Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume One A -L Robert E. Buswell

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E VIL Mara, the Evil <strong>One</strong>, attacks the Buddha. (Tibet, eighteenth century.) The Art Archive/Dagli Orti. Reproduced by permission. 270 E NCYCLOPEDIA OF B UDDHISM
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM Volume One
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CONTENTS Preface. .................
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PREFACE Buddhism is one of the thre
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P REFACE for rendering Asian langua
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LIST OF ARTICLES Abhidharma Collett
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L IST OF A RTICLES Devadatta Max De
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L IST OF A RTICLES Laos Justin McDa
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L IST OF A RTICLES Sautrantika Coll
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Ryuichi Abé C
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L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Alexander Ga
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L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Jan Nattier
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L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Jonathan S.
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SYNOPTIC OUTLINE OF ENTRIES This ou
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S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Juef
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S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Divi
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S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Cent
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MAPS THE DIFFUSION OF BUDDHISM Majo
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E NCYCLOPEDIA OF B UDDHISM xxxvii M
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E NCYCLOPEDIA OF B UDDHISM xxxix Ma
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A ABHIDHARMA In the centuries after
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A BHIDHARMA 5. Yamaka (Pairs); 6. P
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A BHIDHARMA invoked only as a suppl
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A BHIDHARMAKOŚABHA S YA tic techni
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A BORTION the focus of numerous ARH
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A GAMA/NIKA YA schools whose litera
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A LCHI beings in action, the Ajanta
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A MULETS AND T ALISMANS generally l
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A NANDA T EMPLE chose A nanda to se
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A NA TMAN/A TMAN (NO -SELF/SELF) ob
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A NCESTORS miniature furniture and
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A NITYA ( IMPERMANENCE) transfer, g
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A POCRYPHA eled after canonical nar
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A POCRYPHA ously be inherently enli
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A RHAT nonreturning (anagami marga)
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A RYADEVA or as distinctly exotic,
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A SCETIC P RACTICES aya 4:88) state
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A TISHA Bibliography Barua, B. M. A
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A VADA NA ters. The Avadanaśataka
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A YUTTHAYA (function) in analyzing
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B BA MIYA N Located 240 miles north
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B IANXIANG (TRANSFORMATION T ABLEAU
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B IOGRAPHY BIOGRAPHY Many religious
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B KA’ BRGYUD (KAGYU) the Buddha
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B ODH G AYA 2. The Stag lung Bka’
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B ODHI (AWAKENING) scholarship to r
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B ODHICARYA VATA RA awakening (dunw
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B ODHICITTA (THOUGHT OF A WAKENING)
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B ODHIDHARMA BODHIDHARMA Within the
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B ODHISATTVA( S ) 10. caramabhavika
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B ODHISATTVA I MAGES Early represen
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B ODY, PERSPECTIVES ON THE serves t
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B ODY, PERSPECTIVES ON THE body has
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B ON lde btsan (pronounced Trisong
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B SAM YAS D EBATE the first seven T
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B UDDHA( S ) say for certain is tha
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B UDDHA( S ) have originated at the
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B UDDHAGHOSA BUDDHACARITA The Buddh
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B UDDHAHOOD AND B UDDHA B ODIES rep
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B UDDHA I MAGES terms such as sahaj
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B UDDHA I MAGES the Buddha as a hum
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE MU LASARVA STI
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE and was near d
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE by the next bu
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE, IN A RT A rep
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE, IN A RT Buddh
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B UDDHAVACANA (WORD OF THE B UDDHA)
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES temporary Buddhi
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES both at indigeno
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES The CHAN SCHOOL
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B URMESE, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN L
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B U STON (BU TÖN) Lu se lu phrac v
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C CAMBODIA Cambodia in the twenty-f
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C AMBODIA A view of Angkor Wat, the
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C AMBODIA traditionalists within th
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C ANON CANDRAKIRTI Candrakrti (ca.
