The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hindusim vol 2
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Puri Dashanami<br />
534<br />
into the pantheon as a form <strong>of</strong> the god<br />
Krishna and therefore, by extension, a<br />
form <strong>of</strong> Vishnu. <strong>The</strong> temple was completed<br />
in 1198 C.E. and is currently<br />
receiving much needed restoration,<br />
after several pieces fell <strong>of</strong>f the tower in<br />
the early 1990s. <strong>The</strong> most important<br />
annual festival held in Puri is the Rath<br />
Yatra. During this festival, Jagannath,<br />
his brother Balabhadra, and his sister<br />
Subhadra are carried in procession<br />
through the city’s main street in enormous<br />
wooden carts. <strong>The</strong>y travel to<br />
another temple about a mile away,<br />
where they stay for a week, and then<br />
return to Puri. Aside from the spectacle,<br />
the ceremony is an important ritual<br />
theater used to demonstrate the relationship<br />
between Jagannath and the<br />
kings <strong>of</strong> Puri, who were considered to<br />
be deputies ruling in his name.<br />
Although the kings no longer wield<br />
actual power in modern times, by<br />
virtue <strong>of</strong> their status they still play an<br />
important ritual role.<br />
Aside from containing the temple<br />
<strong>of</strong> Jagannath, Puri is one <strong>of</strong> the four<br />
dhams, which symbolically mark the<br />
geographic boundaries <strong>of</strong> India. It is<br />
also the home <strong>of</strong> the Govardhan<br />
Math, one <strong>of</strong> the four Dashanami<br />
Sanyasi sacred centers supposedly<br />
established by the philosopher<br />
Shankaracharya. Puri’s character as a<br />
holy city has made it an attractive<br />
place for religiously inclined people to<br />
make their homes, most notably the<br />
Bengali saint Chaitanya (1486–1533),<br />
who lived there for much <strong>of</strong> his adult<br />
life. <strong>The</strong> cultural life generated by the<br />
worship <strong>of</strong> Jagannath also made Puri<br />
a center for the arts, and it is the<br />
traditional home <strong>of</strong> the classical<br />
dance form known as Orissi. For further<br />
information see Anncharlott<br />
Eschmann, Hermann Kulke, and Gaya<br />
Charan Tripathi, <strong>The</strong> Cult <strong>of</strong><br />
Jagannath and the Regional Tradition<br />
<strong>of</strong> Orissa, 1978; and Frederique Apffel<br />
Marglin, “Time Renewed: Ratha Jatra<br />
in Puri,” in T. N. Madan (ed.), Religion<br />
in India, 1991.<br />
Puri Dashanami<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the ten divisions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Dashanami Sanyasis, ascetics who are<br />
devotees (bhakta) <strong>of</strong> Shiva. <strong>The</strong><br />
Dashanamis were supposedly established<br />
by the ninth century philosopher<br />
Shankaracharya in an effort to create a<br />
corps <strong>of</strong> learned men who could help to<br />
revitalize Hindu life. Each <strong>of</strong> the divisions<br />
is designated by a different<br />
name—in this case, puri (“city”). Upon<br />
initiation, new members are given this<br />
name as their new surname, thus allowing<br />
for immediate group identification.<br />
Aside from their individual identity,<br />
these ten “named” divisions are also<br />
divided into four larger organizational<br />
groups. Each group has its headquarters<br />
in one <strong>of</strong> the four monastic centers<br />
(maths) supposedly established by<br />
Shankaracharya, as well as other particular<br />
religious associations. <strong>The</strong> Puri<br />
Dashanamis belong to the Kitawara<br />
group, which is affiliated with the<br />
Shringeri Math in the southern Indian<br />
town <strong>of</strong> Shringeri.<br />
Purity<br />
(shaucha) Along with its opposite,<br />
impurity (ashaucha), purity is one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
fundamental concepts in Hindu culture.<br />
Although to outsiders purity can be easily<br />
confused with cleanliness, it is fundamentally<br />
different—purity is a religious<br />
category marked by the presence or<br />
absence <strong>of</strong> pollution or defilement,<br />
whereas cleanliness is a hygienic category.<br />
In some cases these categories can<br />
overlap, but in most their disjunction<br />
becomes clear. For example, from a religious<br />
perspective, bathing (snana) in<br />
the Ganges River makes one pure,<br />
whereas from a hygienic perspective the<br />
lower reaches <strong>of</strong> the Ganges are quite<br />
heavily polluted.<br />
On a personal level, purity can be<br />
best described as the absence <strong>of</strong> defilement,<br />
gained through removing impurities<br />
in some manner, most <strong>of</strong>ten by<br />
bathing. After becoming purified, one<br />
remains pure until coming into contact<br />
with a source <strong>of</strong> impurity. <strong>The</strong>se sources