Usury in America

History of Money and 

Usury in America 

By Daniel S. Krynicki 

Printed in the United States of America

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Table of Contents 

3. Part I “A Christian Nation?” 

57. Part II “Jefferson’s Light” 

115. Part III “The Bible Versions” 

164. Appendix A 

The Need to Study History 

168. Appendix B 

Apostolic Bible Polyglot Introduction 

172. Appendix C 

The Latin Vulgate 

182. Appendix D 

New Testament Commandments 

184. Appendix E 

Anglican Bishop John Jewel 

191. Appendix F 

The Letter of Aristeas 

195. Index 

203. Bibliography

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History of Money and 

Usury in America 

Part I 

“A Christian Nation?” 


April 17, 2014 

All Rights Reserved 

Introduction 

Those who decide to read an essay such as this either 

suspect or know we are being taken for a ride by a band of 

international criminals through our elected officials and 

educators. That they are able to keep the majority of people in the 

dark as to how they do this should give us plenty of incentive to 

learn some economics terminology. As a rule, this is a vapid 

study ; but by condensing the fundamentals of money creation, 

the entire subject can become understandable to anyone. 

It is possible to drive the moneychangers out of the temple 

now ; but which monetary system would replace theirs once they 

are removed? Do we have a clear enough vision which would 

enable us to institute an alternative system that will work for the 

common good? Attempts have been made to throw the 

moneychangers out of the temple several times in American 

history ; but even the best intentions were unobtainable without 

first considering that usury is at the root of their power ; and 

consequently the struggle has always ended with the private 

money creators winning. To win, it will also be necessary to be 

as strong-willed as Andrew Jackson was during the ‘Bank Wars’ 

of the 1830s when he vetoed legislation to renew the Second

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Bank of the United States. The assassination attempt on his life 

was thwarted. But two other presidents, whose administrations 

denied the bankers their usury by paying for public dues with 

Treasury Department issued legal tender notes, did not survive. 

So this battle with bankers over usury has always turned 

sanguinary. Educating a critical mass of the population will be a 

necessary component in this conflict ; so we must first learn 

precisely how this created money is released into the currency 

stream before entering the struggle to implement the only correct 

cure. 

Money and Usury 

Most money is created as interest bearing debt by banks 

and has been for well over three hundred years. When the Federal 

Reserve Act was passed giving ownership of a new banking 

institution known as the Federal Reserve to a privately owned 

cartel of international bankers, Congress transferred its 

constitutional authority to create our money to this privately 

owned corporation. Proof that this authority belongs to Congress 

is presented further on in this paper. 

Several forms of money in use are as follows: 

Coins are minted by the United States government. Our 

government pays no interest to anyone for Coins. They are 

stamped and dated at various US Mint locations and released into 

the currency stream at authorized Fed member banks, including 

credit unions that are also licensed to operate as banking 

functionaries. Coins make up an insignificant amount of the 

money supply; and they are legal tender for all debts, public and 

private. [1] 

Paper currency can also be legal tender. Ours is 

presently known as the Federal Reserve Note. Paper currency has 

been around since Colonial times in America. The Chinese 

printed paper currency during the 11 th century. Bank notes as

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paper currency were common during mid 19 th century America. 

They were redeemable for specie (gold coin) at private banks. At 

various other times public paper currency has circulated under 

different names. Most of these were legal tender. 

Gold backed paper currency was in use in America prior 

to and at the beginning of the Federal Reserve until 1933 when 

FDR ended the ability of individual Americans to demand gold 

(specie) in return for their paper currency. 

But with all these technical distinctions that the various 

forms of money have taken on, it is imperative to understand that 

all of them constitute the means by which people are able to rid 

themselves of a primitive barter system. [2] 

There is nothing inherently evil in using money as a 

medium of exchange ; but the way in which most money is first 

created as interest bearing debt guarantees that all people will 

continue to remain under high finance’s debt oppression. An elite 

cartel in high finance has complete control of this process. 

Money, to these parasites, has consequently become a fungible 

rather than what it simply should be: a medium of exchange. We 

shall explore this line of reasoning further in this essay. 

Gold 

The purveyors of gold backed money (formerly called 

gold brokers [3]) are still with us. Their hue and cry is forever 

against the use of unbacked paper currency. They call it fiat 

money. [4] One web site where anyone can read their gold 

propaganda is at: < www.lewrockwell.com >. Active educators 

and elected officials involved in this web site should be well 

known by all. Two of them are Gary North and Ron Paul. Fiat 

money to these two is a derogatory term. We should always be 

alert to their advertising devices. North’s twisting of the plain 

intent on usury that the Bible teaches leads unaware Christians 

into believing false paradigms. If the foundations for all his 

teaching are fundamentally flawed through misinterpretation of

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the Christian Bible, then his version of Christian economics is at 

best spurious. Additionally, there are quite a few expert opinions 

that refute the gold advocates squarely on this issue. Mr. North 

was also quite obtuse in a hatchet job he did on economist 

Gertrude Coogan, so we should expect nothing reliable from him 

about anything. Later on much more will be presented herein 

showing that Ms. Coogan’s insight was superior to North’s grasp 

of Christian economics. 

As an example, a recent email to my inbox from the crowd 

North aligns himself with over at the Daily Bell declared, “Gold 

is the only Constitutional money”. Do they fool 90% of the 

population with statements like this? They most likely do. But this 

clause [5] in the Constitution was placed there so that states 

would be allowed to issue only gold as currency in their 

respective states. The Continental Congress and the First Bank of 

the United were emitting ‘Bills of Credit’ as loans of paper 

currency (as legal tender at times) [6] at interest to the general 

population during America’s formative years. So this gold clause 

in the Constitution was only added to reserve the authority to 

create paper money as legal tender for Congress. Every little 

clause taken out of context that ignores the facts of history can 

produce enough disinformation to keep the people ignorant of the 

elements of truth contained in every story. It behooves us to learn 

the whole truth about money creation in America because this 

knowledge only will illuminate the way to overcome the anglers 

and connivers of high finance. 

Fiat Money and Bank Credit 

Fiat money is money that derives its value from 

government regulation or law (From Wikipedia). [4] The Colonial 

American governments also emitted fiat paper money known as 

‘Bills of Credit’. This was issued primarily as loans at interest to 

the general population. During the Civil War, the US government 

issued two types of fiat paper currency notes to pay Union troops

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and other expenditures needed to prosecute the war [7]. The gold 

advocates referred to them as ‘Greenbacks’ and claim that nothing 

backed them. We will show herein that their disdain for fiat 

money is not justified. Any legal tender created by edict (or fiat if 

you will) is always backed by collateral, that is, by the people 

with their assets and labor. Furthermore, when a government 

emits this fiat money, as payment directly in return for labor and 

infrastructure that is needed in funding the costs of government, 

that labor and infrastructure actually give the created money real 

value. Something useful has been received in return for the 

money that was created. We can call this money legal tender upon 

which no interest has to be paid and it remains in circulation as 

‘purchasing power’ by whomever it was paid to. This money will 

also be legal tender even if it only appears on our radar in an 

account balance as cyberspace digits. It is the sort that Thomas 

Edison identified in his famous Mussel Shoals editorial letter 

from the 1920s [8]. With this type of money a government creates 

legal tender notes, fiat money, Greenbacks or ‘bills of credit’, 

whatever the snide usurers decide to call them, to pay directly for 

infrastructure projects without borrowing and without paying 

interest to anyone and without paying back principal to anyone. 

Article 1 Section 8 Line 5 of the Constitution explicitly 

authorizes Congress to do this. But instead of creating money in 

this way, Congress and an idiot President passed the Federal 

Reserve Act on December 23, 1913 giving this authority to create 

our money over to a cartel of international bankers. Elected 

officials in our national government therefore do not have either 

the intelligence or the wit to issue the money our nation needs to 

conduct its business. And instead of lending, usury free to its 

own citizens, of this money that it has the authority to create, it 

borrows from these international criminal cartels almost 

everything that enters our currency stream. 

Presently, loaning of credit at interest by private banks 

does not depend on work performed. This is Bank Credit. [9] It

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is based on a borrower’s ability to pay along with an asset that is 

offered by the borrower as collateral. These are two necessary 

components in the terms of any loan ; and the loan process 

involves a contract spelling out terms with signatures. We can call 

this bank credit “money” because it actually acts as money in our 

present system. Credit cards fall under this definition. All in all, 

it comprises about 90% to 97% of our circulating money supply. 

Bank credit, therefore, works very well as money while in the 

currency stream. It is suitable for use as money because 90% of 

the business world accepts it as payment for their products or 

services. Technically, though, it does not fall under the definition 

of legal tender. There is no gold or any other commodity to 

purportedly back it, so it greatly resembles fiat money. But when 

push comes to shove all money allowed into the currency stream 

legally is fiat money. The gold advocates miss the whole point. 

Even their purportedly ‘gold backed money’ is also fiat. That is, it 

is nothing but paper or linen with ink, or cyberspace ledger entries 

upon which they expect to collect usury. 

Consider the following: Money must have a beginning ; 

that is, it must be created before it can circulate. When it is 

created as direct payment for any services performed, it has value 

in the service performed, or in the finished product that was 

purchased. If the government paid for the building of a bridge 

over a waterway out of created fiat money, the bridge itself would 

indeed be an equity that is testament to the value of the money. In 

this way money would actually be created and then given in 

return for the labor and materials needed to pay for something. 

Now the money that paid for the bridge remains in circulation 

unless or until it is taxed out of existence. So while this money 

remains in circulation, it still has value. If money is borrowed at 

interest from private money creators to pay for the bridge, the cost 

of the bridge may double, triple or possibly go even higher 

depending upon both the term of the loan and the interest rate (see 

centerfold on pages 28, 29). And when the principal of the bridge

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loan is paid back to a private lender, it vanishes from the currency 

stream. At that point the money disappears and therefore no 

longer has any value. 

Ordinary interest, which we call usury, is not paid to 

anyone on money that would get issued by a National Credit 

Agency (NCA). It is considered as public money. Later on 

herein, we will learn how our American government and Colonial 

governments created money in this way at various times in the 

past. 

Public money is a very reasonable concept in that all 

money that enters the currency stream affects the public weal. 

Too much money in the currency stream chasing after goods and 

services may cause price inflation. This bureaucracy would 

therefore also be charged with regulating the money supply so 

that just the right amount of money remains in circulation. Too 

little money in the currency stream would cause commercial 

activity to slow down. Too much money in the currency stream 

may cause price inflation. 

Since this National Credit Agency issues money into the 

currency stream out of the labor of government employees, 

administration expenses and infrastructure projects, it is no stretch 

of the imagination to visualize that it can also issue loans to all 

without charging usury or even fees. In this way ‘Promote the 

General Welfare’ will be the Preamble mandate that would at last 

be fulfilled. The costs involved in administration of an NCA that 

lends usury free are paid for directly out of currency emissions in 

the same way as the direct funding of government is done. If we 

can visualize this so easily, we can also determine that if there is 

still not an adequate money supply for commercial activity, then 

why not fund directly in this way all public service jobs that 

would include wages and pensions for police, fire and paramedic 

ambulance services. We can eliminate homestead property taxes, 

gasoline taxes, and estate taxes. We can eliminate all taxes except 

one that would be necessary to keep the money supply and Gross

10 

Domestic Product balanced. This tax, however, must not be an 

income tax. The only fair tax is one that does not kick in until 

after individuals reach a cost of living threshold. It would be a 

tax on increase ; and therefore it would be in compliance the 

Mosaic Law requirements. 

Public or Private NCA – What shall it be? 

Interest is normally always paid on privately created 

money whether purportedly gold backed or simply collateral 

backed. The principal of this kind of money vanishes from 

existence as it is paid back to the lender. But the interest the 

lender acquires as the loan is paid back does not vanish. The 

lender gets to keep it as profit. We therefore understand why 

honest economists explain that the modern moneylending process 

is fundamentally deflationary. It is because more money leaves 

the currency stream as a loan is retired than was created at the 

signing of a loan. Conversely, NCA currency creations that are 

paid directly into government operations are never paid back to 

anyone. Once this direct funding money is created and pays for 

labor and/or materials, it remains in circulation. It therefore has 

something that gives it value: namely, a system of laws along 

with the means to enforce them. That something behind it may 

also be a bridge as well as the operations of a criminal justice 

system. And the created money can operate as a medium of 

exchange without the hindrance of making an object of idol 

worship out of it. Notice also that in such a system critical 

government operations like police and criminal justice will 

always be fully funded. In this way our government, acting of, 

for and by the people, creates its own permanent money supply. 

Howard Benjamin Rand, LL.B. 

To aid our analysis on monetary matters we will now 

reference the Christian Bible. This is a book in which money 

matters were written about as far back as three and a half

11 

millennia ago. Two modern scholars claim our Christian Bible 

has prohibited usury in money lending dating back that far. Each 

has or had a different specialty area in learning. So we will begin 

here with the late Howard B. Rand as one of the most complete 

exegetes we have been able to observe in our lifetimes. 

Mr. Rand, who passed away in 1991 at the age of 102, had 

an LL.B. degree. He passed the bar in Maine in 1912 and in 

Massachusetts in 1913. He was thus licensed to practice law in 

two states. He practiced law and owned a construction company 

until 1928 when he became the National Commissioner of the 

Anglo-Saxon Federation of America. There should be no need to 

enumerate all of his subsequent accomplishments and books. 

Two books, though, are of special interest to those of us who have 

lately focused our attention on national monetary matters. 

Howard Rand’s books that address this in no uncertain terms are 

his Digest of Divine Law and Study in Revelation. (Destiny 

Publishers) 

Mr. Rand wrote perhaps 20 to 30 books along with essays 

too numerous to count in analysis of the Scriptures. Also, other 

indicators from his writings show that he searched out not just the 

Scriptures, but also the historical records found in modern 

academia. He did not provide us with too much in the way of 

details about his reasoning on interpretation of the two ancient 

Biblical languages. He merely rendered his opinions on key 

doctrinal points in landmark studies, such as the two 

aforementioned books. We must also take notice of the latter 

because there is some related information in it about our present 

commercial system he identifies as “The Babylonian methods of 

commerce”. What he wrote was, no doubt, the result of 

painstaking research by including many reputable Bible 

translations as well as scrutinizing very carefully the ancient 

dialects for himself. 

