Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume One A -L Robert E. Buswell

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TIBET AND THE HIMALAYAS 641 C.E. King Srong btsan sgam po unifies TIBET and marries Chinese princess Wencheng, who putatively brings to Tibet an image of Śakyamuni Buddha, later enshrined at the JO KHANG. 775 King Khri srong lde btsan (r. 755–797) of Tibet invites yogin PADMASAMBHAVA to Tibet, and construction of BSAM YAS (SAMYE) Monastery begins. ca. 797 Supporters of Indian Buddhism putatively prevail in debate with Chinese Buddhists (the BSAM YAS DEBATE), establishing an Indian Buddhist basis for Tibetan Buddhism. 840 King Dar ma ‘U dum btsan (also known as Glang dar ma; r. 838–842) persecutes Tibetan Buddhists. A period of conflict and decline of Buddhist institutions begins. 1039 Tibetan translator MAR PA (MARPA) (1002/1012–1097), founder of the BKA’ BRGYUD (KAGYU) school, travels to India and studies under NA ROPA (1016–1100). 1042 Indian scholar ATISHA (982–1054) arrives in Tibet. 1073 SA SKYA (SAKYA) Monastery established in Tibet. ca. 1200 Buddhist MONKS flee INDIA in the wake of the destruction of such Buddhist centers as Nalanda, bringing their traditions to NEPAL and Tibet. 1247 SA SKYA PAN DITA (SAKYA PAN DITA) (1182–1251) submits to Gödan Khan, beginning the first priest/patron relationship between a Tibetan LAMA and a Mongol Khan. 1357 TSONG KHA PA (1357–1419) is born. He becomes an important Tibetan reformer and founder of DGE LUGS (GELUK; Yellow Hat) order. 943
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM Volume One
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CONTENTS Preface. .................
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PREFACE Buddhism is one of the thre
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P REFACE for rendering Asian langua
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LIST OF ARTICLES Abhidharma Collett
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L IST OF A RTICLES Devadatta Max De
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L IST OF A RTICLES Laos Justin McDa
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L IST OF A RTICLES Sautrantika Coll
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Ryuichi Abé C
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L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Alexander Ga
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L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Jan Nattier
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L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Jonathan S.
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SYNOPTIC OUTLINE OF ENTRIES This ou
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S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Juef
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S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Divi
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S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Cent
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MAPS THE DIFFUSION OF BUDDHISM Majo
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E NCYCLOPEDIA OF B UDDHISM xxxvii M
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E NCYCLOPEDIA OF B UDDHISM xxxix Ma
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A ABHIDHARMA In the centuries after
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A BHIDHARMA 5. Yamaka (Pairs); 6. P
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A BHIDHARMA invoked only as a suppl
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A BHIDHARMAKOŚABHA S YA tic techni
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A BORTION the focus of numerous ARH
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A GAMA/NIKA YA schools whose litera
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A LCHI beings in action, the Ajanta
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A MULETS AND T ALISMANS generally l
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A NANDA T EMPLE chose A nanda to se
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A NA TMAN/A TMAN (NO -SELF/SELF) ob
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A NCESTORS miniature furniture and
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A NITYA ( IMPERMANENCE) transfer, g
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A POCRYPHA eled after canonical nar
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A POCRYPHA ously be inherently enli
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A RHAT nonreturning (anagami marga)
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A RYADEVA or as distinctly exotic,
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A SCETIC P RACTICES aya 4:88) state
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A TISHA Bibliography Barua, B. M. A
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A VADA NA ters. The Avadanaśataka
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A YUTTHAYA (function) in analyzing
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B BA MIYA N Located 240 miles north
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B IANXIANG (TRANSFORMATION T ABLEAU
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B IOGRAPHY BIOGRAPHY Many religious
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B KA’ BRGYUD (KAGYU) the Buddha
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B ODH G AYA 2. The Stag lung Bka’
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B ODHI (AWAKENING) scholarship to r
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B ODHICARYA VATA RA awakening (dunw
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B ODHICITTA (THOUGHT OF A WAKENING)
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B ODHIDHARMA BODHIDHARMA Within the
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B ODHISATTVA( S ) 10. caramabhavika
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B ODHISATTVA I MAGES Early represen
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B ODY, PERSPECTIVES ON THE serves t
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B ODY, PERSPECTIVES ON THE body has
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B ON lde btsan (pronounced Trisong
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B SAM YAS D EBATE the first seven T
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B UDDHA( S ) say for certain is tha
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B UDDHA( S ) have originated at the
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B UDDHAGHOSA BUDDHACARITA The Buddh
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B UDDHAHOOD AND B UDDHA B ODIES rep
