The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hindusim vol 2
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Saraswat<br />
in a sacred river, although with the<br />
advent <strong>of</strong> better transportation this is<br />
sometimes now performed before the<br />
twelfth day rites. In addition, people<br />
still perform annual memorial rites for<br />
the deceased. For an excellent account<br />
<strong>of</strong> this rite, see David M. Knipe,<br />
“Sapindikarana: <strong>The</strong> Hindu Rite <strong>of</strong> Entry<br />
into Heaven,” in Frank E. Reynolds and<br />
Earle H. Waugh (eds.), Religious<br />
Encounters With Death, 1977.<br />
Saptapadi<br />
(“seven steps”) <strong>The</strong> most important rite<br />
in the Hindu marriage ceremony, in<br />
which the bride and groom take seven<br />
steps together to symbolize their marital<br />
union. <strong>The</strong> seventh step completes the<br />
transfer <strong>of</strong> the bride from her natal family<br />
to the groom’s family and is also the<br />
point when the marriage becomes permanent.<br />
As described in the dharma literature,<br />
the bride and groom would<br />
perform this rite by taking seven steps in<br />
a straight line. In contemporary times<br />
this rite is <strong>of</strong>ten combined with the<br />
agnipradakshinam (“circumambulating<br />
the fire”), in which the bride and<br />
groom make seven re<strong>vol</strong>utions around a<br />
small fire—considered to be a form <strong>of</strong><br />
the god Agni and thus the divine witness<br />
to the marriage. While circling the fire,<br />
the bride and groom are <strong>of</strong>ten physically<br />
joined by tying part <strong>of</strong> his turban to the<br />
edge <strong>of</strong> her sari as a visible sign <strong>of</strong> their<br />
marital union.<br />
Saptasindhu<br />
(“seven seas”) In traditional mythic<br />
geography, the seven oceans surrounding<br />
the seven concentric landmasses<br />
(dvipas) that make up the visible world.<br />
Each <strong>of</strong> these seven seas is composed <strong>of</strong><br />
a different substance. <strong>The</strong> ocean accessible<br />
to human beings is composed <strong>of</strong><br />
salt water, but the oceans beyond that<br />
are composed <strong>of</strong> sugarcane juice, wine,<br />
ghee (clarified butter), yogurt, milk, and<br />
sweet water. Few specific details exist<br />
about most <strong>of</strong> these oceans, but the<br />
Ocean <strong>of</strong> Milk has a prominent place in<br />
Hindu mythology, since it was by churning<br />
this that the gods obtained the nectar<br />
<strong>of</strong> immortality (amrta). See also<br />
Tortoise avatar.<br />
Sarama<br />
In the Rg Veda, the earliest Hindu sacred<br />
text, a servant <strong>of</strong> the storm-god Indra. In<br />
Rg Veda 10.108, Sarama is sent as an<br />
emissary to Indra’s enemies, the Panis,<br />
to inquire where they have hidden the<br />
cows they have stolen, and to threaten<br />
them with Indra’s wrath if they do not<br />
reveal their location.<br />
Saraswat<br />
Traditional Indian society was modeled<br />
as a collection <strong>of</strong> endogamous, or<br />
intermarried, subgroups known as jatis<br />
(“birth”). Jatis were organized (and their<br />
social status determined) by the group’s<br />
hereditary occupation, over which each<br />
group has a monopoly. This sort <strong>of</strong> differentiation<br />
applied even to brahmins,<br />
whose role has been to serve as priests,<br />
scholars, and teachers. <strong>The</strong> Saraswats<br />
are a brahmin jati counted as one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
five northern Indian brahmin communities<br />
(Pancha Gauda); the other four<br />
are the Gaudas, the Kanaujias, the<br />
Maithilas, and the Utkalas. Unlike most<br />
other brahmin communities, which had<br />
a well-defined core region, the Saraswats<br />
are found in several widely separated<br />
locations. One group lived in the<br />
coastal region <strong>of</strong> Sindh in modern<br />
Pakistan, although after Partition in<br />
1947 most <strong>of</strong> the group migrated to<br />
Bombay. Another group was located in<br />
prepartition Punjab, although here too<br />
they have tended to migrate away from<br />
the part <strong>of</strong> Punjab in modern Pakistan.<br />
A third branch, known as the Gauda<br />
Saraswats, is found on a narrow strip <strong>of</strong><br />
coastline in the southern Indian state<br />
<strong>of</strong> Karnataka. <strong>The</strong> Saraswat community<br />
takes its name from Saraswati,<br />
patron goddess <strong>of</strong> speech and learning,<br />
and, as a group, is famous for its erudition<br />
and piety.<br />
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