So here is Mr. Rand about usury in his Digest of Divine 

Law from page 94:

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“In these three important laws a perfect monetary 

system based upon the value of goods, services and the 

increase of our national wealth with the outlawing of 

usury and the institution of a system of taxation which is 

not confiscatory of property, the foundation will have 

been laid for an economic structure which in operation 

will be par excellent. Nothing that the socialists can 

conceive nor the Communists desire can be compared to 

the institution of the God-given system which will outcapital 

capitalism in that all men will become capitalists 

and ‘sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; 

and none shall make them afraid; for the mouth of the 

Lord of hosts hath spoken it.’ In this statement is the 

Howard B. Rand, LL.B. 

assurance of food and drink, to replace the fear and 

want which is ever present with men under the present 

economy.” 

Careful reading of Leviticus chapter 25 should lead 

readers to understand that, with certainty, domestic usury was 

prohibited in ancient Israel. Today, we not only have oppressive 

taxation with all manner of taxes, including income, estate and

homestead property taxes ; we also have the widespread practice 

of usury, not just internationally, but nationally as well. The fact 

is, though, that Mr. Rand held his opinion of “with the outlawing 

of usury” from a complete analysis of all the related Scriptures. 

[10] We should expect he did exhaustive analysis of the ancient 

Chaldee words ger and nokri in the contexts they are found in 

Leviticus and Deuteronomy. But the commandments of Jesus 

have been expanded now in the New Testament to include all 

nations in which every man is now our brother. We are now to 

‘go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature’. If 

Israel was commissioned to expand and fill the earth, it was done 

so that salvation and the kingdom of God will be preached to all. 

So who are we to dispute the words that Luke reported Jesus 

spoke in Luke 6:35, “Lend, asking for nothing in return”? All 

those who seek to identify themselves as adherents of the 

Christian faith are also enjoined to keep the commandments of 

Jesus. Else, how could they claim they love Jesus? 

If we are not to be found negligent in teaching the 

Kingdom evangel, we need to first humble ourselves from the 

pride of being the elect, the chosen of God and begin teaching the 

entire gospel story as servants, not as masters. We should note 

here that Mr. Rand, in one of his booklets, identifies Israel as 

“The Servant People” ; he considers that the heirs of promise bear 

the burden of expanding Christ’s kingdom. With identity comes 

responsibility. This will include the prohibition of all usury in 

simple loan contracts. It also means nationally - making money 

nothing more than a medium of exchange. Remember, the Lord 

resists the “proud”. Who is there among us prideful enough to 

countermand a direct order from the King of the kingdom? 

Included here also are excerpts from Study in Revelation 

so that those who have not had the opportunity to study Rand can 

read for themselves what an honest scholar has written about our 

present monetary system. 

13

14 

From Pages 278, 279: 

“Come out of Her My People: 

“The call now goes forth for God’s people to leave the 

system ‘that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye 

receive not of her plagues.’ 

“This call indicates that Israel is in the system and 

carrying on her commercial activities in conformity with 

the requirements of Babylon. As the time of judgment 

approaches God calls his people to leave the system. 

“It would be unjust to call upon Israel to leave the 

Babylonian methods of commerce if there were not 

another system already waiting Israel’s adoption in this 

time of emergency. Now there is such a system and it 

was given to His people at Mount Sinai. Israel departed 

from its observance and, in the adoption of the methods 

of Babylon, acquired the economic evils of that heathen 

system. Accompanying this call for Israel to leave the 

Babylonian system of economics is the way they are to 

go, now being pointed out through the proclamation of 

the Kingdom message. Attention is being called to their 

God-given laws of administration and His perfect 

system of economics which is par excellence. While 

Israel continues under Babylonian methods she is 

partaking of her sins, and receiving of her plagues. 

“The Sins Of Babylon: 

“For her sins have reached unto heaven, and God hath

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remembered her iniquities. Reward her even as she 

rewarded you, and double unto her double according to 

her works: in the cup which she hath filled fill to her 

double. 

“This sentence is pronounced in accord with the Israel 

law of judgment in matters of economic justice. This 

again confirms the fact that in this chapter John is 

witnessing the judgment upon the economic and not the 

ecclesiastical phase of Babylonian manifestation. 

“The present economic system has been unjust, 

oppressive and has taken from God’s people the fruit of 

their labors. It is judged a usurper and thief. The law 

says, ‘For all manner of trespass, whether it be for ox, 

for ass, for sheep, for raiment, or for any manner of lost 

thing, which another challenges to be his, the cause of 

both parties shall come before the judges; and whom the 

judges shall condemn, he shall pay double unto his 

neighbor. (Ex. 22:9.)” 

Thus Rand rendered his opinion not only as a Bible 

scholar but also as a legal analyst that all usury is now outlawed. 

Michael Hoffman 

But Rand was only one witness. We can only establish 

matters by evidence obtained from at least two or three witnesses. 

In this matter of usury there are many more additional witnesses 

besides Rand, all laid out in proper order by historian Michael

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Hoffman in his Usury in Christendom: The Mortal Sin That 

Was and Now is Not. Mr. Hoffman is the second witness through 

his indefatigable searches of historical data that pertain to usury in 

Christendom. Every item of history (and there are many) in his 

book is testament to the fact that usury is not and never was 

allowed to be practiced by anyone aspiring to be included in 

God’s kingdom, especially with the advent of the New and 

Everlasting Covenant. Synod after synod, the Council at Nicaea, 

numerous Lateran Councils, Psalms 15:1-5, and the ten volumes 

of the Ante-Nicene Fathers all testify to this fact. For fourteen 

plus centuries subsequent to the sub-Apostolic period, this 

proscription against usury was in effect. Has God changed His 

mind about usury? Men, who have itching ears have contorted 

and twisted with escape clauses that which the Scriptures plainly 

state because of their love of money and their love of the 

Babylonian commerce. One Old Testament allowance of usury, 

through misinterpretation and misappropriation, has been used by 

modern so-called interpreters of the Bible to nullify the 

international injunctions spoken of with Christ’s own mouth. Isn’t 

it enough to accept Christ’s plainly stated words, “Lend, asking 

for nothing in return”? Christ’s mission indeed was to bring the 

kingdom of God to men on earth, the whole earth. It was for this 

very same purpose He appeared to Moses at Mt. Sinai, to 

establish the kingdom of God on earth with righteous legal and 

financial systems as an example for that day when He ushers in 

His everlasting kingdom visibly. Only in the New Testament He 

expounded more perfectly the parameters with which His servants 

should operate in His service from that point in time forward. The 

kingdom evangel was now extended to the uttermost parts of the 

earth; whosoever will is now included to be eligible for kingdom 

citizenship; and all usury on loans of money is now outlawed.

17 

Jesus Christ provided for us in the New Testament His 

unequivocal approbation of virtually all of the Old Testament. 

[11] By telling us that a greater than Solomon stood among them, 

He acknowledged that Solomon’s writings were inspired. He also 

quoted from the Psalms, the Law and the Prophets, and therefore 

acknowledged all of them as inspired by God. So anyone, who 

has it in mind to innovate legal and monetary civil systems 

beyond that which the Christian Bible has already revealed, is 

treading dangerous waters. 

In addition to Rand’s and Hoffman’s books there are four 

additional books in support of this proof that usury in the creation 

of money is the real reason our American founding documents are 

an abysmal failure at delivering their intended results. Though 

none of these four actually identify usury as the reason for this 

failure, yet if the reader honestly assesses all the facts, this 

conclusion will become unavoidable: 

1. Mark Valeri out of Princeton University Press published a 

landmark study in 2010 with the title Heavenly Merchandize: 

How Religion Shaped Commerce in Puritan America. Hoffman 

used this book for much of his source material on Puritan 

America in early New England. This book is now available in

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states with library cooperatives that have check out privileges to 

library cardholders. One no longer has to travel long distances to 

a far away university library in order to check it out. It can be 

requested for delivery to a local library at no charge and then kept 

at home to study for several weeks. Libraries also normally offer 

extensions of time on checkouts for further study. Of course, Mr. 

Hoffman’s section on early Puritan America is only one small 

part of his book covering history for the past three thousand five 

hundred years. 

The second, third and fourth documents mentioned next 

are all available on line. Two were free downloads about a year 

ago. They are in order as follows: 

2. < http://books.google.com/books/about/Financial_Histor 

y_of_the_United_States.html?id=l3oaAAAAMAAJ > PDF - This 

Financial History of the United States was published in 1915 by 

a PH.D. MIT professor named Davis Rich Dewey. This is a 

Google Books free download. Doing a Google search for this 

title will disclose that there are actually more than one free 

downloads in PDF for this book. [6] If it is no longer available as 

a download, it is nevertheless available for free viewing on line. 

From the on line viewing, a reader should be able to save pages 

into a document file as a PNG or at least be able to print pages. 

3. < http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/users/brock/webdoc6.html > - 

This one is Benjamin Franklin’s A Modest Enquiry into the 

Nature and Necessity of a Paper-Currency. This web page is not 

in PDF. It must be copied and pasted from the web page to some 

text editor capable of rich text format. BFWW 

4. < https://archive.org/details/MoneyCreators > PDF This book 

from 1935, Money Creators, was written by a lady who held a

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master’s degree in economics and finance from Northwestern 

University. She also worked at a securities company for eight 

years. Her name was Gertrude Coogan. In her book she exposed 

the United States Federal Reserve System for what it is: a scam. 

[12] But right after the passage cited in endnote twelve of Part I 

on page 49, she disclosed her ignorance about sound Christian 

doctrine that explicitly prohibits the charging of interest on simple 

loans. Though she was brilliant in her presentation on money 

creation and the way in which we should do this without usury at 

the national level, she missed the obvious truth that if money can 

be created by a national bureaucracy to pay for the costs of 

government, that bureaucracy can also create credit to lend usury 

free, perhaps even fee free, especially to its own citizens and 

domestic corporations. 

Mutuum and Mutual Risk Contract 

Let us consider what a simple loan is, a mutuum. It is a 

simple loan of a fungible such as money (capital) which the 

debtor repays as the exact sum loaned (from Hoffman [Usury in 

Christendom] page 394). Notice from this definition of mutuum, 

this is necessarily capital that already exists. In today’s monetary 

system, credit is therefore not a fungible because lenders create 

new money every time a loan transaction is signed. From the 

second century AD onward, until 1515 AD the catholic Church of 

Jesus Christ, from all of the various synods, councils and all of 

the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, the charging of interest on 

the mutuum loan was prohibited. The penalty for laity doing this 

was excommunication by a church that then had powerful 

influence in civic affairs. This proscription against usury was in 

effect even when the money lent already existed, as in the 

mutuum. But now the people, through ignorance, have given 

privately owned banks the authority to issue loans (or credit) out

20 

of money that doesn’t even exist. This is bank credit that enters 

the currency stream and it has deflationary effects on the 

money supply. As money, it is not truly a fungible because it 

doesn’t exist before a loan is issued ; and it exists no more after it 

is paid back. For all who do some useful service or labor for their 

earnings, their money is a fungible under today’s usurious 

monetary system. But for all those who create money, it is not a 

fungible ; it is only a tool. It is a tool indeed that only bankers 

have accessibility to manipulate. Where did it come from? 

Where did it go if it didn’t exist to begin with? Presto, they didn’t 

have the money to lend, but they collect usury on it anyway. It’s 

like magic. 

There is also such a thing as a contract of mutual risk. 

These are easily identifiable today as shareholders, partnerships 

and joint business ventures. In these transactions capital normally 

used in the agreement is usually capital that already exists. 

Ownership in this type of business is normally determined 

proportionally by the ratio of capital invested. For businesses that 

are considered legitimate, this ratio of ownership is easily learned 

from consulting Yahoo or Google Finance. Any corporation 

listed at one of the public trading exchanges has shareholder 

information on display there. For instance, a military defense 

contractor/manufacturer will have on display there what 

percentage of shares are held by institutional and fund sources. 

Institutional is short for international bankers, and thus perhaps 

overlooked by most who read it. And funds may very well be 

owned primarily by banking families, thus giving the oligarchs 

controlling interest anyway. So even with the funds, full 

disclosure of the facts is lacking. We can only wonder how sly 

they have been since 1999 with the passage of the Financial 

Services Modernization Act dismantling FDR’s Glass-Steagall. 

At any rate, beginning in 2008, institutional and fund 

ownership has markedly declined in US corporations. In 2006 

Washington Group International was 97% owned by banking

21 

institutions and funds. At the same time DTE Energy Company 

in southeastern Michigan was 66% owned by banking institutions 

and funds. These controlling interest ratios are down 

considerably today as the result of offshoring our manufacturing 

sector. DTE Energy’s megawatt load has been cut in half since 

the last recession began due to manufacturing facilities closing. 

Forty years of offshoring manufacturing infrastructure has taken 

its toll ; and now it’s worse since 2009 when credit to businesses 

was curtailed. It appears that our princes of industry care not if 

their own nation prospers. And in the case of WGI, our presence 

in both Afghanistan and Iraq is almost over. 

Another complication across the past one hundred years is 

found in the formation of holding or shell corporations. Since 

banking institutions have the authority to create new money, they 

then use this new money for lending to these holding companies 

and/or shell corporations which in turn obtain majority ownership 

in military defense contractors/manufacturers and any corporation 

they deem will be profitable. Senator Carl Levin of Michigan 

recently introduced legislation that would prohibit the formation 

of anonymously owned corporations in the United States. [13] 

Criminals have in recent years been using this method of escaping 

the scrutiny of law enforcement. How long of course have 

banking institutions been allowed to do this? Or more important, 

did the criminals learn of this trick from lawyers who worked for 

bankers? Finally, will any escape clauses be introduced into the 

legislation that would exempt banking institutions and funds from 

complying with the law that is finally passed? 

These are the “Rules of Acquisition” Quark talked about 

on Deep Space Nine, “War is good for profits; Peace is good for 

profits.” Don’t think this is a joke. Proof for all this is at our 

fingertips today on the internet. 

Even with all of this in plain sight, very few realize the 

only way we can end the international bankers’ hegemony 

requires a three part solution: first, the power to create our money

22 

must be taken away from institutionalized, privately owned banks 

and returned to the people through the aegis of legitimate 

government ; the second part of this solution is to end once and 

for all time the practice of usury in moneylending on simple loan 

contracts ; and the third part of this solution is estop any 

ownership rights internationalists have in domestic corporations. 

