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HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA : M. M. NINAN "In Chavittu Nadakam there are large number of characters all in glittering medieval dress. They sing their lines loudly and with exaggerated gestures and they stamp their feet with great force on the wooden stage. It is the form of traditional musical dance drama, which symbolizes the martial tradition of Keralites. Dance and instrumental music are combined in these art forms. The actor themselves sing and act. Great stress is laid on the step, which goes in harmony with the songs. In these art forms there is a great importance for dance and art. Foot stamping dance, fighting and Kalaripayatu are the essential part of Chavittunadakam. Royal dresses and ornamental costumes are necessary. Training is obtained from the Guru Kula form of education. Historical incidents , the life and adventure of heroes like Charlemagne; stories of Napolean were the themes of Chavittunadakam in the 16th century. In the 18th century ,spiritual themes like "Allesu-Natakam", "Cathareena Natakam",the victory of the Isaac etc were the themes. In 19th century moral themes like "Sathyapalan";"Njanasundhari","Komala Chandrika"were handled" "The stories are mostly the heroic episodes of Bible or great Christian warriors. The performers wear glittering Greco-Roman costumes. The bell and drum are two instruments used as background score. The language is Malayalam with some mix of Tamil." http://www.chavittunadakam.com/about_chavittunadakam.html DUTCH AND THE PROTESTANTS Dutch were Protestants and gave their full support to this change over from Portuguese Catholicism. The Malankara Church appealed to several Eastern Christian Centres for help in restoring its episcopal succession. By 1665, Cochin was under Dutch control. The Antiochene Syrian Patriarch responded and sent to India a Bishop, Metropolitan Mar Gregorios of Jerusalem was able to come to Kerala. As a result Thomas Archdeacon was ordained as the Bishop of Malabar under the name of Mar Thoma I by Mar Gregoroius the Patriarch of Jerusalem on May 22, 1653 on the Day of Pentecost. (The Patriarchate of Jerusalem was part of the Patriarchate of Antioch. Mar Gregorious was the last of the Non- Chalchedonian Patriarchs of Jerusalem. He came to Malankara for this ordination. This was a new beginning in the history of the modern Malankara Church; the Western Syrian language and Antiochene liturgy was adopted in their church; those who accepted Mar Gregory became known as the New Party (Puthankuttukar); thus started the connection with the Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch, in 1665. He is still remembered in the first dyptsych of the Orthodox Liturgy along with Mar Ignatius, the Patriarch of Antioch, and Mar Baselius the Catholicos of the East. Since the Antiochian Patriarchate was known to have believed the theology of Jacob Burdhana, the church came to be known as the Jacobite Church of Malabar. A good faction still remained faithful to the Roman pontiff. And during the next 12 years 84 Syrian congregations returned to communion with Rome while 32 congregations remained with the “Bishop” Thomas. 120
Mar Gregorios Abdul Jaleel HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA : M. M. NINAN Mar Gregorios Abdul Jaleel Mar Gregorius Abdul Jaleel of Jerusalem was associated with the Jacobite Patriarchate of Antioch. Thus began the relation of the Syrian Church with the Antiochene Jacobites. Antiochians followed the St. James Liturgy used by the West Syrian Orthodox Church and hence replaced the liturgy of the Apostles Addai and Mari which were in use in Malankara. The Church came to be known as Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church. From 1665 to 1816, 'Mar Thoma' Metropolitans from the Pakalomattom family ruled over the Malankara Church as Metropolitans. In 1670 Mor Thoma I and Mor Gregorious of Jerusalem both jointly consecrated Mar Thoma II. Mor Thoma IV became head of the church in 1688 and administered the Church for 40 odd years. Mar Gregorious Abdul Jaleel stayed back in India. He was instrumental in the removal of the enforcement of celebacy of priests. Since such rules invariably led to audulterous practices as St.Paul himself pointed out, he encouraged those who aspire for priesthood to get married before the ordination as Kaseesa. He also led an inconoclastic movement agaisnt the idols which the Portuguese brought into the Church. Apparently no idols were in existence before the coming of Portugal. However Orthodox Churches itself had its own theology of iconography. Mar Gregorios consecrated two Bishops in Malankara. Mar Thoma I http://www.malankaraorthodox.tv/Church%20History/Coonan%20Cross%20oath.jpg 121
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PREFACE This book is the result of
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After deep reflection had proclaime
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According to the Anal Naga Baptist
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Bible Studies Six Enigmas in the Bi
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Indian Christianity

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