Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume One A -L Robert E. Buswell

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L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Peter Khoroche Cambridge, United Kingdom A ryaśura Aśvaghosa Jatakamala Matrceta John Kieschnick Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan Biographies of Eminent Monks (Gaoseng zhuan) Daoxuan Miracles Monks Jongmyung Kim Youngsan University, South Korea Chogye School Korean, Buddhist Influences on Vernacular Literature in Richard King Liverpool Hope University College, United Kingdom Colonialism and Buddhism Jacob N. Kinnard College of William and Mary Divinities Indra Mara Visnu Worship Yaksa Ria Kloppenborg Utrecht University, Netherlands Pratyekabuddha Karil J. Kucera St. Olaf College Bamiyan Hells, Images of Charles Lachman University of Oregon Bodhisattva Images Chan Art François Lagirarde Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient, Bangkok, Thailand Gavam pati Lewis Lancaster University of California, Berkeley Prajñaparamita Literature Karen Lang University of Virginia A ryadeva Madhyamaka School Junghee Lee Portland State University Sŏkkuram Denise Patry Leidy Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Cave Sanctuaries Mandala Mudra and Visual Imagery Todd T. Lewis College of the Holy Cross Nepal Newari, Buddhist Literature in Dan Lusthaus University of Missouri–Columbia Faxiang School Vasubandhu Vijñanavada Yogacara School Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania Bianwen Bianxiang (Transformation Tableaux) Chinese, Buddhist Influences on Vernacular Literature in Entertainment and Performance John J. Makransky Boston College Buddhahood and Buddha Bodies Eleanor Mannikka Indiana University of Pennsylvania Bayon John C. Maraldo University of North Florida History Peter Masefield University of Sydney, Australia Ghosts and Spirits Milindapañha Gail Maxwell Los Angeles County Museum of Art Buddha, Life of the, in Art Esoteric Art, South and Southeast Asia India, Buddhist Art in Alexander L. Mayer University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign Commentarial Literature Dreams Faxian Xuanzang Yijing Richard D. McBride II The University of Iowa Dharanl Mantra Printing Technologies Samguk yusa (Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms) Justin McDaniel Harvard University Laos Paritta and Raksa Texts John R. McRae Indiana University Heart Sutra Huineng Kumarajlva Ordination Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (Liuzu tan jing) John N. Miksic National University of Singapore Borobudur Indonesia, Buddhist Art in Pankaj N. Mohan University of Sydney, Australia Kingship Anne E. Monius Harvard University India, South Robert E. Morrell Washington University in St. Louis Japanese, Buddhist Influences on Vernacular Literature in Anne Nishimura Morse Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Ritual Objects Susanne Mrozik Western Michigan University Mahamaudgalyayana Śariputra Upali A. Charles Muller Toyo Gakuen University, Japan Hyesim Kihwa Renwang jing (Humane Kings Sutra) xxii E NCYCLOPEDIA OF B UDDHISM
Page 2: ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM
Page 6: ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM Volume One
Page 10: CONTENTS Preface. .................
Page 14: PREFACE Buddhism is one of the thre
Page 18: P REFACE for rendering Asian langua
Page 22: LIST OF ARTICLES Abhidharma Collett
Page 26: L IST OF A RTICLES Devadatta Max De
Page 30: L IST OF A RTICLES Laos Justin McDa
Page 34: L IST OF A RTICLES Sautrantika Coll
Page 38: LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Ryuichi Abé C
Page 42: L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Alexander Ga
Page 48: L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Jewels Relic
Page 52: This page intentionally left blank
Page 56: S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Juef
Page 60: S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Japa
Page 64: S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Chin
Page 68: S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Sutr
Page 76: \ T HE S PREAD OF B UDDHISM IN THE
Page 84: A BHIDHARMA authority of abhidharma
Page 88: A BHIDHARMA repositories of several
Page 92: A BHIDHARMA perduring, unchanging,
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A BHIJN A (HIGHER K NOWLEDGES) 3.
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A GAMA/NIKA YA Buddhists have adopt
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A JAN T A schools. However, very li
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A MBEDKAR, B. R. sculpture at its b
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A NAGA RIKA D HARMAPA LA carried fo
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A NA THAPIN D ADA ANA THAPIN D ADA
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A NCESTORS Murti, T. R. V. The Cent
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A NCESTORS A Zen (Chan school) prie
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A N S HIGAO Bibliography Conze, Edw
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A POCRYPHA accepted in a state-comm
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A RHAT efficacy would restore order
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A RHAT I MAGES See also: Arhat Imag
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A RYAŚU RA A RYAŚU RA A ryaśura
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A Ś OKA See also: Diet; Robes and
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A VADA NA of Buddhism (snga dar) in
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A VADA NAŚATAKA AVADA NAŚATAKA Th
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This page intentionally left blank
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B AYON Bibliography Baker, P. H. B.
