Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume One A -L Robert E. Buswell

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N UNS Tsomo, Karma Lekshe. Sisters in Solitude: Two Traditions of Buddhist Monastic Ethics for Women, a Comparative Analysis of the Dharmagupta and Mu lasarvastivada Bhiksunl Pratimoksa Su tras. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996. Tsomo, Karma Lekshe, ed. Buddhist Women across Cultures: Realizations. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999. Tsomo, Karma Lekshe, ed. Innovative Women in Buddhism: Swimming against the Stream. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2000. Watkins, Joanne C. Spirited Women: Gender, Religion, and Cultural Identity in the Nepal Himalaya. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. Willis, Janice Dean. Feminine Ground: Essays on Women and Tibet. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 1989. NYINGMA. See Rnying ma KARMA LEKSHE TSOMO E NCYCLOPEDIA OF B UDDHISM 611
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM Volume One
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CONTENTS Preface. .................
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PREFACE Buddhism is one of the thre
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P REFACE for rendering Asian langua
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LIST OF ARTICLES Abhidharma Collett
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L IST OF A RTICLES Devadatta Max De
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L IST OF A RTICLES Laos Justin McDa
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L IST OF A RTICLES Sautrantika Coll
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Ryuichi Abé C
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L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Alexander Ga
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L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Jan Nattier
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L IST OF C ONTRIBUTORS Jonathan S.
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SYNOPTIC OUTLINE OF ENTRIES This ou
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S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Juef
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S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Divi
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S YNOPTIC O UTLINE OF E NTRIES Cent
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MAPS THE DIFFUSION OF BUDDHISM Majo
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E NCYCLOPEDIA OF B UDDHISM xxxvii M
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E NCYCLOPEDIA OF B UDDHISM xxxix Ma
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A ABHIDHARMA In the centuries after
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A BHIDHARMA 5. Yamaka (Pairs); 6. P
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A BHIDHARMA invoked only as a suppl
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A BHIDHARMAKOŚABHA S YA tic techni
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A BORTION the focus of numerous ARH
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A GAMA/NIKA YA schools whose litera
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A LCHI beings in action, the Ajanta
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A MULETS AND T ALISMANS generally l
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A NANDA T EMPLE chose A nanda to se
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A NA TMAN/A TMAN (NO -SELF/SELF) ob
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A NCESTORS miniature furniture and
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A NITYA ( IMPERMANENCE) transfer, g
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A POCRYPHA eled after canonical nar
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A POCRYPHA ously be inherently enli
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A RHAT nonreturning (anagami marga)
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A RYADEVA or as distinctly exotic,
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A SCETIC P RACTICES aya 4:88) state
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A TISHA Bibliography Barua, B. M. A
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A VADA NA ters. The Avadanaśataka
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A YUTTHAYA (function) in analyzing
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B BA MIYA N Located 240 miles north
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B IANXIANG (TRANSFORMATION T ABLEAU
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B IOGRAPHY BIOGRAPHY Many religious
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B KA’ BRGYUD (KAGYU) the Buddha
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B ODH G AYA 2. The Stag lung Bka’
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B ODHI (AWAKENING) scholarship to r
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B ODHICARYA VATA RA awakening (dunw
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B ODHICITTA (THOUGHT OF A WAKENING)
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B ODHIDHARMA BODHIDHARMA Within the
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B ODHISATTVA( S ) 10. caramabhavika
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B ODHISATTVA I MAGES Early represen
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B ODY, PERSPECTIVES ON THE serves t
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B ODY, PERSPECTIVES ON THE body has
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B ON lde btsan (pronounced Trisong
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B SAM YAS D EBATE the first seven T
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B UDDHA( S ) say for certain is tha
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B UDDHA( S ) have originated at the
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B UDDHAGHOSA BUDDHACARITA The Buddh
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B UDDHAHOOD AND B UDDHA B ODIES rep
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B UDDHA I MAGES terms such as sahaj
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B UDDHA I MAGES the Buddha as a hum
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE MU LASARVA STI
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE and was near d
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE by the next bu
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE, IN A RT A rep
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B UDDHA, LIFE OF THE, IN A RT Buddh
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B UDDHAVACANA (WORD OF THE B UDDHA)
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES temporary Buddhi
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES both at indigeno
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B UDDHIST S TUDIES The CHAN SCHOOL
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B URMESE, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN L
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B U STON (BU TÖN) Lu se lu phrac v
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C CAMBODIA Cambodia in the twenty-f
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C AMBODIA A view of Angkor Wat, the
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C AMBODIA traditionalists within th
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C ANON CANDRAKIRTI Candrakrti (ca.
