The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hindusim vol 2
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Pushyabhuti Dynasty<br />
540<br />
ultimate source <strong>of</strong> everything that exists.<br />
<strong>The</strong> world, and human beings, thus<br />
share in his divine nature, although only<br />
in a limited fashion, and the human soul<br />
is imbued with divinity as its inner light<br />
and controller.<br />
Since Krishna is the ultimate source<br />
<strong>of</strong> everything and thus everything<br />
depends ultimately on God, the school’s<br />
primary religious emphasis is on the<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> God’s grace. This grace is<br />
seen as nourishing (pushti) the devotee<br />
(bhakta) and is best attained by devotion<br />
(bhakti), which is conceived <strong>of</strong> as<br />
the only effective religious path. This<br />
emphasis on grace and devotion has<br />
meant that the Pushti Marg have put little<br />
stress on asceticism or renunciation,<br />
and the bulk <strong>of</strong> Vallabhacharya’s<br />
followers came from affluent merchant<br />
communities. <strong>The</strong> stress on devotion<br />
was soon articulated in elaborately<br />
arranged forms <strong>of</strong> image worship in the<br />
Pushti Marg’s temples. Devotees would<br />
visualize themselves as Krishna’s companions<br />
during his daily activities—<br />
waking, eating, taking his cows to<br />
graze, coming home, etc.—and thus<br />
gain the opportunity to take part in the<br />
divine play (lila). This emphasis on<br />
visualization and participation was fostered<br />
through the development <strong>of</strong> vast<br />
liturgical resources, which were composed<br />
by eight poets (the ashtachap)<br />
who were associated with Vallabhacharya<br />
and Vitthalnath, his son and successor.<br />
<strong>The</strong> third leader, Vitthalnath’s son<br />
Gokulnath, further consolidated the<br />
developing community, whose major<br />
sacred site is now in Nathdwara in the<br />
state <strong>of</strong> Rajasthan. For further information<br />
see R.K. Barz, <strong>The</strong> Bhakti Sect <strong>of</strong><br />
Vallabhacharya, 1976.<br />
Pushyabhuti Dynasty<br />
(6th–7th c.) Northern Indian dynasty<br />
whose capital was at Kanyakubja, the<br />
modern city <strong>of</strong> Kanuaj in the Ganges<br />
river basin, and whose territory ran<br />
through the northern Indian plain from<br />
the Punjab to Bihar. <strong>The</strong> Pushyabhutis<br />
filled the northern Indian political<br />
vacuum after the demise <strong>of</strong> the Gupta<br />
empire and in some measure regained<br />
its greatness. <strong>The</strong> dynasty’s greatest<br />
ruler was the emperor Harsha<br />
(r. 606–47), whose reign was chronicled<br />
in panegyric fashion by the playwright<br />
Bana, and perhaps more factually by the<br />
Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Hsuan Tsang.<br />
<strong>The</strong> latter’s journals give a detailed<br />
picture both <strong>of</strong> Harsha himself, in whose<br />
court Hsuan Tsang stayed for some time,<br />
and <strong>of</strong> everyday life in Harsha’s<br />
kingdom. See also Gupta dynasty.<br />
Pustaka<br />
A book, traditionally made <strong>of</strong> palm<br />
leaves connected by a string running<br />
through a hole punched in the middle,<br />
with a wooden cover on top and bottom<br />
to keep the leaves from being bent or<br />
broken. In Indian iconography, the book<br />
is most strongly associated with the<br />
goddess Saraswati, in keeping with her<br />
identity as the patron deity <strong>of</strong> the arts,<br />
culture, and learning. It also commonly<br />
appears as one <strong>of</strong> the objects held by the<br />
god Brahma.<br />
Putana<br />
In Hindu mythology, Putana is one <strong>of</strong><br />
the demon assassins sent by Kamsa,<br />
the king <strong>of</strong> Mathura, in an attempt to<br />
kill his nephew, the child-god Krishna.<br />
Through her magic powers, Putana<br />
assumes the form <strong>of</strong> a beautiful young<br />
woman and, after cooing over Krishna<br />
for awhile, puts him to suckle at her poisoned<br />
breast. When Krishna latches on,<br />
however, it is Putana who is in dire trouble—Krishna<br />
sucks at her breast so hard<br />
that he sucks the life right out <strong>of</strong> her. As<br />
she dies, she reverts to her original form,<br />
gigantic and hideous, and the crash <strong>of</strong><br />
her falling body shakes the earth and<br />
fells trees.<br />
Putrada Ekadashi<br />
Religious observance that occurs twice<br />
per year: on the eleventh day (ekadashi)<br />
<strong>of</strong> the bright (waxing) half <strong>of</strong> the lunar<br />
month <strong>of</strong> Shravan (July–August), and