The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hindusim vol 2
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Raksha Bandhan<br />
caused the spectacular collapse <strong>of</strong> this<br />
community in 1985. Rajneesh returned<br />
to India, where he eventually took up<br />
residence in Pune again. In his last years<br />
he changed his name several times—<br />
once claiming that the spirit <strong>of</strong><br />
Gautama Buddha had entered him—<br />
and at the time <strong>of</strong> his death had taken<br />
the name Osho.<br />
Rajput<br />
(“king’s son”) Traditional Indian society<br />
was modeled as a collection <strong>of</strong> endogamous,<br />
or intermarried, subgroups<br />
known as jatis (“birth”). <strong>The</strong>se jatis were<br />
organized (and their social status determined)<br />
by the group’s hereditary occupation,<br />
over which each jati had a<br />
monopoly. <strong>The</strong> Rajputs were a martial<br />
Hindu jati that at times ruled large parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> western India, and have always<br />
claimed to be kshatriyas—buttressing<br />
this claim by creating genealogies linking<br />
their families to the mythical Solar or<br />
Lunar Lines <strong>of</strong> kings. <strong>The</strong>ir origin is<br />
uncertain, for they first appear around<br />
the end <strong>of</strong> the first millennium, and<br />
many scholars speculate that they were<br />
descended from the Hunas and later<br />
assimilated into the small kingdoms.<br />
<strong>The</strong> four main Rajput clans were known<br />
as the Agnikula (“fire lineage”), because<br />
they claimed descent from a single<br />
mythical king who had arisen from a<br />
sacrificial fire pit in Mount Abu,<br />
Rajasthan. <strong>The</strong>se four ruling clans were<br />
the Pariharas in southern Rajasthan, the<br />
Chauhans in the region around Delhi,<br />
the Solankis in Gujarat, and the Pawars<br />
in western Madhya Pradesh.<br />
Whatever their origin, the Rajputs<br />
were warrior princes whose martial<br />
code stressed death before dishonor<br />
and swift reprisals against any insult.<br />
During the Moghul Empire era<br />
(1525–1707) Rajput kings were <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
feudal vassals, given kingdoms in<br />
exchange for their loyalty and service.<br />
After the breakup <strong>of</strong> the Moghul Empire<br />
many <strong>of</strong> them continued to reign as the<br />
rulers <strong>of</strong> small princely states. <strong>The</strong>y<br />
remain an important ruling class even in<br />
modern times, through the medium <strong>of</strong><br />
parliamentary politics.<br />
Rajrajeshvar Temple<br />
Massive temple in the city <strong>of</strong> Tanjore in<br />
state <strong>of</strong> Tamil Nadu, dedicated to the<br />
god Shiva in his form as “Lord <strong>of</strong> Kings.”<br />
Tanjore was the capital <strong>of</strong> the Chola<br />
dynasty, and this temple, built approximately<br />
1000 C.E. by the Chola king Raja<br />
Raja, conveys the confidence <strong>of</strong> a kingdom<br />
on the rise. Architecturally speaking,<br />
the temple is an enlargement <strong>of</strong> the<br />
simplest sort <strong>of</strong> Hindu temple, with a<br />
garbhagrha covered by a spire, but it is<br />
breathtaking in its scale. <strong>The</strong> tower over<br />
the central shrine is 190 feet high and<br />
looks even higher, since the construction<br />
minimizes any distracting elements<br />
that would arrest the eye’s upward<br />
journey. It is capped by a single piece<br />
<strong>of</strong> stone weighing an estimated<br />
eighty tons, which required a four-milelong<br />
ramp to put in place. See also<br />
Moghul dynasty.<br />
Raksha Bandhan<br />
Festival day celebrated on the full moon<br />
in the lunar month <strong>of</strong> Shravan<br />
(July–August); this festival’s theme is the<br />
bond <strong>of</strong> protection (raksha) between<br />
brother and sister. On this day sisters tie<br />
(bandhan) a string around the brother’s<br />
right wrist, which is sometimes just a<br />
simple thread and sometimes an elaborately<br />
constructed ornamental bracelet.<br />
Sisters then mark a tilak (tika) on the<br />
brother’s forehead as a sign <strong>of</strong> respect<br />
and feed their brothers sweets. For their<br />
part, brothers give their sisters money,<br />
clothing, jewelry, or other gifts.<br />
As with the festival <strong>of</strong> Bhaiya Duj,<br />
Raksha Bandhan symbolizes the protective<br />
bond between brothers and sisters.<br />
In the long term, brothers are seen as<br />
the family members who will protect<br />
their sisters’ interests—since in many<br />
cases daughters long outlive their<br />
fathers and their brothers are the natal<br />
relatives on whom they must depend.<br />
Sisters perform these rites to protect<br />
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