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C ANON tirety is that of the Therav
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C ANON A Tibetan book, printed from
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C AVE S ANCTUARIES sanbao ji. Thus,
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C AVE S ANCTUARIES The late-seventh
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C ENTRAL A SIA Kaniska) to Buddhism
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C ENTRAL A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN fo
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C HAN A RT paintings or in sculptur
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C HAN A RT torial counterpart to th
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C HAN A RT activity such as archery
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C HAN S CHOOL all-at-once enlighten
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C HAN S CHOOL Concentration on wu w
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C HAN S CHOOL subordinate component
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C HANTING AND L ITURGY Faure, Berna
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C HINA Bells, gongs, drums, horns,
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C HINA teachings were drawn to Budd
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C HINA ten display a tendency to re
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Daoism wer
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Xiangyang
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN stone imag
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN appeared d
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C HINA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Guanyin fr
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C HINESE, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON V
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C HINUL mately be traced back to th
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C HRISTIANITY AND B UDDHISM influen
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C LERICAL M ARRIAGE IN J APAN out o
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C OLONIALISM AND B UDDHISM rently l
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C OLONIALISM AND B UDDHISM Japan (S
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C OMMENTARIAL L ITERATURE chong’s
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C OMMUNISM AND B UDDHISM tion, the
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C OMMUNISM AND B UDDHISM A Chinese
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C ONFUCIANISM AND B UDDHISM poetry
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C ONSCIOUSNESS, THEORIES OF Bibliog
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C ONSCIOUSNESS, THEORIES OF persona
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C ONSECRATION how disappointed he w
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C ONSECRATION enables a representat
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C OSMOLOGY Zürcher, Erik. The Budd
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C OSMOLOGY Cycles of time The tempo
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C OUNCILS, BUDDHIST But this raises
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C RITICAL B UDDHISM (HIHAN B UKKYO)
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D DAIMOKU The term daimoku, literal
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D ALAI L AMA Mongolian translation
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D ALAI L AMA Lama was given the nam
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D AOISM AND B UDDHISM DAO’AN Dao
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D AOISM AND B UDDHISM Several hagio
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D AOSHENG met the mysterious Man of
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D EATH as popular Chan adages, are
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D EATH to mindfulness of the three
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D EATH The funeral and cremation of
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D EATH The funeral procession of a
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D ECLINE OF THE D HARMA ence of NUN
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D ESIRE po constitutes a new dispen
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D GE LUGS (GELUK) Mahaprajñaparami
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS been added ove
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS A golden dharm
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS 1. Form or mat
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D HARMA AND D HARMAS 6. Attainment
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D HARMARAKS A dha. The fourfold dha
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D IAMOND S U TRA Dhyana is also def
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D IET obtained on the begging round
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D ISCIPLES OF THE B UDDHA restrict
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D IVINITIES bought for the Buddha a
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D O GEN oped in India and beyond, w
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D OUBT she increasingly relied on h
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D UH KHA ( SUFFERING) 193b) asserts
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D UNHUANG Whitfield, Roderick. The
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E ECONOMICS Before trying to determ
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E CONOMICS goods without which they
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E DUCATION EDUCATION For centuries,
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E NNIN and the environmentalist Ch
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E NTERTAINMENT AND P ERFORMANCE of
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E SOTERIC A RT, EAST A SIA (Vidyara
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E SOTERIC A RT, EAST A SIA divide i
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E SOTERIC A RT, SOUTH AND S OUTHEAS
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E SOTERIC A RT, SOUTH AND S OUTHEAS
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E THICS Bibliography Fisher, Robert
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E THICS cially compassion and wisdo
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E TIQUETTE Wayman, Alex. Ethics of
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E UROPE The Dharmapala Center, Kand
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E VIL EVIL A word that closely appr
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E XOTERIC-ESOTERIC (KENMITSU) BUDDH
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F FAITH Few notions elicit more deb
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F AMENSI sired state of mind has th
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F ANWANG JING (BRAHMA ’ S N ET S
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F AXIANG S CHOOL tures (T376, T745)
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F ESTIVALS AND C ALENDRICAL R ITUAL
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F ESTIVALS AND C ALENDRICAL R ITUAL
