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three scenarios, namely, optimistic, pessimistic and most likely traffic growth.<br />

The growth factors shall be worked out for five-yearly intervals.<br />

4. Traffic projections should be based on sound and proven forecasting<br />

techniques. In case traffic demand is estimated to be made on the basis of a<br />

model, the application of the model in the similar situation with the validation<br />

of the results should be established. The traffic projections should also bring out<br />

the possible impact of implementation of any competing facility in the near<br />

future. The demand estimates should also take into account the freight and<br />

passenger traffic along the major corridors that may interconnect with the<br />

project. Impact of toll charges on the traffic estimates should be estimated.<br />

5. The methodology for traffic demand estimates described in the preceding<br />

paragraphs is for normal traffic only. In addition to the estimates for normal<br />

traffic, the Consultants shall also work out the estimates for generated, induced<br />

and diverted traffic.<br />

6. The traffic forecasts shall also be made for both diverted and generated traffic.<br />

7. Overall traffic forecast thus made shall form the basis for the design of each<br />

pavement type and other facilities/ancillary works.<br />

4.11. Engineering Surveys and Investigations<br />

4.11.1. Reconnaissance and Alignment<br />

1. The Consultants should make an in-depth study of the available land width (ROW)<br />

topographic maps, satellite imageries and aerial photographs of the project area,<br />

geological maps, catchment area maps, contour plans, flood flow data and<br />

seismological data and other available relevant information collected by them<br />

concerning the existing alignment. Consultant has to arrange the required maps and<br />

the information needed by them from the potential sources on their own. Consultant<br />

should make efforts for minimizing land acquisition.<br />

2. The detailed ground reconnaissance may be taken up immediately after the study of<br />

maps and other data. The primary tasks to be accomplished during the reconnaissance<br />

surveys include;<br />

i topographical features of the area;<br />

ii. typical physical features along the existing alignment within and outside ROW i.e.<br />

land use pattern;<br />

iii. possible alignment alternatives, vis-a-vis, scheme for the construction of additional<br />

lanes parallel to the existing road;<br />

iv. realignment requirements including the provision of bypasses, ROBs / Flyovers and<br />

via-duct for pedestrian crossings with possible alignment alternatives;<br />

v. preliminary identification of improvement requirements including treatments and<br />

measures needed for the cross-roads;<br />

vi.<br />

vii.<br />

ix.<br />

traffic pattern and preliminary identification of traffic homogenous links;<br />

sections through congested areas;<br />

inventory of major aspects including land width, terrain, pavement type, carriageway<br />

type, bridges and structures (type, size and location), intersections(type, cross-road<br />

category, location) urban areas (location, extent), geologically sensitive areas,<br />

environmental features;<br />

critical areas requiring detailed investigations;

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