The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hindusim vol 2

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Parvati community’s founder, Vallabhacharya, or his successor Vitthalnath. Little is known about Parmananddas himself, although tradition asserts that he was a Kanaujia brahmin, and the corpus of poetry attributed to him is much larger in later sources, suggesting that his name was used by later writers. The evidence from the earliest sources suggests that he was a devoted follower of Vallabhacharya. Much of his poetry is specifically written for the Pushti Marg, such as hymns in praise of Vallabhacharya, or hymns to be sung for the worship of Krishna throughout the day, a form of piety that came to characterize the Pushti Marg. To date, his works have not been translated, perhaps because of their sectarian character. Parvana A particular type of the memorial rites for the dead known as shraddhas. A parvana shraddha can be performed at specific times throughout the year, such as the new moon, but is most commonly performed during the Fortnight of the Fathers (Pitrpaksha), which falls during the waning moon in the lunar month of Bhadrapada. Whereas an ekoddishta shraddha is performed for any particular deceased individual, the parvana shraddha invokes first the paternal father, grandfather, and great-grandfather, then the same ancestors on the mother’s side. The rite is performed to give benefits to all of these ancestors, although the father’s ancestors are considered the primary recipients. Parvata Dashanami One of the ten divisions of the Dashanami Sanyasis, renunciant ascetics who are devotees (bhakta) of Shiva. The Dashanamis were supposedly established by the ninth century philosopher Shankaracharya, in an effort create a corps of learned men who could help to revitalize Hindu life. Each of the divisions is designated by a different name—in this case, parvata (“mountain”). Upon initiation, new members are given this name as a surname to their new ascetic names, thus allowing for immediate group identification. Aside from their individual identity, these ten “named” divisions are divided into four larger organizational groups. Each group has its headquarters in one of the four monastic centers (maths) supposedly established by Shankaracharya. The Parvata Dashanamis belong to the Anandawara group, which is affiliated with the Jyotir math in the Himalayan town of Joshimath. Parvati (“daughter of the mountain”) Wife of the god Shiva, and an important Hindu goddess, Parvati is the daughter of the minor deity Himalaya (the Himalaya Mountains personified), and his wife Mena. Parvati appears in human form to draw Shiva out of the ascetic isolation in which he has been lost since the death of his first wife, Sati, and to induce him to father the son necessary to kill the demon Taraka. According to her myths, even in her childhood Parvati vows that she will have only Shiva for her husband. Her parents try to discourage her, since Shiva has taken a vow of asceticism and is absorbed in deep meditation on Mount Kailas. Parvati’s first effort to arouse Shiva’s desire ends in a dismal failure. Kama, the god of love, tries to shoot Shiva with an arrow of desire, but Shiva lets loose a stream of fire from the third eye in his forehead, burning Kama to ash. Undeterred, Parvati goes into the mountains and begins a program of harsh physical asceticism (tapas) of her own: standing on one foot for immense periods of time, enduring the heat of summer and cold of winter, and practicing severe fasting (upavasa) and self-denial. The spiritual power generated by her asceticism eventually awakens Shiva, and he comes to her, disguised as an aged brahmin. He tries to discourage 503
Parvati Parvati with her husband Shiva and their sons Ganesh and Skanda. 504 Parvati by making disparaging remarks about Shiva’s lifestyle and personality, but Parvati, unshaken in her resolve, refuses to listen. Eventually Shiva reveals his true form to her, and they are married. Although in his devotion to his wife Shiva is the Hindu symbol for the ideal husband, their family life is unusual. Since Shiva is the symbol for the perfect ascetic, the couple has no fixed home or means of support, and occasionally Parvati is portrayed as complaining of being an ascetic’s wife. Symbolically, their marriage represents the domestication of
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The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hin
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Published in 2001 by The Rosen Publ
Page 5 and 6: Nadi reality of the Self (atman), i
Page 7 and 8: Nageshvar 454 (pradakshina). Despit
Page 9 and 10: Naisthika 456 Naisthika (“fixed
Page 11 and 12: Namarupa that this rite should be d
Page 13 and 14: Nanddas 460 Statue of Nandi, the bu
Page 15 and 16: Narasimha Jayanti 462 with the head
Page 17 and 18: Nastika tradition, the Kumbha Mela
Page 19 and 20: Nath 466 competition with a dance c
Page 21 and 22: Navadvip Worshipers celebrating the
Page 23 and 24: Nayachandra Suri 470 nothing to beg
Page 25 and 26: Nigantha Nataputta excerpts on a pa
Page 27 and 28: Nirakara 474 Nirakara (“without f
Page 29 and 30: Nirmohi (“free from illusion”)
Page 31 and 32: Nivedita, Sister 478 (1197-1276). M
Page 33 and 34: Nyasa 480 married woman. The except
Page 35 and 36: Obscenity 482 O Obscenity Tradition
Page 37 and 38: Organs of Action Temple to the sun
Page 39 and 40: Pacification of Planets 486 P Pacif
Page 41 and 42: Padya from their functional use as
Page 43 and 44: Palanquin between the sixth and nin
Page 45 and 46: Panchamahayajna 492 (4th-3rd c. B.C
Page 47 and 48: Panchayatana (“five-abode”) Puj
Page 49 and 50: Pandrenthan 496 in which the pilgri
Page 51 and 52: Pap 498 panth is more closely assoc
Page 53 and 54: Parashu 500 The god Vishnu’s Para
Page 55: Parivartini Ekadashi 502 already pr
Page 59 and 60: Pashupatinath 506 The Pashupatinath
Page 61 and 62: Paush 508 Paush According to the lu
Page 63 and 64: Philosophy 510 symbolic form Shiva
Page 65 and 66: Pitr During Pitrpaksha, Hindus offe
Page 67 and 68: Pole Star 514 qualities weakened an
Page 69 and 70: Prabhupada, A.C. Bhaktivedanta 516
Page 71 and 72: Pradhana 518 a deity as part of wor
Page 73 and 74: Prakrit Since Brahman is believed t
Page 75 and 76: Pranapratishtha 522 samana (in the
Page 77 and 78: Pratihara Dynasty 524 Pratihara Dyn
Page 79 and 80: Pravara 526 one of several episodes
Page 81 and 82: Priyadas 528 Priyadas (early 18th c
Page 83 and 84: Pujari brahmin priest acts as an in
Page 85 and 86: Punya 532 Hindi-speaking regions),
Page 87 and 88: Puri Dashanami 534 into the pantheo
Page 89 and 90: Pururavas 536 responsible for super
Page 91 and 92: Pushan The city of Pushkar is built
Page 93 and 94: Pushyabhuti Dynasty 540 ultimate so
Page 95 and 96: Radha 542 R Radha In later devotion
Page 97 and 98: Radhashtami 544 of his generation,
Page 99 and 100: Raidas 546 in the heavens. He alway
Page 101 and 102: Rajasuya Basohli paintings of the P
Page 103 and 104: Rakshasa 550 their brothers from mi