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B UDDHA I MAGES terms such as sahaj
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B UDDHA I MAGES the Buddha as a hum
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE MU LASARVA STI
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE and was near d
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE by the next bu
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE, IN A RT A rep
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE, IN A RT Buddh
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B UDDHAVACANA (WORD OF THE B UDDHA)
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES temporary Buddhi
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES both at indigeno
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES The CHAN SCHOOL
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B URMESE, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN L
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B U STON (BU TÖN) Lu se lu phrac v
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C CAMBODIA Cambodia in the twenty-f
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C AMBODIA A view of Angkor Wat, the
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C AMBODIA traditionalists within th
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C ANON CANDRAKIRTI Candrakrti (ca.
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C ANON tirety is that of the Therav
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C ANON A Tibetan book, printed from
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C AVE S ANCTUARIES sanbao ji. Thus,
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C AVE S ANCTUARIES The late-seventh
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C ENTRAL A SIA Kaniska) to Buddhism
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C ENTRAL A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN fo
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C HAN A RT paintings or in sculptur
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C HAN A RT torial counterpart to th
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C HAN A RT activity such as archery
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C HAN S CHOOL all-at-once enlighten
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C HAN S CHOOL Concentration on wu w
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C HAN S CHOOL subordinate component
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C HANTING AND L ITURGY Faure, Berna
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C HINA Bells, gongs, drums, horns,
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C HINA teachings were drawn to Budd
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C HINA ten display a tendency to re
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Daoism wer
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Xiangyang
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN stone imag
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN appeared d
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Guanyin fr
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C HINESE, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON V
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C HINUL mately be traced back to th
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C HRISTIANITY AND B UDDHISM influen
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C LERICAL M ARRIAGE IN J APAN out o
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C OLONIALISM AND B UDDHISM rently l
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C OLONIALISM AND B UDDHISM Japan (S
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C OMMENTARIAL L ITERATURE chong’s
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C OMMUNISM AND B UDDHISM tion, the
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C OMMUNISM AND B UDDHISM A Chinese
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C ONFUCIANISM AND B UDDHISM poetry
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C ONSCIOUSNESS, THEORIES OF Bibliog
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C ONSCIOUSNESS, THEORIES OF persona
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C ONSECRATION how disappointed he w
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C ONSECRATION enables a representat
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C OSMOLOGY Zürcher, Erik. The Budd
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C OSMOLOGY Cycles of time The tempo
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C OUNCILS, BUDDHIST But this raises
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C RITICAL B UDDHISM (HIHAN B UKKYO)
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D DAIMOKU The term daimoku, literal
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D ALAI L AMA Mongolian translation
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D ALAI L AMA Lama was given the nam
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D AOISM AND B UDDHISM DAO’AN Dao
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D AOISM AND B UDDHISM Several hagio
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D AOSHENG met the mysterious Man of
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D EATH as popular Chan adages, are
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D EATH to mindfulness of the three
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D EATH The funeral and cremation of
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D EATH The funeral procession of a
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D ECLINE OF THE D HARMA ence of NUN
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D ESIRE po constitutes a new dispen
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D GE LUGS (GELUK) Mahaprajñaparami
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS been added ove
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS A golden dharm
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS 1. Form or mat
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS 6. Attainment
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D HARMARAKS A dha. The fourfold dha
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D IAMOND S U TRA Dhyana is also def
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D IET obtained on the begging round
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D ISCIPLES OF THE B UDDHA restrict
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D IVINITIES bought for the Buddha a
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D O GEN oped in India and beyond, w