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F OLK R ELIGION: AN O VERVIEW spiri
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F OLK R ELIGION, JAPAN cerns, is be
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F OLK R ELIGION, SOUTHEAST A SIA mo
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F OUR N OBLE T RUTHS Brahmanas. In
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F OUR N OBLE T RUTHS TABLE 1 Buddha
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G GANDHA RA. See India; India, Nort
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G AVA M PATI Salomon, Richard. A Ga
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G ENDER tinctions thus constitute a
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G ENDER tation, then, the sexual tr
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G HOST F ESTIVAL GENSHIN Genshin (E
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G HOSTS AND S PIRITS Mahamaudgalyay
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G YO NEN Todaiji, where he later be
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H HACHIMAN Hachiman is one of the m
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H EAVENS The Heart Su tra opens wit
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H ELLS not simply ground to bits, b
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H ELLS, IMAGES OF Ksitigarbha (Diza
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H ERMENEUTICS relating to ŚU NYATA
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN A mura
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN The te
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H IMALAYAS, BUDDHIST A RT IN of dei
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H INDUISM AND B UDDHISM whole a cle
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H INDUISM AND B UDDHISM mas have re
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H ISTORY dhism as sharing an Indian
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H ISTORY opment and differentiation
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H UAYAN A RT Senchakushu English Tr
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H UAYAN A RT the temple building, c
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H UAYAN S CHOOL Buddhism. The scrip
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H UAYAN S CHOOL Zhiyan came from a
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H UAYAN S CHOOL the subsequent doct
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H UINENG origin of all things, it p
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H YUJŎNG Bibliography Liebenthal,
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I ICCHANTIKA The notion of the icch
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I NDIA status. Those Brahmins claim
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I NDIA orthodoxy. Unfortunately, wi
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I NDIA Buddhism. It soon developed
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I NDIA sponsibility for transformin
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN The exteri
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN and some o
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I NDIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN The classi
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I NDIA, NORTHWEST Margiana Marv TUR
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I NDIA, SOUTH INDIA, SOUTH Evidence
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I NDONESIA AND THE M ALAY P ENINSUL
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I NDONESIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN Relief
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I NITIATION See also: Divinities; H
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I NTERMEDIATE S TATES Strickmann, M
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I NTERMEDIATE S TATES One of the mo
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I SLAM AND B UDDHISM India. More de
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J JAINISM AND BUDDHISM Jainism and
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J APAN dhism often seems marginal t
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J APAN The Kinkakuji (Golden Pavili
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J APAN iar institutional struggle f
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J APAN, BUDDHIST A RT IN Heian, thr
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J APAN, BUDDHIST A RT IN fer merit
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J APAN, BUDDHIST A RT IN attitude.
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J APANESE, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON
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J APANESE R OYAL F AMILY AND B UDDH
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J A TAKA, ILLUSTRATIONS OF mals (bu
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J EWELS Jatakamalas, 2nd revised ed
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J UEFAN (HUIHONG) she divined that
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K KAGYU. See Bka’ brgyud KAILA Ś
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K A LACAKRA complex of the numerous
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K AMAKURA B UDDHISM, JAPAN Newman,
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K AMAKURA B UDDHISM, JAPAN who was
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K ARMA ( ACTION) is commonly acknow
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K ARMA PA this question in his Abhi
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K ARUN A (COMPASSION) Sikkim. He tr
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K HMER, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN Dal
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K IHWA by the Buddhist Institute, a
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K LONG CHEN PA (LONGCHENPA) and Rom
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K O AN (960-1279). The Japanese pro
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K ONJAKU MONOGATARI few koans over
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K OREA tribal religious practices.
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K OREA more than eighty thousand wo
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K OREA, BUDDHIST A RT IN a preparat
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K OREA, BUDDHIST A RT IN made of la
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K OREAN, BUDDHIST I NFLUENCES ON V
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K U KAI Sa, Chaedong. A Study of th
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K YŎNGHŎ Tsukamoto Zenryu. A Hist
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L LAITY The laity in Buddhism makes
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L AITY dle and thread. Founding and
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L AITY led by groups of priests and
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L ANGUAGE, BUDDHIST P HILOSOPHY OF
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L ANGUAGES Initially, preservation
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L ANGUAGES and received considerabl
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L AOS are nithans (folktales such a
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L AW AND B UDDHISM Pavie, Auguste.
