The Gentile Times Reconsidered Chronology Christ

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The Length of Reigns of the Neo-Babylonian Kings 95 The Royal Canon (“Ptolemy’s Canon”) The kinglist begins with the reign of Nabonassar in Babylon (747– 734 BCE) and ends with the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE). From F. K. Ginzel, Handbuch der matematischen und technischen Chronologie, Vol. I :Leipzig 1906), p. 139.
96 THE GENTILE TIMES RECONSIDERED X. Kugler, concluded that the so-called Ptolemy’s Canon “had evidently been worked out by one or more experts on the Babylonian astronomy and chronology, and through the use in the Alexandrian school successfully had passed scrupulous indirect tests.” 14 Dr. Eduard Meyer wrote in a similar vein about the canon in 1899, pointing out that, “as it belonged to the traditional material of knowledge of the astronomers, it was inherited from scholar to scholar; not even Hipparchus [2nd century B.C.E.] could have gone without the Babylonian list.” 15 This is the reason why Professor Otto Neugebauer termed the expression “Ptolemy’s Canon” a misnomer: It is a misnomer to call such chronological tables ‘Ptolemaic canon.’ Ptolemy’s ‘Almagest’ never contained such a canon (in spite of assertions to the contrary often made in modern literature), but we know that a βασιλεων χρουογραφια [chronicle of kings] had been included in his ‘Handy Tables’ . . . . On the other hand, there is no reason whatsoever to think that royal canons for astronomical purposes did not exist long before Ptolemy. 16 The canon, or kinglist, was therefore in use centuries before Claudius Ptolemy. It was inherited and brought up-to-date from one generation of scholars to the next. It should be observed that the canon not only presents a running list of kings and their reigns; in a separate column there is a running summary of the individual reigns all the way from the first king, Nabonassar, to the end of the list. This system provides a double check of the individual figures, ensuring that they have been correctly copied from one scholar to the next. (See “The Royal Canon” on the preceding page.) From what source did the compiler(s) of the Royal Canon get the kinglist? It was evidently compiled from sources similar to those used by Berossus. Friedrich Schmidtke explains: 14 Franz Xaver Kugler, Sternkunde and Sterndienst in Babel, II. Buch, II. Teil, Heft 2 (Munster in Westfalen: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1924), p. 390. Translated from the German. 15 Eduard Meyer, Forschungen zur alten Geschichte, Zweiter Band (Halle a. S.: Max Niemeyer, 1899), pp. 453–454. Translated from the German. Emphasis added. 16 Otto Neugebauer, “`Years’ in Royal Canons,” A Locust’s Leg. Studies in honour of S. H. Taqizadeh, ed. W. B. Henning and E. Yarshater (London: Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., 1962), pp. 209, 210. Compare also J. A. Brinkman in A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158–722 B.C. (Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1968),p. 22.
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6 I THE “SEVEN TIMES” OF DANIEL
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For Chapter One: APPENDIX ADDITIONA
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THE 20TH YEAR OF ARTAXERXES AND THE
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PROFESSOR ROBERT R. NEWTON, “PTOL
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A critical review of Rolf Furuli’
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The Gentile Times Reconsidered Chronology Christ

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