A proportionate share of ownership in domestic corporations 

should be vested in citizen employees. Employees also sacrifice 

of their time daily. They should therefore be partakers of a 

proportionate share of dividends that are created through the 

mutual risk contract. Dual loyalists must not be allowed to have 

ownership in domestic corporations or hold public office. This 

removing the shackles international finance has on us will require 

implementation of all three steps. Anything short of this will 

most likely fail. 

In both of these types of contracts, mutuum or contract of 

mutual risk, the historical reality was that the money already 

existed at the signing of the contract. 

The CPAs and lawyers, though, take definitions from ages 

past, then contort and twist intended meanings and thus use them 

for the modern way in which money is created. They actually 

consider that newly created money in a loan contract today is 

actually lending a fungible good. (Fungibility is the property of a 

good or a commodity whose individual units are capable of 

mutual substitution, such as sweet crude oil, shares in a company, 

bonds, precious metals, currencies, or pistachios - from 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungible ). With this as a definition, 

a lender must give up something he possesses, something real, 

something that is at risk in addition to the collateral a borrower 

has at risk. This money bankers create in the loan contract is 

indeed real in their minds. But what happens after the borrower 

has paid back principal plus interest across a twenty-year period. 

Let us project that the international bankers who are in control of 

the economy decide to curtail credit at a point in time to put the

23 

brakes on economic activity. They do this by not lending front 

capital to the business community, especially to smaller 

businesses that are not part of their circle of holding companies or 

shell corporations. These businesses then have no money to make 

payroll or purchase materials in the beginning of the year as is 

customary with their fiscal practices. In 2009 this is precisely 

what happened when millions of skilled laborers were laid off. 

Did the bankers who engineered this recession care one whit that 

a family which paid on their mortgage for twenty years wound up 

losing their homestead property? On a $100,000 5% mortgage 

they would, by this time, have already have paid $128,000 to the 

lender along with any up front mortgage fees and points. When 

the property occupant is uprooted from his home by eviction after 

foreclosure proceedings, does the mortgagor or tax assessor 

consider any of this? Definitely not! But mortgagors do get an 

income tax break for the necessity to run the homestead through 

their system as additional costs. Does the reader see anything 

wrong with this picture? This could only be the result from 

lawyers and bankers stretching the definition of fungible to mean 

something it doesn’t. 

It isn’t written anywhere in the Bible that we are not 

allowed to create and use our own money for commerce. But it 

did, in a number of places, at first restrict our use of usury. 

However, in the New and Everlasting Covenant a commandment 

was issued prohibiting usury in all moneylending. Domestically 

it was prohibited in the Mosaic Law. It was even not allowable to 

charge interest on loans to aliens who lived peaceably within 

ancient Israel’s borders and who kept God’s everlasting moral 

laws. Finally in the New Testament Jesus told us that we must 

lend, asking for nothing in return. This is quite a straightforward 

statement, but if implemented domestically, it would simply be in 

compliance with the Law of Moses as it was required in ancient 

Israel. So, Jesus’s statement in Luke 6:35 was nothing new under 

the sun. I don’t see any escape clauses freeing us from the burden

24 

of this responsibility. If as Howard Rand recounted from Exodus 

22:9, the law requires of violators “for all manner of trespass” 

that double be repaid, then woe are the American corporations 

that have raped, pillaged and plundered so many other nations 

through their usury lending and slave labor tactics used both 

abroad and domestically. But what also of the millions and 

millions of violent premature deaths and horrific suffering that 

they are also responsible for? I ask the Lord at His judgment seat 

to have mercy on me and my family, for we did not approve of 

their monetary policies nor did we approve of going to war so 

they could expect returns on their military/industrial blood 

money. 

If readers have not yet grasped the seriousness of this 

study on kingdom evangel, then it is recommended here and now 

that they consider the following New Testament passages: 

Luke 6:35 “Lend, asking for nothing in return.” 

Matthew 7:14 “Straight is the gate, narrow is the way that leads 

to life, and few there be who find it.” 

Luke 11:23 “He that is not with me is against me: and he that 

gathereth not with me scattereth.” 

Matthew 13:30 “Let both grow together until the harvest: and in 

the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye 

together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn 

them: but gather the wheat into my barn.” 

Luke 19:27 “But those mine enemies, which would not that I 

should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before 

me.” 

Of course, there are those who through the ignorance of 

not reading the Scriptures, have erred in their tacit compliance 

with the world’s ways. They have blindly trusted leaders and 

pastors who have itching ears, who are supposed to be experts at 

teaching Christian doctrine, but who are really followers of 

predecessors that have abandoned completely sound New 

Testament doctrine. Jesus said simply, “If you love me keep my

25 

commandments”. Well the top one given above is and has been 

summarily ignored by our national leadership since before this 

nation was born in 1776. So how can this be a Christian nation? 

American History and the Constitution 

There has been much disinformation circulating for some 

time now on the internet concerning American History. These 

historical searches will reveal that some false details about our 

history are commonly held as the truth; while other historical data 

are accurate. We therefore must separate the false data from the 

true in order to fully realize how we got to the present time in 

such an economic mess. Be fully aware that when Continental 

Congress ratified the Constitution in 1787 nothing was done to 

correct a wrong path they had taken earlier. It was only a matter 

of time, not much at that, for avaricious men to buy off enough of 

our elected officials in order to take over this authority to create 

money and charge interest for its use. We got to this place 

because men like Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton 

promoted the usury system in money creation. This is not saying 

Jefferson didn’t consent to their practice of usury. But at least 

Jefferson warned America about allowing the private bankers to 

have this power to issue our currency. 

Where did they go wrong? There is a financial history 

book that has survived on a University of Michigan library shelf. 

Google has scanned the entire book and makes it available as free 

viewing at Google Books with the following url: 

http://books.google.com/books/about/Financial_History_of_the_ 

United_States.html?id=l3oaAAAAMAAJ . The first 57 pages 

cover the early history of all three periods. On pages 279 through 

293 there is revealing information about the Civil War period that 

we will analyze a little further on herein. But history of the 

earliest period in Puritan New England shows that some public 

officials were dead set against allowing usury in their colony.

26 

John Cotton and Governor John Winthrop of Massachusetts were 

among those anti-usury Puritans. [14] [15] Now just about three 

generations later one Josiah (Benjamin) Franklin was born in 

1706 when a new school of thought about usury was taking root 

among his generation of Puritans. Franklin turned out to be in 

favor of charging moderate interest rates on loans to the people by 

the government for the paper currency they issued. He published 

his essay favoring paper currency and usury in 1729. [16] During 

the 18th century Colonial governments discovered paper currency 

and emitted “Bills of Credit” as loans to the people at interest 

from which it was believed relief would come for government 

expenditures. Many today think all this Colonial Scrip that was 

issued was of the sort that was paid into existence for the 

expenditures of government. To an extent this was true in some 

cases. Usually about eight percent of the emission was used for 

this purpose. The rest was lent to colonial borrowers at interest. 

The Colonial governments took in the usury as a revenue source. 

But notice also that as these loans were paid back, more 

money disappeared from the currency stream than was issued as 

loans. Additional money from around the world was circulating 

in the colonies from which the interest had to be captured. These 

were competing currencies that were in circulation ; one of them 

was piece of eight real. [17] Thus, many have bought into a belief 

that the colonies experienced prosperity during these times ; and 

that this prosperity was the result of issuing their own currency. 

But do read those first 57 pages of Dewey’s book to get the 

straight facts about the Scrip. Things were rosy at times and not 

so rosy at other times. There were periods of inflation in which 

the Scrip became worth next to nothing. But Franklin was a great 

salesman and promoted his propaganda very successfully ; and so 

it became the venom that eventually shut down everyone else’s 

moral compass. There was then, as now, very few who could 

grasp what a great bane upon civilization usury would morph into. 

We now should easily be able to comprehend that an 1892

declaration from the US Supreme court was a bogus claim: The 

Supreme Court determined and declared the United States was 

indeed a Christian Nation. As jurists on that court, they had no 

excuse for neglecting numerous Christian Biblical interdictions 

prohibiting any usury, especially domestically. Howard B. Rand 

was indeed a jurist who was head and shoulders above almost 

every attorney ever to have lived in this nation. Perhaps Ellen 

Brown is almost ready to notice that if a government of, for and 

by the people can create the money that is a necessary component 

as a medium of exchange in a successful commercial system, then 

it can create money to both pay for governmental administrative 

expenditures and infrastructures ; and it can also lend it usury free 

to all. If our National Credit Agency took on the name Public 

Bank in Ellen’s honor, so be it, as long as usury became 

prohibited on simple loan contracts and the Public Bank took on 

the responsibility of lending, asking for nothing in return. 

Private banking would consequently be reduced to money 

handling services charging fees only. As accountants they have 

proved themselves capable of tracking the minutest details, and 

could be contracted to administer the NCA’s usury free credit 

card division. They would, of course, be paid from direct credit 

emissions (in legal tender notes) so that no fees collected from the 

borrowers would even be necessary. It would be a great victory 

for the kingdom of heaven to have usury on simple loans, 

homestead mortgages, student and business loans eliminated 

across the entire nation. If there are bankers desirous of bringing 

in a return on money that they actually possess, then let them 

become involved in mutual risk contracts putting their own assets 

or real capital up as collateral. 

As further validation that the Constitution gives Congress 

the authority to create money, we fast-forward here to 1861 when 

treasury secretary Salmon P. Chase used this power to issue about 

$450 Million in demand notes as legal tender for the payment of 

public dues. We should observe here some excerpts from Davis 

27

28 

Rich Dewey’s book. He was an economics professor at MIT 

whose narrative in Financial History of the United States [18] 

gives a detailed account for this Civil War period. The important 

excerpts will be consolidated here. They may be rather lengthy ; 

but they give details which precisely validate that constitutionally, 

Congress alone has this power to issue legal tender notes and 

credit - not a privately owned banking cartel. 

Underlining is added herein only for the purpose of our 

study. The underlining is not part of Dewey’s original text. 

From pages 279 through 283: 

“But it was agreed that the banks should be the medium 

of popular subscriptions through which the burden was 

to be transferred to private lenders. The inherent 

difficulty of carrying out the plan was great ; and it was 

increased by differences as to the meaning of the 

agreement between the government and banks. In order 

to prevent the removal of a large volume of money from 

the channels of business, the banks desired that the 

funds, which they loaned to the government, should 

remain in their custody until checked out by the 

government to meet current disbursements. This meant, 

of course, that the banks would be permitted to use their 

notes in the payment of treasury checks. Under the subtreasury 

act only coin was receivable by the treasury, 

but the existing public distrust had caused hoarding, 

and there was a relatively small amount of specie (gold 

coin) then available in the country ; hence the transfer 

of so large a sum as $150 Million in gold was regarded 

by many experts as impracticable. It was indeed

29 

asserted that the act of August 5, 1861 (amending the 

loan act of July 17), in allowing “the secretary of the 

treasury to deposit any of the moneys obtained on any of 

the loans now authorized by law, to the credit of the 

treasurer of the United States, in such solvent speciepaying 

banks as he may select,” was intended to give 

the secretary elastic powers to receive bank bills or 

book credit (These are respectively bank paper currency and 

bank ledger credit in typical fractional reserve fashion. In Part II 

we will learn what Thomas Jefferson wrote about this bank paper 

currency – or as he put it bank notes. Dewey here refers to them 

as bank bills.) in place of coin. James Gallatin, 

representing some New York banks, declared “that this 

provision was particularly intended to authorize drafts 

for disbursements against the deposits created by the 

taking of loans.” (This can be likened to modern commercial 

paper or a mortgage. In other words, it is the collateral used to 

secure bank credit.) The secretary, however, strictly 

construed the sub-treasury bill and insisted that the 

banks should make their settlements in specie. 

“Another ground of remonstrance by bankers was 

Chase’s free use of his power to issue demand notes; 

these notes were legal tender for payment of public 

dues; and if they went largely into circulation the banks 

Continued on Page 32.

30 

Principal 

Amount 

Interest 

Rate 

No. of 

Payments 

 

Bankers Oppression Chart 

30-‐Year Mortgage 

Monthly 

Payment 

Amount 

Months to 

Pay Back 

Initial 


Years to 

Pay Back 

Initial 


Total 

Paid 

After 20 

Years 

$ 

Total 

Paid 

After 30 

Years 

$ 

$ 

$ 

$100,000 3 ½ % 360 449.04 222.7 18.56 107,770 161,654 

100,000 4 % 360 477.42 209.5 17.45 114,581 171,871 

100,000 4 ½ % 360 506.69 197.4 16.45 121606 182,408 

100,000 5 % 360 536.83 186.3 15.52 128,839 193,259 

100,000 5 ½ % 360 567.79 176.1 14.68 136,270 204,404 

100,000 6 % 360 599.56 166.8 13.9 145,682 215,842 

100,000 6 ½ % 360 632.07 158.2 13.18 153,413 227,545 

100,000 7 % 360 665.31 150.3 12.53 161,314 239,512 

100,000 7 ½ % 360 699.22 143 11.92 167,813 251,719 

100,000 8 % 360 733.77 136.3 11.36 176,105 264,157 

100,000 8 ½ % 360 768.92 130.05 10.84 184,541 276,811 

100,000 9 % 360 804.63 124.28 10.36 193,111 289,667 

100,000 9 ½ % 360 840.86 118.93 9.91 201,806 302,710 

100,000 10 % 360 877.58 113.95 9.5 210,619 315,929 

For all who are not familiar with how banks create new money with a bank credit 

double entry system of accounting, we need to firmly fix in our minds that banks do not 

really have money of their own to lend out at interest. So we assert here and now that 

banks put up very little in any loan contract because borrowers put up their assets as the 

collateral of the loan that brings the new money into existence. Sure, the banks have a 

building, some employees and some business equipment to do the accounting. All 

businesses have these costs. But it is patently obvious that when compared with any 

manufacturing facility, they have very little at risk. They need neither raw materials, 

nor automation machinery, nor a delivery system to bring their product to market. 

A debenture brings this money into existence out of nothing. Moreover, it is exactly 

the same set of conditions that a gold owner uses to bring new money into being. The 

claim is made that gold backs their credit creations. But where is their gold kept during 

the term of any loan contract? Is their gold ever at risk during any loan contract? The 

answer to this question is unequivocally no. As usual, it is the borrower who stands to 

lose not only the property involved in the loan transaction, but also all the payments 

made over the course of the loan and all the up front fees that were required of the 

borrower in order that the loan would be processed. These are questions never asked 

nor ever answered by the folks at DailyBell.com or LewRockwell.com . Furthermore, 

these home mortgages are really just small potatoes when compared with what is going 

on with commercial papers in manufacturing. 