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C ANON tirety is that of the Therav
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C ANON A Tibetan book, printed from
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C AVE S ANCTUARIES sanbao ji. Thus,
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C AVE S ANCTUARIES The late-seventh
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C ENTRAL A SIA Kaniska) to Buddhism
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C ENTRAL A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN fo
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C HAN A RT paintings or in sculptur
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C HAN A RT torial counterpart to th
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C HAN A RT activity such as archery
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C HAN S CHOOL all-at-once enlighten
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C HAN S CHOOL Concentration on wu w
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C HAN S CHOOL subordinate component
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C HANTING AND L ITURGY Faure, Berna
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C HINA Bells, gongs, drums, horns,
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C HINA teachings were drawn to Budd
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C HINA ten display a tendency to re
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Daoism wer
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Xiangyang
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN stone imag
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN appeared d
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Guanyin fr
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C HINESE, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON V
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C HINUL mately be traced back to th
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C HRISTIANITY AND B UDDHISM influen
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C LERICAL M ARRIAGE IN J APAN out o
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C OLONIALISM AND B UDDHISM rently l
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C OLONIALISM AND B UDDHISM Japan (S
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C OMMENTARIAL L ITERATURE chong’s
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C OMMUNISM AND B UDDHISM tion, the
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C OMMUNISM AND B UDDHISM A Chinese
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C ONFUCIANISM AND B UDDHISM poetry
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C ONSCIOUSNESS, THEORIES OF Bibliog
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C ONSCIOUSNESS, THEORIES OF persona
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C ONSECRATION how disappointed he w
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C ONSECRATION enables a representat
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C OSMOLOGY Zürcher, Erik. The Budd
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C OSMOLOGY Cycles of time The tempo
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C OUNCILS, BUDDHIST But this raises
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C RITICAL B UDDHISM (HIHAN B UKKYO)
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D DAIMOKU The term daimoku, literal
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D ALAI L AMA Mongolian translation
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D ALAI L AMA Lama was given the nam
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D AOISM AND B UDDHISM DAO’AN Dao
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D AOISM AND B UDDHISM Several hagio
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D AOSHENG met the mysterious Man of
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D EATH as popular Chan adages, are
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D EATH to mindfulness of the three
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D EATH The funeral and cremation of
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D EATH The funeral procession of a
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D ECLINE OF THE D HARMA ence of NUN
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D ESIRE po constitutes a new dispen
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D GE LUGS (GELUK) Mahaprajñaparami
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS been added ove
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS A golden dharm
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS 1. Form or mat
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS 6. Attainment
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D HARMARAKS A dha. The fourfold dha
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D IAMOND S U TRA Dhyana is also def
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D IET obtained on the begging round
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D ISCIPLES OF THE B UDDHA restrict
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D IVINITIES bought for the Buddha a
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D O GEN oped in India and beyond, w
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D OUBT she increasingly relied on h
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D UH KHA ( SUFFERING) 193b) asserts
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D UNHUANG Whitfield, Roderick. The
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E ECONOMICS Before trying to determ
Page 570: E CONOMICS goods without which they
Page 574: E DUCATION EDUCATION For centuries,
Page 578: E NNIN and the environmentalist Ch
Page 582: E NTERTAINMENT AND P ERFORMANCE of
Page 586: E SOTERIC A RT, EAST A SIA (Vidyara
Page 590: E SOTERIC A RT, EAST A SIA divide i
Page 594: E SOTERIC A RT, SOUTH AND S OUTHEAS
Page 598: E SOTERIC A RT, SOUTH AND S OUTHEAS
Page 602: E THICS Bibliography Fisher, Robert
Page 606: E THICS cially compassion and wisdo
Page 610: E TIQUETTE Wayman, Alex. Ethics of
Page 614: E UROPE The Dharmapala Center, Kand
Page 618: E VIL EVIL A word that closely appr
Page 624: E XOTERIC-ESOTERIC (KENMITSU) BUDDH
Page 628: E XOTERIC-ESOTERIC (KENMITSU) BUDDH
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Page 636: F AITH adhimutti or adhimokkha). Th
Page 640: F AMILY, BUDDHISM AND THE inside a
Page 644: F ASTING sometime during the middle
Page 648: F AZANG rebutted those attacks in h
Page 652: F ESTIVALS AND C ALENDRICAL R ITUAL
Page 656: F ILIALITY relationships. In Japan,
Page 660: F OLK R ELIGION, CHINA Schopen, Gre
Page 664: F OLK R ELIGION, JAPAN divination,
Page 668: F OLK R ELIGION, SOUTHEAST A SIA th
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F OUR N OBLE T RUTHS seek his own e
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F OUR N OBLE T RUTHS fourteenth-cen
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G A NDHA RI , BUDDHIST L ITERATURE
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G ELUK his hands touched the sun an
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G ENDER positions in the cosmos tha
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G ENDER Perhaps the most striking a
