts. It is therefore proposed that the Jamaica National<br />
Heritage Trust (JNHT) be asked to undertake a watching brief at the time of site<br />
clearance and excavation.<br />
7.2 Biological Environment<br />
7.2.1 Cement Plant Site<br />
The project site is highly disturbed and does not exhibit a great deal of biodiversity. The sparse<br />
vegetation indicates that most of the site may have been cleared in the past for agriculture and is<br />
only partially re-colonized by a few naturally occurring species. The southern section of the site<br />
had been leased for farming and was used by small farmers for short term crops.<br />
Site proposed for cement plant<br />
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Short term crop in the southern section of site<br />
7.2.2 Limestone Quarry Site<br />
Vegetation coverage of the limestone hills is typically thick shrubs and tree forests. The<br />
forest tends to be in the higher elevations and consists of trees such as cedar. Several<br />
local fruit trees are also noted scattered through the area, including ackee (Blighia<br />
sapida), lime, sweetsop (Annona squamosa) and guinep. Shrubs include thatch<br />
(Coccothrinax argentata) and broom weed (Amphiachyris).<br />
7.3 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment<br />
7.3.1 Survey Findings<br />
A survey of the residents in the local community in the area of the cement plant and<br />
quarrying facility was conducted by the EIA Team. The survey form is shown in<br />
APPENDIX 7.3.2.6.<br />
The results of the survey indicated that the majority of the residents are looking<br />
forward to the project and see it as a means for increasing the socio-economic quality<br />
of their lives. Some are currently employed, but they see the project as enhancing<br />
current inflows or providing employment for others. Survey findings revealed that<br />
residents of the area hold the following views about the project:<br />
� 95.5% - project will provide jobs<br />
� 87.3% - project will attract others to live/work in community<br />
� 74.5% – project will not destroy natural environment<br />
� 25.4% - project will destroy natural environment<br />
� 85.5% - project will not damage farmland<br />
� 11.1% - will cause flooding<br />
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� 88.9% - project will not cause or contribute to flooding<br />
� 35,5% - project will have significant impact on environment<br />
� 64.5% - project will have no significant impact on the environment.<br />
� 78.5% - project will create/contribute dust nuisance during construction phase<br />
� 21.5% - project will not create/contribute to dust nuisance during the<br />
construction phase.<br />
7.4 Traffic Assessment<br />
The proposed site for the development of the Cement Plant is located adjacent to<br />
Highway 2000 at the entrance from the Old Harbour main road. This section of the<br />
Highway was completed in 2006, and was built to international standard, comprising<br />
of four traffic lanes, two in either direction with soft shoulders on both sides. The<br />
surface of the road is in excellent condition and is a dual carriage way.<br />
Public transportation to the site is provided by the many buses, minivans and taxis<br />
which operate along the main road between Old Harbour and May Pen and the other<br />
towns and communities in between.<br />
Monitoring of traffic movement passing the site was done for a nine hour period 8:00<br />
am to 5:00 pm. This represents the typical working hours in Jamaica for operations of<br />
this nature. For observation purposes vehicles were divided into two categories;<br />
1. Buses and Trucks<br />
2. Others (Cars, Pckup, SUV Etc)<br />
The number of vehicles going in both directions along the Highway, as well as the<br />
number passing in both directions along the main road was recorded. The results are<br />
presented in TABLE 15:<br />
TABLE 15: TRAFFIC SURVEY CONDUCTED BY ENVIROPLANNERS<br />
Description<br />
Number of<br />
Vehicles<br />
Total number of Bus/Truck passing site on highway easterly 396<br />
Total number of Other vehicles passing site on highway easterly 1290<br />
Total number of vehicles passing site on highway easterly 1686<br />
Total number of Bus/Truck passing site on highway westerly 323<br />
Total number of Other vehicles passing site on highway westerly 1396<br />
Total number of vehicles passing site on highway westerly 1692<br />
Total number of vehicles passing site on highway in both directions 3378<br />
7.5 Hospitals<br />
The nearest hospitals are both Type B, May Pen with 150 beds and Spanish Town with<br />
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320. The Spanish Town the hospital being the more equip is recommended for<br />
emergency cases originating in the project area.<br />
7.6 Police Stations<br />
The projects fall within Area 5 of the Constabulary Forces, headquartered in Portmore.<br />
The Old Harbour Police Station is one of seven Out Stations within the Division. Crime<br />
in the area has been on the increase, and there is a shortage of man power. It is not<br />
envisioned however that the project will have any significant demand on the security<br />
forces.<br />
7.7 Man-made and Other Hazards<br />
7.10.1 Natural Hazards<br />
7.10.1.1 Flooding<br />
Flooding is not considered to be of significance at any of the two project<br />
sites. This is however presented and discussed in detail in the respective<br />
sites drainage study.<br />
7.10.1.2 Earthquakes<br />
The site is prone to the worst effects of earthquakes by virtue of its<br />
proximity to a seismically active zone (Wagwater Fault). In addition, it is<br />
likely that it is particularly prone to liquefaction because of acceleration of<br />
the seismic waves in the alluvial soils.<br />
About 200 earthquakes are located in and around Jamaica per year most of<br />
which are minor, having magnitudes less than 4.0. The most seismically<br />
active areas are the Blue Mountain block in eastern Jamaica and the<br />
Montpelier-Newmarket belt in western Jamaica. Other areas of notable<br />
seismicity include the near offshore south-west of Black River on the<br />
south coast, and offshore Buff Bay on the north–east coast.<br />
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Offshore: WFZ - Walton Fault Zone; NJF - North Jamaica Fault; EF - Enriquillo Fault<br />
Major land faults: ML - Maryland; DFZ - Duanvale; SCr - Santa Cruz; ST - Spur Tree; SoC -<br />
South Coast; RMCR - Rio Minho-Crawle River; WW - Wagwater; BM - Blue Mountain; YPG -<br />
Yallahs-Plantain Garden<br />
Other Structural features: H - Hanover Block; NCB - North Coast Block; C - Clarendon Block;<br />
B - Blue Mountain Block; MNB - Montpelier-Newmarket Belt; WWB - Wagwater Belt<br />
(After Jamaica Geological Structure Series Map 92-21, 1992)<br />
7.10.1.3 Hurricanes<br />
Jamaica lies within the Caribbean hurricane belt and has been directly<br />
affected by numerous hurricanes. During the hurricane season (June to<br />
November) these low-pressure systems form in the mid-Atlantic off the<br />
African west coast between latitudes 5 to 25 N, and move northwesterly<br />
into the Caribbean basin. Hurricanes normally steadily progress from a<br />
tropical wave, to a tropical depression, to a tropical storm, then to a<br />
hurricane. The hurricane itself has five categories according to the Saffir-<br />
Simpson Hurricane scale with a category one having the lowest wind<br />
speeds and the category five with the highest. Although the category of<br />
the hurricane indicates its intensity and subsequently its damage potential,<br />
the impacts of the hurricane depend on when and where the storm strikes.<br />
The intensity and frequency of storms vary with various global<br />
meteorological conditions from year to year, and it is suggested that it may<br />
be influenced by the occurrence of the El Nino/La Nina phenomena and<br />
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the development of high pressure cells, mid-Atlantic sea surface<br />
temperatures and the amount of Sahara dust in the upper atmosphere.<br />
Although the eyes of the storms generally track south of the island,<br />
hurricane force winds can be felt across southern parishes and even<br />
northern parishes. Depending on the distance from the shores, and the<br />
actual size and organization of the storm, hurricane or tropical storm<br />
winds may be felt from the outer bands in the vicinity of the site.<br />
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8.0 <strong>IMPACT</strong> SUMMARY AND MONITORING PLAN<br />
An impact is any change to the existing condition of the environment caused by human activity<br />
or an external influence. Impacts therefore may be positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse).<br />
They may also be direct or indirect, long-term or short-term, and extensive or local in effect.<br />
Impacts are termed cumulative when they add incrementally to existing impacts. Both positive<br />
and adverse environmental impacts could arise during the site preparation, construction and the<br />
operations phases of the cement plant and limestone and clay quarry.<br />
8.1 Impact during the Construction Phase:<br />
The main contractor for the development is an EPC Contractor who has significant experience in<br />
similar construction developments. It is expected that a maximum of 800 workers will be on site<br />
at any one time and it is planned that they will live in a specially constructed camp. The camp<br />
will be located adjacent to the construction site to the east of plant site and will have all the<br />
necessary facilities to make the camp self-contained, including recreational facilities. The<br />
construction camp will consist of several pre-fabricated buildings and necessary infrastructure.<br />
The construction activities will include:<br />
� Site clearance, ground modeling and landscaping;<br />
� Utilities and services connections to site;<br />
� Foundation excavations and installation of concrete footings;<br />
� Erection of building steel frames and cladding;<br />
� Installation of equipment;<br />
� Ancillary facilities erection;<br />
� Services and utilities connections;<br />
� Building fitting-out; and<br />
� Commissioning.<br />
The main direct ecological impact resulting from the construction phase of the project will be the<br />
loss of vegetation associated with the “clearance” at the quarry areas, and the access road<br />
alignments. The cement plant and construction camp sites are inside an existing Industrial<br />
Complex. With soil and vegetation removed, the habitat for fauna (mammals, birds, reptiles,<br />
amphibians, invertebrates) will also be destroyed along with any fauna that cannot readily move<br />
away when site clearance takes place.<br />
Translocation of vegetation on a large scale is unlikely to be feasible. However, Cement Jamaica<br />
Ltd. shall establish forest nurseries in association with this project. Tree seedlings are used (i) to<br />
provide physical screening of quarries and cement plant sites and (ii) for subsequent site<br />
restoration. The establishment of one or more nurseries in relation to the three (3) proposed<br />
project sites should assist with short-term mitigation and longer term on and off-site restoration<br />
of damaged habitat.<br />
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Vegetation loss at the quarries and cement plant sites cannot be avoided, but successful<br />
restoration, improvement and long term management of the surrounding areas for<br />
conservation and productive uses will provide significant compensation. Careful<br />
consideration needs to be given to the plant species that are to be raised in a nursery. For<br />
habitat restoration, native species should be used in preference to exotic and/or<br />
commercial forestry species, though there may be a role for commercial species if there is<br />
local demand for wood-producing plantations. In particular, consideration should be<br />
given to the propagation of indigenous herbal species with medicinal and other practical<br />
uses. i.e. species that are favored by neighboring communities. Species of known<br />
biological conservation value should also be favored i.e. rare or threatened plant species<br />
and those known to be important food plants for wildlife, e.g. butterflies.<br />
To achieve this, a “habitat survey and management study” needs to be conducted in and<br />
around the two (2) sites in order to:<br />
(i) Assess in more detail the type, distribution and condition of the existing vegetation<br />
(and soil cover);<br />
(ii) Assess better the presence and status of fauna, especially species of conservation<br />
significance, and<br />
(iii) Develop habitat and species management proposals. This will require close<br />
consultation with local scientists and communities to ensure that their requirements<br />
are met and that they subsequently comply with any management practices.<br />
It is proposed that seed and other propagation material (e.g. bulbs and cuttings) will be<br />
collected for the plant nursery in the area adjacent to the development. A competent<br />
horticulturalist (preferably with ecological training or interests) will be required to<br />
oversee the collecting of the material, its propagation at the nursery and its subsequent<br />
planting). The horticulturalist should also participate in and contribute to the quarry<br />
extraction plan with regard to the sequence of the quarry development. With knowledge<br />
of the clearance sequence and time-table and subsequent quarrying schedule, any<br />
programs for surveying fauna and vegetation can be tied into the site-stripping programe.<br />
In addition to the horticulturalist, an ecologist will need to be appointed (with some<br />
occasional international support if he/she is lacking in experience of ecological<br />
mitigation) to contribute to the habitat survey and management study, and to survey and<br />
conduct the translocation of fauna, where this is deemed desirable.<br />
For the quarry access roads, an Ecological Method Statement should be developed in<br />
conjunction with the designer/contractor to provide a mechanism to ensure that the<br />
necessary protection measures are put in place. Adjustments to the alignment and<br />
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construction methods will be made to avoid sensitive areas wherever practical and to<br />
allow e.g. suitable stream/river crossings to be incorporated.<br />
With regards to emissions to air, construction activities can generate dust that can cause a<br />
nuisance to local residents and cause a health risk to construction workers. As the nearest<br />
residential receptors are approximately 1 kilometer from the main development site it is<br />
considered unlikely that there will be an impact on local people. The main risk is<br />
considered to be the exposure of workers on site.<br />
Dust control measures, together with the use of appropriate personal protective<br />
equipment and appropriate maintenance of vehicles will be used to mitigate this impact.<br />
The impact of emissions of vehicle exhaust gases on air quality is considered negligible.<br />
Water in the vicinity of the construction site can become polluted as a result of releases of<br />
materials used during construction. Potentially polluting materials will be carefully stored<br />
in suitable containment in order to reduce the risk of pollution incidents from spills and<br />
leaks.<br />
In order to manage the domestic effluent produced at the site which will be an issue<br />
particularly during construction with the large numbers of workers present at the site, a<br />
sewage treatment plant will be constructed. The plant which is being designed at the time<br />
of writing will be designed to take into account the load placed upon it during the<br />
construction phase and will be permanent for use treatment of domestic effluent during<br />
the operational phase of the project. The final effluent will be of a quality that meets the<br />
requirements for irrigation and will be used to irrigate green space on the site.<br />
