The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hindusim vol 2

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Tamil Nadu the devotional (bhakti) literature composed by the Alvars and the Nayanars, with the former expressing their devotion to the god Vishnu and the latter to the god Shiva. Their devotional poetry was unprecedented in Hindu religious history because it utilized everyday vernacular language as a spectacular vehicle for profound religious expression. The Alvars’ poems became a foundational text for the Shrivaishnava community, and the Nayanars’ for Shaiva Siddhanta, and thus both of these collections continue to be important in Hindu religious life. Even today Tamil is a vibrant literary language and a source of intense regional pride to the people living there; some of the most violent recent demonstrations in southern India were the so-called language riots, protesting the imposition of Hindi as the government language, a move that was seen as a conscious attempt to marginalize Tamil language and culture. Tamil Months Although the lunar calendar is by far the most important means for determining the Hindu religious calendar, these lunar months are also set in the framework of a solar calendar. The latter is used for the calculation of the intercalary month, which helps keep the lunar and solar calendars in rough correspondence. In northern India the months of the solar calendar correlate with the zodiac, with each month named after the sign into which the sun is reckoned as entering at the beginning of that month. In southern India the divisions of the solar calendar are exactly the same as in the north, but the twelve months are given different names. The Tamil months take their names from some of the nakshatras, or features in the lunar zodiac, or from modifications of the lunar months. The Tamil year begins with the month of Chittirai, which corresponds to the northern Indian solar month of Mesha (the zodiacal sign of Aries), which by the Indian calculations, falls within April and May. The eleven months following Chittirai are Vaikasi, Ani, Adi, Avani, Purattasi, Aippasi, Kartigai, Margali, Tai, Masi, and Panguni. Such different calendars are one clear sign of the continuing importance of regional cultural patterns. This regional culture is particularly important in the Tamil cultural area because Tamil is one of the few regional languages with an ancient, well-established literary tradition. Tamil Nadu (“land of the Tamils”) Modern Indian state at the southern tip of the subcontinent, on the Bay of Bengal. Tamil Nadu is one of the so-called linguistic states, formed after Indian independence in 1947 to unite people with a common language and culture under one state government. Tamil Nadu was thus formed from the Tamil-speaking areas of the former state of Madras. Tamil Nadu has a long and rich history, and the Tamil literary tradition stretches back to the early centuries of the common era. Successive regional dynasties—the Pallavas, Cholas, and Pandyas—built a host of temples in the characteristic Dravida architectural style, and even today Tamil Nadu has hundreds of temple towns, that is, towns in which the urban hub is an enormous temple complex that includes shops, markets, offices, and residential space. Modern Tamil culture is the product of this long and ancient tradition, and Tamils pride themselves in having been influenced little by outsiders—neither by the Hindu influences from northern India, nor by the Muslim culture whose influence was so profound in regions farther north. Tamil Nadu has so many cultural sites and holy places that it is impossible to name them, but the most important are Rameshvaram, Chidambaram, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, Kanchipuram, Mahabalipuram, Kumbhakonam, Thiruvaiyaru, Tanjore, and Kanyakumari; there is also a network of six temples to the god Murugan scattered in different areas of the state, 685
Tamoyoga Tamil Nadu is home to the tallest temple tower in India, which is part of the Ranganathaswamy Temple in Shrirangam. which between them lay out the parameters of the Tamil country. For general information about Tamil Nadu and all the regions of India, an accessible reference is Christine Nivin et al., India, 8th ed., Lonely Planet, 1998. See also Tamil language. Tamoyoga One of the three classes of beings in the Dvaita Vedanta philosophical school, founded by the philosopher Madhva (1197–1276). Madhva’s fundamental assumption was that God was utterly transcendent, above and beyond the world and human beings. The strength of this conviction led him to stress the 686
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The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hin
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Published in 2001 by The Rosen Publ
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Nadi reality of the Self (atman), i
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Nageshvar 454 (pradakshina). Despit
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Naisthika 456 Naisthika (“fixed
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Namarupa that this rite should be d
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Nanddas 460 Statue of Nandi, the bu
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Narasimha Jayanti 462 with the head
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Nastika tradition, the Kumbha Mela
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Nath 466 competition with a dance c
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Navadvip Worshipers celebrating the
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Nayachandra Suri 470 nothing to beg
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Nigantha Nataputta excerpts on a pa
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Nirakara 474 Nirakara (“without f
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Nirmohi (“free from illusion”)
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Nivedita, Sister 478 (1197-1276). M
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Nyasa 480 married woman. The except
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Obscenity 482 O Obscenity Tradition
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Organs of Action Temple to the sun
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Pacification of Planets 486 P Pacif
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Padya from their functional use as
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Palanquin between the sixth and nin
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Panchamahayajna 492 (4th-3rd c. B.C
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Panchayatana (“five-abode”) Puj
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Pandrenthan 496 in which the pilgri
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Pap 498 panth is more closely assoc
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Parashu 500 The god Vishnu’s Para
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Parivartini Ekadashi 502 already pr
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Parvati Parvati with her husband Sh