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L INEAGE Tambiah, H. W. Principles
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L INEAGE TABLE 2 Chan lineage based
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L OCAL D IVINITIES AND B UDDHISM ti
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L OCAL D IVINITIES AND B UDDHISM co
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L OGIC tions. The essential problem
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L OTUS S U TRA (SADDHARMAPUN D ARI
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM Volume Two
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M MADHYAMAKA SCHOOL The Madhyamaka
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M ADHYAMAKA S CHOOL when ignorant p
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M ADHYAMAKA S CHOOL bodhisattva fro
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M A GCIG LAB SGRON (MACHIG L ABDRÖ
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M AHA MAUDGALYA YANA jor Buddha rel
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M AHA PRAJA PATI G AUTAMI strongly
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M AHA VASTU course and Saraha’s i
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M AHA YA NA tury or more and, there
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M AHA YA NA embedded in mainstream,
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M AHA YA NA hayana sutras that can,
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M AHA YA NA P RECEPTS IN J APAN Bib
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS sion
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS prom
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M AINSTREAM B UDDHIST S CHOOLS Much
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M AITREYA Mahayana The development
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M AN D ALA Mandala of the Womb Worl
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M AN D ALA ifestation of Vairocana
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M AR PA (MARPA) armies flee. This e
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M ARTIAL A RTS Child monks perform
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M ARTIAL A RTS agility, such as lea
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M EDICINE medicines (Bhesajjakhandh
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M EDITATION audible, neither heavy
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M EDITATION alizing one’s teacher
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M EDITATION Meditation in Mahayana
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M EDITATION A twelfth-century statu
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M EDITATION The system remained per
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M EIJI B UDDHIST R EFORM ration of
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M IJIAO (ESOTERIC) SCHOOL Sparrows
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M IJIAO (ESOTERIC) SCHOOL the Vajra
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M ILLENARIANISM AND M ILLENARIAN M
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M ILLENARIANISM AND M ILLENARIAN M
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M IRACLES of purity is required for
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M IRACLES lence, prompting the empe
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M ODERNITY AND B UDDHISM tiation ha
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M ODERNITY AND B UDDHISM the case,
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE thing as co
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE Almost ever
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE dormitories
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M ONASTIC A RCHITECTURE The Phoenix
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M ONASTICISM of the desire of wealt
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M ONASTICISM The categories of monk
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M ONGOLIA lier than circa 1451 in K
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M ONGOLIA to Khalkha to found the T
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M ONKS ment failed to convince the
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M ONKS Monks at a ceremony at Biech
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M U DRA AND V ISUAL I MAGERY by the
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M U DRA AND V ISUAL I MAGERY FIGURE
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M URAKAMI S ENSHO thereby its place
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M YANMAR In 1057 C.E., the Bamar ki
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M YANMAR, BUDDHIST A RT IN (Pali, s
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M YANMAR, BUDDHIST A RT IN tional p
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N NA GA RJUNA The Indian philosophe
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N A ROPA the throne. The scandal hi
Page 1258: N ATIONALISM AND B UDDHISM Monks ca
Page 1262: N ENBUTSU (CHINESE, NIANFO; KOREAN,
Page 1266: N EPAL Nepalese lay Buddhists circu
Page 1270: N EPAL in ancient India. The “Mah
Page 1274: N EWARI, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN (S
Page 1278: N ICHIREN S CHOOL he devised a call
Page 1282: N ICHIREN S CHOOL Buddha’s teachi
Page 1286: N INE M OUNTAINS S CHOOL OF S ŎN H
Page 1290: N IRVA N A son seeking to character
Page 1294: N IRVA N A tional cessation, and ye
Page 1298: N IRVA N A S U TRA other times, the
Page 1302: N UNS tion, approximately one hundr
Page 1306: N UNS Cambodia they are known as do
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Page 1316: O RDINATION Verhagen, P. C. “The
Page 1320: O RDINATION assembly three times to
Page 1324: O RIGINAL E NLIGHTENMENT (HONGAKU)
Page 1328: O RIGINAL E NLIGHTENMENT (HONGAKU)
Page 1332: O XHERDING P ICTURES final outcome.