Due to the semi-natural rural character of the proposed site, the transitory visual impacts<br />
of construction works are expected to be moderately adverse due to the introduction of<br />
prominent structures and construction equipment. However, the topography of the area<br />
will provide a natural level of screening of the works and the layout of the site will be<br />
sensitively planned to use this to minimize negative visual impacts.<br />
The effects of the traffic generated by the construction phase are likely to be moderately<br />
adverse when considered within the context of the relatively low volumes of traffic that<br />
passes through the local area daily.<br />
Finally, noises levels are likely to be fairly high and any noise associated with<br />
construction activities is likely to have negligible impact. Measures to reduce<br />
construction noise levels will be included in the Environmental Management Plan and<br />
Monitoring Program.<br />
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Overall, with the exception of the impacts on ecology within the boundary of the<br />
development area, the construction activities are transitory, and are considered likely to<br />
have a minor adverse impact on dust levels and a moderate adverse visual impact.<br />
8.1.1 Loss of Terrestrial Habitat and Biodiversity<br />
Impact: The site has already been cleared of most of its vegetation, the clearing<br />
and grading of the site will therefore not have significant impact on biodiversity.<br />
Removal of the sparsely vegetated grass will result in a minor loss of vegetation<br />
in the short term and in the longer term the development will prevent the<br />
possibility of re-colonization by invasive species.<br />
Mitigation: The overall objective of this mitigation is to establish as many green<br />
areas as possible around the facility. Site clearance and setting out of the facility<br />
must avoid the removal of trees wherever possible. The establishment of green<br />
areas on the site should include the planting of bird feeding trees.<br />
8.1.2 Loss of Land Use Options<br />
Impact: Construction of the facility will result in a loss of the options for<br />
alternative use of the land and thus represents an irreversible commitment of land<br />
resources. Loss of the option to utilize the land for any other purpose can be<br />
considered to be a negative impact.<br />
Mitigation: Mitigation is not considered for this impact, but it has been addressed<br />
in Section 3.0 of this report (Analysis of Alternatives).<br />
8.1.3 Soil Erosion<br />
Impact: Excavation works for construction of the cement plant will expose soils<br />
in the affected areas, leaving them vulnerable to erosion by surface run-off during<br />
heavy rainfall. However, the flat topograghy of the site should minimize this<br />
negative impact.<br />
Mitigation: The EPC Contractor must minimize the area of exposed soil at any<br />
given time and to wet, compact and resurface the disturbed areas as soon as<br />
possible. The EPC Contractor must also construct the drainage system during the<br />
very initial stage of the project.<br />
8.1.4 Noise<br />
Impact: The use of heavy equipment during site clearance and construction works<br />
will inevitably generate noise, which may create a nuisance for persons in the<br />
vicinity. This is a negative impact but is not considered to be significant, as the<br />
duration will be short-term and there are no communities close to the site.<br />
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Mitigation: Warning signs will be posted within the vicinity of the impact and all<br />
personnel shall be provided with personal protective equipment. For example,<br />
workers operating equipment that generates noise should be equipped with the<br />
appropriate noise protection gear. Construction activities that will generate<br />
disturbing sounds shall be restricted to normal working hours.<br />
8.1.5 Dust<br />
Impact: The site clearing and excavation works will produce fugitive dust which<br />
may result in increased levels of air borne particulate matter. This situation will<br />
be worst during the dry periods and prevailing winds. The occurrence of dusting<br />
is periodic and short-term, lasting only for the duration of the construction<br />
activity.<br />
Mitigation: Dust Exposed surfaces should be regularly wetted in a manner that<br />
effectively keeps down the dust. Stockpiles of fine materials shall be covered<br />
during windy conditions. Workers on the site shall be issued with dust<br />
masks/respirators for use during dry and windy conditions<br />
8.1.5 Traffic<br />
Impact: Based on the nature and size of the operation, it is anticipated that about<br />
100 vehicles per day will enter and leave the site during construction and about<br />
200 vehicles per day during operation. This will have an impact on the traffic,<br />
however, because the entrance is located on the Port Esquivel road where existing<br />
traffic is sparse, there should be minimum impact. The volume of vehicles using<br />
the highway is moderate and the increased volume over time is not expected to<br />
result in any major negative impact.<br />
Mitigation: The gate to the property will be set-back by at least 30 meters to<br />
allow for vehicles entering the property to clear the roadway. Adequate parking<br />
will be made available. Warning signs and sight mirrors shall be installed at<br />
appropriate places on the roads.<br />
8.1.6 Socio-Economic<br />
Impact: During both the construction and the operation phases, the development<br />
will provide direct and indirect opportunity for employment of both skilled and<br />
unskilled personnel. An estimated 300 people will be directly employed during<br />
construction and about 450 people will be employed during operations. In<br />
addition, the small businesses in the area such as grocers wholesalers, restaurant<br />
operators and transportation operators will experience positive spin-off as the<br />
development of the project will boast economic activities, resulting in greater<br />
disposable income among residence of the area. It is expected that 1,000 people<br />
will be indirectly employed in cement or related industries as a result of the<br />
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development. This is considered to be a positive significant impact as the effect<br />
will be long term and directly or indirectly will impact a wide cross-section of<br />
persons all across the country.<br />
Mitigation: No mitigation will be considered for this positive impact.<br />
8.2 Impact during the Operation Phase:<br />
The potential effects of the proposed development during operation can be divided as<br />
follows:<br />
� Impacts on air quality as a result of emissions from the cement production process<br />
and dust from the quarry activities and crushing and grinding processes. Also,<br />
international scale impacts as a result of the emissions of greenhouse gases from the<br />
production process.<br />
� Impacts associated with noise, particularly the impact of noise on nearby human<br />
receptors.<br />
� Impacts of the plant and quarries by changes to the landscape and visual impacts.<br />
� Impacts on the local ecology by the loss of habitat taken by the development and<br />
impacts associated with the operations on the surrounding ecology.<br />
� Impact on the surface water regime (hydrology) by changes to the natural drainage of<br />
the landscape within the development area and potential emissions of fine particles<br />
(suspended solids) into the water as a result of the industrial activities. Potential<br />
release of contaminated effluents into the surface water drainage. Also, impact on the<br />
underground water, called groundwater (hydrogeology) as a result of extraction of<br />
raw materials for use in the industrial process.<br />
� Use of significant volumes of raw materials and the production of waste on an<br />
industrial scale.<br />
� Impacts of transport.<br />
Each of these potential issues is addressed in the following sections:<br />
8.2.1 Effects on Local Air Quality<br />
A detailed study of the potential atmospheric emissions from the proposed cement<br />
works was undertaken for the proposed development. This study addressed the<br />
emissions to air which may occur during the normal operation of the cement kiln,<br />
as well as the minor emissions of fine particulate matter from other process<br />
stacks. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of these emissions in terms<br />
of ground level pollutant concentrations at ground level. These changes in local<br />
air quality were then compared with the Jamaica air quality criteria and National<br />
Environment Plan Agency (<strong>NEPA</strong>) guidelines as well as the Inter-America<br />
Development Bank (AIDB) guidelines.<br />
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The emissions to the atmosphere were modeled using the latest version of the US<br />
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) atmospheric dispersion model<br />
AERMOD. This is internationally recognized as an advanced dispersion model<br />
and is widely used in industrial regulation. The model was used with four years of<br />
meteorological data from a nearby representative location. The AERMOD model<br />
takes account of the influence of major buildings and local terrain on the<br />
dispersion of atmospheric emissions. The latter feature of the model is of<br />
particular relevance given the location of the proposed plant on a plateau above<br />
the town of Free Town, not far from a ridge of higher ground forming part of the<br />
foothills of the mountainous region inland.<br />
The assessment focused on the locations of local residential areas (sensitive<br />
receptors) where individuals may be exposed for relevant time periods according<br />
to the air quality criteria. The wider surrounding area was also modeled in order<br />
to generate graphical results which demonstrate the maximum effects due to the<br />
plant. These maximum concentrations occur in the uninhabited areas on higher<br />
ground in the surrounding area.<br />
It was concluded that at all sensitive receptors, the maximum changes in sulphur<br />
dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and annual average nitrogen dioxide<br />
concentrations due to plant operation are a small fraction of the relevant air<br />
quality criteria, and future air quality will remain well within these criteria. The<br />
principal emission from the cement kiln is oxides of nitrogen.<br />
Given the likely very good existing background air quality in these largely rural<br />
locations, air quality will remain well within the hourly limit value.<br />
The overall conclusion from the dispersion modeling study is that when the plant<br />
is in operation future air quality will be well within the <strong>NEPA</strong> limits and AIDB<br />
guidelines specified for the protection of human health. These limits are set well<br />
below the levels at which there are any observable effects on human health or<br />
respiratory function in order to protect vulnerable individuals within the<br />
population. On that basis, it is concluded that there will be no adverse health<br />
effects in the local population due to the operation of the cement plant.<br />
Screening level assessments of the potential impact from dust emissions from the<br />
quarry areas and the potential for pollution from traffic movements associated<br />
with the operational phase of the development were also undertaken. Both of<br />
these assessments indicated that there will be no significant effects on air quality<br />
either as a result of dust emissions from the quarries or due to vehicle emissions.<br />
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8.2.2 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases<br />
An assessment of the potential emissions of greenhouse gases from the proposed<br />
installation has been undertaken. The assessment concentrated on the main<br />
greenhouse gas emission which will be released, which is carbon dioxide. No<br />
other significant sources of greenhouse gas are likely to be released as a result of<br />
the proposed operations. As with all cement manufacturing processes, large<br />
volumes of carbon dioxide are releases as a result of the chemical reactions taking<br />
place during manufacture of clinker. In addition, the burning of large volumes of<br />
solid fossil fuels to drive the process leads to the release of significant volumes of<br />
carbon dioxide. Finally, energy is used to drive auxiliary processes associated<br />
with cement manufacture. The energy is delivered as electricity and as in this<br />
case is generated on site rather than often derived from outside sources. Most of<br />
Jamaica’s electricity is diesel generated power. Diesel generated power involves<br />
the production of carbon dioxide similar as coal generated power. The<br />
greenhouse gas assessment has taken this into account. However, because of<br />
problems with power supply within the country of Jamaica, it is likely that, in the<br />
short, current, and medium term, insufficient electricity is available for the new<br />
cement production line and, Jamaica, being an island country cannot import<br />
electricity from surrounding countries.<br />
In the cement plant design, a 9 MW cogeneration power plant is adopted to<br />
recover the hot waste gas from pyro system, which will provide about one third of<br />
the electricity consumed in cement manufacture. The rest of the electricity for<br />
cement production will be provided by a coal power plant associated with the<br />
cement plant.<br />
The greenhouse gas assessment indicated that the proposed technology has been<br />
designed to minimize CO2 emissions and is in line with the guidelines for the best<br />
available techniques for cement manufacture. Since the cement will be produced<br />
locally and used for infrastructure development within the country, this will<br />
reduce the greenhouse gases produced to transport cement into the country.<br />
In order to ensure that once operational the cement production process is as<br />
energy efficient as possible, the operator will be required to conduct a detailed<br />
energy survey 2 years after the plant is fully operational. The aim of the<br />
assessment will be to ensure that the plant is operating as efficiently as possible in<br />
order to reduce the carbon footprint of the plant operations. This requirement has<br />
been written into the Operational Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan.<br />
Additionally, during operation Cement Jamaica Limited will review the market<br />
conditions to identify whether further energy saving technologies could be<br />
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installed at the site, in particular with view to burn the bagasse partially in cement<br />
plant and power plant, as well as install wind power or solar power in the future.<br />
8.2.3 Other Operational Effects<br />
8.2.3.1 Noise: At the time of undertaking this assessment measured<br />
ambient noise data were not available for the local area, and only limited<br />
information was available on noise levels from the processing plant, traffic<br />
and quarrying activities. Since this time, however, the noise study has<br />
been completed and can be found in APPENDIX 7.<br />
Traffic data has been used to estimate the likely ambient noise levels at<br />
noise sensitive receptors and noise source levels for a similar plant in<br />
China have been used as the basis for the impact assessment. Using this<br />
approach it can be estimated that noise levels generated from the cement<br />
production plant are unlikely to cause disturbance in any of the nearby<br />
communities during the evening or night. There may be some disturbance<br />
during the daytime at the communities nearest to the quarrying activities.<br />
This disturbance would be greatest when the quarrying activities are<br />
closest to the communities, and before the depth of the quarry provides<br />
natural screening of noise to these communities.<br />
Changes in traffic on the local road network when the plant is operational<br />