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G HOST F ESTIVAL Japanese Americans
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G UANYIN police that world, which e
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This page intentionally left blank
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H AN Y ONGUN modern Rinzai lineages
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H ELLS it is better to aspire to be
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H ELLS, IMAGES OF Matsunaga, Daigan
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H ERMENEUTICS Boiling Cauldron Hell
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN HIMALA
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN scroll
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN Centra
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H I NAYA NA Bernier, Ronald M. The
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H INDUISM AND B UDDHISM The Hindu d
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H ISTORY nun. Early and late Buddhi
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H ISTORY crisis where traditional a
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H O NEN McRae, John. “Encounter D
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H UAYAN A RT developed. Most popula
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H UAYAN JING is especially evident
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H UAYAN S CHOOL the scripture’s t
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H UAYAN S CHOOL monumental commenta
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H UAYAN S CHOOL major doctrines of
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H UIYUAN center of Hongren (601-674
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H YUJŎNG Doctrine), and Simbŏp yo
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I MPERMANENCE and may have fathered
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I NDIA monks became increasingly di
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I NDIA increased the number of nika
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I NDIA Tibetans light butter lamps
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Masefield,
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Pillars an
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Buddha Pre
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I NDIA, NORTHWEST the thirteenth ce
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I NDIA, NORTHWEST Central Asia in t
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I NDONESIA AND THE M ALAY P ENINSUL
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I NDONESIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN center
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I NDRA inscriptions describing the
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I NITIATION gods to hold the ceremo
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I NTERMEDIATE S TATES In this monum
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I PPEN C HISHIN Cuevas, Bryan J.
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I SLAM AND B UDDHISM Bibliography B
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J APAN to one medieval writer of th
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J APAN Still, whether or not they c
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J APAN Throughout the eighth centur
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J APAN The famous Zen garden at the
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J APAN, BUDDHIST A RT IN Important
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J APAN, BUDDHIST A RT IN This statu
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J APANESE, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON
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J APANESE R OYAL F AMILY AND B UDDH
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J A TAKA (1053-1129) established ma
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J A TAKAMA LA individual jatakas ar
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J IUN O NKO JIUN ONKO Jiun Onko (Ji
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J UEFAN (HUIHONG) Groves [of Chan])
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K A LACAKRA Kailaśa (Mount Kailash
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K A LACAKRA name of Islam, Sultan M
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K AMAKURA B UDDHISM, JAPAN those pr
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K AMAKURA B UDDHISM, JAPAN practice
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K ARMA ( ACTION) The surviving sour
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K ARMA PA The seventeenth Karma pa,
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K ARUN A (COMPASSION) compassion is
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K HMER, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN “
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K INGSHIP Muller, A. Charles. The S
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K O AN (seminal heart) traditions h
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K O AN a Song-dynasty Chan school t
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K OREA Buddhist themes, compiled du
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K OREA found his hermeneutical key
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K OREA Lanterns on the river during
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K OREA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Buddhist m
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K OREA, BUDDHIST A RT IN green, and
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K OREAN, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON V
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K UMA RAJI VA See also: Exoteric-Es
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L AITY Laypersons dip lotus flowers
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L AITY to reciting Amitabha’s nam
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L ALITAVISTARA LALITAVISTARA The La
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L ANGUAGES Two important claims abo
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L ANGUAGES Central Asia. A most int
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L A ṄKA VATA RA- SU TRA Hinüber,
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L AOS After almost a century of war
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L AW AND B UDDHISM in Sri Lanka, Bu
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L INEAGE a concrete meaning as clan
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L INEAGE with similar aims, to legi
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L OCAL D IVINITIES AND B UDDHISM so
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L OCAL D IVINITIES AND B UDDHISM de
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L OGIC many such thinkers were engr
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L OTUS S U TRA (SADDHARMAPUN D ARI
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EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR IN CHIEF Rob
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Encyclopedia of Buddhism Robert E.