Page 1336: P ADMASAMBHAVA Padmasambhava, who p
Page 1340: P A LI, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN tra
Page 1344: P A LI, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN onl
Page 1348: P ARAMA RTHA from prison in Februar
Page 1352: P ARISH (DANKA, TERAUKE) SYSTEM IN
Page 1356: P ARITTA AND R AKS A T EXTS Bibliog
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P ATH walked on this same “ancien
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P ATH of wholesome karmic seeds. Ta
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P ATIENCE Mahathera Henepola Gunara
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P ERSECUTIONS traditional Indian dr
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P ERSECUTIONS to separate the worsh
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P ERSECUTIONS instituting tighter c
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P HILOSOPHY understand themselves t
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P HOENIX H ALL ( AT THE B YO DO IN)
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P ILGRIMAGE Husband-and-wife pilgri
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P ILGRIMAGE Tibetan Buddhist pilgri
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P OETRY AND B UDDHISM McRae, John R
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P OLITICS AND B UDDHISM of a great
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P OLITICS AND B UDDHISM Tibetan mon
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P ORTRAITURE surrounded by smaller
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P RAJN A (WISDOM) The Potala palac
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P RAJN A PA RAMITA L ITERATURE tra
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P RA TIMOKS A Diverse schools of vi
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P RATYEKABUDDHA Instead, they are d
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P RAYER supplication). Buddhist pra
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P RECEPTS From another perspective,
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P RINTING T ECHNOLOGIES A monk hold
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P ROVINCIAL T EMPLE S YSTEM (KOKUBU
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P SYCHOLOGY Thus, generally speakin
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P SYCHOLOGY properties on the cloth
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P SYCHOLOGY contemporary reader may
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P SYCHOLOGY of controlling the body
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P SYCHOLOGY and explanation, which
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P SYCHOLOGY Firestone, Robert W.; F
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P UDGALAVA DA Sharf, Robert H. “B
Page 1476:
P URE L AND A RT end of a kalpa, fi
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P URE L AND A RT FIGURE 1 Pure land
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P URE L AND B UDDHISM Bibliography
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P URE L AND B UDDHISM jing, therefo
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P URE L AND B UDDHISM The focus upo
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P URE L ANDS heavenly glory is the
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P URE L AND S CHOOLS the pure land,
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P URE L AND S CHOOLS (538-597) inco
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R EBIRTH There is an old tradition
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R EFUGES In Japanese Buddhism, post
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R ELICS A ND R ELICS C ULTS A monk
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R ELICS A ND R ELICS C ULTS The Bud
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R ENNYO 600-664) brought 150 relic
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R EPENTANCE AND C ONFESSION and har
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R ITUAL subtle fetters (sam yojana)
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R ITUAL O BJECTS Bell, Catherine. R
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R ITUAL O BJECTS Monks rotate praye
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R NYING MA (NYINGMA) Tibetan histor
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R OBES AND C LOTHING made up of two
Page 1556:
R OBES AND C LOTHING patch together
Page 1560:
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S AMGUK YUSA (MEMORABILIA OF THE T
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S AṄGHA In the Śatavahana period
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S AṄGHA admission to the order an
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S ANJIE J IAO (THREE S TAGES S CHOO
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S ANSKRIT, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN
Page 1584:
S ANSKRIT, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN
Page 1588:
S ARVA STIVA DA AND M U LASARVA STI
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S A SKYA P AN D ITA (SAKYA P AN D I
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ŚA STRA Stearns, Cyrus. Luminous L
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S CRIPTURE as it is a collection of
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S ELF scriptural study is found amo
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S ENTIENT B EINGS Sengzhao made mul
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S EXUALITY distracted by the sight
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S HINGON B UDDHISM, JAPAN This is e
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S HINRAN Bibliography Abé, Ryuichi
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S HINTO (HONJI S UIJAKU) AND B UDDH
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S HINTO (HONJI S UIJAKU) AND B UDDH
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S HO TOKU, PRINCE ( TAISHI) have be
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S HWEDAGON (seated, walking, or oth
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S ILK R OAD Silk Road 0 50 100 mi.