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B IOGRAPHIES OF E MINENT M ONKS (GA
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B IOGRAPHY sara, donated land to es
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B KA’ BRGYUD (KAGYU) brgyud to de
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B ODHI (AWAKENING) extant remains a
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B ODHI (AWAKENING) must be kept in
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B ODHICITTA (THOUGHT OF A WAKENING)
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B ODHICITTA (THOUGHT OF A WAKENING)
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B ODHISATTVA( S ) as the Bodhidharm
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B ODHISATTVA I MAGES as Yinshou pus
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B ODHISATTVA I MAGES China as the g
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B ODY, PERSPECTIVES ON THE body, In
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B ON a means of political protest.
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B OROBUDUR See also: Tibet Bibliogr
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B SAM YAS D EBATE The philosophical
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B UDDHA( S ) Konakamana (Pali, Kona
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B UDDHA( S ) Sukhavatlvyu ha) descr
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B UDDHAHOOD AND B UDDHA B ODIES BUD
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B UDDHAHOOD AND B UDDHA B ODIES ete
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B UDDHA I MAGES head, which came to
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE to China. Hong
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE reached Rsipat
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE MARA, the evil
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE, IN A RT Hirak
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE, IN A RT famil
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE, IN A RT enlig
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES buddhavacana in
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES have given to do
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES Ruegg and Lamber
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES traditions of Ch
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B URMESE, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN B
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B U STON (BU TÖN) Bu ston was a co
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C AMBODIA KINGSHIP and society onto
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C AMBODIA and the shift in iconogra
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C AMBODIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN identif
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C ANON on content and its realizati
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C ANON eventually included Chinese
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C ATALOGUES OF S CRIPTURES CATALOGU
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C AVE S ANCTUARIES Some of the earl
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C ELIBACY CELIBACY. See Sexuality C
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C ENTRAL A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN th
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C ENTRAL A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN A
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C HAN A RT Bodhidharma, putative fi
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C HAN A RT artistic practice as wel
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C HAN S CHOOL Foulk, T. Griffith, a
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C HAN S CHOOL radical, iconoclastic
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C HAN S CHOOL of Mazu Daoyi, and a
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C HAN S CHOOL a Linji lineage, Rinz
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C HANTING AND L ITURGY A monk beats
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C HINA introduction of (at first) a
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C HINA (1644-1911)—can be taken t
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C HINA together by shared ideals an
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN temple art
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Northern L
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN beloved la
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN to the con
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C HINESE, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON V
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C HINESE, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON V
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C HOGYE S CHOOL Huayan Jing), by Li
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C HRISTIANITY AND B UDDHISM During
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C OLONIALISM AND B UDDHISM temple w
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C OLONIALISM AND B UDDHISM reconfig
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C OMMENTARIAL L ITERATURE COMMENTAR
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C OMMENTARIAL L ITERATURE reasons f
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C OMMUNISM AND B UDDHISM Chinese vi
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C OMPASSION Schwartz, Ronald D. “
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C ONFUCIANISM AND B UDDHISM Han Yu
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C ONSCIOUSNESS, THEORIES OF system
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C ONSECRATION Hattori, Masaaki, ed.