When a mortgage contract or a commercial paper is signed by both a lender and a 

borrower, brand new money comes into existence and enters the currency stream. This 

new money (the principle of the loan) cancels out of existence as it is paid back. When 

it cancels out, it is eliminated from the money supply. We should observe that as loans 

are paid off, a contraction of the money supply occurs because, in addition to the

31 

principle, interest must also be paid. Thus banks have the capability to either expand or 

contract the money supply to suit their own selfish purposes by issuing or not issuing 

new credit to compensate for the interest due from previous loans. These antics and acts 

of legerdemain they perform are accomplished very discretely and in ways so that very 

few are wise enough to detect it. 

Notice also that a six percent interest rate on loans is one that Ben Franklin considered 

reasonable. By today’s standards, someone with an original principal amount of 

$100,000 actually borrowed around $95,000 to $97,000. They normally would need to 

pay $3,000 to $5,000 in mortgage discount points to secure the loan depending on 

whether or not the borrower put up a down payment. Additionally, there are up front 

fees the borrower always pays for and the initial principal amount may even be higher, 

thus causing the payments to be somewhat higher than what a borrower anticipated. 

During the 1980s, after the Carter administration left us with his legacy of near 

hyperinflation, mortgage interest rates of 10 % and even higher were common. We 

mention this because there are those naïve social credit economists who think that a 

dividend directly to the people will not somehow be simply nullified by bankers who 

will raise interest rates. You see, the social crediters are intent on leaving the charging 

of usury on loans as is. 

Now we should also observe that just because gold owners have many people 

hoodwinked into believing the money they create is not fiat money, doesn’t mean that it 

isn’t. They are indeed wizards who continue to try and baffle as many simple minded as 

they can with their trick discussions. The real truth is that they create new money upon 

which interest must be paid on top of the principal. How does that differ from money 

say that our government would create based upon the full faith and credit of the people 

whose assets and labor would be the backing? 

Thomas Edison noted in the 1920s that the Constitution that makes the Treasury 

Bonds good would also make Treasury Notes good. Only in the case of the Notes, there 

is no usury to be paid to bankers. Notes would have paid for the Mussel Shoals dam 

project as direct credit emissions without having a middleman who owns a bank create 

our notes for us at interest. If our Constitution provides the people with the authority to 

create our money as direct credit emissions, then why don’t the elected hypocrites in 

government comply? 

A National Credit Authority instituted for the principles of purpose enumerated in the 

Unanimous Declaration and Preamble to fund all levels of government – military, 

police, emergency management, pensions, welfare as well as a bureaucracy 

commissioned to administer interest free loans for domestic businesses, student loans 

and primary residence home mortgages – is all that is necessary to establish an adequate 

money supply. And to keep the money supply in balance with the GDP, a flat rate 

increase tax is the only tax needed. All other taxation is only a scapegoat to fleece the 

people. 

The Austrian schoolers want to gain sole control of our nation’s monetary system. 

They call themselves libertarians. What they want is liberty for themselves to keep 

everyone else in debt slavery – economic bondage.

32 

Continued From Page 29. 

would naturally receive less gold in their daily business 

transactions, and thus would be less able to fulfill their 

loan agreement with the government. Some bankers 

asserted that the secretary had promised not to use this 

power. At first the notes were issued in moderation, but 

in November the secretary gave way to what he 

considered the imperative claims of the treasury and put 

out notes freely, on the ground that Congress had 

ordered appropriations beyond those estimated in the 

summer, and that the revenues from imports did not 

come up to the estimates ; he saw no other relief. In 

spite of the differences of opinion, banks for a time 

continued to co-operate with the treasury department in 

carrying out the original agreement for the purchase of 

bonds. 

“In connection with a request for authority to make 

further loans of $200 million the secretary advanced his 

first proposals for a national banking system. He 

believed that the time had come when Congress should 

exercise its authority over the credit circulation of the 

country. He thought his plan would give the following 

advantages : (1) uniformity of circulation, in place of a 

bank-note circulation dependent on the laws of 34 States 

and 1600 private corporations (Which bank notes in reality 

manifest as the anarchy that follows such a broad array of 

independent actions.) ; (2) an increased security to the 

Union, because of a common interest created by the 

disposition of national securities as a basis of

33 

circulation ; (3) the safest currency the country had ever 

enjoyed. Little emphasis was laid on the special demand 

for United States stock as a basis of bank circulation, 

but this advantage evidently was a strong reason for 

making the recommendation. Chase did not refer to 

the recent controversy with the banks, nor did he 

specially discuss the issue of the demand notes ; on the 

general question of government paper currency he did 

call attention to the inconveniences and hazards of the 

issue of United States notes, possibly ending in the 

‘immeasurable evils of dishonest public faith and 

national bankruptcy’. 

121. Suspension of Specie Payments 

“Although the secretary did not officially take notice of 

the growing embarrassments of the banks, bankers 

found them very serious ; and on December 30 (1861), 

under the lead of the New York City banks, specie (gold) 

payments were suspended throughout the country ; and 

this action was speedily followed by the government. 

This sudden and eventful shock to private and public 

credit has been the subject of much controversy. Chase 

declared that suspension was inevitable, because of 

unexpected military reverses, increased expenditures, 

and diminished confidence in public securities ; and in 

this conclusion Republican leaders of the time 

acquiesced ; they denied that the issue of demand notes 

in any way caused suspension, since only $33.46 million 

was in circulation at the date of suspension, and up to

34 

that day every note presented for payment had been 

promptly redeemed in coin. 

“On the other hand the bankers declared that the two 

reasons for the suspension were first, the pressure on 

banks because they were not allowed to retain the 

government deposits received in the loan operations 

until they were actually needed ; and second, the banks 

were expected by their customers to receive the 

government demand notes for deposit, and permit them 

to be drawn against in coin ; and such a burden the 

banks affirmed was too heavy to carry. They therefore 

laid upon Chase the responsibility for the suspension of 

specie payments : 

“The demand notes not only irritated the banks, they 

also held an important relation in subsequent discussion 

to the legal tenders and the agitation for fiat money. 

After the suspension of specie payments these notes 

which were receivable for all public dues, circulated at 

a premium over State bank-notes and also over the 

treasury notes or greenbacks, which were issued the 

following year but were not made receivable for 

customs.” 

This ends a long quote from Dr. Dewey’s book. One sentence 

needs to be restated here so that we can grasp that even some of 

what a Ph. D. offered us as analysis may not have even been fully 

understood by himself: 

“In order to prevent the removal of a large volume of 

money from the channels of business, the banks desired 

that the funds, which they loaned to the government,

35 

should remain in their custody until checked out by the 

government to meet current disbursements.” 

We ask here and now “what funds”? Were these funds the 

imaginary funds bankers create as bank credit in their signed 

agreements? As such, he classifies the funds as money. We can 

easily glean from reading carefully near the beginning of the 

Dewey quote that bank credit was a private bank feature in 

common use during this epoch. Dewey called it ‘book credit’. 

Earlier herein we learned that bank credit very much operates in 

the same way as fiat money or paper currency. The nation’s 

money supply expands and contracts as bank credit is either 

freely given or curtailed. The Bank of England, a privately 

owned bank, had been doing something similar with wooden 

tallies since 1694. The American Colonies had been doing this 

same thing with ‘bills of credit’ as paper currency. 

So we must ask ourselves thus: what exactly from these 

excerpts from Dewey’s book is easily understandable about 

greenbacks? There is much to comprehend even without analysis 

of all the paper currency’s features. That some of the greenback 

issues were convertible into bonds is of minor consequence. That 

wage inflation did not keep up with the incipient price inflation is 

also of minor consequence. This, in fact, was likely caused by 

competing bank credit and bank notes issued from the private 

sector anyway. Perhaps Chase was very close to being correct 

about a national bank and should have sought for legislation to 

revoke the ability of banks to issue their own credit and notes. 

More significant aspects of the greenbacks issue by treasury are 

twofold: first, Dewey admits about the Constitutional authority of 

Congress to issue the demand notes as legal tender to pay for 

public dues, and second, Dewey noted in more than one place that 

the bankers were against the government using this power 

because, even then, they were intent on reserving this power for 

themselves alone. The culmination of their intrigue became

36 

manifest when willing dupes among our elected beltway officials 

inaugurated the privately owned Federal Reserve. (18) In reading 

all of Dewey’s narrative on this critical period of American 

history, we will find that these greenbacks did circulate among the 

population for a time as money, proving that all the people really 

need for commerce is an adequate medium of exchange, not a 

fungible based upon usury that is released into circulation by the 

systematized, institutional anarchy bankers seek to perpetuate. 

This truly is an accurate description of what bank credit 

accomplishes: economic anarchy. 

The Christian Bible on Money 

Vs. the Constitution 

There are a few Bible believing Christians who are aware 

that there are some defects in our Constitution. Most notable are a 

slew of egregious, unneeded Amendments along with the clause 

in Article 1 Section 8 Line 1 allowing Congress to borrow. This 

clause must be nullified with an Amendment. If Congress has the 

authority to create money, why should it borrow any? In fact, in 

Line 5 of the same section, the word “coin” should be amended to 

read “create” or “coin and create”. There really is no need to 

scrap the Unanimous Declaration of Independence, the Preamble 

and the Bill of Rights. Many people today fight tooth and nail 

against the plain intent embodied within the august pages of these 

documents. These three sets of documents stand firmly against 

oppression of the people by tyrants as a testament from numerous 

historical settings. They are the result of episodes from human 

experiences in which the majority of people were victims of 

despotism. Would we scrap such wisdom from epochs past in 

which valuable lessons are to be learned? We now experience 

this tyranny we have tried to avoid because we have neglected 

one last necessity for good government: only an honest monetary 

system will end the banking anarchy.

37 

St. Paul wrote in 1 Timothy 6:10, “For the love of 

money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted 

after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced 

themselves through with many sorrows.” If this Scripture 

gives an indication of what we open ourselves up to by elevating 

the status of money to become a fungible good, it should be 

evident as to exactly how thoroughly corrupt adversaries have 

been able to wrest complete control of the beltway elected 

buffoons. As long as honest citizens continue to beat around the 

bushes instead of directly confronting the root of their power, we 

will remain toothless tigers blowing smoke into the wind rather 

than kindling the fire that Jesus lit. 

Thomas Jefferson provided us with keen enough insight 

showing us the first step that will be a necessary component of the 

total solution. His warning was, “I believe that banking 

institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than 

standing armies. If the American people ever allow 

private banks to control the issue of their currency, first 

by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and 

corporations that will grow up around the banks will 

deprive the people of all property - until their children 

wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers 

conquered. The issuing power should be taken from the 

banks and restored to the people, to whom it properly 

belongs." [19] The second step will be incorporating almighty 

God’s interdiction against all usury on simple loans. It is also the 

reason that the moneychangers have been successful at wresting 

the political process out of our control. Working people now do 

not have the capability of funding a political campaign without 

kow towing to the moneychangers. We thus have lost all three 

branches of our government to the moneyed elite. What did we

38 

expect when we decided to ignore the most important of almighty 

God’s laws on commerce and finance, the law against usury? 

Almost everything contained within the context of our 

founding documents can be validated within the pages of the 

Bible. But the founders erred greatly on usury. Jesus Himself, a 

long time ago, approved of all righteousness, even the 

righteousness of non-Christians in Matthew 10:41, “He who 

receives a prophet in the name of a prophet shall receive 

a prophet’s reward. And he who receives a righteous 

man in the name of a righteous man shall receive a 

righteous man’s reward.” We are thus encouraged to select 

people for elected service as judges based on their commitment to 

almighty God’s eternal moral laws, rather than their education or 

a religion they may wear on their sleeve. We need a Jury System 

in which once every year or two new Jurists are selected from 

among the population to audit government activity, and to judge 

the law itself, and to weed out malfeasance. This Jury will be 

charged with upholding the highest ideals embodied within the 

pages of the Christian Bible. The basis for this Jury branch of 

government with the ability as final arbiter over any of the other 

three branches is rooted also in the Bible from the 400-year period 

of Judges, and whereby Jesus Christ will be the head of our 

government as King. 

Social Credit 

Let us now also consider Major Clifford Hugh Douglas, a 

Scottish engineer who proposed a monetary innovation during the 

1920s. It was his opinion that a dividend should be given to 

citizens free and clear as compensation for the shortage of money 

that always exists in people’s purchasing power. This shortage 

really does exist by reason of the way money is created as credit 

that must be repaid with interest. Whenever a loan is retired the 

principal disappears from existence. But the interest that is paid

to retire the loan is only allowed into the currency stream as the 

result of another loan. So to pay off one loan, additional loans 

must always be issued or there would not be enough money to 

pay interest. This is easily shown in an exponential graph in 

which debt always increases as principal plus interest is paid 

back. Debt cannot ever be paid off and it is ever increasing. So 

Douglas discovered this and devised his own innovation to 

compensate for it. For some reason, he decided not to battle 

against the money power and how usury on simple loans is the 

real problem. Rather, he sought to promote his own system that 

amounts to being nothing more than a palliative approach. 

Meanwhile, the ancient books of the Bible have shown the correct 

solution for many centuries. Furthermore, many other passages in 

the Bible definitely show that a Douglas dividend would be very 

unwise. Endnote [20] shows Scriptural citations that speak for 

themselves in opposition to CH Douglas’s approach. Endless, 

fruitless discussions with those whose wisdom is not influenced 

by Jesus or God’s moral law can be a waste of efforts. But very 

simply, slothfulness, drunkenness and criminal inclination have 

never been identified as virtues. 

What can we observe here? There are, no doubt, people in 

the Social Credit Google forum who honestly believe the 

Christian faith supports their objective that a dividend should be 

given to everyone, even criminals, drug addicts, alcoholics and 

shiftless sluggards, none of whom can keep a job, many of whom 

do not even want a job. Mankind has not yet even gotten a handle 

on evil in the world. Should we be suckers and reward evildoers? 

We need to make God’s righteous moral laws our priority, first 

and foremost, not make sure that everyone gets their share of free 

money. What exactly is wrong in requiring individuals to do 

something useful in exchange for their earnings? 

