The Gentile Times Reconsidered Chronology Christ

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The Absolute Chronology of the Neo-Babylonian Era 159 Jerusalem, 587/86 B.C.E. 9 This is the same date indicated by all the seven lines of evidence discussed in the previous chapter! Could all these observations also have been made twenty years earlier, in the year 588/87 B.C.E., which according to the chronology of the Watch Tower Society’s Bible dictionary Insight on the Scriptures corresponded to Nebuchadnezzar’s thirty-seventh regnal year? 10 The same dictionary (page 456 of Vol. 1, where VAT 4956 is obviously alluded to) acknowledges that “Modern chronologers point out that such a combination of astronomical positions would not be duplicated again in thousands of years.” Let us consider one example. According to this diary, on Nisanu 1 of Nebuchadnezzar’s thirty-seventh year the planet Saturn could be observed “in front of the Swallow,” the “Swallow” (SIM) referring to the south-west part of the constellation of the Fishes (Pisces) of the Zodiac. 11 As Saturn has a revolution of c. 29.5 years, it moves through the whole Zodiac in 29.5 years. This means that it can be observed in each of the twelve constellations of the Zodiac for about 2.5 years on the average. It means also that Saturn could be seen “in front of the Swallow” 29.5 years previous to 568/67 B.C.E., that is, in 597/96 B.C.E, but certainly not 20 years earlier, in 588/87 B.C.E., the date the Watch Tower would like to assign for Nebuchadnezzar’s thirty-seventh regnal year. That is simply an astronomical impossibility, even in the case of this one planet. But there are five planets that figure in the diary’s astronomical observations. Add, therefore, the different revolutions of the other four planets, the positions of which are specified several times in the text, along with the positions given for the moon at various times of the year, and it becomes easily understood why such a combination of observations could not be made again in thousands of years. The observations recorded in VAT 4956 must have been made in the year 568/67 B.C.E., because they fit no other situation which occurred either thousands of years before or after that date! 9 The diary clearly states that the observations were made during Nebuchadnezzar’s thirty-seventh year. The text opens with the words: “Year 37 of Nebukadnezar, king of Babylon.” The latest date, given close to the end of the text, is: “Year 38 of Nebukadnezar, month I, the 1st.”—Sachs–Hunger, op. cit., pp. 47, 53. 10 Insight on the Scriptures, Vol. 2 (Brooklyn, New York: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1988), p. 481, under the subheading “Takes Tyre.” 11 Sachs-Hunger, op. cit., pp. 46–49. The expression “in front of” in the text refers to the daily westward rotation of the celestial sphere and means “to the west of”. (Ibid., p.22) For a discussion of the Babylonian names of the constellations, see Bartel L. van der Waerden, Science Awakening, Vol.II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), pp. 71–74, 97.
160 THE GENTILE TIMES RECONSIDERED VAT 4956, now in the ”Vorderasiatisches Abteilung” in the Berlin Museum, gives detail on about 30 positions of the moon and the five then known planets for the 37th year of Nebuchadnezzar (568/67 B.C.E.), establishing that year as the most reliable absolute date in the sixth century B.C.E.—Reproduced from A. J. Sacks & H. Hunger, Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia, Vol. I (Wien: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1988), Plate 3. Photo used courtesy of the Vorderasiatisches Museum in Berlin.
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THE GENTILE TIMES RECONSIDERED Carl
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Contents Foreword v Introduction 1
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2 I BIBLICAL AND SECULAR CHRONOLOGY
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6 I THE “SEVEN TIMES” OF DANIEL
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For Chapter One: APPENDIX ADDITIONA
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THE 20TH YEAR OF ARTAXERXES AND THE
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PROFESSOR ROBERT R. NEWTON, “PTOL
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A critical review of Rolf Furuli’
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