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C ONSECRATION painted on the image
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C ONVERSION CONVERSION In most time
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C OSMOLOGY completely concentrated
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C OSMOLOGY (and not so commonly) ex
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C OUNCILS, BUDDHIST a small group o
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Page 464:
D A KINI Kraft, Kenneth L. Eloquent
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D ALAI L AMA replacing the post of
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D A NA ( GIVING) Bibliography Bell,
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D AOISM AND B UDDHISM new understan
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D AOISM AND B UDDHISM occurring ben
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D AOXUAN advocated a gradual path o
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D EATH identity continues is a key
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D EATH and his enlightened follower
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D EATH prominent role in sanctifyin
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D ECLINE OF THE D HARMA across Cult
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D ECLINE OF THE D HARMA employed in
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D EVADATTA Attempts to understand a
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D HAMMAPADA reincarnation, Dge ‘d
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS religious beli
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS contains the v
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS 3. Volition (c
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D HARMADHA TU delineating the numbe
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D HYA NA ( TRANCE STATE) Buddhism i
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D IET A scroll printed in 868 C.E.,
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D IGNA GA DIGNA GA An Indian propon
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D ISCIPLES OF THE B UDDHA out for B
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D IVINITIES continues to cause trou
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D O KYO Monastery on Mount Tiantong
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D REAMS creates such tremendous pre
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D UNHUANG Holding on to each of the
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E CONOMICS variety is difference, a
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E CONOMICS them more visible. This
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E IGHTFOLD P ATH misunderstood or w
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E NTERTAINMENT AND P ERFORMANCE the
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E SOTERIC A RT, EAST A SIA storytel
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E SOTERIC A RT, EAST A SIA esoteric
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E SOTERIC A RT, EAST A SIA found a
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E SOTERIC A RT, SOUTH AND S OUTHEAS
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E SOTERIC A RT, SOUTH AND S OUTHEAS
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E THICS separate distinct paths—a
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E THICS Shengyan, and the Taiwanese
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E UROPE “dharma years,” that is
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E UROPE TABLE 1 Estimated Buddhists
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E VIL Mara, the Evil One, attacks t
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E XOTERIC-ESOTERIC (KENMITSU) BUDDH
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E XOTERIC-ESOTERIC (KENMITSU) BUDDH
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F AITH adhimutti or adhimokkha). Th
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F AMILY, BUDDHISM AND THE inside a
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F ASTING sometime during the middle
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F AZANG rebutted those attacks in h
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F ESTIVALS AND C ALENDRICAL R ITUAL
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F ILIALITY relationships. In Japan,
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F OLK R ELIGION, CHINA Schopen, Gre
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F OLK R ELIGION, JAPAN divination,
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F OLK R ELIGION, SOUTHEAST A SIA th
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F OUR N OBLE T RUTHS seek his own e
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F OUR N OBLE T RUTHS fourteenth-cen
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G A NDHA RI , BUDDHIST L ITERATURE
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G ELUK his hands touched the sun an
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G ENDER positions in the cosmos tha
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G ENDER Perhaps the most striking a
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G HOST F ESTIVAL Japanese Americans
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G UANYIN police that world, which e
Page 704:
Page 708:
H AN Y ONGUN modern Rinzai lineages
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H ELLS it is better to aspire to be
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H ELLS, IMAGES OF Matsunaga, Daigan
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H ERMENEUTICS Boiling Cauldron Hell
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN HIMALA
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN scroll
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN Centra
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H I NAYA NA Bernier, Ronald M. The
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H INDUISM AND B UDDHISM The Hindu d
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H ISTORY nun. Early and late Buddhi
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H ISTORY crisis where traditional a
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H O NEN McRae, John. “Encounter D
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H UAYAN A RT developed. Most popula
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H UAYAN JING is especially evident
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H UAYAN S CHOOL the scripture’s t
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H UAYAN S CHOOL monumental commenta
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H UAYAN S CHOOL major doctrines of
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H UIYUAN center of Hongren (601-674
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H YUJŎNG Doctrine), and Simbŏp yo
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I MPERMANENCE and may have fathered
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I NDIA monks became increasingly di
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I NDIA increased the number of nika
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I NDIA Tibetans light butter lamps
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Masefield,
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Pillars an
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Buddha Pre
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I NDIA, NORTHWEST the thirteenth ce
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I NDIA, NORTHWEST Central Asia in t
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I NDONESIA AND THE M ALAY P ENINSUL
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I NDONESIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN center
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I NDRA inscriptions describing the
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I NITIATION gods to hold the ceremo
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I NTERMEDIATE S TATES In this monum
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I PPEN C HISHIN Cuevas, Bryan J.