Douglas also suggested another perk to individual citizens 

in his monetary proposals. He called it a compensated price (CP) 

mechanism utilizing his credit system to make sure that just prices 

39

40 

are charged when consumers make retail purchases. There is 

nothing wrong in ensuring that consumers aren’t ripped off. 

Douglas’s CP is an attempt to codify and regulate unscrupulous 

manufacturers and retailers by giving additional free credit to 

consumers. Here again we find another palliative approach as a 

solution rather than prohibiting price scalping. In fact, Hoffman 

showed that early Puritan and Thomistic economics were not 

negligent in addressing this issue. [21] So this particular societal 

problem was attended to long before Douglas noticed the inherent 

lack of purchasing power among the general population. 

One problem with CH Douglas is that he possibly thought 

his monetary system would somehow mitigate the effects of usury 

as long as everyone gets free money. Instead of doing a full-bore 

charge against the amoral practice of charging interest on simple 

loan contracts, he got a brainstorm idea of institutionalizing a 

National Credit Dividend as well as CP. But if this system of his 

is contrary to that which the Christian Bible has taught for many 

centuries, how can they declare that Douglas economics satisfies 

Christian ethics? They seem to think that Douglas’s philosophy 

will magically cause evil to disappear or at least become less 

costly. Evil is always a logical choice for many ; their brains just 

work that way ; and they must be dealt with collectively through 

what? A government? How do we fund that government? What 

will occur, though, is that the sluggards, users and alcoholics will 

be paid at least twice for their wayward ways: once with the 

dividend and then again when they are old and infirm and haven’t 

provided themselves with any pension or savings. So then the 

people will pay for their food, shelter and medical care the second 

time around all over again. 

Those who embrace the teachings of CH Douglas with all 

their hearts have no doubt missed or ignored the twenty seven 

Bible passages shown in endnote [20] . Ignoring the wisdom 

written therein while we live in the age of human government can 

only lead us into one failed innovation after another.

41 

Furthermore, a failure to prohibit usury will nullify any positive 

effects Social Credit may directly give simply because those who 

set interest rates will just raise the rates. And beyond the obvious 

enabling advantage usury gives to the money creators, people 

whose lives can be described as shipwreck will sink into a deeper 

dark hole when they are enabled by being given free money while 

reciprocating nothing useful in return for it. 

Proverbs 14:12 

There is a way which seemeth right unto a man, but the end 

thereof are the ways of death. 


There is a way which seemeth right unto a man, but the end 

thereof are the ways of death. 

Conclusion 

Usury on simple loan contracts has always been the cause 

of economic oppression. And it still is. Usury makes a fungible 

out of money. Without usury, money would merely be a medium 

of exchange. What is really needed to eliminate barter? When 

we choose to use money as a fungible, we do it this way to satisfy 

our baser instincts like avarice, greed and lust. But without the 

usury in moneylending we open up an entirely new world of 

opportunity for everyone. Retail prices on goods and services 

would be more in alignment with what working people can afford. 

All taxes but a tax on increase would be done away with. The 

pages of the Bible thus show us a world of hope ahead, if we 

would only choose to look seriously at the very simple economic 

model God gave to Moses three and a half millennia ago. Please 

read carefully Leviticus chapter 25 [10]. As long ago as that was 

written, economic oppression was emphatically the reason the law 

against usury was committed to writing. That is why there should 

also be forgiveness on loans for disaster victims and unfortunate 

catastrophic illness. All these clauses were codified in the Mosaic

42 

Law. No doubt, even way back then, the overlooking Divine 

providence was a guiding light in the formation of Ancient 

Israel’s constitution. Should we ignore, as did the ancient 

Israelites, these ways that were mapped out for them while we 

ourselves deliberate with our own initiatives to bring about good 

government? 

Gertrude Coogan’s solutions in Money Creators 

somewhat mirror what’s included in the model I described above ; 

except she made no mention of usury free lending. In fact 

Coogan, like Jefferson, approved of usury lending, as long as the 

lender has real capital to lend. This simply means ‘book’ or 

‘bank’ credit would be prohibited in her system. So Coogan’s 

model would satisfy a good measure of the three needed 

elements; but she missed the target Biblically on usury. 

Liam Allone’s model (www.economicdemocracy.com) 

presented in Economic Cures “They” Don’t Want You to Know 

About also identifies much of what is lacking in Douglas’s vision. 

But he suggests usury free lending to only corporations in his 

model. Even this would be a step forward. But he, too, falls short 

of establishing an honest monetary system by allowing bankers to 

continue in their ‘book’ credit at interest scam. 

Doctors and dentists purchase equipment for their 

practices, as do contractors and mechanics. All the principal plus 

interest they pay for their equipment, for the homes they live in 

and for the education of their offspring must be captured from the 

prices they charge to their customers. If they all could obtain 

front capital usury free for whatever their purposes are, would the 

retail prices they charge reflect the lowered costs? Usury free 

lending to all is the major element of what is needed not only to 

bring success, it would also end economic oppression of the 

whole population. And we would also be acknowledging that two 

thousand years ago one person with the name of Jesus Christ has 

been right all along. 

Therefore, until the time arrives in which the charging of

43 

interest on all simple loans is prohibited, and in which the 

authority to create our money is taken away from corporate 

anarchists who run the private banks, and thus restored back to 

Congress with the outlawing of usury, this nation cannot be styled 

as something it never was: Christian. 

___________________________________________ 

Endnotes 

[1] 

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin > 

[2] 

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_of_exchange > 

Hopefully the reader will eventually begin to see what is missing in 

these Wikipedia entries. They make a simple subject not easily 

understandable for some. But eventually, when our ability to interpret 

economics data becomes proficient, we will begin to easily understand 

everything they deliberately do not explain. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(money) 

The term greenback refers to paper currency (printed in green on one 

side) issued by the United States during the American Civil War. They 

were in two forms: Demand Notes, issued in 1861-1862, and United 

States Notes issued in 1862-1865. They were legal tender by law, but 

were not backed by gold or silver.

44 

[3] 

< https://archive.org/details/MoneyCreators > PDF - Pages 46 and 47. 

If the reader has available the book version the same is found on page 

84. Hidden Mysteries – TGS Publishers, 22241 Pinedale Lane, 

Frankston, Texas 75763. Money Creators 2006. 

(903) 876 3256 

www.hiddenmysteries.com 

info@hiddenmysteries.com 

[4] 

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money > 

[5] 

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_Clause > 

[6] 1. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bills_of_credit > 

2. Financial History of the United States PDF Pages 1 through 

57. by Davis Rich Dewey, PH.D., LL.D. – 1915, Professor of 

Economics and Statistics – Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology. 

[7] 

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(money) > 

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bills_of_credit > 

Two links are shown here in which contradictory information is given 

in Wikipedia. An historian who wrote the data in the Greenbacks 

Wikipedia link noted that these were the only paper currency issued by 

the United States. (This was during the Civil War only.) But earlier on 

in history in the American Colonies, Continental Congress and even 

post-1787 with the First Bank of the United States, ‘Bills of Credit’ 

were also issued as money. In fact even Wikipedia’s article on the Bills 

of Credit calls them money. The discrepancy is resolved in Dewey’s 

Financial History of the United States, pages 1 through 57.

45 

[8] 

Edison Explains Money 

(Transcribed from The Spotlight, Liberty Lobby from an August 

1983 Issue. The Spotlight is now known as American Free Press) 

This is what America’s populist inventor, Thomas Edison, had 

to say about our impossible monetary system. He made the 

remarks while discussing the proposed Mussel Shoals Dam 

electric power project. 

By Thomas A. Edison 

People who will not turn a shovel full of dirt on the project, nor 

contribute a pound of material, will collect more money from the United 

States than will the people who supply all the material and do all the 

work. This is the terrible thing about interest... But here is the point: If 

the nation can issue a dollar bond it can issue a dollar bill. The element 

that makes the bond good makes the bill good also. The difference 

between the bond and the bill is that the bond lets the money broker 

collect twice the amount of the bond and an additional 20 percent. 

Whereas the currency – the honest sort provided by the Constitution – 

pays nobody but those who contribute in some useful way. It is absurd 

to say our country can issue bonds and cannot issue currency. Both are 

promises to pay, but one fattens the usurer and the other helps the 

people. If the currency issued by the people were not good, then the 

bonds would be not good either. It is a terrible situation when the 

government, to insure the national wealth, must go in debt and submit to 

ruinous interest charges at the hands of men who control the fictitious 

value of gold. Interest is the invention of Satan. 

[9] 

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_credit > 

[10] 

Leviticus 25:35-39 NKJV 35 “ ‘If one of your brethren becomes 

poor, and falls into poverty among you, then you shall help him,

46 

like a stranger or a sojourner, that he may live with you. 36 Take 

no usury or interest from him; but fear your God, that your 

brother may live with you. 37 You shall not lend him your money 

for usury, nor lend him your food at a profit. 38 I am the Lord 

your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, to give you 

the land of Canaan and to be your God. 39 ‘And if one of your 

brethren who dwells by you becomes poor, and sells himself to 

you, you shall not compel him to serve as a slave.” 

Deuteronomy 15:1-11 NKJV “At the end of every seven years you 

shall grant a release of debts. 2 And this is the form of the release: 

Every creditor who has lent anything to his neighbor shall release 

it; he shall not require it of his neighbor or his brother, because it 

is called the Lord’s release. 3 Of a foreigner you may require it; 

but you shall give up your claim to what is owed by your brother, 

4 except when there may be no poor among you; for the Lord will 

greatly bless you in the land which the Lord your God is giving 

you to possess as an inheritance— 5 only if you carefully obey 

the voice of the Lord your God, to observe with care all these 

commandments which I command you today. 6 For the Lord your 

God will bless you just as He promised you; you shall lend to 

many nations, but you shall not borrow; you shall reign over 

many nations, but they shall not reign over you. 7 “If there is 

among you a poor man of your brethren, within any of the gates 

in your land which the Lord your God is giving you, you shall not 

harden your heart nor shut your hand from your poor brother, 

8 but you shall open your hand wide to him and willingly lend 

him sufficient for his need, whatever he needs. 9 Beware lest 

there be a wicked thought in your heart, saying, ‘The seventh 

year, the year of release, is at hand,’ and your eye be evil against 

your poor brother and you give him nothing, and he cry out to the 

Lord against you, and it become sin among you. 10 You shall 

surely give to him, and your heart should not be grieved when you 

give to him, because for this thing the Lord your God will bless 

you in all your works and in all to which you put your hand.

47 

11 For the poor will never cease from the land; therefore I 

command you, saying, ‘You shall open your hand wide to your 

brother, to your poor and your needy, in your land.’” 

Deuteronomy 23:19,20 NKJV “19 “You shall not charge interest to 

your brother—interest on money or food or anything that is lent 

out at interest. 20 To a foreigner you may charge interest, but to 

your brother you shall not charge interest, that the Lord your God 

may bless you in all to which you set your hand in the land which 

you are entering to possess.” 

This is the place in all Bible translations where readers are cautioned 

not to misinterpret the passage without first learning the difference 

between ‘ger’ and ‘nokri’. There were foreigners living peaceably 

within the borders of greater ancient Israel that were comparable with a 

modern term we use known as ‘resident aliens’. These resident aliens 

who lived there, who loved the Lord and God’s people were to be 

treated as any of the Israelites with respect to this law against usury. 

PSALM 15:1-5 NKJV Lord, who may abide in Your 

tabernacle? Who may dwell in Your holy hill? 

2 He who walks uprightly, And works righteousness, And 

speaks the truth in his heart; 

3 He who does not backbite with his tongue, Nor does evil to 

his neighbor, Nor does he take up a reproach against his friend; 

4 In whose eyes a vile person is despised, But he honors those 

who fear the Lord; He who swears to his own hurt and does not 

change; 

5 He who does not put out his money at usury, Nor does he 

take a bribe against the innocent. 

He who does these things shall never be moved. 

Ezechiel 22:12 NKJV 12 In you they take bribes to shed blood; 

you take usury and increase; you have made profit from your 

neighbors by extortion, and have forgotten Me,” says the Lord 

God.” 

Luke 6:35 NKJV “But love your enemies, do good, and lend, hoping 

for nothing in return; and your reward will be great, and you will be 

sons of the Most High. For He is kind to the unthankful and evil.”

48 

We can also add here that on pages 202 and 203 of Usury in 

Christendom Michael Hoffman adds numerous additional references of 

synods and councils in which the practice of usury in moneylending 

was strictly condemned by and earlier faithful Apostolic Christian 

church. Here are a few: The first Nicene Council canon 17; first 

Carthage Council cap. 13; first Lateran Council; Council of Vienne; 

Eliberine Council, St Augustine, St. Bernard and Thomas Aquinas. 

[11] 

We Christians today must begin (or at least those of us who pay 

attention) at the point from which Jesus addressed Pharisees and 

lawyers as those who teach doctrines of men instead of using the 

plain intent written in Scripture. And, if Jesus truly is God 

incarnate, then every word He spoke carries the weight of our 

responsibility. We either choose to follow Him, or we choose 

what the educators and gainsayers (the modern Pharisees and 

lawyers) have said that it is okay for us to do. 

Proverbs 30:5 “Every word of God is pure: he is a shield unto 

them that put their trust in him.” 

Mark 7:11-13 “But ye say, If a man shall say to his father or 

mother, It is Corban, that is to say, a gift, by whatsoever thou 

mightest be profited by me; he shall be free. And ye suffer him 

no more to do ought for his father or his mother; Making the word 

of God of none effect through your tradition, which ye have 

delivered: and many such like things do ye.” 

Luke 3:2 “while Annas and Caiaphas were high priests, the word 

of God came to John the son of Zacharias in the wilderness.” 

Luke 4:4 “And Jesus answered him, saying, It is written, That 

man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God.” 

Luke 5:1 “And it came to pass, that, as the people pressed upon 

him to hear the word of God, he stood by the lake of 

Gennesaret,” 

Luke 8:11 “Now the parable is this: The seed is the word of 

God.”

49 

Luke 8:21 “And he answered and said unto them, My mother 

and my brethren are these which hear the word of God, and do 

it.” 

Luke 11:28 “But he said, Yea rather, blessed are they that hear 

the word of God, and keep it. John 10:35 If he called them gods, 

unto whom the word of God came, and the scripture cannot be 

broken;” 

Acts 4:31 “And when they had prayed, the place was shaken 

where they were assembled together; and they were all filled with 

the Holy Ghost, and they spake the word of God with boldness.” 

