Blood
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• 1- Anaemia or oligocythemia<br />
• Decease in number is<br />
caused by:-<br />
• A ،Deficiency of iron -<br />
B.vit12 .proteins، copper ،<br />
• - b Defect in bone marrow<br />
aplastic .anaemia<br />
• - c Haemorrhage<br />
haemorrhagic anaemia .<br />
• - d haemolytic<br />
.anaemia<br />
Haemolysis<br />
• Causes of haemolysis<br />
are -:<br />
• Incompatible blood<br />
transfusion.<br />
• Acids and alkalies.<br />
• Bacterial toxins and viruses.<br />
• Snake venom.<br />
• Hypotonic solutions and fat<br />
solvents.<br />
• 2- Polycythaemia<br />
Haemoconcentration):<br />
• The actual number of RBCs does<br />
not increase but the volume of<br />
plasma is reduced.<br />
• Occurs in cases of dehydration<br />
due to vomiting, diarrhea or<br />
polyuria.<br />
• -b Compensatory<br />
polycythaemia :<br />
• There is actual increase in<br />
production of RBCs from bone<br />
marrow.<br />
• Occurs as compensatory to<br />
hypoxia as in:-<br />
• The foetus due to intrauterine<br />
anoxia.<br />
• High attitude in low O2.<br />
• Severe muscular exercise<br />
.٢need for O<br />
• Congenital heart diseases mixed<br />
.blood<br />
• Chronic lung conditions impaired<br />
.oxygenation of blood<br />
Dr. Amal M. Moustafa, , Department of Histology & Cytology
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