would not give rise to perceptible changes in noise. Properties near the<br />
new link roads may be affected by increases in noise from traffic using<br />
them.<br />
Vibration is unlikely to be perceptible from any aspect of the project. The<br />
company has committed to implement appropriate noise management<br />
practices in all aspects of the design and operation of the cement plant,<br />
quarry and transport.<br />
A covered conveyor belt with about 2000 meter in length will be built for<br />
crushed limestone and clay transportation from the crusher station in<br />
limestone quarry to cement plant site. It will be designed away from the<br />
resident houses and running with crusher in daytime only. The conveyor<br />
belt operation, comparing with road transport, will be with much less CO2<br />
emission and dust emission, low noise and low vibration. It will also<br />
reduce the local road transport load extremely.<br />
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In the future, another conveyor belt for coal transportation and pneumatic<br />
pipeline transportation for bulk cement will be considered from port to the<br />
cement plant, which will improve the environment impact significantly.<br />
A key area of potential noise and vibration emissions is the blasting<br />
associated with the limestone quarry. Note there will be no blasting at the<br />
clay quarry. In order to minimize impact of blasting at the limestone<br />
quarry, the operator will use internationally recognized techniques of<br />
sequential blasting in order to minimize the blast wave and therefore<br />
reduce any impact of the blasting. Also, blasting will be kept to a<br />
minimum and limited to the daytime. Finally, due to the unique nature of<br />
the limestone found at Rose Hall, alternative mining techniques, such as<br />
ripping, shall be employed to minimize the frequency of blasting.<br />
8.2.3.2 Landscape and Visual: The landscape and visual impacts will be:<br />
� Change in land cover, use and character, including an increased<br />
intensity of activity;<br />
� Visual impact of night time lighting, including the movement<br />
of vehicles at night and the provision of above ground utilities;<br />
� Visual impact of the movement of works vehicles and<br />
commuter traffic to, from and within the site;<br />
8.2.3.3 Ecology: To reduce impacts on the local ecology as a result of<br />
increased human presence, disturbance and exploitation, an educational<br />
program is recommended to inform employees and their families of legal<br />
requirements and responsibilities towards wildlife. This should be<br />
conducted in a participatory manner since many of the local population<br />
may already be well-informed on the renewable natural resources of the<br />
area and be a useful source of knowledge. The environmental educational<br />
programme could be conducted / facilitated by the on-site ecologist and/or<br />
horticulturalist.<br />
8.2.3.4 Ground, Surface Water: The operation of the facility will<br />
incorporate measures to prevent releases to ground, surface water and<br />
groundwater. Present, indications are that these will be appropriate to the<br />
nature and scale of the installation and that significant impacts should not<br />
occur. Cement Jamaica has obtained the permit from JB Ethanol to<br />
provide groundwater from its existing water well nearby for use in the<br />
industrial activities.<br />
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Information available indicates that the existing groundwater reserves will<br />
meet the exploitation rate for water supply and cement production<br />
purposes.<br />
8.2.3.5 Raw Material Use and Waste Management: The bulk of the<br />
raw materials used in the production process will be obtained locally from<br />
the limestone and clay quarries. Available information indicates that the<br />
company has thoroughly investigated the nature of the raw material<br />
reserves and that there should be no issues associated with the use of in<br />
appropriate raw materials leading to significant emissions to air from the<br />
process. Further, on line testing in the production process will ensure that<br />
no unsuitable materials will enter the process. The process produces very<br />
little waste and that which is produced will be recycled back into the<br />
process.<br />
Waste effluent produced from domestic activities will be treated using a<br />
package treatment plant which will be permanently situated at the site and<br />
will be operational before the peak of the construction activities. The<br />
treatment plant will be designed to take into account the load placed<br />
during the maximum number of persons on site. Design details of this<br />
plant were being discussed at the time of writing and will comply with the<br />
standard GB8978-1996.<br />
Review of the available information of the sewage treatment package<br />
indicates that the design is appropriate to the load which will potentially<br />
be placed upon it. As part of the management programme, the operator is<br />
required to submit the final design, location of discharge point and<br />
potential impacts, if any, of the discharge.<br />
8.2.3.6 Transport: Access to the plant area will be achieved through a<br />
3500 meter road from Highway2000 to Windalco Port. This is clearly an<br />
easy connection especially for heavy vehicles both from the geometric and<br />
road safety point of view.<br />
A second access to the limestone quarry locations is provided through a<br />
new road to be constructed, which will be considered together with the<br />
belt conveyor arrangement.<br />
It is anticipated that the traffic generated by the construction phase will not<br />
have significant impact on current volumes of traffic that use the main<br />
arterial highways and the local routes. However, the level of disruption is<br />
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not expected to be significant and it should be noted that most of heavy<br />
transportation connected with ground works will not leave the plant, as<br />
excavation material will be stored within the limits of the site area.<br />
The raw materials of limestone and clay will be transported to the cement<br />
plant via a 1,500 meter belt conveyor between the two quarries and the<br />
plant. Clay will be transported in 20 ton trucks, and will seek to uuuse<br />
routes that will avoid residential areas, the clay truck will be covered with<br />
tarp in operation, it is not expected that there will be any public exposure<br />
to emissions from these vehicles.<br />
The production of 5,000 tons of product per day will necessitate 138<br />
movements of 40 ton trucks. In order to supply the factory with raw<br />
materials (including red mud, gypsum and coal, which will be transported<br />
with 40 tonne truck into cement plant.) it is estimated that 1,683 tons of<br />
freight will be entering the plant per day in average – the equivalent of<br />
approximately 42 truck movements per day.<br />
In total, 180 truck trips per day will be needed to adequately serve the<br />
factory in the period of full production. This figure is multiplied by 1.3 to<br />
provide for future growth and coverage of production peaks. The resulting<br />
figure comes up to 234 truck trips per day or an hourly demand of 30 truck<br />
trips (for a 8 hour period). This figure translates to one truck movement<br />
every 2 minutes in each direction. In conclusion, the maximum traffic<br />
demand in and out of the factory is estimated to come up to 120 private<br />
cars and 40 heavy vehicles (buses and trucks) for the peak hour per<br />
direction. The safety issues to the local communities associated with the<br />
development of the roads has been assessed as part of a Transport Safety<br />
Study, the results of which are discussed in the ‘Social and Economic<br />
Issues’ section below.<br />
The impacts of the plant operation on the port infrastructure would be the<br />
exclusive dedication of 47.4 % of the Windalco Pier to the plant needs.<br />
The Bauxite operation will take another 26.3% of port occupancy level.<br />
The total port occupancy level is 74%. As a result the Windalco Port will<br />
receive considerable income.<br />
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8.3 Impacts during Decommissioning Phase:<br />
8.3.1 No detailed assessment of environmental impacts associated with<br />
decommissioning can be made at present. The plant has an expected lifespan of<br />
over 50 years and so only general principles can be established at the present<br />
time.<br />
8.3.2 In broad terms, the process of decommissioning is likely to give rise to<br />
impacts similar to those experienced in the construction phase. The methods and<br />
techniques selected are expected to be in accordance with national and<br />
international standards prevailing at the time of decommissioning.<br />
8.3.3 Decommissioning will require the following activities:<br />
8.3.3.1 Removal of all surface equipment and units;<br />
8.3.3.2 Potential removal of hard standing and surface cover;<br />
8.3.3.3 Abandonment of sub-surface utilities or filling and abandonment<br />
as appropriate;<br />
8.3.3.4 Reinstatement of the site and all project areas to pre-construction<br />
conditions. With regards to the rehabilitation of the quarries during<br />
operation, the works shall be conducted on an on-going basis in<br />
accordance with the accepted timetable set out in the planning proposals to<br />
the Jamaican authorities.<br />
8.3.3.5 For the cement plant, Jamaica Cement Limited will develop a site<br />
closure plan during the later stages of project design and maintain the plan<br />
throughout the life of the development. The plan should include<br />
arrangements for decommissioning the plant in a manner which avoids<br />
any pollution and return the site to an acceptable state. In addition any<br />
decommissioning plan should take into account the social and economic<br />
impacts and include mitigation measures where necessary.<br />
8.3.3.6 The opportunities the site provides for long term biodiversity<br />
conservation purposes should be investigated as part of the site closure<br />
plan. There are no identified sites of ecological significance outside the<br />
main development areas that should be affected by decommissioning<br />
activities, though consideration will need to be given as to the long term<br />
use of the access roads to the two quarries. This will depend on their<br />
future use. It may be necessary to remove the roads and “re-instate” the<br />
ground and vegetation, but maintaining vehicle access or foot access only<br />
are also possibilities.<br />
8.3.3.7 The site closure plan and preceding rehabilitation plans will need<br />
to be reviewed and updated in the light of experience with implementing<br />
the ecological mitigation and compensation measures – especially the<br />
“Habitat Restoration” proposals. These habitat restoration activities will<br />
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need to be monitored, during the course of the project, so that lessons can<br />
be learned and applied prior to and at the time of final site closure.<br />
8.3.3.8 Overall, decommissioning activities are transitory, and are likely to<br />
be similar in magnitude to construction impacts.<br />
Once a permit is granted for the proposed development and before site preparation and<br />
construction activities begin, a detailed Monitoring Program will be prepared for submission to<br />
<strong>NEPA</strong>, for approval. The Monitoring Program should include the following components; an<br />
inspection protocol; parameters to be monitored; frequency of monitoring and reporting<br />
procedures. The duration of the monitoring program should be for the entire construction period,<br />
with monthly reporting. The detailed Monitoring Program is best prepared after the permit is<br />
received as this would allow for the Terms and Conditions of the permit to be taken into<br />
consideration, and included in the monitoring program as appropriate.<br />
In summary, the main potential environmental effects resulting from the development are likely<br />
to be associated with the following:<br />
• Loss of local habitat: The plant site is located in an existing industrial complex and<br />
mining operations (by others) have already taken place on a small scale at both the<br />
limestone and clay quarries. Therefore, it is possible with appropriate management of the<br />
surrounding area, an improvement to the local ecological conditions could actually be<br />
made – especially considering CJL’s planned use of existing waste materials such as red<br />
mud from the bauxite industry.<br />
• Visual impact: The scale of the construction and operation of the cement plant and local<br />
quarries will certainly have a visual impact. Significant impacts, however, can be<br />
mitigated by means of the plant design and mining plans, including re-vegetation means<br />
and methods.<br />
• Noise impacts: Local noise impacts will dominate particularly during the construction<br />
phase. Baseline noise testing performed by CJL suggests that the noise impact of the<br />
plant during operation is likely to be negligible at the plant perimeter. However, noise<br />
impacts of the quarries, particularly the limestone quarry blasting will be intermittently<br />
significant. This impact, together with the noise impact from increased traffic, can be<br />
mitigated through proper design of blasting techniques and modernization of existing<br />
highway and the construction of new roadways.<br />
• Air Emissions: There will be impacts to both local air emissions and international<br />
greenhouse gas emissions, but full compliance with national and international standards<br />
will be maintained.<br />
• Releases to ground, surface water and groundwater: The development will not have any<br />
routine discharges. However, emissions to ground, surface water and groundwater may<br />
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occur in the absence of proper controls during all phases of the development<br />
(construction, operation and decommissioning).<br />
• Traffic and Congestion: It is anticipated that the traffic generated by the construction<br />
phase will not have a significant impact on current volumes of traffic that use the main<br />
arterial highways because the vast majority of cargo will be limited to local routes,<br />
especially Windalco Private Road leading to Port Esquivel.<br />
• Groundwork Disruption: The plant site is fairly level. Therefore, the amount of<br />
groundwork disruption on the plant site is not expected to be significant and it should be<br />
noted that most of the heavy transportation connected with groundworks will not leave<br />
the plant, as excavated material will be stored within the limits of the site area.<br />
• Socio-Economic Impacts: These impacts will be both local and regional and both<br />
positive and negative. However, negative socio-economic impacts will only be local and<br />
only during the construction period due to the cultural interactions between the local<br />
Jamaicans and the foreign visitors. Thereafter, there should be increase employment<br />
opportunities for Jamaicans and a strengthen construction industry for Jamaicans.<br />
The detailed summary of these effects, the mitigation measures, and the environmental<br />
monitoring plans are found in the following TABLE 8.4.<br />
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Summary of Construction Phase Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures<br />
AIR<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Air quality:<br />
Development of procedures for:<br />
Dust propagation will be limited to Minor adverse.<br />
- dust emissions during construction and -water spraying roads and dusty materials construction area and will not influence<br />
ground works.<br />
stockpiles<br />
local community. However workers will<br />
-sheeting vehicles carrying dusty materials be supplied with dust masks especially on<br />
GROUND AND WATER<br />
on leaving the site to prevent materials<br />
