The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hindusim vol 2

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Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli Radha, the god Krishna’s lover and companion. 543
Radhashtami 544 of his generation, Radhakrishnan was educated at Christian missionary schools, and the contrast between the Hindu piety of his home and the Christian doctrine he encountered at school sparked his interest in comparative philosophy. He spent the rest of his life as an interpreter and apologist for classical Hindu thought, particularly the Vedanta school, and as a proponent of philosophical idealism, the notion that absolute truth can be found through intuition alone. Aside from his work as a college teacher and administrator, he also served as the vice president of India from 1952 to 1962, and as president from 1962 to 1967. For further information on his thought, see his An Idealist View of Life, 1981; Paul A. Schilpp, The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1952; and Robert N. Minor, “Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and ‘Hinduism’ Defined and Defended,” in Robert D. Baird (ed.), Religion in Modern India, 1998. Radhashtami (“Radha’s eighth”) Festival falling on the eight day of the bright (waxing) half of the lunar month of Bhadrapada (August–September); this day is celebrated as the birthday of Krishna’s consort Radha. Radha is seen differently by various Vaishnava religious communities: For some she is a human woman, the symbol of the perfect devotee (bhakta) who forsakes all else to be with her lover, for others she is considered the queen of heaven and an equal to Krishna himself. In either case, her closeness to him is shown by her birth on the same month and lunar day as Krishna, but in the opposite half of the month. Radhashtami festival is celebrated with particular fervor in Barsana, the village in the Braj region in which Radha is said to have been born. Radha Soami Modern Hindu religious community founded in 1861 in the city of Agra by Shiv Dayal Singh, more commonly referred to as Soamiji Maharaj. Soamiji’s family had been influenced by Tulsi Saheb, a devotional (bhakti) saint who lived in that region, and Soamiji’s teachings reflect the importance of that contact. The two pillars of Radha Soami doctrine are the importance of the spiritual teacher (guru) and the practice of a spiritual discipline called suratshabd-yoga. According to Radha Soami teachings, contact with a guru is the single most important factor in a person’s spiritual development, and this spiritual progress hinges on complete surrender to the guru’s grace. It is essential for the devotee (bhakta) to be associated with a “true guru” (satguru), since not only does such an individual have access to the divine, he is considered a manifestation of the divine itself. Surat-shabdyoga stresses joining (yoga) the devotee’s spirit (surat) with the Divine Sound (shabd). The Divine Sound emanates from the Supreme Being and is always present. Most people cannot hear it, due to their preoccupation with worldly things, but with proper training and devotion to a true guru, anyone can eventually become attuned to the Divine Sound and resonate in harmony with it. In the era since Soamiji Maharaj, the Radha Soami Satsang has split numerous times, usually based on disagreements over spiritual authority. Given the Radha Soami emphasis on the satguru as the Supreme Being, disagreements over spiritual succession—in effect, disagreements over the identity of the Supreme Being—made schisms virtually inevitable. It also seems clear that the underlying forces in many of these schisms were disagreements over far more mundane things, such as power, status, and property. Various branches of the Radha Soamis have made successful missionary efforts and established centers in Europe and the United States. For further information see Sudhir Kakar, Shamans, Mystics, and Doctors, 1991;
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The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hin
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Published in 2001 by The Rosen Publ
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Nadi reality of the Self (atman), i
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Nageshvar 454 (pradakshina). Despit
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Naisthika 456 Naisthika (“fixed
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Namarupa that this rite should be d
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Nanddas 460 Statue of Nandi, the bu
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Narasimha Jayanti 462 with the head
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Nastika tradition, the Kumbha Mela
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Nath 466 competition with a dance c
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Navadvip Worshipers celebrating the
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Nayachandra Suri 470 nothing to beg
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Nigantha Nataputta excerpts on a pa
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Nirakara 474 Nirakara (“without f
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Nirmohi (“free from illusion”)
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Nivedita, Sister 478 (1197-1276). M
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Nyasa 480 married woman. The except
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Obscenity 482 O Obscenity Tradition
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Organs of Action Temple to the sun
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Pacification of Planets 486 P Pacif
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Padya from their functional use as
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Palanquin between the sixth and nin
Page 45 and 46: Panchamahayajna 492 (4th-3rd c. B.C
Page 47 and 48: Panchayatana (“five-abode”) Puj
Page 49 and 50: Pandrenthan 496 in which the pilgri
Page 51 and 52: Pap 498 panth is more closely assoc
Page 53 and 54: Parashu 500 The god Vishnu’s Para
Page 55 and 56: Parivartini Ekadashi 502 already pr
Page 57 and 58: Parvati Parvati with her husband Sh
Page 59 and 60: Pashupatinath 506 The Pashupatinath
Page 61 and 62: Paush 508 Paush According to the lu
Page 63 and 64: Philosophy 510 symbolic form Shiva
Page 65 and 66: Pitr During Pitrpaksha, Hindus offe
Page 67 and 68: Pole Star 514 qualities weakened an
Page 69 and 70: Prabhupada, A.C. Bhaktivedanta 516
Page 71 and 72: Pradhana 518 a deity as part of wor
Page 73 and 74: Prakrit Since Brahman is believed t
Page 75 and 76: Pranapratishtha 522 samana (in the
Page 77 and 78: Pratihara Dynasty 524 Pratihara Dyn
Page 79 and 80: Pravara 526 one of several episodes
Page 81 and 82: Priyadas 528 Priyadas (early 18th c
Page 83 and 84: Pujari brahmin priest acts as an in
Page 85 and 86: Punya 532 Hindi-speaking regions),
Page 87 and 88: Puri Dashanami 534 into the pantheo