[12] 

Here is an excerpt from pages 118, 119 of Gertrude Coogan’s 

book Money Creators: 

“Banking, as it is conducted in the United States today (1935) is 

actually a conspiracy operating against society. It is operated to 

periodically destroy property values, and disastrously curtail 

income, wages and profits; under control of the ‘Federal’ Banks, 

loading upon the people the maximum possible burden of tribute 

in the way of interest, both public and private. The maxim is, 

‘Make the nation carry the maximum amount of interest possible. 

Keep the masses paying interest to the privileged few.’ Interest is 

simply the overwhelming tribute which all of the producers of 

real wealth in the nation are paying to a few who enjoy the 

unconstitutional and dishonest privilege of creating money. 

“Note carefully that the original issuance or creation of money, 

paid into circulation, should always be interest free. Carefully 

distinguish this original issuance of money upon its creation with 

the lending of real money, which has been obtained by those who 

have earned it by rendering personal services or real goods in 

exchange for that money.”

50 

[13] 

What follows here is a newspaper blog by US Senator Carl Levin 

from September 2013. And here is the senator’s opening 

sentence, “In August, I led a bipartisan group of Senate 

colleagues in introducing a bill to combat terrorism, money 

laundering, tax evasion, and other wrongdoing aided by use of 

U.S. corporations with hidden owners.” We must remember that 

political tripe like this, that the senator releases, is only for public 

consumption. Judging from shareholder ownership in important 

corporations like military/defense contractors and public utilities 

as being majority held by banking and fund institutions, he did 

not note that these also would be dealt with in his proposed 

legislation. Nowhere in it did he mention that the Wall Street 

bankers would also be prohibited from anonymously owning shell 

corporations that they have been lending to for at least a century 

with money they can create out of nothing. In all, probably this 

will be the last we hear about this proposed legislation. When the 

Wall Street lawyers learn that one of their own shills is attempting 

to put a stop to anonymously owning shell corporations, an escape 

clause will most likely be snuck into the draft of the legislation. 

Bill Would End Corporate Secrecy 

to Fight Terrorism, Crime 

By Carl Levin 

September 2013 

“In August I led a bipartisan group of Senate colleagues in 

introducing a bill to combat terrorism, money laundering, tax evasion, 

and other wrongdoing aided by use of corporations with hidden owners. 

This common sense bill would stop our states from forming about two 

million new corporations each year for unidentified owners, and instead 

require those applying to form a new corporation to list the owners 

behind it so that, if misconduct later occurred, law enforcement could 

track down the wrongdoers.

“The bill, which I introduced with Senators Chuck Grassley, Dianne 

Feinstein and Tom Harkin, has the support of the Federal Law 

Enforcement Officers Association, the Fraternal Order of Police, the 

National Association of Assistant United States Attorneys, and the 

Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of 

Investigation. 

“Law enforcement groups support our bill because right now in the 

United States it takes more information to get a driver’s license or to 

open a bank account than to form a corporation. Our bill would change 

that by requiring any state that accepts crime-fighting grants from the 

Department of Justice to add one new question to their existing 

incorporation forms, asking applicants to identify the company’s true 

owners. 

“That’s it. One simple question. But it’s an important one. 

“Why? To begin with, we know some terrorists and criminals use 

U.S. corporations to carry out their activities. Viktor Bout, an arms 

dealer who was found guilty in November 2011 of conspiring to kill 

U.S. nationals and selling weapons to a terrorist organization, used 

corporations around the world in his work, including a dozen formed in 

Texas, Delaware and Florida. It is unacceptable that Bout was able to 

set up corporations in three states and use them in illicit activities 

without ever being asked for his name. In another case, a New York 

company called Assa Corp. owned a Manhattan skyscraper and in 2007 

transferred about $4.5 million in rental payments to a bank in Iran. U.S. 

law enforcement officers tracking the funds had no idea who was 

behind that corporation until another government disclosed that it was 

owned by the Alavi Foundation, which had ties to the Iranian military. 

In other words, a New York corporation was being used to ship millions 

of dollars to Iran, a notorious supporter of terrorism. 

“U.S. corporations with hidden owners have also been involved in 

financial crimes. In 2011, a former Russian military officer, Victor 

Kaganov, pleaded guilty to operating an illegal money-transfer business 

from his home in Oregon and using Oregon shell corporations to wire 

more that $150 million around the world on behalf of Russian clients. 

“Shell corporations are also notorious for their role in health care 

fraud. One example involves an individual named Michel Huarte who 

formed 29 shell companies in several states including Florida, Louisiana 

51

52 

and North Carolina and used them to make fraudulent health care 

claims, bilking Medicare out of more than $50 million. 

“In these and other cases, great law enforcement work eventually 

pierced the veil of corporate secrecy. But that’s not always what 

happens. In October 2004, the Homeland Security Department’s 

division of Immigration and Customs Enforcement identified a Utah 

corporation that had engaged in $150 million in suspicious transactions. 

ICE found that the corporation had been formed in Utah and was owned 

by two Panamanian holding corporations, all located at the same 

Panama City office. 

“By 2005, ICE had located 800 U.S. corporations in nearly every state 

associated with the same shadowy group in Panama, but was unable to 

obtain the name of a single person who owned any one of the 

corporations. ICE had learned that the 800 corporations were associated 

with multiple U.S. investigations into tax fraud and other wrondoing, 

but no one had been able to find the corporate owners. The trail went 

cold, and ICE closed the case. 

Our bill would not only help law enforcment in such cases, it would 

bring the United States into compliance with international standards 

requiring countries to obtain beneficial ownership information for the 

corporations they form. 

“It would also make U.S. domestic practices consistent with U.S. 

foreign policy. The fact that we have corporate secrecy right here in our 

backyard contradicts U.S. efforts to end corporate secrecy offshore. All 

over the world, people are standing up and speaking out against shell 

corporations with hidden owners being used to commit wrongdoing. It 

is time Congress acted to ensure transparency in the formation of U.S. 

corporations.” 

“Carl Levin is the senior U.S. senator from Michigan. 

“Read more columns from syndicated national writers as well as authors from 

our own communities at themacombdaily.com ” 

[14] 

Usury in Christendom: The Mortal Sin That Was and Now is 

Not by Michael Hoffman, 2013. Pages 222, 226, 231, 236-241, 

245, 252 and 259.

53 

[15] 

Heavenly Merchandize: How Religion Shaped Commerce in 

Puritan America by Mark Valeri, Princeton University Press, 

2010. Page 67. 

[16] 

< http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/users/brock/webdoc6.html > - This 

one is Benjamin Franklin’s A Modest Enquiry into the Nature 

and Necessity of a Paper-Currency. This web page is not in PDF. 

It must be copied and pasted from the web page to some text 

editor capable of rich text format. BFWW. 

[17] 

http://books.google.com/books/about/Financial_Histor 

y_of_the_United_States.html?id=l3oaAAAAMAAJ PDF - This 

Financial History of the United States was published in 1915 by 

a PH.D. MIT professor named Davis Rich Dewey. This is a 

Google Books free download. Doing a Google search for this 

title will disclose that there are actually more than one free 

downloads in PDF for this book. 

Page 20. 

[18] 

Ibid. Pages 279-292. 

[19] 

http://foundersquotes.com/quotes/i-believe-that-bankinginstitutions-are-more-dangerous-to-our-liberties-than-standingarmies/#more-499 

Year: 1802 Context: Letter to the Secretary of the Treasury 

Albert Gallatin

54 

[20] 

2 Thessalonians 3:10-13 

“For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, that 

if any would not work, neither should he eat. For we hear that 

there are some which walk among you disorderly, working not at 

all, but are busybodies. 

Now them that are such we command and exhort by our Lord 

Jesus Christ, that with quietness they work, and eat their own 

bread. 

But ye, brethren, be not weary in well doing.” 

1 Timothy 5:8, 18 

“But if any provide not for his own, and specially for those of his 

own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel. 

For the scripture saith, Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth 

out the corn. And, The labourer is worthy of his reward.” 

2 Timothy 2:6 “The husbandman that laboureth must be first 

partaker of the fruits.” 

2 Timothy 3:13-17 “But evil men and seducers shall wax worse 

and worse, deceiving, and being deceived. But continue thou in 

the things which thou hast learned and hast been assured of, 

knowing of whom thou hast learned them; And that from a child 

thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to make thee 

wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus. All 

scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for 

doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in 

righteousness: That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly 

furnished unto all good works.” 

Hebrews 2:7 “Thou madest him a little lower than the angels; 

thou crownedst him with glory and honour, and didst set him over 

the works of thy hands.” 

Hebrews 6:12 “That ye be not slothful, but followers of them 

who through faith and patience inherit the promises.” 

Romans 12:11 “Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit; serving 

the Lord;”

55 

Matthew 25:26 “His lord answered and said unto him, Thou 

wicked and slothful servant, thou knewest that I reap where I 

sowed not, and gather where I have not strawed:” 

Ecclesiastes 10:18 “By much slothfulness the building decayeth; 

and through idleness of the hands the house droppeth through.” 

Proverbs 21:25 “The desire of the slothful killeth him; for his 

hands refuse to labour.” 

Proverbs 6:6 “Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, 

and be wise:” 

Proverbs 6:9 “How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard? when wilt 

thou arise out of thy sleep?” 

Proverbs 10:26 “As vinegar to the teeth, and as smoke to the 

eyes, so is the sluggard to them that send him.” 

Proverbs 13:4 “The soul of the sluggard desireth, and hath 

nothing: but the soul of the diligent shall be made fat.” 

Proverbs 20:4 “The sluggard will not plow by reason of the 

cold; therefore shall he beg in harvest, and have nothing.” 

Proverbs 26:16 “The sluggard is wiser in his own conceit than 

seven men that can render a reason.” 

Proverbs 12:24 “The hand of the diligent shall bear rule: but the 

slothful shall be under tribute.” 

Proverbs 12:27 “The slothful man roasteth not that which he 

took in hunting: but the substance of a diligent man is precious.” 

Proverbs 15:19 “The way of the slothful man is as an hedge of 

thorns: but the way of the righteous is made plain.” 

Proverbs 18:9 “He also that is slothful in his work is brother to 

him that is a great waster.” 

Proverbs 19:15 “Slothfulness casteth into a deep sleep; and an 

idle soul shall suffer hunger.” 

Proverbs 19:24 “A slothful man hideth his hand in his bosom, 

and will not so much as bring it to his mouth again.” 

Proverbs 22:1 “The slothful man saith, There is a lion without, I 

shall be slain in the streets.” 

Proverbs 24:30 “I went by the field of the slothful, and by the

56 

vineyard of the man void of understanding.” 

Proverbs 26:13 “The slothful man saith, There is a lion in the 

way; a lion is in the streets.” 

Proverbs 26:14 “As the door turneth upon his hinges, so doth the 

slothful upon his bed.” 

Proverbs 26:15 “The slothful hideth his hand in his bosom; it 

grieveth him to bring it again to his mouth.” 

[21] 

Usury in Christendom: The Mortal Sin That Was and Now is 

Not by Michael Hoffman, 2013. Pages 163, 186. 

______________________________________

57 

History of Money and Usury 

In America 

Part II 

“Jefferson’s Light” 


July 17, 2014 


In Part I of this essay a quotation was used on page 37 

that purportedly originated with our third President Thomas 

Jefferson, “I believe that banking institutions are more 

dangerous to our liberties than standing armies. If the 

American people ever allow private banks to control the 

issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by 

deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up 

around the banks will deprive the people of all property 

- until their children wake-up homeless on the continent 

their fathers conquered. The issuing power should be 

taken from the banks and restored to the people, to 

whom it properly belongs." This quotation can be found at 

the following url: http://foundersquotes.com/quotes/i-believe-thatbanking-institutions-are-more-dangerous-to-our-liberties-thanstanding-armies/#more-499 

. It has not been an easy task to 

pinpoint a document or speech showing this quotation verbatim 

other than that Founder’s quote web site. The people who created 

the Founders’ Quote web site may have uncovered more of 

Jefferson’s documents than what is readily available. It is 

reported on this web page that President Jefferson wrote this in 

the year 1802 in a letter or memo to his Treasury Secretary Albert 

Gallatin. Neither Paul Leicester Ford’s nor Albert Ellery Bergh’s

58 

multi-volume sets The Writings of Thomas Jefferson [1] show 

this citation in any of his letters to Gallatin during the year 1802 ; 

nor does Paul Leicester Ford’s The Works of Thomas Jefferson, 

Federal Edition [2] for the same year. Whether he wrote it 

before, during or after his presidency is unimportant. It could 

have been included in the minutes of a cabinet meeting or other 

recorded documents or speeches. If Jefferson did write at least 

something that closely parallels it, then use of the quote in Part I 

is validated. He did even better as we shall soon find out. 

There was another book written in 1911 jointly by J.T. 

Holdsworth and Davis Rich Dewey, Volume IV called Banking 

in United States Before Civil War in which the two authors 

related the story that much of what passed with the First Bank of 

the US and even during Jefferson’s presidency was done so in 

spite of his objections. Albert Gallatin, his treasury secretary, did 

much to temper his opposition to the US Bank charter. But we 

will find that his opinions were never deterred for a moment as 

we can find him repeating the same objections to the chair of the 

House Ways and Means, John Wayles Eppes in 1813. 

Within the following pages, therefore, we shall show the 

proof of Thomas Jefferson’s financial genius. We will also find 

even more information to validate that single quotation from the 

Founders’ Quotes web site. 

In three letters to John Eppes during 1813 Jefferson 

revealed in even greater detail - that his objectives were to end the 

bankers’ authority to issue paper currency based on the amount of 

specie they held in deposits – and to end all fractional reserve 

lending (which is bank credit, or as Davis Rich Dewey wrote 

“book credit” in his Financial History of the United States). 

This US Representative Eppes from Virginia was both 

Jefferson’s nephew and son-in-law. These three letters were all 

written about four years after Jefferson vacated his office as the 

third president of the United States. Jefferson’s daughter Mary or 

Maria Jefferson married Eppes who was elected to the Thirteenth

59 

Congress (March 4, 1813 – March 4, 1815). 