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S INHALA, BUDDHIST L ITERATURE IN (
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S LAVERY SLAVERY The definition of
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S Ŏ N S CHOOL scarves. The interna
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S OUTHEAST A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN
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S OUTHEAST A SIA, BUDDHIST A RT IN
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S PACE, SACRED Gosling, Betty. Sukh
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S PACE, SACRED (sutra-burial mounds
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S PACE, SACRED part of Honshu Islan
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S PACE, SACRED Outer Shrine dedicat
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S RI L ANKA The Mahavam sa asserts
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S RI L ANKA A young novice monk bat
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S RI L ANKA, BUDDHIST A RT IN templ
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S RI L ANKA, BUDDHIST A RT IN A rec
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S TU PA be a perfect circle, was in
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S TU PA Reliefs depicting events fr
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S UFFERING Hallade, Madeleine, Gand
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S U TRA Other Mahayanists analyzed
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S UVARN APRABHA SOTTAMA- SU TRA ill
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S YNCRETIC S ECTS: THREE T EACHINGS
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T AIWAN A row of golden Buddha stat
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T AIWAN A ceremony at Fo Kuang Shan
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T ANTRA the performance of one’s
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T ANTRA Connecting the ganglia are
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T ANTRA initially treated with susp
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T AOISM Bibliography Abé Ryuichi.
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T EMPLE Grosnick, William H. “Non
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T HAILAND Payutto published the fir
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T HAILAND kings helped settle saṅ
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T HAILAND A Thai Buddhist lays an o
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T HERAVA DA Phutathat (Buddhadasa B
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T HERAVA DA original Pali from Sing
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T HERAVA DA refuges and precepts to
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T HERAVA DA A RT AND A RCHITECTURE
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T HICH N HAT H ANH Images are belie
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T IANTAI S CHOOL Confronted with th
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T IANTAI S CHOOL emptiness, which i
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T IANTAI S CHOOL and finally as its
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T IBET the relationship between Ind
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T IBET A statue of Padmasambhava, w
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T IBET in particular found much to
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T IBET virtually all monastic insti
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T IME Cuevas, Bryan J. The Hidden H
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T ULKA ‘Ol khar chos lung during
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U NITED S TATES In 670 Ŭisang retu
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U NITED S TATES Exclusions: 1924-19
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U NITED S TATES property that would
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U PAGUPTA Numrich, Paul David. Old
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U SURY bodhisattva or buddha not on
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V AJRAYA NA Mahayana is a prelude t
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V ASUBANDHU associated with the est
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V IETNAM Monks dry rice at the Bat
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V IETNAM A monk sounds a bell at a
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V IJN A NA Books Vernacular Buddhi
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V INAYA of the type that characteri
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V INAYA an ordained bhiksu (or bhik
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V IPAŚYIN in Burma (Myanmar). Afte
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W AR One episode found in the Pali
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W AR surroundings, while still basi
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W ISDOM Their main role in shaping
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W OMEN But these normative construc
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W ŎN B UDDHISM form of birth? How
Page 1896:
W ŎNHYO With his vast scholarship
Page 1900:
W ORSHIP Lotus petals strewn on a s
Page 1904:
Page 1908:
X UANZANG lun (Establishing the Exc
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Y IJING Tiantai. His conception of
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Y OGA Linji’s teaching. When this
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Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL founder of the
Page 1924:
Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL means desiring
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Y OGA CA RA S CHOOL 1. The “provi
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Y UN’ GANG China. Thereafter loca
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Z EN, POPULAR C ONCEPTIONS OF belon
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Z HAO LUN it is a product of the ti
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Z HUHONG and so on. His ideas were
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Page 1952:
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I NDIA 1891 ANAGA RIKA DHARMAPA LA
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S OUTHEAST A SIA 1236 MONKS from Ka
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C HINA 645 XUANZANG (ca. 600-664) r
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J APAN AND K OREA 1010 The Korean k
Page 1972:
Page 1976:
T IBET AND THE H IMALAYAS 1642 Gush
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I NDEX VOLUME 1, PP. 1-478: VOLUME
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Page 1988:
Page 1992:
Page 1996:
Page 2000:
Page 2004:
Page 2008:
Page 2012:
Page 2016:
Page 2020:
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LEFT: The bodhisattva Samantabhadra
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TOP: The recumbent Buddha entering
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A carved panel depicting an unident
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TOP: Illustration from the Amitabha
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TOP: A Buddhist monastery in the mo
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TOP: The Ratnaku dapariprccha (Ratn
Page 2076:
The horrific celestial buddha Śam
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TOP: Nichiren (1222-1282), founder
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Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume One A -L Robert E. Buswell

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