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I SLAM AND B UDDHISM Bibliography B
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J APAN to one medieval writer of th
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J APAN Still, whether or not they c
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J APAN Throughout the eighth centur
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J APAN The famous Zen garden at the
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J APAN, BUDDHIST A RT IN Important
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J APAN, BUDDHIST A RT IN This statu
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J APANESE, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON
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J APANESE R OYAL F AMILY AND B UDDH
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J A TAKA (1053-1129) established ma
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J A TAKAMA LA individual jatakas ar
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J IUN O NKO JIUN ONKO Jiun Onko (Ji
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J UEFAN (HUIHONG) Groves [of Chan])
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K A LACAKRA Kailaśa (Mount Kailash
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K A LACAKRA name of Islam, Sultan M
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K AMAKURA B UDDHISM, JAPAN those pr
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K AMAKURA B UDDHISM, JAPAN practice
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K ARMA ( ACTION) The surviving sour
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K ARMA PA The seventeenth Karma pa,
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K ARUN A (COMPASSION) compassion is
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K HMER, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN “
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K INGSHIP Muller, A. Charles. The S
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K O AN (seminal heart) traditions h
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K O AN a Song-dynasty Chan school t
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K OREA Buddhist themes, compiled du
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K OREA found his hermeneutical key
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K OREA Lanterns on the river during
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K OREA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Buddhist m
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K OREA, BUDDHIST A RT IN green, and
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K OREAN, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON V
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K UMA RAJI VA See also: Exoteric-Es
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L AITY Laypersons dip lotus flowers
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L AITY to reciting Amitabha’s nam
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L ALITAVISTARA LALITAVISTARA The La
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L ANGUAGES Two important claims abo
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L ANGUAGES Central Asia. A most int
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L A ṄKA VATA RA- SU TRA Hinüber,
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L AOS After almost a century of war
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L AW AND B UDDHISM in Sri Lanka, Bu
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L INEAGE a concrete meaning as clan
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L INEAGE with similar aims, to legi
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L OCAL D IVINITIES AND B UDDHISM so
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L OCAL D IVINITIES AND B UDDHISM de
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L OGIC many such thinkers were engr
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L OTUS S U TRA (SADDHARMAPUN D ARI
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Page 1036:
Page 1040:
EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR IN CHIEF Rob
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Encyclopedia of Buddhism Robert E.
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M ADHYAMAKA S CHOOL into emptiness
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M ADHYAMAKA S CHOOL support the Mad
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M ADHYAMAKA S CHOOL Madhyamaka in T
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M AHA BODHI T EMPLE The tradition o
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M AHA MUDRA dedicating their merit
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M AHA SA M GHIKA S CHOOL everything
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M AHA YA NA MAHA YA NA There are, i
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M AHA YA NA goal in one form or ano
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M AHA YA NA Indian forms was partic
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M AHA YA NA record: If adherents of
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M AHA YA NA P RECEPTS IN J APAN in
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS appe
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS The
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS for
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M AN D ALA the more popular AMITABH
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M AN D ALA Mandala of the Diamond W
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M ANTRA illustrating these complica
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M ARTIAL A RTS pass his dharma line
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M ARTIAL A RTS his feet bears close
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M A TR CET A considered an invented
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M EDITATION Zysk, Kenneth G. “Bud
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M EDITATION A monk meditates at a s
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M EDITATION anusmrti (recollection)
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M EDITATION Second, one cannot esca
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M EDITATION traditions of mental cu
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M EIJI B UDDHIST R EFORM their will
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M ERIT AND M ERIT-MAKING MERIT AND
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M IJIAO (ESOTERIC) SCHOOL joyed in
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M I LA RAS PA (MILAREPA) MI LA RAS
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M ILLENARIANISM AND M ILLENARIAN M
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M IND decades later, the themes of
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M IRACLES buddha, Śakyamuni was be
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M IZUKO K UYO See also: Buddhahood
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M ODERNITY AND B UDDHISM Young monk
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M OHE ZHIGUAN interstitial groups,
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE monastic li
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE The Mogao C
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE (668-935),
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M ONASTICISM monastery construction
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M ONASTICISM Thicksay Monastery, Le
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M ONASTIC M ILITIAS Relationship be
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M ONGOLIA dhist practice, thereby t
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M ONGOLIA The monastery of Erdeni Z
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M ONKS fasting, sleep deprivation,
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M OZHAO C HAN (SILENT I LLUMINATION
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M U DRA AND V ISUAL I MAGERY monk d
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M U LASARVA STIVA DA is frequently
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M YANMAR example, AMITABHA (Amida)
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M YANMAR have formed the core curri
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M YANMAR, BUDDHIST A RT IN life der
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M YANMAR, BUDDHIST A RT IN number o
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N ARA B UDDHISM the final truth. In
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N ATIONALISM AND B UDDHISM NATIONAL
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N ATIONALISM AND B UDDHISM governme
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N EO-CONFUCIANISM the Buddha or kee
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N EPAL traditions and loyalty of mo
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N EPAL, BUDDHIST A RT IN Bibliograp
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N ICHIREN of devotional songs that
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N ICHIREN S CHOOL A Nichiren priest
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N ICHIREN S CHOOL (3) The kaidan, o
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N IRODHA Buswell, Robert E., Jr. Tr
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N IRVA N A word means not only that
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N IRVA N A liberation in nirvana. B
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N O -SELF core nature of each indiv
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N UNS Nuns of Jamyang Choling Insti
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N UNS Bibliography Arai, Paula. Wom
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O RDINATION Verhagen, P. C. “The
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O RDINATION assembly three times to
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O RIGINAL E NLIGHTENMENT (HONGAKU)
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O RIGINAL E NLIGHTENMENT (HONGAKU)
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O XHERDING P ICTURES final outcome.