To this day it is believed that Ways and Means is 

singularly the most powerful committee in the House. But even 

though this is still believed to be true, Congress no longer 

exercises its Constitutional authority to issue our currency as did 

the Congress Eppes was a member of ; and therefore the people 

over at the Federal Reserve who create our currency have 

completely usurped this power from Congress. Instead, Congress 

now approves of interest bearing bond issues for which the 

privately owned international banking cartel known as the 

United States Federal Reserve issues our currency in return. 

In the first letter dated June 24, 1813, Jefferson wrote that, 

“This letter will be on politics only”. Bear in mind that 

when anyone of that time period wrote on politics, the discussion 

may very well have been solely about economics. His only 

failure was the belief in Ben Franklin’s philosophy that charging a 

reasonable interest rate on loans is both practical and beneficial 

and thus he perhaps never did realize that a usury free economic 

model would have proved itself to be a superior alternative. The 

full effect of employing a usury free economy would have 

completely driven the moneychangers out of the temple as 

Jefferson desired. 

But instead of ever accomplishing this desired objective of 

his, he instead facilitated the moneychangers’ foothold by 

endorsing Franklin’s usury capitalism. ‘A penny saved is a penny 

earned’ is the type of nonsense promoted in Ben Franklin’s 

philosophy. Incongruent maxims like this one gave rise to the 

capitalist maxims on the ‘time value of money’. Equating labor 

with savings, therefore, gave rise to the theory that money should 

rather be classified as a fungible good upon which savings should 

collect interest. Jefferson noted in another letter that Franklin was 

the ‘father of American philosophy’ [3]. So we have Franklin and 

other descendants of the anti-usury Puritans to thank for shaping 

America into a non-Christian usury based capitalist nation.

60 

Recall from Part I on page 19 there was discussion of 

another brilliant economist by the name of Gertrude Coogan [4]. 

She referenced Jefferson at length in her dissertation, so we can 

be comfortable that her entire model was based on analysis of 

Jefferson’s and Franklin’s philosophy. Though both Coogan and 

Jefferson had enough wisdom to identify money creation (as 

Coogan called it) or currency issue (as Jefferson called it) as a 

most important consideration in any economic model, neither 

spent time analyzing a system absent the usury as in a Christian 

model. Make no mistakes ; both currency creation and usury are 

equally important when considering long term long economic 

consequences. Jefferson’s recommendation was to ultimately 

take away from private banks the authority to issue any currency, 

whether it was paper notes or credit. If he had been successful in 

keeping the issuance of our currency with Congress where it 

constitutionally belongs, usury in moneylending would eventually 

have been found to be completely unnecessary. This could be 

accomplished very easily while retaining free markets and civil 

liberties. Congress can even now institute a bureaucracy in which 

usury in all moneylending will be eliminated. 

Jefferson also paid particularly close attention to 

accumulated debt of the nation over the long term. With a new 

federal institution issuing the currency to pay for the operational 

costs of government and lending usury free, national debt would 

no longer exist ; and all governmental operations and public 

infrastructure would be fully funded. According to Jefferson, 

passing on debt to succeeding generations for any reason is in 

effect a criminal offense in which the heirs become victims of 

their ancestors’ indulgences. We shall cite Jefferson’s comments 

on this also. 

Let us begin, then, with some quotations out of Paul 

Leicester Ford’s [5] The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 

IX, published in 1898, that contains Jefferson’s three letters 

during 1813 to his son-in-law John Wayles Eppes who was, at the

61 

time, chair of the US House Ways and Means Committee: 

On Debt - Page 389 Volume IX 

“Never to borrow a dollar without laying a tax in the 

same instant for paying the interest annually, and the 

principal within a given term ; 

“What is to hinder them from creating a perpetual debt? 

The laws of nature I answer. The earth belongs to the 

living, not to the dead. 

“We may consider each generation as a distinct nation, 

with a right, by the will of its majority, to bind 

themselves, but none to bind the succeeding generation, 

more than the inhabitants of another country. Or the 

case may be likened to the ordinary one of a tenant for 

life, who may hypothecate the land for his debts, during 

the continuance of his usufruct ; but at his death, the 

reversioner (who is also for life only) receives it 

exonerated from all burthen. The period of a 

generation, or the term of its life, is determined by the 

laws of mortality. 

“Are they (the descendants) bound to acknowledge the 

debt, to consider the preceding generation as having 

had a right to eat up the whole soil of their country, in 

the course of a life, to alienate it from them (for it would 

be an alienation to the creditors,) and would they think 

themselves either legally or morally bound to give up 

their country and emigrate to another for subsistence? 

“And although, like some other natural rights, this has 

not yet entered into any declaration of rights, it is no 

less a law, and ought to be acted on by honest

62 

governments. 

“It is, at the same time, a salutary curb on the spirit of 

war and indebtment, which since the modern theory of 

the perpetuation of debt, has drenched the earth with 

blood, and crushed its inhabitants under burthens ever 

accumulating.” 

Imagine that ; Jefferson carefully explained over two 

hundred years ago how dangerous and amoral it is to accumulate 

a national debt and pass it on to succeeding generations. Notice 

how this mountain of national debt we have today that is ever 

increasing doesn’t begin to fill the insatiable appetites usurers 

have to increase their holdings. In the year 2014 AD America’s 

national debt stands at over $17 trillion. Out of the tax dollars 

collected by America’s treasury department to pay its $3 Trillion 

budget, nearly $500 billion is used to pay just the annual interest. 

Meanwhile, the principal amount of this national debt is not going 

down ; it is increasing because the one half trillion we pay the 

bond holders as interest annually is not enough to reduce the 

principal. 

It has been 201 years since Jefferson wrote those lines 

above. Was he prescient? No he wasn’t ; he actually witnessed 

identical circumstances in his own lifetime. This is why he 

battled against Alexander Hamilton’s insistence that Adam 

Smith’s notion of public debt is a good thing. 

What happened with the devout Christian George 

Washington? Did he believe Hamilton and Smith economics? 

Surely he must have missed Luke 6:35, Psalm 15:1-5 and Ezekiel 

22:12 in his devotional Bible reading? Were there none of the 

early anti-usury Puritans remaining of those who settled early in 

Massachusetts Bay Colony during the seventeenth century? 

This, though, is only the beginning in Jefferson’s three 

long letters to the Chair of the House Ways and Means 

Committee, his own son-in-law. Thus far in the foregoing

63 

excerpts he has only discussed debt. Issuance of the currency we 

shall see is a real prize that was served up to the moneylenders on 

December 23, 1913. A corrupt Congress and an idiot president 

knew next to nothing about finance and only the whitewashed 

parts of American History. This Woodrow Wilson also happened 

to be the 13 th President of Princeton University. 

On Issuing Paper Currency 

Before Jefferson’s next set of quotes is reprinted herein, a 

cautionary note is in order: In our present usury capitalist system, 

bankers employ torturously complex devices as tools for attaining 

their objectives. Two hundred years ago such complexity was 

also employed, but the devices used as tools differed in some 

ways. Learning even a little about these differences will go a long 

way in understanding that nothing at all has changed in the 

bankers’ objectives across these two hundred years. The bankers 

have always rigged the system for their own benefit to the 

detriment of their customers and the national economy. 

Various instruments in current use are: 

1. Private Currency Issue (Federal Reserve Notes) in 

exchange for Treasury Bonds issued by the Treasury 

Department. 

2. Bank Credit 

a) Mortgages 

i) Fixed Rate 

ii) Adjustable Rate 

b) Auto Loans 

c) Credit Cards 

3. Bundling and Selling of Loan Packages into 

Leveraged Insurance Contracts (A high stakes betting 

game). [6] 

a) Credit Default Swaps 

b) Derivatives

64 

The third category is a more exotic and highly complex category 

that began to emerge during the mid-1980s and soared after 

Glass-Steagall was partially dismantled in bipartisan fashion near 

the end of William Clinton’s second term. It is known as the 

Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999. 

During Jefferson’s era, the instruments of bankers’ deceit 

are more commonly known, but not less complex in operation and 

just as destructive economically to the national welfare. They are 

as follows: 

1. Bills of Credit emissions as loans at interest to citizens at 

large by the First Bank of the United States ; some were 

legal tender. 

2. Book credit by private banks as loans at interest to citizens 

at large. 

3. Privately issued bank paper notes as loans and redeemable 

in specie. These were not legal tender as some of the Bills 

of Credit were. 

Here now are excerpts beginning on page 392 

Of Paul Ford’s Volume IX: 

(As in Part I where long quotations by Davis Rich Dewey and 

others were used, the underlining was not in the original text. The 

underlining and bold were added here for emphasis so that the 

reader can easily single out the details we need to understand.) 

“But this, the only resource which the government could 

command with certainty, the States have unfortunately 

fooled away, nay corruptly alienated to swindlers and 

shavers, under the cover of private banks. Say, too, as 

an additional evil, that the disposal funds of individuals, 

to this great amount, have thus been withdrawn from 

improvement and useful enterprise, and employed in the 

useless, usurious and demoralizing practices of bank 

directors and their accomplices. In the war of 1755, our

65 

State (Virginia) availed itself of this fund by issuing a 

paper money, bottomed on a specific tax for its 

redemption, and, to insure its credit, bearing an interest 

of five percent. Within a very short time, not a bill of 

this emission was to be found in circulation. It was 

locked up in the chests of executors, guardians, widows, 

farmers, &c. We then issued bills bottomed on a 

redeeming tax, but bearing no interest. These were 

readily received, and never depreciated a single 

farthing. In the revolutionary war, the old Congress 

and the States issued bills without interest and without 

tax. They occupied the channels of circulation very 

freely, til those channels were overflowed by an excess 

beyond all the calls of circulation. But although we 

have so improvidently suffered the field of circulating 

medium to be filched from us by private individuals, 

Excerpts from page 393 Volume IX: 

“would not take them in preference to the bank paper 

now afloat, on a principle of patriotism as well as 

interest ; and they would be withdrawn from circulation 

into private hoards to a considerable amount. Their 

credit once established, others might be emitted, 

bottomed also on a tax, but not bearing interest ; and if 

ever their credit faltered, open public loans, on which 

these bills alone should be received as specie. 

“It is not easy to estimate the obstacles which, in the 

beginning we should encounter in ousting the banks 

from their possession of the circulation ; but a steady

66 

and judicious alternation of emissions and loans, would 

reduce them in time. But while this is going on, another 

measure should be pressed, to recover ultimately our 

right to the circulation. The States should be applied to, 

to transfer the right of issuing circulating paper to 

Congress exclusively, in perpetuum if possible, but 

during the war at least, with a saving of charter rights. 

“Congress would, of course, begin by obliging 

unchartered banks to wind up their affairs within a short 

time, and the others as their charters expired, forbidding 

the subsequent circulation of their paper. 

“It would be in their power, too, to curtail those banks 

to the amount of their actual specie, by gathering up 

their paper and running it constantly on them. The 

national paper might thus take place even in the noncomplying 

States. In this way, I am not without a hope, 

that this great, this sole resource for loans in an 

agricultural country, might yet be recovered for the use 

of the nation during war ; and, if obtained in perpetuum, 

it would always be sufficient to carry us through any 

war,” 

Following here now is a single sentence in this letter 

from Jefferson to Eppes that not only embodies the 

philosophy of Benjamin Franklin, but also formed the belief 

upon which Gertrude Coogan allowed as the one serious flaw 

in her dissertation. Whether or not Ms. Coogan took notice of 

the superior usury free Mosaic model in any subsequent writing 

we cannot know. If she published anything else, it is 

overshadowed by her fame from Money Creators and is probably

67 

not available commercially. 

From page 394 Volume IX: 

“No one has a natural right to the trade of a money 

lender, but he who has the money to lend.” 

Well, President Jefferson, how then can Congress emit 

‘bills of credit’ (create new money) and then charge interest for its 

use, especially if as you wrote, the national credit belongs to the 

people? This is the point at which this writer began to see that 

both Jefferson and Franklin had to have a sub-conscious doublemindedness 

unknowingly deep-rooted into their ethos. Make no 

mistake, they were dealing all the time with hucksters, shysters, 

swindlers, shavers, sophists and con artists. They may not have 

seen the inherent deception involved in charging interest on loans 

for which new money needed to be created for every loan 

contract. In effect, they were merely imitating the moneylender’s 

tradecraft ; that is, imitating what they thought was a perfectly 

reasonable method of lending of the nation’s assets to raise 

money for the expenditures of legitimate government. They were 

trying to accomplish all this in a corrupt world. Jesus called it the 

unrighteousness mammon. 

What was really needed then, and still is, would be 

passage into law of what Jefferson’s heartfelt inclination was as it 

was poured out in his letter to his son-in-law Congressman Eppes, 

“transfer the right of issuing circulating paper to 

Congress exclusively, in perpetuum”. This certainly would 

have provided our fledgling nation with a better opportunity for 

economic success. There were real patriots back then who would 

have used this power to ‘promote the general welfare’. But at the 

same time, they would also have only implemented one third of 

the needed solution. What need is there for usury if Congress has 

the exclusive authority to issue the currency? If they are the only

68 

body with authority to issue currency, they should also form an 

institution of their own to have sole authority to issue credit along 

with currency. If they pay for all of Government’s expenditures 

out of this currency and credit creating power, they could also 

lend of this credit to the people without charging interest. What 

need therefore is there for any but one tax to balance the money 

supply with the GDP? How did Howard Rand put it? “We will 

out capital capitalism” with usury outlawed! 

With all who are presently issuing bank credit, exactly 

who or what institution with authority is at the helm regulating the 

money supply to be in balance with the GDP? There isn’t one 

except the oversight of the privately owned, run by criminals, 

Federal Reserve. Constitutionally, oversight is the responsibility 

and authority of Congress, not a Treasury Department that 

operates in the Executive branch. But does it matter which has 

oversight if a privately owned criminal-banking cartel issues the 

nation’s currency and credit? As the result of this power that our 

beltway harlequins ceded to them, they also control all three 

branches of our federal government. No one except large 

multinational corporations along with the banking cartels can 

afford the high price involved in the electoral process. The 

people now have next to nothing in the way of representation 

because only high finance, a few billionaires and the 

corporatocracy have access to huge volumes of capital. 

With usury being charged for every dollar in circulation 

except the small coins, the entire system is deflationary ; so much 

so that more credit must be issued just to pay the interest due. 