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Pashupatinath 506 The Pashupatinath
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Paush 508 Paush According to the lu
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Philosophy 510 symbolic form Shiva
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Pitr During Pitrpaksha, Hindus offe
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Pole Star 514 qualities weakened an
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Prabhupada, A.C. Bhaktivedanta 516
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Pradhana 518 a deity as part of wor
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Prakrit Since Brahman is believed t
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Pranapratishtha 522 samana (in the
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Pratihara Dynasty 524 Pratihara Dyn
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Pravara 526 one of several episodes
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Priyadas 528 Priyadas (early 18th c
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Pujari brahmin priest acts as an in
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Punya 532 Hindi-speaking regions),
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Puri Dashanami 534 into the pantheo
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Pururavas 536 responsible for super
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Pushan The city of Pushkar is built
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Pushyabhuti Dynasty 540 ultimate so
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Radha 542 R Radha In later devotion
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Radhashtami 544 of his generation,
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Raidas 546 in the heavens. He alway
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Rajasuya Basohli paintings of the P
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Rakshasa 550 their brothers from mi
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Ramakrishna 552 claim that she rema
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Ramanand Sagar 554 All of the stori
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Ramayana Ramayana Characters A. The
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Rambha Ekadashi 558 convinced of Si
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Rameshvaram 560 Rama’s attack on
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Ramnagar 562 revolves around the un
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Ramsnehi 564 religious community.)
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Rasik 566 mission is to provide lea
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Rati 568 Relief sculpture of the de
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Rawal 570 February), celebrated as
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Rg Veda 572 government jobs or plac
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Rishi Panchami 574 their sacrifices
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Rta 576 model for others to use. Fo
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Sabarmati 578 S Sabarmati Northern
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Sadhana A man smokes from a chillum
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Saguna different name—in this cas
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Sakha (“companion”) Bhava 584 S
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Samavaya The four Vedas in Sanskrit
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Samkhya 588 sattva tends toward the
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Samskara The chudakarana samskara,
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Samyama 592 the Ram Lila alternates
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Sandhya 594 Sandhya (“union”) M
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Sant 596 An illustrated page of San
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Santoshi Ma Vrat 598 concrete benef
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Sapindikarana 600 A groom and bride
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Saraswati A depiction of Saraswati,
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Sarvadarshanasangraha 604 Athens in
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Satkaryavada 606 Daksha why he has
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Sattan associate with fellow devote
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Satyavati 610 Satyavati In Hindu my
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Savitri According to the dharma lit
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Self-Revealing Knowledge 614 Self-R
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Seven Sacred Cities 616 ideal of a
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Shaiva Nagas 618 Pashupatas. All th
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Shakra 620 Shakra An epithet of the
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Shalagram 622 Believed to be a mani
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Shankaracharyas A shankha, or conch
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Sharva 626 Shiva who are divided in
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Shesha 628 purification. Body hair,
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Shilappadigaram 630 Image of the go
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Shishupala 632 Shishupala In the Ma
Page 187 and 188: Shiva 634 Statue of the god Shiva f
Page 189 and 190: Shivaji Ascetics observing Shivarat
Page 191 and 192: Shiwalik Hills 638 sign of this ide
Page 193 and 194: Shravan 640 performing the sacrific
Page 195 and 196: Shringeri 642 Shrirangam, an island
Page 197 and 198: Shrishaila 644 traces its spiritual
Page 199 and 200: Shuddhi 646 specific attributes, th
Page 201 and 202: Shula 648 The god Shiva carrying a
Page 203 and 204: Shyam 650 yoga, which is the first
Page 205 and 206: Sinhastha Mela 652 Depiction of Sit
Page 207 and 208: Sitamarhi 654 her eyes modestly dow
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Page 213 and 214: Somnath Somnath Shore Temple, Gujar
Page 215 and 216: Sopashraya 662 birth of a daughter
Page 217 and 218: Steya 664 modes of religious life
Page 219 and 220: Subtle Body Vishnu, surrounded by w
Page 221 and 222: Sudarshana Sampraday 668 of the sun
Page 223 and 224: Sundaramurtti 670 The Sun Temple at
Page 225 and 226: Surdas 672 joining (yoga) of the sp
Page 227 and 228: Surya A painted relief of Surya, th
Page 229 and 230: Suta 676 sushumna is closed where i
Page 231 and 232: Svaprakasha lilas in the town of Br
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Page 237: Talikota 684 Talikota City in the B
Page 241 and 242: Tantra 688 of the subtle elements b
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Page 245 and 246: Teej Teej Teej is a name denoting t
Page 247 and 248: Thakur 694 Shrivaishnavas are devot
Page 249 and 250: Thug 696 K’s” that all Sikhs ar
Page 251 and 252: Time 698 domination by the Moghul e
