The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hindusim vol 2
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Vraj<br />
768<br />
well as religious education. For further<br />
information see Christopher Isherwood,<br />
Ramakrishna and His Disciples, 1965;<br />
Swami Vivekananda, <strong>The</strong> Complete Works<br />
<strong>of</strong> Swami Vivekananda, 1970; and George<br />
M. Williams, “Swami Vivekananda,” and<br />
“<strong>The</strong> Ramakrishna Movement: A Study in<br />
Religious Change,” both in Robert D. Baird<br />
(ed.), Religion in Modern India, 1998.<br />
Vraj<br />
Variant form <strong>of</strong> the region known as<br />
Braj. This is the land in which the<br />
god Krishna is believed to have lived,<br />
located in the southwestern part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
state <strong>of</strong> Uttar Pradesh just south <strong>of</strong><br />
Delhi, the national capital. See Braj.<br />
Vrat<br />
Term denoting a religious vow, usually<br />
thought to be derived from the verb<br />
meaning “to choose.” As religious observances,<br />
vrats are an important part <strong>of</strong><br />
modern Hindu life. <strong>The</strong>y may refer to<br />
religious practices performed once a<br />
year with particular festivals, such as the<br />
vrat performed on Shivaratri, or to<br />
more regular religious observances,<br />
such as those connected to the monthly<br />
lunar calendar (e.g., the ekadashi rites)<br />
or those performed on the day <strong>of</strong> the<br />
week associated with a particular patron<br />
deity. <strong>The</strong> specific prescriptions for<br />
these vrats vary widely, but there are<br />
several common features. <strong>The</strong>y usually<br />
in<strong>vol</strong>ve modification <strong>of</strong> diet—sometimes<br />
through fasting (upavasa), and<br />
other times by eating or avoiding certain<br />
types <strong>of</strong> food. Another constant feature<br />
is worship <strong>of</strong> the presiding deity.<br />
Part <strong>of</strong> this worship usually in<strong>vol</strong>ves<br />
reading or hearing the vrat’s charter<br />
myth, which tells how the vrat was<br />
established, how one should perform it,<br />
and what sort <strong>of</strong> benefits it brings. Vrats<br />
connected with festivals are performed<br />
by all sorts <strong>of</strong> people, but weekly vrats<br />
(such as the Santoshi Ma Vrat) are most<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten performed by married women to<br />
promote the health, safety, and prosperity<br />
<strong>of</strong> their families. Although such<br />
weekly vrats are theoretically <strong>vol</strong>untary,<br />
they have become an expected element<br />
in women’s religious life, through which<br />
women by their sacrifices can safeguard<br />
their family’s welfare. For further consideration<br />
<strong>of</strong> women’s rites, see Mary<br />
McGee, “Desired Fruits: Motive And<br />
Intention in the Votive Rites <strong>of</strong> Hindu<br />
Women,” in Julia Leslie, ed., Roles and<br />
Rituals for Hindu Women, 1991; and<br />
Doranne Jacobson and Susan S. Wadley,<br />
Women in India, 1992.<br />
Vratya<br />
In the Atharva Veda, one <strong>of</strong> the earliest<br />
Hindu religious texts, the vratyas were a<br />
particular class <strong>of</strong> vagrant ascetics who<br />
were priests <strong>of</strong> a non-Vedic fertility cult.<br />
Not much is known about them because<br />
there are no other sources, but they were<br />
clearly outside the Vedic cult and thus<br />
looked down upon. In later times, the<br />
word is used to designate a person who<br />
has lost caste through nonobservance <strong>of</strong><br />
one <strong>of</strong> the necessary samskaras (lifecycle<br />
ceremonies).<br />
Vrindavan<br />
Variant form <strong>of</strong> Brindavan, the village in<br />
southeastern part <strong>of</strong> the state <strong>of</strong> Uttar<br />
Pradesh in which the god Krishna is<br />
believed to have lived from infancy to<br />
adolescence. See Brindavan.<br />
Vrtra<br />
(“obstruction”) <strong>The</strong> name <strong>of</strong> the demon<br />
killed by the storm-god Indra in one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
hymns from the Rg Veda (1.32), the oldest<br />
Hindu religious text. In this hymn Vrtra is<br />
described as a serpent obstructing the free<br />
flow <strong>of</strong> waters, hence his name. <strong>The</strong> action<br />
in this hymn is one <strong>of</strong> Indra’s defining<br />
deeds, in which he destroys the serpent,<br />
cuts it into pieces, and releases the waters<br />
to run free. Some interpreters inclined to<br />
read the Vedas as historical record have<br />
seen in this hymn the breaching <strong>of</strong> the<br />
dams constructed by the Indus Valley civilization<br />
by the incoming Aryans, but<br />
there is little pro<strong>of</strong> that such an incident<br />
ever happened.