Biblical Hermeneutics

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PRINCIPLES OF BIBLICAL HERMENETICS ; M. M. NINAN The Targum Yonathan Jonathan ben Uzziel was the greatest pupil of Hillel the Elder. Targum Jonathan ben Uzziel found in the Chumash was not written by Jonathan ben Uzziel according to scholars, who refer to it instead as Pseudo-Jonathan. He is said to be the authority of the Babylonian "Megillah", 3a, to have formulated it orally, in accordance with the instructions of Haggai, Zachariah, and Malachi. According to the Encyclopaedia Judaica internal evidence shows that it was written sometime between the 7th and 14th centuries ce. For example, Ishmael's wife's name is translated into Aramaic as Fatima (who was Mohammed's daughter) and therefore Targum Pseudo-Jonathan must have been written after Mohammed's birth. The classic Hebrew commentators would turn this argument around, and say that Mohammed's daughter was named after Ismael's wife. Both sides will agree, however that stylistically that Jonathan's commentary on the Chumash is very different from the commentary on Neviim. The Targum Jonathan on Neviim is written in a very terse style, similar to Onkelos on Chumash, but on the average Targum Jonathan on Chumash is almost twice as wordy. It seems that Targum Jonathan on Isaiah is the product of at least two generations of meturgeman activity before and after the Bar Kokhba war (132-135 C.E.), though the more explicitly messianic statements are more likely to have been written before than after the war. 7
PRINCIPLES OF BIBLICAL HERMENETICS ; M. M. NINAN When Rabbi Yonossan ben Uziel revealed his Targum (translation) of prophets, Eretz Yisroel ( the whole land of Israel ) was shocked by earth tremor 400 parsas (measurements) by 400 parsas. A bat Kol (heavenly voice) came out and said "who is the one revealing my secrets to mankind? ". Yonaton ben Uzial stood up on his feet and said "I am the one who revealed Your secrets to mankind knowingly in front of You, not for my honor I did it and not for the honor of the house of my father but for Your honor I did it, for wouldn't be many machloket (disputes) in Israel". He also asked to reveal targum of Katuvim (writings of the Tanach / Bible) a voice - "Bat Kol" came out and said to him (Y ben U) "you have revealed enough for the moment " , and Why ? because if you reveal all the secrets now , you will reveal when the Moshiach will come and the dates of final Peace in the world". Targum Yerushalmi The Jerusalem Targum exists only in fragmentary form. It translates a total of approximately 850 verses, phrases, and words. No one knows who wrote it. Some speculate that it was a printers error. The printer saw a manuscript headed with "TY" and assumed it was a Targum Yerushalmi when actually it was an early version of Targum Yonathan. Others speculate that it was written by a R. Yosef or R. Hoshea (Yihoshua). Targum Neofiti Targum Neofiti (or Targum Neophyti) is the largest of the Western Targumim on the Torah, or Palestinian Targumim. It consists of 450 folios covering all books of the Pentateuch, with only a few damaged verses. More than a mere Aramaic translation of the Hebrew text, Neofiti offers lengthy expansions on the biblical text at several places. It is often more expansive than Targum Onkelos, but less so than Targum Pseudo-Jonathan. The Targum Sheni The Targum Sheni ("Second Targum") is an Aramaic translation (targum) and elaboration of the Book of Esther, that embellishes the <strong>Biblical</strong> account with considerable new apocryphal material, not on the face of it directly germane to the Esther story. Notable among these additions is an account of the visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon, which sees the King commanding a daunting army of animals, birds and demonic spirits as subjects; and the Queen demanding from him the answer to three riddles, before she will pay homage. The Jewish Encyclopedia characterises the story as a "genuine and exuberant midrash", i.e. a free elaboration, of a kind not unusual in Rabbinic literature. 8
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Prof. Madathilparampil Mammen Ninan
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Life, Legacy and the Theology of Dr
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