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M ADHYAMAKA S CHOOL into emptiness
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M ADHYAMAKA S CHOOL support the Mad
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M ADHYAMAKA S CHOOL Madhyamaka in T
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M AHA BODHI T EMPLE The tradition o
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M AHA MUDRA dedicating their merit
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M AHA SA M GHIKA S CHOOL everything
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M AHA YA NA MAHA YA NA There are, i
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M AHA YA NA goal in one form or ano
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M AHA YA NA Indian forms was partic
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M AHA YA NA record: If adherents of
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M AHA YA NA P RECEPTS IN J APAN in
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS appe
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS The
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS for
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M AN D ALA the more popular AMITABH
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M AN D ALA Mandala of the Diamond W
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M ANTRA illustrating these complica
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M ARTIAL A RTS pass his dharma line
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M ARTIAL A RTS his feet bears close
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M A TR CET A considered an invented
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M EDITATION Zysk, Kenneth G. “Bud
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M EDITATION A monk meditates at a s
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M EDITATION anusmrti (recollection)
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M EDITATION Second, one cannot esca
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M EDITATION traditions of mental cu
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M EIJI B UDDHIST R EFORM their will
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M ERIT AND M ERIT-MAKING MERIT AND
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M IJIAO (ESOTERIC) SCHOOL joyed in
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M I LA RAS PA (MILAREPA) MI LA RAS
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M ILLENARIANISM AND M ILLENARIAN M
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M IND decades later, the themes of
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M IRACLES buddha, Śakyamuni was be
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M IZUKO K UYO See also: Buddhahood
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M ODERNITY AND B UDDHISM Young monk
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M OHE ZHIGUAN interstitial groups,
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE monastic li
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE The Mogao C
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE (668-935),
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M ONASTICISM monastery construction
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M ONASTICISM Thicksay Monastery, Le
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M ONASTIC M ILITIAS Relationship be
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M ONGOLIA dhist practice, thereby t
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M ONGOLIA The monastery of Erdeni Z
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M ONKS fasting, sleep deprivation,
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M OZHAO C HAN (SILENT I LLUMINATION
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M U DRA AND V ISUAL I MAGERY monk d
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M U LASARVA STIVA DA is frequently
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M YANMAR example, AMITABHA (Amida)
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M YANMAR have formed the core curri
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M YANMAR, BUDDHIST A RT IN life der
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M YANMAR, BUDDHIST A RT IN number o
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N ARA B UDDHISM the final truth. In
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N ATIONALISM AND B UDDHISM NATIONAL
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N ATIONALISM AND B UDDHISM governme
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N EO-CONFUCIANISM the Buddha or kee
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N EPAL traditions and loyalty of mo
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N EPAL, BUDDHIST A RT IN Bibliograp
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N ICHIREN of devotional songs that
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N ICHIREN S CHOOL A Nichiren priest
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N ICHIREN S CHOOL (3) The kaidan, o
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N IRODHA Buswell, Robert E., Jr. Tr
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N IRVA N A word means not only that
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N IRVA N A liberation in nirvana. B
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N O -SELF core nature of each indiv
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N UNS Nuns of Jamyang Choling Insti
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N UNS Bibliography Arai, Paula. Wom
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O RDINATION Verhagen, P. C. “The
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O RDINATION assembly three times to
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O RIGINAL E NLIGHTENMENT (HONGAKU)
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O RIGINAL E NLIGHTENMENT (HONGAKU)
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O XHERDING P ICTURES final outcome.
