The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hindusim vol 2
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Shishtachara<br />
formed, made, or fashioned. In the context<br />
<strong>of</strong> art and architecture, the term<br />
shilpa shastra is most <strong>of</strong>ten associated<br />
with two specific areas, which by the<br />
medieval era had had their conventions<br />
strictly fixed. One <strong>of</strong> these governed the<br />
creation <strong>of</strong> sculptural images, according<br />
to which the images <strong>of</strong> the deities had to<br />
be carved to exactly defined proportions,<br />
along with their identifying attributes.<br />
<strong>The</strong> other area was in regard<br />
to buildings, whether individual structures<br />
such as temples, or collections<br />
<strong>of</strong> buildings in city planning. <strong>The</strong> layout<br />
<strong>of</strong> temples was modeled after the<br />
human body (and thus mirrored the<br />
sculptor’s precision regarding the<br />
images <strong>of</strong> the divine); entire towns<br />
were similarly modeled to create a<br />
harmonious urban environment.<br />
Shipra River<br />
A distant tributary <strong>of</strong> the Yamuna River,<br />
which has its headwaters in the<br />
Vindhya Mountains in Madhya Pradesh.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Shipra is considered a holy river<br />
because it flows through Ujjain, a central<br />
Indian city with great religious and<br />
historical significance.<br />
Shirdi<br />
Small town in the state <strong>of</strong> Maharashtra,<br />
about 120 miles northeast <strong>of</strong><br />
Bombay. It is famous as the home <strong>of</strong><br />
the modern saint Shirdi Sai Baba, who<br />
appeared there as an adolescent boy in<br />
1872 and lived there until his death in<br />
1918. He was greatly esteemed by people<br />
from all religious communities,<br />
and the shrine built in the place in<br />
which he lived receives considerable<br />
traffic even today.<br />
Shirdi Sai Baba<br />
(d. 1918) Hindu ascetic and religious<br />
teacher whose disciples came from<br />
many different religious communities—<br />
Hindu, Muslim, Parsi, and Christian. His<br />
origins are mysterious, for in 1872 he<br />
simply appeared in the town <strong>of</strong> Shirdi in<br />
Maharashtra, as a boy <strong>of</strong> about sixteen.<br />
He was dressed in the manner <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Muslim faqir (religious mendicant, or<br />
beggar), but claimed to have forgotten<br />
his birthplace and his family. Because <strong>of</strong><br />
his dress a local priest forbade him from<br />
staying at a Hindu temple, so he moved<br />
into a small, unused mosque, where he<br />
lived for the rest <strong>of</strong> his life. He kept a perpetual<br />
fire burning in a fire pit, and for<br />
religious rituals performed both Muslim<br />
prayers and Hindu worship. He was<br />
most famous for his supernatural powers:<br />
healing (for which he <strong>of</strong>ten gave<br />
people ash from his fire pit to eat), foretelling<br />
the future, multilocation (the<br />
ability to be in two places at the same<br />
time), and appearing in dreams to guide<br />
his followers. His response to people’s<br />
immediate needs made him famous<br />
through much <strong>of</strong> India, but he always<br />
maintained that his purpose in performing<br />
miracles was to attract people<br />
to spiritual life. He gradually attracted<br />
disciples, and in the time since his death<br />
the town <strong>of</strong> Shirdi has become an<br />
important regional pilgrimage place<br />
(tirtha). Although he referred to himself<br />
as Sai Baba, he is now usually called<br />
Shirdi Sai Baba, to distinguish him from<br />
Sathya Sai Baba, another religious<br />
leader who claims to be Shirdi Sai Baba’s<br />
reincarnated form.<br />
Shishtachara<br />
<strong>The</strong> “practice <strong>of</strong> learned [people],”<br />
which was one <strong>of</strong> the traditional sources<br />
for determining religious duty (dharma)<br />
for matters not discussed in the dharma<br />
literature, or for cases in which the literature<br />
itself gave conflicting opinions.<br />
Although Shishtachara was the least<br />
authoritative source <strong>of</strong> dharma, after the<br />
Vedic scriptures and the dharma literature,<br />
making it an authority recognizes<br />
that life has many ambiguities and<br />
uncertainties and at the same time provides<br />
a resource for determining the<br />
appropriate action by taking as a model<br />
the practice <strong>of</strong> established and knowledgeable<br />
people. Another term to designate<br />
this sort <strong>of</strong> authority was sadachara,<br />
the “practice <strong>of</strong> good [people].”<br />
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