being blown from the vehicles<br />
-speed limits on unmade surfaces on site to<br />
limit dust.<br />
dry days.<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Ensure that pollutants are not present in Potential for importation of pollutants in Minor adverse.<br />
Importation of pollutants already present materials imported onto the site by the material will be minimized through<br />
within the materials to be used for filling appropriate selection of source material by Cemcorp’s specifications to EPC<br />
and site leveling operations.<br />
EPC Contractor and chemical analysis by Contractor and by monitoring by CJL<br />
CJL if required.<br />
project engineering team.<br />
Accidental release of fuels, oils, chemicals, Appropriate procedures and protocols to be Potential for accidental release during Minor adverse.<br />
hazardous materials, etc., to the ground, established and monitored for materials delivery of materials to the site will be<br />
especially in the construction lay-down delivery and handling to ensure there are minimized via written procedures and<br />
area, during delivery to the site.<br />
no spills.<br />
protocols.<br />
GROUND AND WATER<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Accidental release of fuels, oils, chemicals, All storage areas will have appropriate Potential for accidental release of materials Minor adverse.<br />
liquid waste, hazardous materials, etc, to environmental security measures to during storage on the site will be<br />
the ground, especially in the construction<br />
lay-down area, during storage.<br />
prevent accidental release to ground. minimized.<br />
Accidental release of fuels, oils, chemicals, Appropriate procedures and protocols to be Potential for accidental release of materials Minor adverse.<br />
hazardous materials, etc, to the ground, established and monitored for materials during transport within and handling on<br />
especially in the construction lay-down<br />
area, during transport to the area of use.<br />
transport and handling whilst on the site. the site will be minimized.<br />
Accidental release of fuels, oils, chemicals, Appropriate procedures and protocols to be Potential for accidental release of materials Minor adverse.<br />
hazardous materials, etc, to the ground, established and monitored for materials during use will be minimized.<br />
during use, for example, re-fuelling, handling and use. Where possible, re-<br />
maintenance, etc.<br />
fuelling and maintenance areas will<br />
include some form of secondary<br />
containment.<br />
Accidental release of liquid wastes during Appropriate procedures and protocols to be Potential for accidental release of waste Minor adverse.<br />
removal from site.<br />
established and monitored for waste during removal from the site will be<br />
materials removal.<br />
minimized.<br />
Accidental discharge of sanitary<br />
Sanitary waste will not be discharged to None. Negligible/Nil.<br />
wastewater to ground and groundwater the ground. EPC Contractor will provide<br />
from the workers camp.<br />
modern Sewage Treatment Facilities.<br />
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GROUND AND WATER<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Contamination of local water ways from Ensure that the plant complies with <strong>NEPA</strong> Potential for release of harmful of effluent Minor adverse.<br />
proposed effluent plant discharge. standards and international guidelines. if the facility is underspecified or not<br />
Final effluent should have no significant<br />
negative impact on the receiving water.<br />
The plant will be designed for the full load<br />
(1200 persons) during construction.<br />
managed correctly.<br />
GROUND AND WATER<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Discharge of pollutants in water used for Washing activities will take place on areas Potential for accidental release of<br />
Minor adverse<br />
plant, equipment and vehicle washing to with appropriate containment and<br />
pollutants to the ground during washing<br />
ground.<br />
procedures and protocols will be<br />
established and monitored to ensure that<br />
the preventative measures are sufficient to<br />
meet <strong>NEPA</strong> effluent standards.<br />
activities will be minimized.<br />
Increase of sediment load in natural Minimization of excavations face during None. Negligible.<br />
aquatic receptors resulting from direct construction Temporary drainage grooves<br />
runoff disposal.<br />
and sedimentation ponds for surface runoff<br />
collection. Note: EPC Contractor to<br />
design for tropical climate and impacts of<br />
hurricanes. The topography is nearly flat.<br />
Natural aquatic receptors degradation due<br />
to direct disposal of domestic type<br />
wastewater.<br />
Construction of appropriate sewage system<br />
and wastewater treatment facility by EPC<br />
Contractor. Effluent if any will meet<br />
<strong>NEPA</strong> standards.<br />
None. Negligible.<br />
Groundwater contamination from leakage Usage of non-hazardous construction None. Negligible.<br />
of polluting substances.<br />
materials for human health and<br />
environmental protection. Storage of<br />
potential polluting materials in appropriate<br />
areas, including secondary containment.<br />
Any contaminated land occurred during<br />
construction will be directly removed and<br />
disposed of in accordance with local<br />
regulations for waste disposal.<br />
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MATERIALS USE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact<br />
Waste generation. Introduction of waste storage and control procedures Waste for disposal will be disposed of at an approved<br />
Segregation and recycling of waste by EPC Contractor<br />
into metal components, plastics, glass separately.<br />
waste disposal site.<br />
ECOLOGY<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact<br />
Rose Hall and Clarendon/St. Catherine Areas<br />
– Cement Plant and Quarry Sites:<br />
Loss of vegetation on site Vegetation loss cannot be avoided, but<br />
Clearance. successful restoration, improvement and long term<br />
management of the surrounding areas for conservation and<br />
productive uses will provide significant compensation. It<br />
should be noted that most of the identified lands at the<br />
Port Esquivel Industrial Complex, Rose Hall, and<br />
Tarentum are already highly disturbed.<br />
Further land take (habitat loss) for temporary Construction<br />
Camp.<br />
Build temporary construction camp on land that will in<br />
due course be re-used for bagged cement storage. EPC<br />
Contractor/Cemcorp will also restore, wherever possible<br />
to green areas such as the planting fruit trees.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
No additional impact since land take would occur anyway<br />
at Plant site.<br />
Destruction of fauna and habitat for Further ecological/fauna survey at Moving fauna to neighboring sites may<br />
fauna (mammals, birds, reptiles, appropriate seasons and translocations help short-term survival, but not<br />
amphibians, invertebrates). monitored by the company specialist. medium-term if these sites are already occupied. In longterm<br />
populations may recover on restored sites.<br />
ECOLOGY<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Increase in exploitative pressures on Conduct and implement “Habitat Survey With co-operation of local community and Moderate to substantial beneficial.<br />
habitats neighboring the sites.<br />
and Management Study”, in close<br />
project providing alternative source of<br />
consultation with local communities. income, habitats should be improved.<br />
On ecology of surrounding area by Education, monitoring and enforcement Implementation may be difficult and some Minor adverse (subject to implementation<br />
temporary foreign workforce as a result of program. Adequate waste management and impact can be expected.<br />
and enforcement).<br />
removal of vegetation and the<br />
sanitation facilities. No permits will be<br />
displacement of wildlife.<br />
provided to EPC Contractor for any<br />
burning.
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LANDSCAPE & VISUAL<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Damage to the landscape character and Sensitive planning of site works and Some exposure to alteration of the Minor adverse impact.<br />
visual amenity due to introduction of worker’s compound. Advanced structure landscape character and loss of visual<br />
incongruous features and activities. planning. Minimize lighting and night time amenity, predominantly due to out-of-site<br />
workings.<br />
activity. Again, existing site view from<br />
Highway 2000 is highly disturbed.<br />
NOISE AND VIBRATION (incorporating Transport)<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact<br />
Noise from construction of new plant/quarry and link Good site management; Appropriate choice of machinery; A baseline noise study has been completed, but further<br />
roads.<br />
Methods of working; Hours of working; Efficient material study may be needed to predict whether there may be<br />
handling. Goods will be imported through Port Esquivel. noise increases at nearby residential properties.<br />
NOISE AND VIBRATION (incorporating Transport)<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact<br />
Noise from traffic relating to construction using existing Define access routes to the site with the smallest number There may be noise increases at residential properties in<br />
roads through local residential areas.<br />
of properties in proximity to it. Keep vehicle movements proximity to the chosen access route, and then from the<br />
to a minimum. Once link roads are completed, all<br />
construction traffic to/from the site should only use the<br />
link roads.<br />
link roads once completed.<br />
SOCIAL<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Foreign worker health problems may<br />
impact on work and wage payment.<br />
Specification by EPC Contractor of<br />
reasonable sickness benefits and sick leave<br />
with pay.<br />
Sickness over specified period may affect<br />
earnings. Early return to work may damage<br />
health.<br />
Minor adverse.<br />
Worker -industrial emergency. Prearranged quality curative treatment in<br />
May Pen Hospital for all emergencies.<br />
Depends on nature of emergency. Minor adverse.<br />
Foreign worker living conditions and EPC Contractor will provide detailed Depends on individual worker<br />
Minor / Moderate adverse.<br />
quality of life. Utility and service provision specification of camp layout, facilities, and susceptibility. If conditions are poor<br />
impacts on local villages.<br />
utility provision (and disposal) in<br />
multitude of issues could arise in camp and<br />
accordance with identified international<br />
standards. CJL to monitor health and<br />
safety and terms and conditions of<br />
employment. To do this a foreign language<br />
speaker should be part of the team.<br />
spill into local communities.<br />
Disturbance and conflict in camp. In-camp codes of conduct and enforcement<br />
of key behaviors and reasonable use of<br />
alcohol shall be required.<br />
None identified. Minor adverse.<br />
Disturbance and /or conflict with local Camp code of conduct upheld by workers Some residual impact expected but scale Minor / Moderate adverse.<br />
population.<br />
and enforced by camp. Provision of limited by worker free time, and local<br />
employment and opportunities to local interaction with camp, especially if<br />
population to minimize hostility.<br />
“Liaison Committee” is formed early.<br />
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SOCIAL<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Opportunities for local procurement CJL to arrange initial contacts and<br />
May vary from negligible to moderate<br />
encourage EPC Contractor to maximize EPC Contractor will commit to do it. beneficial depending on the effort and<br />
local procurement.<br />
incentives.<br />
SOCIAL<br />
Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Potential for increased incidence of Preventative health awareness campaigns Difficult to identify cause or source of Moderate adverse.<br />
sexually transferable disease (STD) in for STDs provided to foreign workers and such disease as this is commonly hidden<br />
local populations and amongst workers. targeted at key urban locations / groups. and poorly reported. However some<br />
Provision of free condoms in pharmacies disease may be spread and curative<br />
and toilets or similar common access treatment may be required for the different<br />
facility. EPC Contractor will provide diseases, in case of HIV this would be of a<br />
health checks and immunizations before<br />
expatriation.<br />
long term nature.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
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Summary of Operational Phase Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures<br />
AIR QUALITY<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Release of combustion gas emissions from Equipment design and primary operational Local air emissions will be based on IDB Not significant.<br />
the kiln stack.<br />
management control techniques.<br />
and IFC Guidelines for the protection of<br />
human health at all emission point sources.<br />
On that basis, it is concluded that there will<br />
be no adverse health effects in the local<br />
population due to the operation of the<br />
cement plant.<br />
Release of particulate emissions from the Bag filters – dust abatement using very<br />
kiln, the clinker cooler, the coal mill and stringent 30 mg/Nm<br />
the cement mill.<br />
3 Local air quality will be virtually<br />
Negligible.<br />
standard.<br />
unaffected in Clarendon/St. Catherine and<br />
will be based IFC Guidelines for the<br />
protection of human health. Licenses<br />
issued on 3-year basis.<br />
Release of dust emissions from the quarry Use of best practice management<br />
It is unlikely that there will be any Negligible.<br />
operations.<br />
techniques during extraction and loading discernable adverse effect due to dust<br />
of raw materials.<br />
deposition at any residential properties.<br />
Release of combustion emissions from Use of new, efficient vehicles, driver Localized minor effects on air quality at Moderate.<br />
transport associated with transport of training to minimize emissions (e.g. properties very close to certain roads, but<br />
materials to and from the site.<br />
prevention of over revving, shut off increments a very small fraction of air<br />
engines when vehicles not in use), quality criteria. Given the volume of<br />
rationalization of traffic management trucks, however, impact is Moderately<br />
system to optimize transport efficiency. adverse.<br />
SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact<br />
Increase of sediment content in surface waters due to For cement plant: Storm water management through None.<br />
fugitive dust dispersion.<br />
ditches and/or gutters and settlement ponds. For quarries:<br />
Quarry face will be kept minimal. Gradual rehabilitation<br />
(through landscaping and planting) of the locations where<br />
extraction works have been completed. Storm water<br />
management through peripheral ditches and settlement<br />
pond.<br />
Degradation of surface waters quality due to process water<br />
direct disposal or leakage of polluting materials.<br />
For cement plant: Process water circulation is closed<br />
circuit including settlement tank for treatment. Storage of<br />
fuels for cement production in enclosed storage area.<br />
Tidying the plant on regular basis with mechanical<br />
sweepers removing dust collected on the streets and<br />
gutters. Thorough washing of surfaces in case of polluting<br />
materials spillages and further processing of collected<br />
washings as special waste. For quarries: special<br />
considerations for clay quarry. Preventative Maintenance<br />
of quarry equipment, protocols and procedures.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
None. Appropriate collection and transportation of<br />
potential polluting materials (e.g. spent oils, lubricants,<br />
etc.).