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P ADMASAMBHAVA Padmasambhava, who p
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P A LI, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN tra
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P A LI, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN onl
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P ARAMA RTHA from prison in Februar
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P ARISH (DANKA, TERAUKE) SYSTEM IN
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P ARITTA AND R AKS A T EXTS Bibliog
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P ATH walked on this same “ancien
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P ATH of wholesome karmic seeds. Ta
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P ATIENCE Mahathera Henepola Gunara
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P ERSECUTIONS traditional Indian dr
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P ERSECUTIONS to separate the worsh
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P ERSECUTIONS instituting tighter c
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P HILOSOPHY understand themselves t
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P HOENIX H ALL ( AT THE B YO DO IN)
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P ILGRIMAGE Husband-and-wife pilgri
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P ILGRIMAGE Tibetan Buddhist pilgri
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P OETRY AND B UDDHISM McRae, John R
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P OLITICS AND B UDDHISM of a great
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P OLITICS AND B UDDHISM Tibetan mon
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P ORTRAITURE surrounded by smaller
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P RAJN A (WISDOM) The Potala palac
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P RAJN A PA RAMITA L ITERATURE tra
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P RA TIMOKS A Diverse schools of vi
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P RATYEKABUDDHA Instead, they are d
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P RAYER supplication). Buddhist pra
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P RECEPTS From another perspective,
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P RINTING T ECHNOLOGIES A monk hold
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P ROVINCIAL T EMPLE S YSTEM (KOKUBU
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P SYCHOLOGY Thus, generally speakin
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P SYCHOLOGY properties on the cloth
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P SYCHOLOGY contemporary reader may
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P SYCHOLOGY of controlling the body
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P SYCHOLOGY and explanation, which
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P SYCHOLOGY Firestone, Robert W.; F
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P UDGALAVA DA Sharf, Robert H. “B
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P URE L AND A RT end of a kalpa, fi
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P URE L AND A RT FIGURE 1 Pure land
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P URE L AND B UDDHISM Bibliography
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P URE L AND B UDDHISM jing, therefo
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P URE L AND B UDDHISM The focus upo
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P URE L ANDS heavenly glory is the
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P URE L AND S CHOOLS the pure land,
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P URE L AND S CHOOLS (538-597) inco
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R EBIRTH There is an old tradition
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R EFUGES In Japanese Buddhism, post
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R ELICS A ND R ELICS C ULTS A monk
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R ELICS A ND R ELICS C ULTS The Bud
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R ENNYO 600-664) brought 150 relic
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R EPENTANCE AND C ONFESSION and har
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R ITUAL subtle fetters (sam yojana)
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R ITUAL O BJECTS Bell, Catherine. R
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R ITUAL O BJECTS Monks rotate praye
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R NYING MA (NYINGMA) Tibetan histor
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R OBES AND C LOTHING made up of two
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R OBES AND C LOTHING patch together
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S AMGUK YUSA (MEMORABILIA OF THE T
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S AṄGHA In the Śatavahana period
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S AṄGHA admission to the order an
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S ANJIE J IAO (THREE S TAGES S CHOO
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S ANSKRIT, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN
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S ANSKRIT, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN
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S ARVA STIVA DA AND M U LASARVA STI
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S A SKYA P AN D ITA (SAKYA P AN D I
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ŚA STRA Stearns, Cyrus. Luminous L
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S CRIPTURE as it is a collection of
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S ELF scriptural study is found amo
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S ENTIENT B EINGS Sengzhao made mul
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S EXUALITY distracted by the sight
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S HINGON B UDDHISM, JAPAN This is e
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S HINRAN Bibliography Abé, Ryuichi
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S HINTO (HONJI S UIJAKU) AND B UDDH
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S HINTO (HONJI S UIJAKU) AND B UDDH
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S HO TOKU, PRINCE ( TAISHI) have be
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S HWEDAGON (seated, walking, or oth
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S ILK R OAD Silk Road 0 50 100 mi.