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P ADMASAMBHAVA Padmasambhava, who p
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P A LI, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN tra
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P A LI, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN onl
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P ARAMA RTHA from prison in Februar
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P ARISH (DANKA, TERAUKE) SYSTEM IN
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P ARITTA AND R AKS A T EXTS Bibliog
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P ATH walked on this same “ancien
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P ATH of wholesome karmic seeds. Ta
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P ATIENCE Mahathera Henepola Gunara
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P ERSECUTIONS traditional Indian dr
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P ERSECUTIONS to separate the worsh
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P ERSECUTIONS instituting tighter c
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P HILOSOPHY understand themselves t
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P HOENIX H ALL ( AT THE B YO DO IN)
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P ILGRIMAGE Husband-and-wife pilgri
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P ILGRIMAGE Tibetan Buddhist pilgri
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P OETRY AND B UDDHISM McRae, John R
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P OLITICS AND B UDDHISM of a great
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P OLITICS AND B UDDHISM Tibetan mon
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P ORTRAITURE surrounded by smaller
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P RAJN A (WISDOM) The Potala palac
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P RAJN A PA RAMITA L ITERATURE tra
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P RA TIMOKS A Diverse schools of vi
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P RATYEKABUDDHA Instead, they are d
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P RAYER supplication). Buddhist pra
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P RECEPTS From another perspective,
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P RINTING T ECHNOLOGIES A monk hold
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P ROVINCIAL T EMPLE S YSTEM (KOKUBU
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P SYCHOLOGY Thus, generally speakin
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P SYCHOLOGY properties on the cloth
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P SYCHOLOGY contemporary reader may
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P SYCHOLOGY of controlling the body
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P SYCHOLOGY and explanation, which
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P SYCHOLOGY Firestone, Robert W.; F
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P UDGALAVA DA Sharf, Robert H. “B
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P URE L AND A RT end of a kalpa, fi
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P URE L AND A RT FIGURE 1 Pure land
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P URE L AND B UDDHISM Bibliography
Page 1488:
P URE L AND B UDDHISM jing, therefo
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P URE L AND B UDDHISM The focus upo
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P URE L ANDS heavenly glory is the
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P URE L AND S CHOOLS the pure land,
Page 1504:
P URE L AND S CHOOLS (538-597) inco
Page 1508:
Page 1512:
R EBIRTH There is an old tradition
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R EFUGES In Japanese Buddhism, post
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R ELICS A ND R ELICS C ULTS A monk
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R ELICS A ND R ELICS C ULTS The Bud
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R ENNYO 600-664) brought 150 relic
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R EPENTANCE AND C ONFESSION and har
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R ITUAL subtle fetters (sam yojana)
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R ITUAL O BJECTS Bell, Catherine. R
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R ITUAL O BJECTS Monks rotate praye
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R NYING MA (NYINGMA) Tibetan histor
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R OBES AND C LOTHING made up of two
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R OBES AND C LOTHING patch together
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S AMGUK YUSA (MEMORABILIA OF THE T
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S AṄGHA In the Śatavahana period
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S AṄGHA admission to the order an
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S ANJIE J IAO (THREE S TAGES S CHOO
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S ANSKRIT, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN
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S ANSKRIT, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN
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S ARVA STIVA DA AND M U LASARVA STI
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S A SKYA P AN D ITA (SAKYA P AN D I
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ŚA STRA Stearns, Cyrus. Luminous L
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S CRIPTURE as it is a collection of
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S ELF scriptural study is found amo
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S ENTIENT B EINGS Sengzhao made mul
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S EXUALITY distracted by the sight
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S HINGON B UDDHISM, JAPAN This is e
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S HINRAN Bibliography Abé, Ryuichi
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S HINTO (HONJI S UIJAKU) AND B UDDH
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S HINTO (HONJI S UIJAKU) AND B UDDH
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S HO TOKU, PRINCE ( TAISHI) have be
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S HWEDAGON (seated, walking, or oth
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S ILK R OAD Silk Road 0 50 100 mi.