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SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact<br />
Pollution of surface water due to release of<br />
The sewage treatment system will be sized for peak None.<br />
harmful/untreated sewage.<br />
demand during construction phase and therefore will cope<br />
with the demands during operational phase. No hazardous<br />
liquids will be released in to the sewage treatment system.<br />
The provision of a large balancing tank before final<br />
release will act as a storage unit in the event of accidental<br />
release into the sewage system.<br />
Soil Erosion. For cement plant: EPC Contractor to design proper<br />
drainage system consistent with Seasonal Hurricanes. For<br />
quarries: Proper Drainage design by EPC Contractor as<br />
well as Gradual rehabilitation of locations where<br />
extraction works have been completed.<br />
Soil erosion will be limited on-site the quarries.<br />
Ground and Groundwater contamination. For cement plant and quarries: Secondary containment for<br />
potential polluting materials. Any contaminated land<br />
removal and disposal in accordance with local and general<br />
international requirements.<br />
Potential contamination will be limited on-site.<br />
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SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact<br />
Groundwater depletion. For cement plant and quarries: groundwater reserves are Existing groundwater reserves exploitation rate for water<br />
considered adequate based on existing capacities at Port supply and irrigation purposes, exceeds by far water<br />
Esquivel Industrial Complex, especially due to low<br />
usage/high availability of the port. Abstraction rates will,<br />
at all times, be kept in accordance with Jamaican<br />
Underground Water Authority.<br />
requirements for cement production.<br />
LAND QUALITY<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Appropriate procedures and protocols to be Potential for accidental release during Minor adverse.<br />
Accidental release of fuels, oils, chemicals, established and monitored for materials delivery of materials to the site will be<br />
hazardous materials, etc, to the ground delivery and handling. CJL and EPC minimized.<br />
during delivery to the site.<br />
Contractor will have, at all times, clean up<br />
kits available.<br />
Accidental release of fuels, oils, chemicals, All storage areas will have appropriate Potential for accidental release of materials Minor adverse.<br />
liquid waste, hazardous materials, etc, to environmental security measures to during storage on the site will be<br />
the ground during storage.<br />
prevent accidental release to ground. EPC<br />
Contractor to design the plant for<br />
berms/perimental retainer walls that are<br />
designed for 1.5 times the capacity of any<br />
such storage tanks.<br />
minimized.<br />
Accidental release of fuels, oils, chemicals, Appropriate procedures and protocols to be Potential for accidental release of materials Minor adverse.<br />
hazardous materials, etc, to the ground established and monitored for materials during transport within and handling on<br />
during transport to the area of use. transport and handling whilst on the site. the site will be minimized.<br />
LAND QUALITY<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Accidental release of fuels, oils, chemicals, Appropriate procedures and protocols to be Potential for accidental release of materials Minor adverse.<br />
hazardous materials, etc, to the ground, established and monitored for materials during use will be minimized.<br />
during use, for example, re-fuelling, handling and use. Where possible, re-<br />
maintenance, etc.<br />
fuelling and maintenance areas will<br />
include some form of secondary<br />
containment.<br />
Accidental release of liquid wastes during Appropriate procedures and protocols to be Potential for accidental release of waste Minor adverse.<br />
removal from site.<br />
established and monitored for waste during removal from the site will be<br />
materials removal.<br />
minimized.<br />
Accidental discharge of sanitary<br />
Sanitary wastewater will not be discharged None. Negligible/Nil.<br />
wastewater and wastewater to ground to the ground. Wastewater sumps and pits<br />
will be properly designed. Pipe-work will<br />
be inspected periodically by CJL and EPC<br />
Contractor will exhaust all means to<br />
recycle water wherever possible.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
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LAND QUALITY<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Discharge of pollutants in water used for Washing activities will take place on areas Potential for accidental release of<br />
Minor adverse.<br />
plant, equipment and vehicle washing to with proper drainage systems with pollutants to the ground during washing<br />
ground.<br />
containment and treatment. Again, EPC activities will be minimized by proper<br />
Contractor will exhaust all means to<br />
recycle water wherever possible. Effluent,<br />
if any, will meet <strong>NEPA</strong> standards.<br />
design by EPC Contractor and use by CJL.<br />
ENERGY AND GREENHOUSE GAS BALANCE<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact<br />
Use of solid fuels and direct and indirect greenhouse gas Ensure that combustion and processing is as efficient and Emissions of greenhouse gases.<br />
emissions.<br />
in full compliance with IDB’s requirements for 820 kg<br />
CO2/tone clinker and maintenance and monitoring by<br />
CJL.<br />
MATERIALS USE AND WASTE MANAGMENT<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact<br />
Storage of solid and liquid wastes. Inspection of all waste storage areas to ensure appropriate<br />
identification, segregation, and containment.<br />
Potential releases into the environment.<br />
Waste management. Arrangement of all solid waste management licenses and Waste management will be covered by internal procedures<br />
permits. Establishment of waste management<br />
and will be regulated through local <strong>NEPA</strong> regulations.<br />
disposal/recycling techniques and appropriate<br />
Increased quantity of waste will be disposed of off-site.<br />
choice/negotiation of contractor by CJL. Establishment of CJL will monitor its procedures to increase or maximize<br />
filter dust handling procedures and choice of the<br />
recycling/reuse of any waste generated, including firing in<br />
contractors. Hazardous waste disposal techniques to be<br />
established. Review of waste minimization and recycling<br />
options for all wastes will be exhausted by EPC<br />
Contractor.<br />
the cement manufacturing process and composting.<br />
ECOLOGY<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Clarendon/St. Catherine/Rose Hall Areas – Cement Plant and Quarry Sites<br />
Dust deposition on leaves leading to loss<br />
of vegetation productivity and health.<br />
The planting of tree lines by EPC<br />
Contractor during the construction phase to<br />
provide local screening in accordance with<br />
EnviroPlanner Limited’s recommendation<br />
as a means to reduce dust emissions at the<br />
source. CJL will ensure that the trees are<br />
planted to aid in the prevention of dust<br />
accumulation on foliage outside the plant.<br />
Some dust emissions at the quarry sites,<br />
associated with blasting etc, are inevitable,<br />
but emissions and impacts can be kept to<br />
an acceptable level by use of latest<br />
technologies and best working practices.<br />
Mining plan and procedures to be<br />
implemented per the recommendations and<br />
approval by EnviroPlanners Limited.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
Minor Adverse.