Page 253 and 254: Tiruchendur 700 A group of pilgrims
Page 255 and 256: Tirumalisai 702 and the enormous Mi
Page 257 and 258: Tiruvachakam 704 Tiruvachakam (“h
Page 259 and 260: Tota Puri 706 The god Vishnu’s To
Page 261 and 262: Tridosha 708 and sculpture, in whic
Page 263 and 264: Trishanku 710 single arrow through
Page 265 and 266: Tuesday 712 Tryambakeshvar in the f
Page 267 and 268: Tumari the opening, with the remain
Page 269 and 270: Tyag Tyag (“renunciation”) Prac
Page 271 and 272: Udgatr standoff, with each side una
Page 273 and 274: Uma ulatbamsi, see Appendix A in Li
Page 275 and 276: Upanishad 722 this entitlement came
Page 277 and 278: Urdhvapundra An ascetic with the ur
Page 279 and 280: Utpanna Ekadashi 726 deity that som
Page 281 and 282: Vachaspati Mishra 728 V Vachaspati
Page 283 and 284: Vaisheshika One of the many forms o
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Valmiki Jayanti composed. After thi
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Vanamalin 738 philosopher, Shankara
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Varna Child celebrating Vasant Panc
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Vashitvam and reduces him to ashes
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Vatsyayana 744 aesthetic experience
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Vedanta Sutras to the Advaita Vedan
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Vetala 748 A pilgrim in Benares wea
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Vidyapati 750 Ruins of Vijayanagar,
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Vikramaditya 752 the major differen
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Vinata large hollow gourd projectin
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Vira The Theories of Error in India
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Vishakhadatta 758 Vishakhadatta (6t
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Vishnuchittar 760 usually because o
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Vishvakarma 762 actions, first in T
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Vishva Nirmala Dharam 764 temple an
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Vitthalnath Vitthalnath (r. 1566-15
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Vraj 768 well as religious educatio
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Vyasa given to the stage directors.
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Widows Women carry water from the l
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World Parliament of Religions descr
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Yajnopavit 776 less authoritative t
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Yamunotri west and south of the Gan
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Yatri 780 Yatri In an ascetic conte
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Yoga Mudra 782 Yoga Mudra In Indian
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Yoni 784 Navaratri, the festival of
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Zodiac Z are judged to be the winte
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Pronunciation Guide Vowels a as in
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D0dhupanth7 N0ga D0dupanth Dak5i3a
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N0th N0!ya Navar0tr7 Navyany0ya N0y
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Vet0la Vibh6ti Vidy0dh0ra Vidy0ramb
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796 Basham, Arthur Llewellyn. Histo
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798 Dimock, Edward C., Jr., and Den
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800 Hume, Robert Ernest, trans. Thi
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802 ---. The Kapalikas and the Kala
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804 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. An I
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806 Vatsayana. The Complete Kama Su
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808 Aham Brahmasmi, 17, 113, 408 Ah
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810 Antarala, architecture, 44, 405
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812 Ashvattha fig, 66. See also Tre
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814 Bhadrapada, 46, 93, 131, 503, 5
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816 Brahmacharya, 120 Brahmahatya,
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818 Chakras, 75, 137, 231, 257, 278
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820 The Cult of the Sun God (Mitra)
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822 Deogarh temple, 184 Deoghar, 18
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824 Dvadashakshara mantra, 213 Dvai
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826 Galta, 232 Gambling, 201, 204,
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828 Gopal, Sarvepalli, 74, 77 Gopal
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830 Hindi, 48, 116, 126, 282, 450,
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832 414, 432, 446, 736. See also Dr
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834 Kalasha, 30, 332-333 Kalhana, p
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836 Kaveri River. See Cauvery River
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838 Kushadvipa, 215, 383 Kusha gras
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840 172, 190, 194, 204, 206, 207, 2
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842 love marriage, 54, 393 mangal s
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844 Mountain Goddess (Sax), 460 Mou
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846 Nayanars, poets, 29, 48, 134, 1
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848 204, 206, 207, 210, 231, 232, 2
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850 395, 430, 464, 516, 521, 525, 6
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852 506-507, 507, 522, 525, 585, 59
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854 Purushartha, 189, 536 Purusha S
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856 Rao, T. A. Gopinatha, 447 Rasa,
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858 Gorakhnath, 61, 256, 257, 321,
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860 Saraswati, Dayanand Swami, 57,
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862 Shatakshi, 626 Shatapatha Brahm
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864 Simantonnayana, 527, 591 Simant
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866 Svastika, 678 Svastikasana, 678
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868 Rishikesh, 573-574 Tirthayatra,
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870 sites, 77, 80-81, 90, 102, 184,
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872 Vimarsha, 519, 579, 753 Vina, 6
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874 Wives of the God-King (Marglin)
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512, 714 © N.G. Sharma/Dinodia Pic
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