Page 105 and 106: Ramakrishna 552 claim that she rema
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Ramanand Sagar 554 All of the stori
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Ramayana Ramayana Characters A. The
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Rambha Ekadashi 558 convinced of Si
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Rameshvaram 560 Rama’s attack on
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Ramnagar 562 revolves around the un
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Ramsnehi 564 religious community.)
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Rasik 566 mission is to provide lea
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Rati 568 Relief sculpture of the de
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Rawal 570 February), celebrated as
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Rg Veda 572 government jobs or plac
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Rishi Panchami 574 their sacrifices
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Rta 576 model for others to use. Fo
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Sabarmati 578 S Sabarmati Northern
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Sadhana A man smokes from a chillum
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Saguna different name—in this cas
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Sakha (“companion”) Bhava 584 S
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Samavaya The four Vedas in Sanskrit
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Samkhya 588 sattva tends toward the
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Samskara The chudakarana samskara,
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Samyama 592 the Ram Lila alternates
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Sandhya 594 Sandhya (“union”) M
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Sant 596 An illustrated page of San
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Santoshi Ma Vrat 598 concrete benef
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Sapindikarana 600 A groom and bride
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Saraswati A depiction of Saraswati,
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Sarvadarshanasangraha 604 Athens in
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Satkaryavada 606 Daksha why he has
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Sattan associate with fellow devote
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Satyavati 610 Satyavati In Hindu my
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Savitri According to the dharma lit
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Self-Revealing Knowledge 614 Self-R
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Seven Sacred Cities 616 ideal of a
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Shaiva Nagas 618 Pashupatas. All th
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Shakra 620 Shakra An epithet of the
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Shalagram 622 Believed to be a mani
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Shankaracharyas A shankha, or conch
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Sharva 626 Shiva who are divided in
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Shesha 628 purification. Body hair,
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Shilappadigaram 630 Image of the go
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Shishupala 632 Shishupala In the Ma
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Shiva 634 Statue of the god Shiva f
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Shivaji Ascetics observing Shivarat
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Shiwalik Hills 638 sign of this ide
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Shravan 640 performing the sacrific
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Shringeri 642 Shrirangam, an island
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Shrishaila 644 traces its spiritual
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Shuddhi 646 specific attributes, th
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Shula 648 The god Shiva carrying a
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Shyam 650 yoga, which is the first
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Sinhastha Mela 652 Depiction of Sit
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Sitamarhi 654 her eyes modestly dow
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Smallpox 656 In northern India Skan
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Snataka 658 Bathing is normally the
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Somnath Somnath Shore Temple, Gujar
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Sopashraya 662 birth of a daughter
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Steya 664 modes of religious life
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Subtle Body Vishnu, surrounded by w
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Sudarshana Sampraday 668 of the sun
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Sundaramurtti 670 The Sun Temple at
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Surdas 672 joining (yoga) of the sp
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Surya A painted relief of Surya, th
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Suta 676 sushumna is closed where i
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Svaprakasha lilas in the town of Br
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Svayamvara 680 primary stress at th
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Tad Ekam 682 T Tad Ekam (“That On
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Talikota 684 Talikota City in the B
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Tamoyoga Tamil Nadu is home to the
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Tantra 688 of the subtle elements b
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Tarakeshvar 690 will marry the godd
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Teej Teej Teej is a name denoting t
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Thakur 694 Shrivaishnavas are devot
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Thug 696 K’s” that all Sikhs ar
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Time 698 domination by the Moghul e
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Tiruchendur 700 A group of pilgrims
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Tirumalisai 702 and the enormous Mi
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Tiruvachakam 704 Tiruvachakam (“h
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Tota Puri 706 The god Vishnu’s To
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Tridosha 708 and sculpture, in whic
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Trishanku 710 single arrow through
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Tuesday 712 Tryambakeshvar in the f