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D OUBT she increasingly relied on h
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D UH KHA ( SUFFERING) 193b) asserts
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D UNHUANG Whitfield, Roderick. The
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E ECONOMICS Before trying to determ
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E CONOMICS goods without which they
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E DUCATION EDUCATION For centuries,
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E NNIN and the environmentalist Ch
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E NTERTAINMENT AND P ERFORMANCE of
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E SOTERIC A RT, EAST A SIA (Vidyara
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E SOTERIC A RT, EAST A SIA divide i
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E SOTERIC A RT, SOUTH AND S OUTHEAS
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E SOTERIC A RT, SOUTH AND S OUTHEAS
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E THICS Bibliography Fisher, Robert
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E THICS cially compassion and wisdo
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E TIQUETTE Wayman, Alex. Ethics of
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E UROPE The Dharmapala Center, Kand
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E VIL EVIL A word that closely appr
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E XOTERIC-ESOTERIC (KENMITSU) BUDDH
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F FAITH Few notions elicit more deb
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F AMENSI sired state of mind has th
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F ANWANG JING (BRAHMA ’ S N ET S
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F AXIANG S CHOOL tures (T376, T745)
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F ESTIVALS AND C ALENDRICAL R ITUAL
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F ESTIVALS AND C ALENDRICAL R ITUAL
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F OLK R ELIGION: AN O VERVIEW spiri
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F OLK R ELIGION, JAPAN cerns, is be
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F OLK R ELIGION, SOUTHEAST A SIA mo
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F OUR N OBLE T RUTHS Brahmanas. In
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F OUR N OBLE T RUTHS TABLE 1 Buddha
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G GANDHA RA. See India; India, Nort
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G AVA M PATI Salomon, Richard. A Ga
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G ENDER tinctions thus constitute a
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G ENDER tation, then, the sexual tr
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G HOST F ESTIVAL GENSHIN Genshin (E
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G HOSTS AND S PIRITS Mahamaudgalyay
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G YO NEN Todaiji, where he later be
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H HACHIMAN Hachiman is one of the m
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H EAVENS The Heart Su tra opens wit
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H ELLS not simply ground to bits, b
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H ELLS, IMAGES OF Ksitigarbha (Diza
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H ERMENEUTICS relating to ŚU NYATA
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN A mura
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN The te
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN of dei
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H INDUISM AND B UDDHISM whole a cle
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H INDUISM AND B UDDHISM mas have re
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H ISTORY dhism as sharing an Indian
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H ISTORY opment and differentiation
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H UAYAN A RT Senchakushu English Tr
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H UAYAN A RT the temple building, c
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H UAYAN S CHOOL Buddhism. The scrip
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H UAYAN S CHOOL Zhiyan came from a
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H UAYAN S CHOOL the subsequent doct
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H UINENG origin of all things, it p
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H YUJŎNG Bibliography Liebenthal,
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I ICCHANTIKA The notion of the icch
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I NDIA status. Those Brahmins claim
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I NDIA orthodoxy. Unfortunately, wi
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I NDIA Buddhism. It soon developed
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I NDIA sponsibility for transformin
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN The exteri
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN and some o
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN The classi
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I NDIA, NORTHWEST Margiana Marv TUR
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I NDIA, SOUTH INDIA, SOUTH Evidence
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I NDONESIA AND THE M ALAY P ENINSUL
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I NDONESIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Relief
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I NITIATION See also: Divinities; H
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I NTERMEDIATE S TATES Strickmann, M
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I NTERMEDIATE S TATES One of the mo
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I SLAM AND B UDDHISM India. More de
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J JAINISM AND BUDDHISM Jainism and
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J APAN dhism often seems marginal t
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J APAN The Kinkakuji (Golden Pavili
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J APAN iar institutional struggle f
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J APAN, BUDDHIST A RT IN Heian, thr
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J APAN, BUDDHIST A RT IN fer merit
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J APAN, BUDDHIST A RT IN attitude.