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S INHALA, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN (
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S LAVERY SLAVERY The definition of
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S Ŏ N S CHOOL scarves. The interna
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S OUTHEAST A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN
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S OUTHEAST A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN
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S PACE, SACRED Gosling, Betty. Sukh
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S PACE, SACRED (sutra-burial mounds
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S PACE, SACRED part of Honshu Islan
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S PACE, SACRED Outer Shrine dedicat
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S RI L ANKA The Mahavam sa asserts
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S RI L ANKA A young novice monk bat
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S RI L ANKA, BUDDHIST A RT IN templ
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S RI L ANKA, BUDDHIST A RT IN A rec
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S TU PA be a perfect circle, was in
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S TU PA Reliefs depicting events fr
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S UFFERING Hallade, Madeleine, Gand
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S U TRA Other Mahayanists analyzed
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S UVARN APRABHA SOTTAMA- SU TRA ill
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S YNCRETIC S ECTS: THREE T EACHINGS
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T AIWAN A row of golden Buddha stat
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T AIWAN A ceremony at Fo Kuang Shan
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T ANTRA the performance of one’s
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T ANTRA Connecting the ganglia are
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T ANTRA initially treated with susp
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T AOISM Bibliography Abé Ryuichi.
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T EMPLE Grosnick, William H. “Non
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T HAILAND Payutto published the fir
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T HAILAND kings helped settle saṅ
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T HAILAND A Thai Buddhist lays an o
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T HERAVA DA Phutathat (Buddhadasa B
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T HERAVA DA original Pali from Sing
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T HERAVA DA refuges and precepts to
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T HERAVA DA A RT AND A RCHITECTURE
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T HICH N HAT H ANH Images are belie
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T IANTAI S CHOOL Confronted with th
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T IANTAI S CHOOL emptiness, which i
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T IANTAI S CHOOL and finally as its
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T IBET the relationship between Ind
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T IBET A statue of Padmasambhava, w
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T IBET in particular found much to
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T IBET virtually all monastic insti
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T IME Cuevas, Bryan J. The Hidden H
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T ULKA ‘Ol khar chos lung during
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U NITED S TATES In 670 Ŭisang retu
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U NITED S TATES Exclusions: 1924-19
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U NITED S TATES property that would
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U PAGUPTA Numrich, Paul David. Old
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U SURY bodhisattva or buddha not on
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V AJRAYA NA Mahayana is a prelude t
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V ASUBANDHU associated with the est
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V IETNAM Monks dry rice at the Bat
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V IETNAM A monk sounds a bell at a
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V IJN A NA Books Vernacular Buddhi
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V INAYA of the type that characteri
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V INAYA an ordained bhiksu (or bhik
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V IPAŚYIN in Burma (Myanmar). Afte
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W AR One episode found in the Pali
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W AR surroundings, while still basi
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W ISDOM Their main role in shaping
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W OMEN But these normative construc
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W ŎN B UDDHISM form of birth? How
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W ŎNHYO With his vast scholarship
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W ORSHIP Lotus petals strewn on a s
Page 1904:
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X UANZANG lun (Establishing the Exc
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Y IJING Tiantai. His conception of
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Y OGA Linji’s teaching. When this
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Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL founder of the
Page 1924:
Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL means desiring
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Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL 1. The “provi
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Y UN’ GANG China. Thereafter loca
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Z EN, POPULAR C ONCEPTIONS OF belon
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Z HAO LUN it is a product of the ti
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Z HUHONG and so on. His ideas were
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I NDIA 1891 ANAGA RIKA DHARMAPA LA
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S OUTHEAST A SIA 1236 MONKS from Ka
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C HINA 645 XUANZANG (ca. 600-664) r
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J APAN AND K OREA 1010 The Korean k
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T IBET AND THE H IMALAYAS 1642 Gush
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I NDEX VOLUME 1, PP. 1-478: VOLUME
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Page 1992:
Page 1996:
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Page 2004:
Page 2008:
Page 2012:
Page 2016:
Page 2020:
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LEFT: The bodhisattva Samantabhadra
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TOP: The recumbent Buddha entering
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A carved panel depicting an unident
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TOP: Illustration from the Amitabha
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TOP: A Buddhist monastery in the mo
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TOP: The Ratnaku dapariprccha (Ratn
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The horrific celestial buddha Śam
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TOP: Nichiren (1222-1282), founder
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Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume One A -L Robert E. Buswell

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