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S INHALA, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN (
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S LAVERY SLAVERY The definition of
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S Ŏ N S CHOOL scarves. The interna
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S OUTHEAST A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN
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S OUTHEAST A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN
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S PACE, SACRED Gosling, Betty. Sukh
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S PACE, SACRED (sutra-burial mounds
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S PACE, SACRED part of Honshu Islan
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S PACE, SACRED Outer Shrine dedicat
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S RI L ANKA The Mahavam sa asserts
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S RI L ANKA A young novice monk bat
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S RI L ANKA, BUDDHIST A RT IN templ
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S RI L ANKA, BUDDHIST A RT IN A rec
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S TU PA be a perfect circle, was in
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S TU PA Reliefs depicting events fr
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S UFFERING Hallade, Madeleine, Gand
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S U TRA Other Mahayanists analyzed
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S UVARN APRABHA SOTTAMA- SU TRA ill
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S YNCRETIC S ECTS: THREE T EACHINGS
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T AIWAN A row of golden Buddha stat
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T AIWAN A ceremony at Fo Kuang Shan
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T ANTRA the performance of one’s
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T ANTRA Connecting the ganglia are
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T ANTRA initially treated with susp
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T AOISM Bibliography Abé Ryuichi.
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T EMPLE Grosnick, William H. “Non
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T HAILAND Payutto published the fir
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T HAILAND kings helped settle saṅ
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T HAILAND A Thai Buddhist lays an o
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T HERAVA DA Phutathat (Buddhadasa B
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T HERAVA DA original Pali from Sing
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T HERAVA DA refuges and precepts to
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T HERAVA DA A RT AND A RCHITECTURE
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T HICH N HAT H ANH Images are belie
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T IANTAI S CHOOL Confronted with th
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T IANTAI S CHOOL emptiness, which i
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T IANTAI S CHOOL and finally as its
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T IBET the relationship between Ind
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T IBET A statue of Padmasambhava, w
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T IBET in particular found much to
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T IBET virtually all monastic insti
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T IME Cuevas, Bryan J. The Hidden H
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T ULKA ‘Ol khar chos lung during
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U NITED S TATES In 670 Ŭisang retu
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U NITED S TATES Exclusions: 1924-19
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U NITED S TATES property that would
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U PAGUPTA Numrich, Paul David. Old
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U SURY bodhisattva or buddha not on
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V AJRAYA NA Mahayana is a prelude t
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V ASUBANDHU associated with the est
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V IETNAM Monks dry rice at the Bat
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V IETNAM A monk sounds a bell at a
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V IJN A NA Books Vernacular Buddhi
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V INAYA of the type that characteri
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V INAYA an ordained bhiksu (or bhik
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V IPAŚYIN in Burma (Myanmar). Afte
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W AR One episode found in the Pali
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W AR surroundings, while still basi
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W ISDOM Their main role in shaping
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W OMEN But these normative construc
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W ŎN B UDDHISM form of birth? How
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W ŎNHYO With his vast scholarship
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W ORSHIP Lotus petals strewn on a s
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X UANZANG lun (Establishing the Exc
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Y IJING Tiantai. His conception of
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Y OGA Linji’s teaching. When this
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Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL founder of the
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Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL means desiring
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Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL 1. The “provi
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Y UN’ GANG China. Thereafter loca
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Z EN, POPULAR C ONCEPTIONS OF belon
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Z HAO LUN it is a product of the ti
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Z HUHONG and so on. His ideas were
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I NDIA 1891 ANAGA RIKA DHARMAPA LA
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S OUTHEAST A SIA 1236 MONKS from Ka
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C HINA 645 XUANZANG (ca. 600-664) r
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J APAN AND K OREA 1010 The Korean k
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T IBET AND THE H IMALAYAS 1642 Gush
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I NDEX VOLUME 1, PP. 1-478: VOLUME
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Page 1992:
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Page 2008:
Page 2012:
Page 2016:
Page 2020:
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LEFT: The bodhisattva Samantabhadra
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TOP: The recumbent Buddha entering
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A carved panel depicting an unident
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TOP: Illustration from the Amitabha
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TOP: A Buddhist monastery in the mo
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TOP: The Ratnaku dapariprccha (Ratn
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The horrific celestial buddha Śam
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TOP: Nichiren (1222-1282), founder
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Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume One A -L Robert E. Buswell

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