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J APANESE, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON
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J APANESE R OYAL F AMILY AND B UDDH
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J A TAKA, ILLUSTRATIONS OF mals (bu
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J EWELS Jatakamalas, 2nd revised ed
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J UEFAN (HUIHONG) she divined that
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K KAGYU. See Bka’ brgyud KAILA Ś
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K A LACAKRA complex of the numerous
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K AMAKURA B UDDHISM, JAPAN Newman,
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K AMAKURA B UDDHISM, JAPAN who was
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K ARMA ( ACTION) is commonly acknow
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K ARMA PA this question in his Abhi
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K ARUN A (COMPASSION) Sikkim. He tr
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K HMER, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN Dal
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K IHWA by the Buddhist Institute, a
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K LONG CHEN PA (LONGCHENPA) and Rom
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K O AN (960-1279). The Japanese pro
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K ONJAKU MONOGATARI few koans over
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K OREA tribal religious practices.
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K OREA more than eighty thousand wo
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K OREA, BUDDHIST A RT IN a preparat
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K OREA, BUDDHIST A RT IN made of la
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K OREAN, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON V
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K U KAI Sa, Chaedong. A Study of th
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K YŎNGHŎ Tsukamoto Zenryu. A Hist
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L LAITY The laity in Buddhism makes
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L AITY dle and thread. Founding and
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L AITY led by groups of priests and
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L ANGUAGE, BUDDHIST P HILOSOPHY OF
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L ANGUAGES Initially, preservation
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L ANGUAGES and received considerabl
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L AOS are nithans (folktales such a
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L AW AND B UDDHISM Pavie, Auguste.
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L INEAGE Tambiah, H. W. Principles
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L INEAGE TABLE 2 Chan lineage based
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L OCAL D IVINITIES AND B UDDHISM ti
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L OCAL D IVINITIES AND B UDDHISM co
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L OGIC tions. The essential problem
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L OTUS S U TRA (SADDHARMAPUN D ARI
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM Volume Two
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M MADHYAMAKA SCHOOL The Madhyamaka
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M ADHYAMAKA S CHOOL when ignorant p
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M ADHYAMAKA S CHOOL bodhisattva fro
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M A GCIG LAB SGRON (MACHIG L ABDRÖ
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M AHA MAUDGALYA YANA jor Buddha rel
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M AHA PRAJA PATI G AUTAMI strongly
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M AHA VASTU course and Saraha’s i
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M AHA YA NA tury or more and, there
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M AHA YA NA embedded in mainstream,
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M AHA YA NA hayana sutras that can,
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M AHA YA NA P RECEPTS IN J APAN Bib
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS sion
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS prom
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS Much
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M AITREYA Mahayana The development
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M AN D ALA Mandala of the Womb Worl
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M AN D ALA ifestation of Vairocana
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M AR PA (MARPA) armies flee. This e
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M ARTIAL A RTS Child monks perform
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M ARTIAL A RTS agility, such as lea
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M EDICINE medicines (Bhesajjakhandh
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M EDITATION audible, neither heavy
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M EDITATION alizing one’s teacher
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M EDITATION Meditation in Mahayana
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M EDITATION A twelfth-century statu
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M EDITATION The system remained per
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M EIJI B UDDHIST R EFORM ration of
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M IJIAO (ESOTERIC) SCHOOL Sparrows
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M IJIAO (ESOTERIC) SCHOOL the Vajra
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M ILLENARIANISM AND M ILLENARIAN M
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M ILLENARIANISM AND M ILLENARIAN M
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M IRACLES of purity is required for
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M IRACLES lence, prompting the empe
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M ODERNITY AND B UDDHISM tiation ha
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M ODERNITY AND B UDDHISM the case,
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE thing as co
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE Almost ever
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE dormitories
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE The Phoenix
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M ONASTICISM of the desire of wealt
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M ONASTICISM The categories of monk
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M ONGOLIA lier than circa 1451 in K
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M ONGOLIA to Khalkha to found the T
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M ONKS ment failed to convince the
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M ONKS Monks at a ceremony at Biech
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M U DRA AND V ISUAL I MAGERY by the
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M U DRA AND V ISUAL I MAGERY FIGURE
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M URAKAMI S ENSHO thereby its place