Page 89 and 90: Pururavas 536 responsible for super
Page 91 and 92: Pushan The city of Pushkar is built
Page 93 and 94: Pushyabhuti Dynasty 540 ultimate so
Page 95: Radha 542 R Radha In later devotion
Page 99 and 100: Raidas 546 in the heavens. He alway
Page 101 and 102: Rajasuya Basohli paintings of the P
Page 103 and 104: Rakshasa 550 their brothers from mi
Page 105 and 106: Ramakrishna 552 claim that she rema
Page 107 and 108: Ramanand Sagar 554 All of the stori
Page 109 and 110: Ramayana Ramayana Characters A. The
Page 111 and 112: Rambha Ekadashi 558 convinced of Si
Page 113 and 114: Rameshvaram 560 Rama’s attack on
Page 115 and 116: Ramnagar 562 revolves around the un
Page 117 and 118: Ramsnehi 564 religious community.)
Page 119 and 120: Rasik 566 mission is to provide lea
Page 121 and 122: Rati 568 Relief sculpture of the de
Page 123 and 124: Rawal 570 February), celebrated as
Page 125 and 126: Rg Veda 572 government jobs or plac
Page 127 and 128: Rishi Panchami 574 their sacrifices
Page 129 and 130: Rta 576 model for others to use. Fo
Page 131 and 132: Sabarmati 578 S Sabarmati Northern
Page 133 and 134: Sadhana A man smokes from a chillum
Page 135 and 136: Saguna different name—in this cas
Page 137 and 138: Sakha (“companion”) Bhava 584 S
Page 139 and 140: Samavaya The four Vedas in Sanskrit
Page 141 and 142: Samkhya 588 sattva tends toward the
Page 143 and 144: Samskara The chudakarana samskara,
Page 145 and 146: Samyama 592 the Ram Lila alternates
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Sandhya 594 Sandhya (“union”) M
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Sant 596 An illustrated page of San
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Santoshi Ma Vrat 598 concrete benef
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Sapindikarana 600 A groom and bride
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Saraswati A depiction of Saraswati,
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Sarvadarshanasangraha 604 Athens in
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Satkaryavada 606 Daksha why he has
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Sattan associate with fellow devote
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Satyavati 610 Satyavati In Hindu my
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Savitri According to the dharma lit
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Self-Revealing Knowledge 614 Self-R
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Seven Sacred Cities 616 ideal of a
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Shaiva Nagas 618 Pashupatas. All th
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Shakra 620 Shakra An epithet of the
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Shalagram 622 Believed to be a mani
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Shankaracharyas A shankha, or conch
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Sharva 626 Shiva who are divided in
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Shesha 628 purification. Body hair,
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Shilappadigaram 630 Image of the go
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Shishupala 632 Shishupala In the Ma
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Shiva 634 Statue of the god Shiva f
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Shivaji Ascetics observing Shivarat
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Shiwalik Hills 638 sign of this ide
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Shravan 640 performing the sacrific
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Shringeri 642 Shrirangam, an island
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Shrishaila 644 traces its spiritual
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Shuddhi 646 specific attributes, th
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Shula 648 The god Shiva carrying a
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Shyam 650 yoga, which is the first
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Sinhastha Mela 652 Depiction of Sit
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Sitamarhi 654 her eyes modestly dow
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Smallpox 656 In northern India Skan
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Snataka 658 Bathing is normally the
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Somnath Somnath Shore Temple, Gujar
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Sopashraya 662 birth of a daughter
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Steya 664 modes of religious life
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Subtle Body Vishnu, surrounded by w
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Sudarshana Sampraday 668 of the sun
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Sundaramurtti 670 The Sun Temple at
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Surdas 672 joining (yoga) of the sp
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Surya A painted relief of Surya, th
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Suta 676 sushumna is closed where i
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Svaprakasha lilas in the town of Br
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Svayamvara 680 primary stress at th
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Tad Ekam 682 T Tad Ekam (“That On
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Talikota 684 Talikota City in the B
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Tamoyoga Tamil Nadu is home to the
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Tantra 688 of the subtle elements b
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Tarakeshvar 690 will marry the godd
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Teej Teej Teej is a name denoting t
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Thakur 694 Shrivaishnavas are devot
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Thug 696 K’s” that all Sikhs ar
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Time 698 domination by the Moghul e
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Tiruchendur 700 A group of pilgrims
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Tirumalisai 702 and the enormous Mi
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Tiruvachakam 704 Tiruvachakam (“h
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Tota Puri 706 The god Vishnu’s To
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Tridosha 708 and sculpture, in whic
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Trishanku 710 single arrow through
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Tuesday 712 Tryambakeshvar in the f
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Tumari the opening, with the remain
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Tyag Tyag (“renunciation”) Prac
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Udgatr standoff, with each side una
