The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hindusim vol 2
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Tiruttontar Puranam<br />
the primary to the university level, and<br />
the latter in providing the funds to help<br />
build many <strong>of</strong> the larger Hindu temples<br />
in the United States and Europe.<br />
Tiruppan<br />
(9th c.) One <strong>of</strong> the Alvars, a group <strong>of</strong><br />
twelve poet-saints who lived in southern<br />
India between the seventh and tenth<br />
centuries. All <strong>of</strong> the Alvars were devotees<br />
(bhakta) <strong>of</strong> the god Vishnu, and their<br />
stress on passionate devotion (bhakti)<br />
to a personal god, conveyed through<br />
hymns sung in the Tamil language,<br />
transformed and revitalized Hindu religious<br />
life. According to tradition,<br />
Tiruppan was a foundling who was<br />
adopted by a musician. As he grew up,<br />
he developed deep devotion for Vishnu<br />
in his form as Ranganatha at the temple<br />
<strong>of</strong> Shrirangam, but because his family<br />
status was unknown, he never went into<br />
the temple itself out <strong>of</strong> fear that his presence<br />
might render it impure. Tiruppan<br />
finally gained entrance when one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
temple’s brahmin priests, who had earlier<br />
insulted him, received a divine command<br />
to carry Tiruppan on his<br />
shoulders to Ranganatha’s image. As<br />
with many stories in the lives <strong>of</strong> the<br />
bhakti saints, the lesson here clearly<br />
emphasizes the superiority <strong>of</strong> devotion<br />
over birth. For further information see<br />
Kamil Zvelebil, Tamil Literature, 1975;<br />
and John Stirling Morley Hooper, Hymns<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Alvars, 1929.<br />
Tirupparankunram<br />
Tirtha (sacred site) ten miles southwest<br />
<strong>of</strong> Madurai in central Tamil Nadu.<br />
Tirupparankunram is famous for one <strong>of</strong><br />
the six temples in Tamil Nadu built to<br />
honor Murugan, a hill deity assimilated<br />
into the pantheon as a form <strong>of</strong> Skanda.<br />
It is said to be where he marries<br />
Devasena, the bride given by Indra and<br />
the gods after he has proven his mettle<br />
in battle, and thus reflects his acceptance<br />
into the larger pantheon. Five <strong>of</strong><br />
these temples are definitively identified<br />
and scattered throughout the state, but<br />
the sixth is said to be every other shrine<br />
to Murugan in Tamil Nadu. <strong>The</strong> cult <strong>of</strong><br />
Murugan is thus a symbolic vehicle for<br />
Tamil pride and identity, and because<br />
the number six has connotations <strong>of</strong><br />
completeness—as in the six directions,<br />
or the six chakras in the subtle body—it<br />
also connotes that nothing outside is<br />
needed. For further information see<br />
Fred Clothey, “Pilgrimage Centers in the<br />
Tamil Cultus <strong>of</strong> Murukan,” in Journal <strong>of</strong><br />
the American Academy <strong>of</strong> Religion, Vol.<br />
40, No. 1, 1972.<br />
Tiruttani<br />
Tirtha (sacred site) in the hills <strong>of</strong> Tamil<br />
Nadu, seventy-five miles <strong>of</strong> Madras. It is<br />
famous for one <strong>of</strong> the six temples in<br />
Tamil Nadu built to honor Murugan, a<br />
hill deity assimilated into the pantheon<br />
as a form <strong>of</strong> Skanda. Tiruttani is celebrated<br />
as the place where he marries his<br />
tribal bride Valli, which gives him a family<br />
connection with southern India. Five<br />
<strong>of</strong> these temples are definitively identified<br />
and scattered throughout the state,<br />
but the sixth is said to be every other<br />
shrine to Murugan in Tamil Nadu. <strong>The</strong><br />
cult <strong>of</strong> Murugan is thus a symbolic vehicle<br />
for Tamil pride and identity, and<br />
because the number six has connotations<br />
<strong>of</strong> completeness—as in the six<br />
directions or the six chakras in the subtle<br />
body—it also connotes that nothing<br />
outside is needed. For further information<br />
see Fred Clothey, “Pilgrimage<br />
Centers in the Tamil Cultus <strong>of</strong><br />
Murukan,” in Journal <strong>of</strong> the American<br />
Academy <strong>of</strong> Religion, Vol. 40, No. 1, 1972.<br />
Tiruttontar Puranam<br />
(“history <strong>of</strong> the holy servants [<strong>of</strong> Shiva]”)<br />
Another name for the Periya Purana, a<br />
hagiographical account (an idealizing<br />
biography <strong>of</strong> saints or venerated figures)<br />
<strong>of</strong> the lives <strong>of</strong> the sixty-three Nayanars,<br />
written by the twelfth-century figure<br />
Cekkilar. <strong>The</strong> Nayanars were a group <strong>of</strong><br />
Shaiva poet-saints who lived in southern<br />
India in the seventh and eighth centuries.<br />
See Periya Purana.<br />
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