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M YANMAR In 1057 C.E., the Bamar ki
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M YANMAR, BUDDHIST A RT IN (Pali, s
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M YANMAR, BUDDHIST A RT IN tional p
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N NA GA RJUNA The Indian philosophe
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N A ROPA the throne. The scandal hi
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N ATIONALISM AND B UDDHISM Monks ca
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N ENBUTSU (CHINESE, NIANFO; KOREAN,
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N EPAL Nepalese lay Buddhists circu
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N EPAL in ancient India. The “Mah
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N EWARI, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN (S
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N ICHIREN S CHOOL he devised a call
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N ICHIREN S CHOOL Buddha’s teachi
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N INE M OUNTAINS S CHOOL OF S ŎN H
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N IRVA N A son seeking to character
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N IRVA N A tional cessation, and ye
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N IRVA N A S U TRA other times, the
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N UNS tion, approximately one hundr
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N UNS Cambodia they are known as do
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N UNS Tsomo, Karma Lekshe. Sisters
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O OBON. See Ghost Festival OM MAN I
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O RDINATION śramanerika. In Southe
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O RDINATION monks to build platform
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O RIGINAL E NLIGHTENMENT (HONGAKU)
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O XHERDING P ICTURES Habito, Ruben
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P PADMASAMBHAVA Active in the late
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P A LI, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN Tib
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P A LI, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN (Sa
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P ANCHEN L AMA von Hinüber, Oskar.
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P A RAMITA (PERFECTION) Funan (mode
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P ARISH (DANKA, TERAUKE) SYSTEM IN
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P ATH blessings. In northeastern Th
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P ATH (ACTION) and its fruition, an
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P ATH tice is actually a prevenient
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P ERSECUTIONS A visitor in 1997 app
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P ERSECUTIONS eliminated from the S
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P ERSECUTIONS munist insurgents. Ot
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P HILOSOPHY Stuart-Fox, Martin. Bud
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P HILOSOPHY makes major choices in
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P ILGRIMAGE Yorimichi and his desce
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P ILGRIMAGE the Buddhist heartland
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P LATFORM S U TRA OF THE S IXTH P A
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P OLITICS AND B UDDHISM Mair, Victo
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P OLITICS AND B UDDHISM thodox trad
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P ORTRAITURE these degrees are full
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P OTALA Throughout Japan’s mediev
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P RAJN A (WISDOM) reality. For ear
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P RA TIMOKS A seminate these partic
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P RATITYASAMUTPA DA (DEPENDENT O RI
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P RAYER canonical texts explain, he
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P RECEPTS Sharf, Robert. “The Scr
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P RINTING T ECHNOLOGIES different v
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P RINTING T ECHNOLOGIES in China, K
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P SYCHOLOGY seems peculiar or surpr
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P SYCHOLOGY ever, claim that the re
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P SYCHOLOGY designation” or “pr
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P SYCHOLOGY tions, which do not val
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P SYCHOLOGY forts go well beyond so
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P SYCHOLOGY Chang, Ruth, ed. Incomm
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P SYCHOLOGY Langer, Ellen J. Mindfu
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P URE L AND A RT source, so the sel
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P URE L AND A RT A bas-relief in li
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P URE L AND A RT The Phoenix Hall a
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P URE L AND B UDDHISM up in some Ma
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P URE L AND B UDDHISM lands, the co
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P URE L ANDS Gómez, Luis O., trans
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P URE L ANDS Amitabha in the Wester
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P URE L AND S CHOOLS Mahayana expre
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P URE L AND S CHOOLS teachings. Shi
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R RA HULA Rahula was the son of Sid
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R EBIRTH Rebirth and cosmic causali
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R ELICS A ND R ELICS C ULTS RELICS
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R ELICS A ND R ELICS C ULTS were re
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R ELIQUARY Brown, Peter. The Cult o
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R EPENTANCE AND C ONFESSION A secon
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R ITUAL bering, reciting, and expla
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R ITUAL A Shingon priest performs a
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R ITUAL O BJECTS A monk holds praye
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R NYING MA (NYINGMA) ceremony. Usua
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R OBES AND C LOTHING region. In rea
Page 1554:
R OBES AND C LOTHING FIGURE 1 Seven
Page 1558:
R YO KAN Kennedy, Alan. Manteau de
Page 1562:
S SAHA WORLD. See Cosmology SAICHO
Page 1566:
S A N CI process characterized by
Page 1570:
S AṄGHA the PATH. They are called
Page 1574:
S AṄGHA Tibetan monks sitting tog
Page 1578:
S ANSKRIT, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN
Page 1582:
S ANSKRIT, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN
Page 1586:
ŚA RIPUTRA Hodge, Stephen, trans.