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Uma ulatbamsi, see Appendix A in Li
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Upanishad 722 this entitlement came
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Urdhvapundra An ascetic with the ur
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Utpanna Ekadashi 726 deity that som
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Vachaspati Mishra 728 V Vachaspati
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Vaisheshika One of the many forms o
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Vaishnava 732 Alvars, a group of tw
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Vaitarani 734 vaishyas did all sort
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Valmiki Jayanti composed. After thi
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Vanamalin 738 philosopher, Shankara
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Varna Child celebrating Vasant Panc
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Vashitvam and reduces him to ashes
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Vatsyayana 744 aesthetic experience
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Vedanta Sutras to the Advaita Vedan
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Vetala 748 A pilgrim in Benares wea
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Vidyapati 750 Ruins of Vijayanagar,
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Vikramaditya 752 the major differen
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Vinata large hollow gourd projectin
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Vira The Theories of Error in India
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Vishakhadatta 758 Vishakhadatta (6t
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Vishnuchittar 760 usually because o
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Vishvakarma 762 actions, first in T
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Vishva Nirmala Dharam 764 temple an
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Vitthalnath Vitthalnath (r. 1566-15
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Vraj 768 well as religious educatio
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Vyasa given to the stage directors.
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Widows Women carry water from the l
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World Parliament of Religions descr
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Yajnopavit 776 less authoritative t
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Yamunotri west and south of the Gan
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Yatri 780 Yatri In an ascetic conte
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Yoga Mudra 782 Yoga Mudra In Indian
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Yoni 784 Navaratri, the festival of
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Zodiac Z are judged to be the winte
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Pronunciation Guide Vowels a as in
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D0dhupanth7 N0ga D0dupanth Dak5i3a
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N0th N0!ya Navar0tr7 Navyany0ya N0y
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Vet0la Vibh6ti Vidy0dh0ra Vidy0ramb
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796 Basham, Arthur Llewellyn. Histo
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798 Dimock, Edward C., Jr., and Den
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800 Hume, Robert Ernest, trans. Thi
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802 ---. The Kapalikas and the Kala
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804 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. An I
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806 Vatsayana. The Complete Kama Su
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808 Aham Brahmasmi, 17, 113, 408 Ah
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810 Antarala, architecture, 44, 405
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812 Ashvattha fig, 66. See also Tre
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814 Bhadrapada, 46, 93, 131, 503, 5
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816 Brahmacharya, 120 Brahmahatya,
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818 Chakras, 75, 137, 231, 257, 278
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820 The Cult of the Sun God (Mitra)
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822 Deogarh temple, 184 Deoghar, 18
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824 Dvadashakshara mantra, 213 Dvai
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826 Galta, 232 Gambling, 201, 204,
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828 Gopal, Sarvepalli, 74, 77 Gopal
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830 Hindi, 48, 116, 126, 282, 450,
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832 414, 432, 446, 736. See also Dr
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834 Kalasha, 30, 332-333 Kalhana, p
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836 Kaveri River. See Cauvery River
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838 Kushadvipa, 215, 383 Kusha gras
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840 172, 190, 194, 204, 206, 207, 2
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842 love marriage, 54, 393 mangal s
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844 Mountain Goddess (Sax), 460 Mou
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846 Nayanars, poets, 29, 48, 134, 1
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848 204, 206, 207, 210, 231, 232, 2
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850 395, 430, 464, 516, 521, 525, 6
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852 506-507, 507, 522, 525, 585, 59
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854 Purushartha, 189, 536 Purusha S
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856 Rao, T. A. Gopinatha, 447 Rasa,
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858 Gorakhnath, 61, 256, 257, 321,
Page 413 and 414:
860 Saraswati, Dayanand Swami, 57,
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862 Shatakshi, 626 Shatapatha Brahm
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864 Simantonnayana, 527, 591 Simant
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866 Svastika, 678 Svastikasana, 678
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868 Rishikesh, 573-574 Tirthayatra,
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870 sites, 77, 80-81, 90, 102, 184,
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872 Vimarsha, 519, 579, 753 Vina, 6
Page 427 and 428:
874 Wives of the God-King (Marglin)
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512, 714 © N.G. Sharma/Dinodia Pic
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