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ECOLOGY<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
In-plant roads will be paved by EPC Some impact is inevitable, but CJL will Minor Adverse.<br />
Productivity and quality of vegetation for Contractor. Quarry access roads will be make it a priority.<br />
herbivores reduced.<br />
gravel and will be periodically wetted by<br />
CJL to minimize any impact.<br />
Disturbance of wildlife by noise. Reduced at source and less than 60 dBa at The project site is highly disturbed so more Minor Adverse.<br />
the plant fence.<br />
sensitive species have already avoided the<br />
project areas. However, alternative areas<br />
for the wildlife will be created by CJL,<br />
such as the planting of fruit-bearing trees<br />
in strategic areas (sanctuaries).<br />
Disturbance of wildlife by human presence Environmental educational program. On- There should be some habituation to Minor Adverse.<br />
and activities.<br />
site ecologist by CJL.<br />
human presence by some wildlife, but<br />
more sensitive species may avoid the<br />
project areas. Again, the existing plant site<br />
is already highly disturbed.<br />
Wildlife “Road-Kills” along access roads. Ecological Survey. Ecological Method With compliance, road-kills should be Minor Adverse.<br />
Statement. Road Warning Signs. Driver<br />
Briefings.<br />
reduced but some are still inevitable.<br />
LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Damage to the landscape character and Proper design of light sources by<br />
Some exposure to alteration of the Minor to moderate adverse impact.<br />
visual amenity due to introduction of establishing an effective balance between landscape character and loss of visual<br />
incongruous features and activities. safety/security and environmental<br />
amenity, predominantly due to off -site<br />
sensitivity. Sensitive and uniform (paint<br />
specifications) coloration of cement plant<br />
and vehicles. Minimize the time between<br />
working and restoration phase of quarry.<br />
quarry activities.<br />
TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Increased heavy vehicles traffic both Maximize the use of the rail network for The traffic has the potential to contribute Minor Adverse.<br />
locally and nationally.<br />
bulk deliveries and abnormal loads. to congestion and lead to complaints due to<br />
Restricting delivery hours to reduce noise noise/vibration nuisance on a local basis.<br />
nuisance; avoid heavy truck movements in However, the transport study indicates that<br />
the night hours will be considered whether<br />
deliveries should be scheduled to avoid<br />
peak times to reduce congestion; Heavy<br />
construction traffic will be subject to a<br />
traffic management plan, as necessary.<br />
there will not be a significant impact.<br />
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NOISE AND VIBRATION<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Noise from cement plant. None recommended unless the plant and None expected.<br />
various installations differ significantly<br />
from similar established cement plants<br />
used as a reference.<br />
Nil. Less than 60 dBA.<br />
Noise from quarrying activities Good site management; Appropriate There may be noise increases at residential<br />
choice of machinery; Methods of working; properties in proximity to the quarry site<br />
Hours of working; Efficient material<br />
handling. EPC Contractor to design proper<br />
primary crusher building with barriers or<br />
baffles.<br />
boundary.<br />
Minor Adverse.<br />
NOISE AND VIBRATION<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Noise from increases in traffic on the local For the cement plant, no proposed None expected on existing roads. Noise<br />
and wider road networks.<br />
mitigation efforts are recommended on level increase possible for residential<br />
existing Windalco road due to no predicted properties in proximity to the new link<br />
perceptible increases in noise levels due to roads.<br />
the extra traffic. However, for the clay<br />
quarry trucks, CJL will design and install a<br />
new road to be diverted away from the<br />
Parochial Road Foothill Community on to<br />
Bodles where population density is<br />
significantly lower.<br />
Minor Adverse.<br />
Noise from traffic on new link roads. Again, CJL will design and install a new There may be minor noise increases at<br />
road to be diverted away from the residential properties in proximity to the<br />
Limestone Quarry Foothill Community<br />
onto Bodles where population density is<br />
significantly lower.<br />
link roads alignments. Minor Adverse.<br />
SOCIAL<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Increased Employment. Measures to maximize local employment. This depends on skills of the people. Major beneficial.<br />
(positive change) Recommended:<br />
• Local recruitment and training.<br />
• Prioritization of employment of Project<br />
Affected People (PAP's)<br />
• Identification of targets of local people to<br />
be employed by skill levels.<br />
• Publication of local employment<br />
opportunities and Re-employment of<br />
people layed-off from Bauxite Plants.<br />
Enhanced apprenticeship / training for<br />
some local people whose skills could be<br />
improved including Recruitment policy to<br />
extend in future to limited sponsorship<br />
BSc (or equivalent) for workers / local<br />
people children.<br />
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SOCIAL<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact<br />
Increased National Budget and secondary<br />
impact on local Clarendon/St. Catherine<br />
Residual Impact Rating<br />
Increased National tax and budget Assistance to villages to formulate Communities. Major beneficial.<br />
(positive change). projects and strengthen advocacy. Money Residual impact will depend on<br />
from improved budget can be used to effectiveness of allocation process in favor<br />
realize these objectives. CJL may be of affected villages. A ineffective process<br />
prevailed on to offer skills training for<br />
improved planning & project formulation.<br />
would cause conflict / discontent.<br />
CJL will be self-sufficient from the Potential positive impact on visual impacts Neutral / Minor beneficial.<br />
Electrical and other infrastructure<br />
improvements (neutral or positive if<br />
realized).<br />
National Grid so there is no mitigation.<br />
On the contrary, CJL may be able to also<br />
supply excess power to the National Grid<br />
via JPS. This will have benefit to Jamaica<br />
external to the project.<br />
due to infrastructure improvements.<br />
Loss or reduction of livelihoods for: Herb Confirmation of potential impact on The majority of the Project Affected Neutral / minor beneficial.<br />
and Vegetable Farmers (medium adverse) animal nutrition and impacts on production People (PAP’s) surveyed have indicated a<br />
Graziers (medium adverse).<br />
and budgetary implications by specialist preference for employment rather than<br />
and similarly for herbs and vegetable other forms of compensation. No<br />
farmers. Appropriate form of<br />
household will lose their livelihood, and<br />
compensation is needed for each affected the income from employment (full or part<br />
household. JCL to consider feasibility of time) of one or more household members,<br />
job share schemes, and gender sensitive or alternative compensation, should be<br />
arrangements (e.g. for child care<br />
sufficient to compensate for expected<br />
arrangements). Specific attention to be<br />
given to vulnerable households.<br />
reductions in the affected activities.<br />
SOCIAL<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Extended and Improved Road and Regulations relating to roadside and Improved opportunities should be seen Minor beneficial<br />
implications for local economy commercial activities to be adhered to by in increased opportunities and wealth of<br />
(minor/moderate beneficial). business persons and enforced by<br />
Community. Monitoring of health, road<br />
safety issues. Curative and preventive<br />
action to be taken if issues identified by<br />
monitoring.<br />
village. It may be difficult to apportion this<br />
only to the new road or cement works<br />
given the current increasingly dynamic<br />
economic environment. Residual impacts<br />
of noise and dust for local residents near<br />
the road and indirectly affected.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
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SOCIAL<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Loss of land and property for 4 -9 An appropriate compensation plan will be No negative residual impact should be Negligible / minor beneficial<br />
households and compensation developed and agreed upon.<br />
(minor beneficial / minor adverse) Compensation Plan & Framework<br />
Documents will be prepared.<br />
Hazards associated with development of<br />
new roads from main intersection to the<br />
cement plant and from the clay quarry to<br />
the cement plant.<br />
With regards to identified ‘high’ risks:<br />
-Design measures to ensure<br />
landslips/falling rocks do not cause<br />
accidents<br />
-Inclusions of pedestrian walkways and<br />
crossings<br />
-Lighting, particularly at intersections.<br />
-Planned access and parking. Risk of<br />
accident shall be reduced by<br />
implementation of education (road safety<br />
awareness) programs and liaison with the<br />
local communities as well as driver<br />
training programs and implementation of<br />
near-miss/accident reporting procedures.<br />
Communities to consider the need for<br />
additional safety bylaws or regulations for<br />
local businesses or schools near roads.<br />
incurred by Project Affected People<br />
(PAP’s).<br />
The assessment<br />
should include all applicable entitlements.<br />
Monitoring process to review and report.<br />
Some residual impact is expected ,but<br />
should be limited by implementation of<br />
aforementioned mitigation measures.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
Moderate adverse – possibly severe<br />
adverse if there is disregarded for safety<br />
issues by the road users.<br />
SOCIAL<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Roadside residents health and quality of Risk assessment to cover these aspects and Depends on both cases a) effectiveness of Minor/ moderate adverse.<br />
life.<br />
identify mitigation. Health records of dust monitoring undertaken b) corrective<br />
related disease to be maintained by local measures taken – depends on severity of<br />
health workers. Quality of life<br />
case e.g. treatment may not solve the<br />
questionnaire to monitor noise and problem – extreme health issue may<br />
disturbance (base line testing is already require re housing. However, numbers<br />
complete). Further mitigation to be involved are expected to be no more than<br />
decided on basis of noted impacts via 20 households at most though<br />
monitoring.<br />
consequences for individuals may be<br />
severe.<br />
Cultural and heritage site: (positive The culture and heritage sites will be more The Indigenous People (Tienos) are Minor beneficial (learning).<br />
impact)<br />
easily accessible by monitoring site believed to have resided here, but it cannot<br />
excavations.<br />
be proven until excavation.
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Summary of Site Closure Impacts and Mitigation Measures<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Emission prevention. Development of Site Closure Plan (see<br />
Minor Beneficial.<br />
mining plans). EPC Contractor will have Updated information on risks and<br />
the plant site closure plan for cement plant requirements will be made available at site<br />
construction in EPC Contractor’s<br />
construction plan.<br />
closure.<br />
Dust emissions during ground works. Water spraying roads. Sheeting vehicles Dust propagation will be limited to Minor adverse.<br />
carrying dusty materials Speed limits on demolition area and will not influence<br />
unmade surfaces. Dust emission<br />
local community. However, workers<br />
monitoring in selected points<br />
should be supplied with dust masks<br />
especially during dry days.<br />
Discharge of silty and contaminated storm Potentially polluting materials will be Ground contamination and storm water Minor adverse.<br />
water to surface water. Ground<br />
stored in dedicated storage areas.<br />
contamination will be limited on site by<br />
contamination by leakages from machines. Machines and equipment condition will be proper handling and storage of materials<br />
reviewed periodically. Machines and and equipment. Storm water will be treated<br />
equipment will be sited on hard surfaces. in sedimentation ponds, the impacts on<br />
All storm water will go via sedimentation overall quality of discharge wastewater<br />
ponds and oil separation procedures for<br />
finding contaminated material during<br />
excavations will be established. Covering<br />
and damping of excavated materials.<br />
Appropriate storage of contaminated<br />
material if found.<br />
will be minor.<br />
Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Emergency situations during<br />
decommissioning works.<br />
Local fire and emergency squads available<br />
on-site. Availability of CJL and<br />
contractor’s inspectors on site.<br />
Procedures for prevention and dealing with<br />
emergency situations will be implemented.<br />
Proper training and equipment need to be<br />
delivered to the staff.<br />
Minor adverse.<br />
Social impacts. There will be job losses. An exit strategy should be devised to Plans to re-deploy workers will be Moderate adverse.<br />
minimize losses and assist re-employment.<br />
It should include options for retraining /<br />
early retirement / assistance in job searches<br />
and positioning / identification of jobs<br />
within the group and possible relocation<br />
assistance.<br />
developed.<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
137<br />
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Environmental Impact Proposed Mitigation Residual Impact Residual Impact Rating<br />
Disturbance of bats or birds that may have Survey, translocation, demolition at Some disruption of breeding still possible Minor Adverse.<br />
colonized the cement plant structures. appropriate times of year.<br />
while adapting to new sites.<br />
Some loss of flora and fauna that are re- Some loss of flora and fauna that are re- Quarry Restoration Plan incorporating Depending on proposed future use of<br />
colonizing quarry.<br />
colonizing quarry.<br />
habitat creation and use of native species. quarry, habitat creation could lead to<br />
significant improvement for biodiversity<br />
over value when used as an active quarry.<br />
Damage to the landscape character and Restoration of the plant and quarry sites Return of the sites to existing to better than Minor beneficial.<br />
visual amenity due to introduction of<br />
incongruous features and activities.<br />
including a reforestation program. existing condition.<br />
Solid waste generation. Segregation and recycling of waste and Solid waste will be managed by local Minor adverse.<br />
proper storage in isolation from the waste contractors and disposed according<br />
ground.<br />
to their permits and in compliance with<br />
local regulations.<br />
Noise and emissions generated by Traffic management near plant. Use of rail Local traffic congestions problems Moderate adverse<br />
vehicles.<br />
traffic for bulk transportation for abnormal<br />
loads.<br />
avoided.<br />
Noise from decommissioning of plant and Good site management; Good choice of Until further details are known, it is not<br />
quarry.<br />
machinery; Methods of working, including possible to predict whether there may be<br />
sequential blasting; Hours of working;<br />
Efficient material handling; Construction<br />
of noise barrier or baffle or mound and<br />
maximizing site distances.<br />
noise increases at nearby residential<br />
properties.<br />
N/A<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010
138<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
Construction Phase Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan<br />
Items Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
Noise/vibration from construction traffic Ensure construction traffic only uses predetermined<br />
routes to access the sites until<br />
completion of the link roads. Once link roads<br />
are completed, all construction traffic to/from<br />
the site should only use the link roads.<br />
EPC Contractor During construction phase<br />
Dust Constant visual vigilance of dust issues Contractor/ EPC Contractor/ CJL Throughout the construction phase but<br />
throughout the construction phase is<br />
particularly when undertaking activities or<br />
necessary. All activities should be assessed<br />
handling materials which may lead to dust<br />
for the potential for dust creation prior to their<br />
undertaking. Observation of the weather<br />
conditions is particularly important.<br />
creation problems.<br />
Communications Compile and maintain register of<br />
CJL Suitable preventive and corrective action to be<br />
environmental and social communications<br />
taken if required. Actions to be recorded in<br />
including complaints. These can be made<br />
through the grievance mechanism which will<br />
be established.<br />
register.<br />
Accidents and Incidents Compile and maintain register of<br />
CJL and EPC Contractor and Suitable preventive and corrective action to be<br />
environmental accidents and incidents Contractor<br />
taken if required. Actions to be recorded in<br />
register.<br />
Waste Visual inspection of waste storage, collection CJL /EPC Contractor/Contractors<br />
and disposal areas monthly by EPC<br />
Contractor/Contractors. And random<br />
verification inspection by CJL. Records to be<br />
maintained of inspections by all.<br />
Monthly inspections. Suitable preventive and<br />
corrective action to be taken if required<br />
Waste Effluent EPC Contractor/Contractors ensure that the EPC Contractor/Contractors As soon as the design of the effluent treatment<br />
proposed effluent treatment plant (sewage) is<br />
plant is available and before it is commissioned<br />
of an appropriate specification to prevent<br />
for use during the construction phase of the rest<br />
significant impact to the receiving water way.<br />
When detailed design and specification of the<br />
effluent treatment plant are available the<br />
operator is required to submit full details of<br />
the water treatment plant (including its<br />
of the development.<br />
Items Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
management requirements) the expected<br />
loads, the quality of emissions, the emission<br />
point, the quality of the receiving water and<br />
the potential impact on that water.<br />
Storage areas Visual inspection of all materials (including<br />
fuel) storage areas. Records to be maintained<br />
of inspections.CJL should do the random<br />
inspection.<br />
EPC Contractor/Contractors/CJL<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
Monthly inspections. Suitable preventive and<br />
corrective action to be taken if required
139<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
Items Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
Ecology Terrestrial Belts of trees to provide local screening<br />
Environmental educational programme<br />
Access Road Wildlife Monitoring. Quarry site<br />
monitoring. Monitoring of Habitat.<br />
Restoration Programs<br />
CJL Monthly monitoring with annual reports<br />
Ecology – Marine (Port) Monitoring of vessels (waste disposal CJL/Port Authority Routine review of documentation and spot<br />
practices) Monitoring of shore-based solid<br />
checks. Every 6 months and occasional spot<br />
and liquid waste disposal facilities<br />
checks<br />
Socio-Economic: Camp planning Provision of camp specification and plans EPC<br />
Prior to development of camp<br />
against international “norms” EPC<br />
Contractor/Contractors/CJL/Cemco<br />
Contractor/Contractors should review the rp to review with advice from<br />
specification and identification of<br />
amendments Codes of conduct developed<br />
/agreed and provided for information to<br />
Liaison Forum<br />
Liaison forum<br />
Socio-Economic: Standard of Construction<br />
worker accommodation<br />
Worker questionnaire and inspection CJL Quarterly<br />
Items Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
Socio-Economic: Standard of Construction<br />
worker catering<br />
Worker questionnaire and inspection CJL Quarterly<br />
Socio-Economic: Construction worker<br />
quality of life<br />
Worker questionnaire, Site visit. This and<br />
other questionnaires to be undertaken. Foreign<br />
language speaker trained and experienced in<br />
labor standards and issues.<br />
Construction worker accommodation<br />
Socio-Economic: Construction worker<br />
quality of life<br />
suggestion box<br />
Socio-Economic: Resident quality of life Liaison forum or committee to be formed.<br />
Members to include: community<br />
representatives, local authority and health<br />
representatives and CJL and EPC<br />
Contractor/Contractor camp representative(s).<br />
To monitor a list of potential issues /concerns<br />
(including road accidents, local transport<br />
availability, health aspects, potential conflict<br />
and others issues) on a regular basis, identify<br />
early preventative measures and emergency<br />
actions.<br />
Socio-Economic: Health monitoring Identify indicators and provide statistics of<br />
worker health. (EPC Contractor/Contractor )<br />
Road Safety Measures Implementation of physical measures<br />
proposed in Road Safety Study to minimize<br />
road safety issues. Implement awareness<br />
CJL Quarterly<br />
CJL and EPC Contractor contractor On-going<br />
Cemcorp/CJL and EPC Contractor<br />
contractor and Local Authority of<br />
Rose Hall and surrounding<br />
communities<br />
EPC Contractor/Contractor Camp<br />
Doctor<br />
CJL<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
Monthly<br />
Monthly<br />
Design and construction of roads, before<br />
operation.
