Biblical Hermeneutics

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PRINCIPLES OF BIBLICAL HERMENETICS ; M. M. NINAN Translations "All translations are commentaries". Many nations and many languages have translations of the Bible. According to the Bible study wiki there are at least 90 English translations and thousands of translations into other languages. Every translator will have to interpret the meaning of each word into the language into which he is converting within the culture. In this sense it is not only a translation but also a commentary. Social, cultural and personal decisions and implication would necessarily come in this choices. Thus they are in themselves biblical <strong>Hermeneutics</strong> in real time application TARGUM A Targum is a translation of the Bible into Aramaic language . Aramaic was the day-to-day language of Israel in the Second Temple period (539 BC – 70 AD), the language that Jesus Christ probably used the most, the language of large sections of the biblical books of Daniel and Ezra, and is the main language of the Talmud. "At first the oral Targum was a simple paraphrase in Aramaic, but eventually it became more elaborate and incorporated explanatory details inserted here and there into the translation of the Hebrew text. To make the rendering more authoritative as an interpretation, it was finally reduced to writing. Two officially sanctioned Targums, produced first in Palestine and later revised in Babylonia, are the Targum of Onkelos on the Pentateuch and the Targum of Jonathan on the Prophets, both of which were in use in the third century of the Christian era." The Jewish Targums, Bruce M. Metzger Targum While the word "targum" means translation in general, it usually refers to the Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible. After the Babylonian exile, most Jews spoke Aramaic as their first language, so translation became necessary to understand the <strong>Biblical</strong> readings. Many of the Targum contained interpretations or explanatory notes in addition to the literal translation. This body of work includes: • Targum Onkelos, also known as the Babylonian Targum • Targum Yerushalmi, also known as Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (Torah only) • Targum Jonathan (Torah, prophets and some parts of the hagiographa) • Targum Neophyti • Targum Sheni (on the scroll of Esther) • Targum to Job 5
PRINCIPLES OF BIBLICAL HERMENETICS ; M. M. NINAN However, Jewish Aramaic was different from the other forms both in lettering and grammar. Parts of the Dead Sea Scrolls are in Jewish Aramaic showing the unique Jewish lettering, related to the unique Hebrew script. The classic Targumim are Targum Onkelos on the Chumash (the five books of Torah), Targum Jonathan on Neviim (the Prophets), and a fragmentary Targum Yerushalmi. There is no standard Aramaic translation of Kesuvim (the Hagiographa). The normal practice was that after each verse was read from the written scroll, an official known as the "Turgeman" or "Meturgeman" would then recite orally an Aramaic rendering of the previous verse. Targum Onkelos Onkelos is the most often consulted literal translation of the Bible. with a few exceptions. Figurative language, is usually not translated literally but is explained (e.g., Gen. 49:25; Ex. 15:3, 8, 10; 29:35). Geographical names are often replaced by those current at a later time (e.g., Gen. 10:10; Deut. 3:17). According to the Talmud, the Torah and its translation into Aramaic were given to Moses on Mount Sinai, because Egyptian slaves spoke Aramaic. After the Babylonian exile, the Targum was completely forgotten. Onkelos, a Roman convert to Judaism, was able to reconstruct the original Aramaic. Saadiah Gaon disagrees and says the Aramaic of Onkelos was never a spoken language. He believed that Onkelos's Aramaic was an artificial construct, i.e. it was a combination of Eastern and Western dialects of Aramaic. Targum Onkelos is the Babylonian Targum to the Torah. The work has been identified with Aquila of Sinope. Some believe that the name “Onkelos” originally referred to Aquilla but was applied to the Aramaic translation instead of the Greek translation. The author avoids any type of personification or identification. Since Talmudic times, the Yemenite communities recited the Targum Onkelos alternately with the Hebrew verses of the Torah in the synagogue. Interlinear text of Hebrew Numbers 6.3–10 with Aramaic Targum Onkelos from the British Library 6
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Prof. Madathilparampil Mammen Ninan
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Life, Legacy and the Theology of Dr
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