The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hindusim vol 2
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Tanmatras<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> grace as the sole means<br />
<strong>of</strong> salvation because human beings were<br />
unable to save themselves. Given this<br />
dire view <strong>of</strong> human capacities, Madhva<br />
divided the beings <strong>of</strong> the world into<br />
three classes: <strong>The</strong> muktiyogas were destined<br />
for final liberation, the nityasamsarins<br />
were destined for eternal rebirth,<br />
and the tamoyogas were predestined for<br />
eternal damnation.<br />
Tandava<br />
Name denoting one <strong>of</strong> the two broad<br />
categories in Indian dance. <strong>The</strong> tandava<br />
style is athletic and dramatic and conveys<br />
violence and power, whereas the<br />
other dance form, lasya, is s<strong>of</strong>t and lyrical<br />
and conveys a mood <strong>of</strong> love. <strong>The</strong> tandava<br />
style received its name from the<br />
tandava dance <strong>of</strong> the god Shiva.<br />
According to tradition, this is the dance<br />
through which Shiva destroys the world<br />
when its time has come. Not all <strong>of</strong> the<br />
dance’s mythic connotations are violent,<br />
since this athletic dance is also said to<br />
be the one through which Shiva vanquished<br />
the goddess Kali in a dance<br />
contest, when her feminine modesty<br />
prevented her from imitating his style.<br />
Tanjore<br />
City and district in the southern Indian<br />
state <strong>of</strong> Tamil Nadu, the eastern boundary<br />
<strong>of</strong> which is the Bay <strong>of</strong> Bengal. <strong>The</strong><br />
Tanjore district lies in the Cauvery River<br />
delta, south <strong>of</strong> the river’s main channel;<br />
even today this extremely fertile area<br />
grows a large percentage <strong>of</strong> India’s rice.<br />
This district was the core homeland <strong>of</strong><br />
the Chola dynasty, and the land’s agricultural<br />
fecundity was the underlying<br />
source <strong>of</strong> the dynasty’s power, which at<br />
one point stretched through most <strong>of</strong><br />
southern India and even extended to<br />
Malaysia. <strong>The</strong> Chola dynasty used<br />
their wealth and power to build<br />
enormous temples throughout Tamil<br />
Nadu, but especially in the Tanjore<br />
district and Tanjore city, their capital.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Chola zenith came with King Raja<br />
Raja (r. 985–1014 C.E.), who built Tanjore<br />
city’s Brhadeshvar temple, and his<br />
son Rajendra (r. 1014–1042 C.E.),<br />
whose greatest monument is the temple<br />
at Gangaikondacholapuran. <strong>The</strong><br />
Brhadeshvar temple is dedicated to<br />
Shiva as the “Great Lord”; some <strong>of</strong><br />
the most notable <strong>of</strong> the other temples<br />
built or improved by the Cholas<br />
were at Kumbhakonam, Thiruvaiyaru,<br />
Chidambaram, and Shrirangam.<br />
Tanka<br />
Name for a small chisel used by stone<br />
workers, one <strong>of</strong> the characteristic<br />
objects in Hindu iconography. <strong>The</strong> tanka<br />
is mainly associated with Shiva and<br />
is a minor artifact because it generally<br />
appears only when the deity has<br />
multiple arms and is holding a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> objects.<br />
Tanmatras<br />
<strong>The</strong> tanmatras are the subtle elements,<br />
the subtle forms <strong>of</strong> the five gross elements<br />
(earth, air, fire, water, and<br />
akasha) from which the gross elements<br />
are derived. <strong>The</strong> senses corresponding<br />
to the subtle elements are gandha<br />
(smell) for earth, sparsha (touch) for air,<br />
rupa (shape) for fire, rasa (taste) for<br />
water, and shabda (sound) for akasha.<br />
<strong>The</strong> tanmatras first appeared in the<br />
account <strong>of</strong> the e<strong>vol</strong>ution <strong>of</strong> the universe<br />
propounded by the Samkhya school,<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the six schools <strong>of</strong> traditional<br />
Hindu philosophy. In the Samkhya<br />
account, the subtle elements are the<br />
stage <strong>of</strong> e<strong>vol</strong>ution preceding the e<strong>vol</strong>ution<br />
<strong>of</strong> the gross elements. <strong>The</strong> Samkhya<br />
school espoused an atheistic dualism in<br />
which the two fundamental principles<br />
were purusha (spirit) and prakrti<br />
(matter); all <strong>of</strong> this e<strong>vol</strong>ution was associated<br />
with prakrti because, according<br />
to the Samkhyas, the purusha<br />
never changed. <strong>The</strong> Samkhya account<br />
<strong>of</strong> e<strong>vol</strong>ution was appropriated by<br />
other groups—although these groups<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten adapted it to reflect theistic<br />
assumptions in which the world<br />
came from God—and thus the notion<br />
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