140<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
Items Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
campaign of road safety issues. Resident<br />
comments to be included and considered in<br />
the final design/safety issues;<br />
Items Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
Ensure driver contracts are contiguous with<br />
responsible driving. Implement road safety<br />
awareness/training to drivers prior to<br />
Socio-Economic: New Road Projected<br />
Affected People (PAP’s)<br />
compensation process<br />
operation.<br />
Verification that: Entitlement leaflet Process<br />
statement AVF valuation document.<br />
Entitlement table Produced, with adequate<br />
detail and distributed to all stakeholders<br />
Grievance processes – number of complaints /<br />
issues identified and their status. Monitoring<br />
of compensation transaction process to be<br />
undertaken by Commune. Report to be<br />
provided to CJL for annual reporting to<br />
investors and to local inhabitants<br />
Local community based<br />
organization (CBO)<br />
Operational Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan<br />
Items Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
Emissions to air from main stack Constant monitoring of the key parameters<br />
and spot sampling of secondary<br />
parameters. Monitoring equipment and<br />
methods shall be in accordance with:<br />
National Jamaica requirements. The EU<br />
BAT Reference Document for Cement and<br />
Lime Manufacturing Industries. The<br />
guidelines set out in the IFC’s EHS<br />
Guidelines for Cement and Lime<br />
Manufacturing and IDB’s requirements.<br />
The daily averaged air emissions from the<br />
main stack shall not exceed the following<br />
primary limits (mg/Nm3): y Particulate<br />
Matter: 30 y SO2: 400 y NOx: 600 The<br />
operator shall also observe the limits for<br />
secondary parameters (HCl, hydrogen<br />
fluoride, dioxins-furans etc) as stated in the<br />
IFC’s EHS Guidelines.<br />
CJL<br />
CJL<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
At times specified in the agreed compensation<br />
process/plan.<br />
Throughout the operation of the plant from<br />
commissioning to closure of the plant.<br />
Throughout the operation of the plant from<br />
commissioning to closure of the plant.
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Items Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
Consideration of the necessity for<br />
installation of abatement equipment<br />
significant emissions from the cement<br />
plant. The operator is required to present a<br />
Emissions from other parts of the<br />
installation<br />
Fugitive emissions to air<br />
Operational Noise – Health & Safety<br />
Protection of ground and groundwater<br />
report which considers the emissions from<br />
the installation against the benchmarks, the<br />
potential reduction of local air quality as a<br />
result of the emissions and the impact on<br />
sensitive receptors. The assessment should<br />
also take into consideration the proposed<br />
future operations of the plant, particularly<br />
the main fuel to be used.<br />
Dust Emissions from clinker cooling,<br />
cement grinding etc shall not exceed 30<br />
mg/Nm3<br />
Constant vigilance and regular visual<br />
assessment of dust emissions.<br />
Noise Monitoring programme. Noise<br />
levels in operational areas of the plant<br />
should be measured, and the risk of<br />
damage to hearing arising from high noise<br />
levels. Staff working in areas of high noise<br />
levels should undergo training and be<br />
provided with ear protection devices and<br />
undergo regular hearing checks.<br />
Fuels, chemicals, liquid wastes and<br />
potentially hazardous materials will be<br />
kept in designated storage areas. Refueling<br />
will be effected with a mobile bowser with<br />
suitable secondary containment and spill<br />
protection equipment.<br />
CJL<br />
CJL<br />
CJL<br />
CJL<br />
CJL<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
The report should be submitted to the IFC<br />
and IDB within three years of start up of<br />
the cement plant.<br />
Throughout the operation of the plant from<br />
commissioning to closure of the plant.<br />
Throughout the operation of the plant from<br />
commissioning to closure of the plant.<br />
High Noise Levels areas should be<br />
identified when expected noise levels are<br />
available, and verified once the plant is<br />
operational. Staff training and hearing<br />
checks should be ongoing.<br />
Secondary containment for all storage<br />
tanks and containers above 20-litres in<br />
total capacity (including loading areas)<br />
must be used. These must have impervious<br />
surfaces, free of voids; gaps, cracks and<br />
the material used must be compatible with<br />
the materials contained. The total bund<br />
capacity must be at least 110 % of the<br />
volume of the largest container or tank in<br />
the
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EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
Items Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
Landscape and Visual<br />
Plant maintenance and plant/vehicle<br />
washing will be carried out in dedicated<br />
areas with spill containment<br />
Monitor soil erosion and establish a<br />
planting scheme, including advance<br />
planting with the aim to reduce erosion due<br />
to deforestation. Monitor the establishment<br />
of on and off site planting with a<br />
permissible failure rate of with no<br />
CJL<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
storage area; Proper maintenance of the<br />
secondary containment must be undertaken<br />
to keep debris, vegetation, leaked<br />
hazardous materials and storm water from<br />
accumulating; Roofs or covers should be<br />
constructed over transfer areas to minimize<br />
contact with surface water; All storage<br />
areas should be located in areas away from<br />
main construction activities and heavily<br />
trafficked routes; Areas must be kept dry<br />
and free of combustible materials;<br />
entrances, exits and aisles must be clear<br />
and unobstructed; Adequate lighting and<br />
ventilation must be provided; The areas<br />
must be secure from unauthorized access;<br />
All spills and leaks must be cleaned up<br />
promptly; Hazardous materials should be<br />
stored away from other storage areas.<br />
Suitable spill kits should be provided at all<br />
storage areas and at other suitable<br />
locations across the site. Workers should<br />
be trained in their use. All storage areas<br />
must be visually inspected at least monthly<br />
and the inspections recorded.<br />
Annually
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Items Measures<br />
more than 10% per year. Manage access<br />
via the proposed access roads to reduce<br />
illegal stone mining Phase the quarry<br />
works and localized restoration to<br />
minimize the extent of exposed quarry face<br />
and window between extraction to<br />
restoration. Monitor biodiversity<br />
enhancement through annual surveys<br />
Responsibility Schedule<br />
Nocturnal Monitor the impacts of lighting through CJL Annually<br />
Waste<br />
Waste waters<br />
night time surveys<br />
For all waste streams (solid and liquid)<br />
data should be kept of: Waste quantities.<br />
Physical form and containers<br />
used/packaging Disposal/treatment route.<br />
Final disposal point Recycled/reused<br />
quantities. All in house waste<br />
disposal/treatment facilities suitable<br />
monitoring/inspection in accordance with<br />
the relevant permit/license and legislation.<br />
Any breaches of legal requirements,<br />
including permits must be reported<br />
immediately.<br />
Regular inspection of drainage and all<br />
waste storage tanks (including domestic)<br />
will be included in the wastewater<br />
monitoring plan.<br />
CJL<br />
CJL<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
Monitoring data and a statement on<br />
compliance with this EMP shall be<br />
reported in the Annual Monitoring Report<br />
to all relevant stakeholders.<br />
Frequency and methods will be determined<br />
before the beginning of the work of the<br />
plant. Monitoring data and a statement on<br />
compliance with this<br />
Items Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
EMP shall be reported in the Annual<br />
Monitoring Report to relevant<br />
Energy<br />
Regular internal energy inspections on the<br />
plant; testing and tuning of burners, boilers<br />
etc and so on will be undertaken annually<br />
by competent experts. Ensure that energy<br />
management is as efficient as possible.<br />
Undertake detailed study of the plant<br />
efficiency once the plant is operational to<br />
assess whether waste heat recovery for<br />
power generation or any other purpose is<br />
viable.<br />
CJL<br />
stakeholders.<br />
Monitoring data and statement on<br />
compliance with this EMP shall be<br />
reported in the Annual Monitoring Report<br />
to relevant stakeholders. Recommended<br />
that this assessment be undertaken and<br />
submitted two years after the plant has<br />
become fully operational.