Page 1590:
S A SKYA (SAKYA) alogues and other
Page 1594:
S A SKYA P AN D ITA (SAKYA P AN D I
Page 1598:
S CRIPTURE See also: Mainstream Bud
Page 1602:
S CRIPTURE First, scriptures are me
Page 1606:
S ENGZHAO Autocremation was primari
Page 1610:
S EXUALITY Bibliography Gethin, Rup
Page 1614:
S EXUALITY Japan, most Buddhist mon
Page 1618:
S HINGON B UDDHISM, JAPAN The incip
Page 1622:
S HINTO (HONJI S UIJAKU) AND B UDDH
Page 1626:
S HINTO (HONJI S UIJAKU) AND B UDDH
Page 1630:
S HO BO GENZO demons (YAKSA). These
Page 1634:
S HUGENDO Historical development an
Page 1638:
S ILK R OAD Win Pe. The Shwedagon.
Page 1642:
S INHALA, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN B
Page 1646:
S KANDHA (AGGREGATE) Obeyesekere, R
Page 1650:
S Ŏ KKURAM Singh, Madan Mohan. “
Page 1654:
S OUTHEAST A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN
Page 1658:
Page 1662:
Page 1666:
S PACE, SACRED bas-relief represent
Page 1670:
S PACE, SACRED is the Pure Land of
Page 1674:
S PACE, SACRED Monks in the Sacred
Page 1678:
S RI L ANKA SRI LANKA Sri Lanka is
Page 1682:
S RI L ANKA lowed during the politi
Page 1686:
S RI L ANKA, BUDDHIST A RT IN S. W.
Page 1690:
S RI L ANKA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Sri L
Page 1694:
S TU PA (1877-1947) was of the view
Page 1698:
S TU PA decessors of Gautama, the b
Page 1702:
S TU PA the most important remains
Page 1706:
Ś U NYATA (EMPTINESS) after 1340 a
Page 1710:
S U TRA I LLUSTRATIONS This twelfth
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S YNCRETIC S ECTS: THREE T EACHINGS
Page 1718:
T TACHIKAWARYU Tachikawaryu is the
Page 1722:
T AIWAN Buddhists to maintain their
Page 1726:
T AKUAN S O HO However, the most un
Page 1730:
T ANTRA Siddhas may have been a min
Page 1734:
T ANTRA equated with the Great Perf
Page 1738:
T ANTRA reliability of this source
Page 1742:
T ATHA GATAGARBHA within themselves
Page 1746:
T HAI, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN Thre
Page 1750:
T HAILAND A restored statue of the
Page 1754:
T HAILAND began in the Ayutthaya pe
Page 1758:
T HAILAND Thai Buddhists celebrate
Page 1762:
T HERAVA DA even other religions. T
Page 1766:
T HERAVA DA images and inauguration
Page 1770:
T HERAVA DA A RT AND A RCHITECTURE
Page 1774:
T HERAVA DA A RT AND A RCHITECTURE
Page 1778:
T IANTAI S CHOOL than one hundred b
Page 1782:
T IANTAI S CHOOL selfhood, a first
Page 1786:
T IANTAI S CHOOL Zhanran and the bu
Page 1790:
T IBET Bibliography Chan, Chi-wah.