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Tumari the opening, with the remain
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Tyag Tyag (“renunciation”) Prac
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Udgatr standoff, with each side una
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Uma ulatbamsi, see Appendix A in Li
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Upanishad 722 this entitlement came
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Urdhvapundra An ascetic with the ur
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Utpanna Ekadashi 726 deity that som
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Vachaspati Mishra 728 V Vachaspati
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Vaisheshika One of the many forms o
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Vaishnava 732 Alvars, a group of tw
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Vaitarani 734 vaishyas did all sort
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Valmiki Jayanti composed. After thi
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Vanamalin 738 philosopher, Shankara
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Varna Child celebrating Vasant Panc
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Vashitvam and reduces him to ashes
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Vatsyayana 744 aesthetic experience
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Vedanta Sutras to the Advaita Vedan
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Vetala 748 A pilgrim in Benares wea
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Vidyapati 750 Ruins of Vijayanagar,
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Vikramaditya 752 the major differen
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Vinata large hollow gourd projectin
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Vira The Theories of Error in India
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Vishakhadatta 758 Vishakhadatta (6t
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Vishnuchittar 760 usually because o
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Vishvakarma 762 actions, first in T
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Vishva Nirmala Dharam 764 temple an
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Vitthalnath Vitthalnath (r. 1566-15
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Vraj 768 well as religious educatio
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Vyasa given to the stage directors.
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Widows Women carry water from the l
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World Parliament of Religions descr
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Yajnopavit 776 less authoritative t
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Yamunotri west and south of the Gan
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Yatri 780 Yatri In an ascetic conte
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Yoga Mudra 782 Yoga Mudra In Indian
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Yoni 784 Navaratri, the festival of
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Zodiac Z are judged to be the winte
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Pronunciation Guide Vowels a as in
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D0dhupanth7 N0ga D0dupanth Dak5i3a
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N0th N0!ya Navar0tr7 Navyany0ya N0y
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Vet0la Vibh6ti Vidy0dh0ra Vidy0ramb
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796 Basham, Arthur Llewellyn. Histo
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798 Dimock, Edward C., Jr., and Den
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800 Hume, Robert Ernest, trans. Thi
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802 ---. The Kapalikas and the Kala
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804 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. An I
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806 Vatsayana. The Complete Kama Su
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808 Aham Brahmasmi, 17, 113, 408 Ah
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810 Antarala, architecture, 44, 405
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812 Ashvattha fig, 66. See also Tre
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814 Bhadrapada, 46, 93, 131, 503, 5
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816 Brahmacharya, 120 Brahmahatya,
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818 Chakras, 75, 137, 231, 257, 278
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820 The Cult of the Sun God (Mitra)
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822 Deogarh temple, 184 Deoghar, 18
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824 Dvadashakshara mantra, 213 Dvai
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826 Galta, 232 Gambling, 201, 204,
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828 Gopal, Sarvepalli, 74, 77 Gopal
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830 Hindi, 48, 116, 126, 282, 450,
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832 414, 432, 446, 736. See also Dr
Page 387 and 388:
834 Kalasha, 30, 332-333 Kalhana, p
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836 Kaveri River. See Cauvery River
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838 Kushadvipa, 215, 383 Kusha gras
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840 172, 190, 194, 204, 206, 207, 2
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842 love marriage, 54, 393 mangal s
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844 Mountain Goddess (Sax), 460 Mou
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846 Nayanars, poets, 29, 48, 134, 1
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848 204, 206, 207, 210, 231, 232, 2
Page 403 and 404:
850 395, 430, 464, 516, 521, 525, 6
Page 405 and 406:
852 506-507, 507, 522, 525, 585, 59
Page 407 and 408:
854 Purushartha, 189, 536 Purusha S
Page 409 and 410:
856 Rao, T. A. Gopinatha, 447 Rasa,
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858 Gorakhnath, 61, 256, 257, 321,
Page 413 and 414:
860 Saraswati, Dayanand Swami, 57,
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862 Shatakshi, 626 Shatapatha Brahm
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864 Simantonnayana, 527, 591 Simant
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866 Svastika, 678 Svastikasana, 678
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868 Rishikesh, 573-574 Tirthayatra,
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870 sites, 77, 80-81, 90, 102, 184,
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872 Vimarsha, 519, 579, 753 Vina, 6
Page 427 and 428:
874 Wives of the God-King (Marglin)
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512, 714 © N.G. Sharma/Dinodia Pic
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