144<br />
Item/ Performance<br />
Criteria<br />
Determination of<br />
impacts on Project<br />
Affected People<br />
(PAP’s)<br />
EIA for Cement Plant & Limestone Quarry, St. Catherine/Clarendon – Cement Jamaica Limited,<br />
Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
Establish the grievance mechanism to facilitate the timely<br />
monitoring of impact on PAP’s to ensure the quality of life is not<br />
negatively impacted in the medium to the long term period. Early<br />
indicator system to be established via forum and village<br />
representative member.<br />
CJL to employ specialist<br />
Liaison officers<br />
Employment and Monitor local employment and skill levels against CJL Annual<br />
other compensatory established targets<br />
measures Employment of PAP’s, any reasons for non-employment to be<br />
given and alternative solution reported. Forum to arbitrate if<br />
contacted by PAP.<br />
Liaison Forum CJL to<br />
monitor and report to<br />
Liaison forum<br />
Communication Satisfaction and use questionnaire to all attending. Liaison Forum /CJL<br />
policies and Activities identified on communications to be completed<br />
stakeholder and summarised by forum and questionnaire results to<br />
engagement be reported in CJL and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)<br />
activities and appropriate CJL reports<br />
New Road Health of residents near road in relation to dust and associated<br />
diseases. No. cases diagnosed.<br />
Item/ Performance<br />
Criteria<br />
Director, Health Centre,<br />
Rose Hall reporting to<br />
Liaison committee<br />
Prepared by EnviroPlanners Ltd. – 26 November 2010<br />
Annual quality of life survey to be conducted on PAP’s<br />
using appropriated designed survey instruments.<br />
Quarterly in accordance with the requirement of the<br />
compensation plan,<br />
Annually for the first 3 years. And then once every 3<br />
years.<br />
6 months interval<br />
Measures Responsibility Schedule<br />
Monitor incident related to new roads and transportation to and<br />
from the plant site and quarries. Identify accident/potential<br />
accident hotspots Detail measures undertaken to make further<br />
improvements to road safety.<br />
CJL/ Commune to<br />
instigate. Reporting to<br />
Liaison Forum to consider<br />
action CJL H&S/EHS<br />
Coordinator<br />
Annually
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9.0 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC <strong>IMPACT</strong>S<br />
The key impacts of the proposed development relate to four main aspects and these are:<br />
9.1 Employment of construction workers and operation of the construction camp, in<br />
particular terms and conditions of foreign worker employment and living conditions;<br />
9.2 The livelihoods of people from the local population whose activities may use some of the<br />
land to be used by the quarry and cement plant, some of these households are considered as<br />
vulnerable households;<br />
9.3 Employment opportunities with Jamaica Cement Limited and local suppliers to the<br />
company and subsequent benefit to the municipal budget, and<br />
9.4 Road and transport.<br />
9.5 Local Labor and Risk Assessment:<br />
The employment of foreign construction camp workers will meet the requirements of the<br />
national law for wages, tax and insurance. Foreign workers will have prepaid return<br />
transportation guarantee to China by the EPC Contractor.<br />
1. Please find the attached sample of employment agreement from the EPC<br />
Contractor in APPENDIX 7.1.<br />
2. Also, please see the attached construction site and work camp design<br />
information provided by the EPC Contractor as found in APPENDIX 7.2.<br />
3. Finally please see the Health and Safety Plan of the EPC Contractor as<br />
found in APPENDIX 7.3. Details are already available on the living<br />
conditions and the design of the camp and review of this information and<br />
the monitoring of worker quality of life is available to IDB and <strong>NEPA</strong>.<br />
Worker health, other than minor first aid, will be undertaken via the May Pen Public<br />
Hospital and local services. Major emergencies will be dealt with in May Pen which is<br />
the capital of the local town Clarendon. The local public health officer will provide<br />
targeted awareness training for communities who may be more susceptible to different<br />
transmittable diseases. A local liaison forum will be established to develop good two-way<br />
communications, allowing the information and feedback between the camp and local<br />
stakeholders.<br />
A number of households depend for their livelihood on activities that use part of the lands<br />
which are to be included in the cement plant site (predominantly farmers). Vegetable<br />
farming and grazing activities are likely to be the most affected within the boundary of<br />
the proposed development. The ESA identifies the potential scale of these impacts and<br />
recommends that a more detailed assessment of the land use by affected farmers. A full<br />
list of farmers in 2010 should be identified to arrive at a form of compensation, taking<br />
into account vulnerable and low income households. The EIA identifies vulnerable<br />
households whose activities and quality of life are expected to be impacted. In the light<br />
of the EIA results and further assessment, CJL is developing a compensation plan. The<br />
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plan and criteria for eligibility will be informed by the EIA base line information. In<br />
developing this plan all Project Affected People (PAPs) will be invited to register during<br />
a 3 month planning period and an assessment of each case will be undertaken. Project<br />
affected people have identified a strong preference for livelihoods compensation to be<br />
provided in the form of employment by the new cement plant. CJL’s business plan takes<br />
into consideration the employment of Jamaicans. These figures are found in Section 2 of<br />
this report. This will be taken into account in case assessments. A compensation<br />
framework document accompanies the EIA and sets out the principles which will guide<br />
the final plan.<br />
A risk assessment of the traffic routes has been undertaken and has identified<br />
inconvenience and health and safety issues to stakeholders. The study was undertaken by<br />
EnviroPlanners Limited. It encompassed the proposed roads between the Clarendon/St.<br />
Catherine Plant Site and Highway 2000 and between the Quarry and the Cement Plant<br />
Site. The assessment was conducted according to the Methodology for Jamaican National<br />
Work Agency. Mitigation measures can be summarized as follows:<br />
� Installation of mirrors will be used for ‘blind spots’.<br />
� The preliminary design did not indicate appropriate facilities for pedestrian walkways<br />
or crossings. These will be implemented into the design at the locations where<br />
potential problems may arise. Areas where such problems may arise have been<br />
identified as intersections, major access / egress locations the public schools,<br />
recreational facilities, and the bridge situated along the route of the road to the<br />
Limestone Quarry.<br />
� Lighting not included in the preliminary design that could lead to accidents,<br />
particularly at intersections. Lighting is proposed particularly at intersections.<br />
� Risk of accident shall be reduced by implementation of education (road safety<br />
awareness) programs and liaison with the local communities as well as driver training<br />
programs and implementation of near-miss/accident reporting procedures. CJL to<br />
consider need for any additional safety bylaws or regulations for local business<br />
activities near roads as a result of increased traffic (in the number of drivers directly<br />
related to CJL activities).<br />
Impacts during the Construction Phase: The main contractor for the development is an EPC<br />
Contractor who has significant experience in similar construction developments. It is expected<br />
that a maximum of 1,200 workers will be on site at any one time and it is planned that they will<br />
live in a specially constructed camp. Importantly, as shown in Figure 9.1, the design of the<br />
sewage treatment system will be fully capable of handling the peak demand of 1,200<br />
construction workers. The camp will be located inside the fenced area of the entire plant site and<br />
it will have all the necessary facilities to make the camp self-contained, including recreational<br />
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facilities as shown in Figure 9.2. As shown, the construction camp will consist of several prefabricated<br />
buildings and necessary infrastructure.<br />
The location of the camp within the overall plant site is shown in Figure 6.3.<br />
As shown, the total camp area is a minimum of 23,500 m 2 and a maximum of<br />
26,800 m 2 . The lay-down area is 600 m 2 and the fabrication yard is 5000 m 2 for a<br />
total of 5,600 m 2 . In total, 65,000 m 2 of land area will be considered as the<br />
“Works Area” during the construction phase. Please see Table 9.0 for a complete<br />
description of the construction camp.<br />
The construction activities will include:<br />
9.1.1 Site clearing, civil works, grading and landscaping;<br />
9.1.2 Utilities and wired/wireless service connections;<br />
9.1.3 Foundation excavations and installation of concrete footings;<br />
9.1.4 Erection of buildings, steel frames, and cladding;<br />
9.1.5 Installation of equipment;<br />
9.1.6 Auxiliary and ancillary facilities erection;<br />
9.1.7 Installation of equipment’<br />
9.1.8 Building fitting-out; and<br />
9.1.9 Commissioning (expected in 2013).<br />
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10.0 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE<br />
The implementation of a project of this nature will, from time to time, encounter emergency<br />
situations which could result from man-made or natural occurrences. The project sponsors are<br />
cognizant of this and have put systems in place to plan and manage such emergency-related<br />
processes.<br />
The EPC Contractor has established policies and procedures for such emergencies as a part of<br />
this EIA study. The complete Emergency Preparedness and Response Program (in draft form)<br />
for Cement Jamaica Limited can be found in APPENDIX 10. The Emergency Response Plan<br />
includes the following attributes:<br />
10.1 Emergency Program:<br />
The emergency program is founded on five (5) main principles:<br />
10.1.1 To minimize the loss of human lives in case of emergency;<br />
10.1.2 To reduce damage to the environment, equipment, and infrastructure;<br />
10.1.3 To provide an organization chart and emergency management program;<br />
10.1.4 To control and reduce emergencies, all emergency response members must<br />
pass specialize training;<br />
10.1.5 To resume normal working activities in minimum time.<br />
Potential impacts that are address by the Program include the following:<br />
10.1.6 Fire;<br />
10.1.7 Earthquake;<br />
10.1.8 Floods;<br />
10.1.9 Explosions;<br />
10.1.10 Hazardous Material Leaks;<br />
11.1.1 Civil Unrest;<br />
11.1.2 Attacks and Other Accidents.<br />
The Emergency Management Plan found in APPENDIX 10 details the hierarchy of<br />
responsibility, training requirements, and activities at the various stages such as before<br />
(prevention), during, and after the incident. Reporting, evaluation, cause analysis, and<br />
corrective actions are to be done for all emergencies that occur. Protocols are also<br />
established for the specific emergency to include both internal and external<br />
communications.<br />
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11.0 Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management and Monitoring Plan<br />
The implementation of a project of this nature will continuously give rise to personal health &<br />
safety issues which could result from man-made or natural occurrences. The project sponsors<br />
are cognizant of this and have put systems in place to plan and manage EHS-related processes.<br />
For example, the EPC Contractor has established policies and procedures for Environment,<br />
Health, and Safety which were reviewed as a part of this EIA study. The complete EHS<br />
document (in draft form) for Cement Jamaica Limited can be found in APPENDIX 11.<br />
The Environmental Health & Safety Program is an established system which is documented in an<br />
EHS manual. The information (policies and procedures) are general at this stage of the<br />
development, but the formal document will be tailored to address specific conditions and<br />
requirements associated with the construction and operation of this project. Best practices are<br />
the basis for the development of the document, but learning is applied over time, and the result is<br />
intended to be a “living document”.<br />
The EHS management system includes a commitment to comply with all applicable laws. Other<br />
features of the EHS program are as follows:<br />
11.1 A system for the identification and categorization of EHS aspects. Some of the aspects<br />
identified are:<br />
11.1.1 Hazardous material handling;<br />
11.1.2 Working in confined space;<br />
11.1.3 Working at heights;<br />
11.1.4 Crane and other equipment operation;<br />
11.1.5 Welding and cutting.<br />
11.2 For all the identified critical aspects, there is a requirement as is necessary for, method<br />
statement, personal protective equipment, and permit to work.<br />
11.2.1 Establishing objectives and targets for the aspects that have been determined to<br />
critical.<br />
11.2.2 Training program for relevant workers in EHS management system;<br />
11.2.3 Evacuation plan and procedures;<br />
11.2.4 Emergency response drills;<br />
11.2.5 Fossils and Heritage facility preservation;<br />
11.2.6 Security and housekeeping requirements.<br />
The requirements states in the Environmental, Health, Safety and Emergency program are<br />
comprehensive and should be adequate to ensure prevention/minimization and management of<br />
related issues. The project monitoring program should incorporate these requirements to ensure<br />
effective implementation and maintenance.<br />
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REFERENCES<br />
Jamaica Underground: Caves, Sinkholes and Underground Rivers, 1 st edition 1963 (revised 1997), The Press -<br />
University of West Industry, ISBN 976-640-055-5<br />
Adams, C.D., 1972. Flowering Plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies.<br />
Bond, J., 1985. Birds of the West Indies. Collins.<br />
Brown, F.M. and Heineman, B., 1972. Jamaica and Its Butterflies. E.W. Classey Ltd<br />
Downer A. and R. Sutton., 1990. Birds of Jamaica – A Photographic Field Guide. Cambridge University Press.<br />
Stiling, P., 1999. Butterflies of the Caribbean and Florida. MacMillian Education Ltd.<br />
CHOW, VEN TE (19__): Open Channel Hydraulics. Published by McGraw-Hill International Editions. Civil<br />
Engineering Series.<br />
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Te Chow – Editor in Chief. Published by McGraw-Hill Book Company.<br />
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Planning Institute of Jamaica 2006 Economic and Social Survey of Jamaica. Kingston: Jamaica<br />
Air Quality Consultants Limited. 2009. Air Dispersion Modeling Report for Jamaica Broilers Feed<br />
Facility as part of their Application for an Air Pollutant Discharge Licence<br />
Auer, A.H., 1978. Correlation of Land Use and Cover with Meterological Anomalies.<br />
Journal of Applied Meterology, 17:636-643<br />
Davis, Claude. November 2006. Natural Resources Conservation Authority Ambient Air Quality<br />
Guideline Document.<br />
Geological Survey Department. Jamaica Metric Grid Map for St. Catherine<br />
Google Earth Maps. 2010.<br />
Environmental Management Consultant Caribbean Limited – 2007 EIA Report for the Proposed<br />
Village of Colbeck Castle Development, St. Catherine, Jamaica<br />
ESL 2006. Environmental Impact Assessment for the New Harbour Village Housing Subdivision.<br />
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Mona Geo-Informatics Institute. October 2008. XYZ DEM File for the island of Jamaica at 30 m<br />
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Sinoma International Engineering Company Limited. 2010. Plant Layout Drawings<br />
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998. Revised Draft User’s Guide for the<br />
AERMOD Meteorological Preprocessor (AERMET). U. S. Environmental Protection<br />
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