Page 1794:
T IBET culminates in the Great Perf
Page 1798:
T IBET canonical compilation proces
Page 1802:
T IBET Tibetan Buddhists prostrate
Page 1806:
T IBETAN B OOK OF THE D EAD Tucci,
Page 1810:
T SONG KHA PA TRIRATNA. See Refuges
Page 1814:
U ŬICH’ŎN Ŭich’ŏn (Taegak k
Page 1818:
U NITED S TATES two Asian Buddhists
Page 1822:
U NITED S TATES American Freshman (
Page 1826:
U NITED S TATES were born into the
Page 1830:
U PA YA Bibliography Malalasekera,
Page 1834:
U SURY practices. The MU LASARVASTI
Page 1838:
V VAJRAYA NA Vajrayana is an umbrel
Page 1842:
V AM SA lationship between practice
Page 1846:
V IETNAM coming impervious to weapo
Page 1850:
V IETNAM the Lý and Trâǹ, civil
Page 1854:
V IETNAMESE, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES O
Page 1858:
V INAYA Indian opponents. These Bud
Page 1862:
V INAYA the vinaya texts that we ha
Page 1866:
V IPASSANA (SANSKRIT, VIPAŚYANA )
Page 1870:
V OWS ject of Buddhist art, ritual,
Page 1874:
W WAR The list of the laureates of
Page 1878:
W AR Buddha statues in the wreckage
Page 1882:
W ILDERNESS M ONKS Harvey, Peter. A
Page 1886:
W OMEN proceeds in tension with sev
Page 1890:
W OMEN eral contemporary movements
Page 1894:
W ŎNCH’ ŬK the second patriarch
Page 1898:
W ORSHIP distinctions as secular an
Page 1902:
W ORSHIP sites from which there are
Page 1906:
X XUANZANG Xuanzang (Ci’en, ca. 6
Page 1910:
Y YAKSA Yaksa (Pali, yakkha) are in
Page 1914:
Y IXUAN translated approximately fi
Page 1918:
Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL Buddhist path w
Page 1922: Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL excrement in ra
Page 1926: Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL plain the origi
Page 1930: Y UN’ GANG Powers, John. Wisdom o
Page 1934: Z ZANNING Zanning (Tonghui dashi, 9
Page 1938: Z HANRAN As cultural relativism and
Page 1942: Z HIYI templation of the deluded mi
Page 1946: Z ONGMI became a disciple of the Li
Page 1950: APPENDIX TIMELINES OF BUDDHIST HIST
Page 1954: INDIA ca. 566-486 or 488-368 B.C.E.
Page 1958: SOUTHEAST ASIA 247 B.C.E. King AŚO
Page 1962: CHINA 67 C.E. Two Indian Buddhist m
Page 1966: JAPAN AND KOREA 372 C.E. Buddhism i
Page 1970: J APAN AND K OREA 1910 Japan coloni
Page 1976: T IBET AND THE H IMALAYAS 1642 Gush
Page 1980: I NDEX VOLUME 1, PP. 1-478: VOLUME
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I NDEX VOLUME 1, PP. 1-478: VOLUME
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Page 2032:
Page 2036:
Page 2040:
Page 2044:
Page 2048:
Page 2052:
LEFT: The bodhisattva Samantabhadra
Page 2056:
TOP: The recumbent Buddha entering
Page 2060:
A carved panel depicting an unident
Page 2064:
TOP: Illustration from the Amitabha
Page 2068:
TOP: A Buddhist monastery in the mo
Page 2072:
TOP: The Ratnaku dapariprccha (Ratn
Page 2076:
The horrific celestial buddha Śam
Page 2080:
TOP: Nichiren (1222-1282), founder
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Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume One A -L Robert E. Buswell

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