This means the money supply is ever expanding (inflating) in 

order to pay for interest ; while at the same time it is in a 

continuously deflationary process. Jefferson explained it in his 

wheat analogy: the price of a bushel doubled when the money 

supply expanded by a factor of ten. The farmer therefore lost to 

the monetary inflation resulting from the ten notes to one in 

specie circulating. And there was no law restricting the amount

69 

of leveraging bankers were allowed in 1813. Coogan reported it 

was thirty-three to one on time deposits after the Federal Reserve 

Act was passed. It’s so mind boggling that it can be described as 

somewhat of a conundrum, namely, a riddle that cannot be solved 

by anything on the table except the one put into writing 3,500 

years ago by Moses. How many among the educated have vision 

based on the simplest of all solutions? It has been on the books 

for three and a half millennia. 

How many among us have observed a joint hearing of 

Congress in which the chairperson of the Fed slyly gave no 

answers to the hearing committee? Hubris from the agents of the 

Fed is at an all time high. They are not forthright with any of 

their answers. They must necessarily be this way so that the 

general public will have no inclination, no clue as to what is really 

happening. Jefferson’s explanation of the same phenomenon was 

recorded for us similarly in Volume IX of Paul Ford’s The 

Writings of Thomas Jefferson: 

Page 394 Volume IX: 

“Private fortunes, in the present state of our circulation, 

are at the mercy of those self-created money lenders, 

and are prostrated by the floods of nominal money with 

which their avarice deluges us. He who lent his money 

to the public or to an individual, before the institution of 

the United States Bank, twenty years ago, when wheat 

was well sold at a dollar the bushel, and receives now 

his nominal sum when it sells at two dollars, is cheated 

of half his fortune ; and by whom? By the banks, which 

since that, have thrown into circulation ten dollars of 

their nominal money where was one at that time.”

70 

In his second letter to Eppes that year, dated September 

11, 1813, Jefferson picked up where he left off with bank paper. 

At that time bank paper accomplished the same effects as bank 

credit and as US Treasury Bonds do today with Federal Reserve 

Notes. So we learn from this that private banks not only had book 

credit operating during Jefferson’s epoch ; they also issued bank 

paper, both of which served as money in the currency stream ; 

neither of which was legal tender. 


“The question will be asked and ought to be looked at, 

what is to be the resource if loans cannot be obtained? 

There is but one, ‘Carthago delenda est’. Bank paper 

must be suppressed, and the circulating medium must be 

restored to the nation to whom it belongs. It is the only 

fund on which they can rely for loans ; it is the only 

resource which can never fail them, and it is an 

abundant one for every necessary purpose. Treasury 

bills, bottomed on taxes, bearing or not bearing interest, 

as may be found necessary, thrown into circulation will 

take the place of so much gold and silver, which last, 

when crowded, will find an efflux into other countries, 

and thus keep the quantum of medium at its salutary 

level. Let banks continue if they please, but let them 

discount for cash alone or for treasury notes. 

Here Jefferson injects a Latin phrase from the Punic Wars 

as a metaphor for the bankers. These wars were waged between 

Rome and Carthage over usury. He fully understood that there 

was an ongoing battle between usury banking and ‘the people’. 

But he only discovered one third of the needed solution, namely

71 

that treasury ‘bills’ (or notes) should be issued federally, not 

privately. Along with this, he noted that they needed to suppress 

‘bank paper’ (bank notes). (Carthage must be destroyed!) Notice 

here that he did not yet mention ‘bank’ or ‘book’ credit which 

also works well as money in the currency stream. This also 

floods the currency stream with interest bearing debt, something 

that is deflationary. So bank paper and book credit therefore 

constituted two thirds of the problem. The other third is usury. 

In the following excerpt pages (402, 403, 404) Jefferson 

continued with his disapprobation of bank paper: 


“My original disapprobation of banks circulating paper 

is not unknown, nor have I since observed any effects 

either on the morals or fortunes of our citizens, which 

are any counterbalance for the public evils produced ; 

and a thorough conviction that, if this war continues, 

that circulation must be suppressed, or the government 

shaken to its foundation by the weight of taxes, and 

impracticability to raise funds on them, renders duty to 

that paramount to the love of ease and quiet. 

Page 403: 

(From a letter he received from Mr. Law on the establishment of a 

national bank and issuing treasury notes) 

“This paper contains two propositions ; the one for 

issuing treasury notes, bearing interest, and to be 

circulated as money ; the other for the establishment of 

a national bank. 

“Neither Congress nor the states having any power of 

interference in its administration.

72 

Page 404: 

“2. They authorize this bank to throw into circulation 

ninety millions of dollars, (three times the capital.) 

which increases our circulating medium fifty perc., 

depreciates proportionably the present value of a dollar, 

and raises the price of all future purchases in the same 

proportion. 

“4. no one has a right ever to see their books, or to ask 

a question, they may choose their time for running 

away, after adding to their booty the proceeds of as 

much of their own notes as they shall be able to throw 

into circulation. 

“5. Whereupon this bank oligarchy or monarchy enters 

the field with ninety millions of dollars, to direct on our 

politics, and into what scale it will be thrown, we have 

had abundant experience. 

“6. This state of things is to be fastened on us, without 

the power of relief, for forty or fifty years. 

“7. But the great and national advantage is to be the 

relief of the present scarcity of money, which is 

produced and proved by.” 

Relief? What sort of relief have the bankers provided for 

America. As it was when Jefferson lived, so it still is today as 

Rev. Charles Coughlin chimed during the 1930s, “Relief That 

Fails to Relieve”! [7] In this set of consecutive excerpts Jefferson 

correctly identified banks circulating their own paper notes in the 

currency stream as a serious problem. These complaints Jefferson 

enumerated should also have been forthcoming from those who

73 

cross-examined cryptic Ben Shalom Bernanke at Congressional 

hearings. In his replies to the Congressional questioners 

‘Helicopter Ben’ kept a dead calm straight face with every phony 

answer he gave. The only congressman complaining (Ron Paul) 

in recent memory in our government has retired from office. He 

may very well have fully understood that the banking community 

is bilking us. So his posturing was absolutely justified. But the 

solution he advocated is the brainchild of Ludwig von Mises, the 

Austrian school founder. It too is pro-usury and anti-Christian. 

There was another congressman from Texas who retired 

probably during the 1980s who also complained about the Fed as 

much as Ron Paul did. His name was Henry Gonzales from 

Texas. But where are any like them now? Where are the 

complainers demanding answers from the criminal Fed cartel? 

Even Ron Paul’s son Senator Rand Paul makes very little noise 

about the banking system. And don’t hold your breath waiting for 

a hue and cry from anyone in the beltway. Wall Street owns the 

beltway. In fact, all the complainers there never said anything 

against usury. Even the pulpits are silent. 

Ron Paul leaned toward going back to a gold standard, 

which is precisely what early America was on when the banking 

shavers and connivers bilked every dollar they could out of our 

young republic. Yes that’s right ; the monetary reformers over at 

the von Mises Institute, the Austrian school of economics, would 

have us go back to the same system that already proved itself 

useful only at being confiscatory of people’s labor and property as 

well as plaguing the people with price inflation as evidenced from 

the legacy of writings that Jefferson left with us. And instead of 

looking at the only solution that could possibly end economic 

tyranny, Jefferson instead leaned to liking only gold as money, 

just like Ron Paul and the Austrian schoolers. At the same time 

he approved of interest on loans of paper money that were created 

out of nothing. How much more double-minded can one get? 

It wouldn’t be fair for any of us to say there weren’t

74 

founders who objected to a non-Christian economic platform. If 

there were though, we could probably count them with ten 

fingers. 

In Jefferson’s defense though, at various points throughout 

these three letters, Jefferson explained carefully how important it 

was for the US Congress to have the exclusive authority to issue 

the nation’s currency. But this advocacy for federal authority 

came from the man who wrote that Alexander Hamilton was the 

‘Colossus of Federalism’ in 1795 [8]. Here he had another 

double-minded attitude. Doesn’t this seem a bit ironic? How did 

President Jefferson, four years after leaving the office of 

President, suggest that elected officials should become involved at 

the federal level in solving the swindling and shaving bankers 

were doing to the people? Why the patriotism and nationalism for 

a government that did nothing at all to provide the cure for 

diseases that they ably identified in the Unanimous Declaration - 

tyranny, oppressive taxation and despotism? The only one they 

missed was economic oppression. A usury laden, debt based 

monetary system will always lead to economic oppression. None 

of these ills can be solved until an honest monetary system is 

institutionalized in which usury is forever prohibited on loans of 

money. 

Fractional Reserve Banking 

We shall now look a little at what can be identified in 

modern terms as fractional reserve banking. Jefferson ably 

described it. And while explaining it, he also described 

meticulously to us how these banking practices were prevalent 

during the epoch in which he lived. We should also notice that 

such practices were commonly used dating back even further than 

the founding of the Bank of England in 1694. In his Usury in 

Christendom, [9] Michael Hoffman described the Three for One 

Monte. This was a 15 th century Florentine banking practice prior 

to Renaissance times that also was a form of fractional reserve

anking. 

It’s far more sophisticated today. All a bank needs now is 

paperwork showing the borrower has the ability to pay on a loan 

and the certificate of collateral on the property the borrower is 

paying for. Can it really be described as a loan? Just as with 

Treasury Bonds this security is all banks need to create new 

money as credit. If there is such a thing as a reserve requirement 

today, we can get a lesson on this topic from CR Dickey and 

Gertrude Coogan in [Is Economic Ruin Inevitable?] 1949, 

Destiny Publishers [10], when they were lying to us saying gold 

actually backed the money they were issuing as book credit and 

notes. And since 1968, there has not even been the illusion of 

fractional reserve lending when ‘PAYABLE TO THE BEARER 

ON DEMAND’ was removed from Federal Reserve Notes. 

There is therefore no such thing as the Federal Deposit 

Insurance Corporation. It certainly is a fiction. All our deposits 

are fully insured by Helicopter Bernanke ; or is it Janet Yellen 

now? But insure it they will only if they decide to. They may or 

may not, if and whenever they decide to. All Yellen needs to do 

is print a few more paper dollars or issue cyberspace credit to 

banks that have a run. This writer once read (around 2008) in the 

WSJ that the Fed can issue all the currency it wants to. They will 

issue all the dollars they need to keep the system solvent if and 

when it will benefit them. In fact, across the past six years, the 

Federal Reserve has even issued billions in American currency to 

bail out private banks situated in New York City with no strings 

attached. They called it “Quantitative Easing” ; and they did it 

several times. 

During the same period of time, millions of homeowners 

lost their homes through foreclosure because also, at the 

beginning of this same period, the bankers deliberately shrunk 

credit emissions to businesses. The consequences of this resulted 

in millions laid off from their jobs. There was no quantitative 

easing given freely to home mortgagees from the private Fed to 

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76 

relieve stress as was given freely to more than several Wall Street 

banking houses. 

Oh, the federal government, through one of their formerly 

owned mortgage corporations like Fannie Mae perhaps, allowed a 

program of mortgage restructuring for distressed homeowners in 

2008 to lower their interest rates. But five years hence from then 

- which is now - the mortgage rates are scheduled to be reset back 

to their original rate. Homeowners are now facing mortgage 

payments of fifty to one-hundred dollars more per month than 

what their restructured rate was beginning five years ago. Those 

who were allowed to restructure in the year 2009 will experience 

the same rate increase five years after their restructuring. Thank 

you federal government for giving five years of relief to 

homeowners with their mortgage payments while billions were 

given gratis to Wall Street international banks whose executives 

never even skipped a beat with their high salaries and bonuses. 

Either strip away from them the power to create money along 

with the ability to charge usury, or remain forever in debt 

bondage to them. All usury in moneylending must be prohibited. 

Consider something Davis Dewey reported in his 

Financial History of the United States: During the Civil War 

Salmon P. Chase explained the results of allowing usury ; but he 

did not comprehend why this is so, “he did call attention to 

the inconveniences and hazards of the issue of United 

States notes, possibly ending in the ‘immeasurable evils 

of dishonest public faith and national bankruptcy’.” 

(Dewey Pages 279-283) Have the immeasurable evils ever been 

mitigated by allowing private banks to create our currency and 

credit? The problem is usury, not government created fiat money. 

We will here get back to the main person in our study with 

a final set of excerpts in which Jefferson provided us with a 

detailed explanation of ‘quantitative easing’ using his two 

hundred year old terminology.

77 

From Paul Ford Volume IX Page 414: 

“That ordinary price has now doubled with us, and 

more than doubled in England: and although a part of 

this augmentation may proceed from the war demand, 

yet from the extraordinary nominal rise in the prices of 

land and labor here, both of which have nearly doubled 

in that period, and are still rising with every new bank, 

it is evident that were a general peace to take place tomorrow, 

and time allowed for the re-establishment of 

commerce, justice, and order, we could not afford to 

raise wheat for much less than two dollars. 

“It is said that our paper is as good as silver, because 

we may have silver for it at the bank where it issues. 

This is not true. One, two, or three persons might have 

it; but a general application would soon exhaust their 

vaults, and leave a ruinous proportion of their paper in 

its intrinsic worthless form. It is a fallacious pretence, 

for another reason. The inhabitants of the banking 

cities might obtain cash for their paper, as far as the 

cash of the vaults would hold out, but distance puts it 

out of the power of the country to do this. A farmer 

having a note of Boston or Charleston bank, distant 

hundreds of miles, has no means of calling for the cash. 

And while these calls are impracticable for the country, 

the banks have no fear of their being made from the 

towns ; because their inhabitants are mostly on their 

books, and there on sufferance only, and during good 

behavior. 

“Owing to the support its credit receives from the small

78 

reservoirs of specie in the vaults or the banks, it is 

impossible to say at what point their notes will stop. 

Nothing is necessary to effect but a general alarm ; and 

that may take place whenever the public shall begin to 

reflect on, and perceive the impossibility that the banks 

should repay this sum. 

Page 415: 

“The inhabitants of the banking towns will get what is in 

the vaults, until a few banks declare their insolvency ; 

when, the general crush becoming evident, the others 

will withdraw even the cash they have, declare their 

bankruptcy at once, and leave an empty house and 

empty coffers for the holders of their notes. In this 

scramble of creditors, the country gets nothing, the 

towns but little. What are they to do? Bring suits? A 

million of creditors bring a million of suits against John 

Nokes and Robert Styles, wheresoever to be found? All 

Nonsense. The loss is total. And a sum is thus swindled 

from our citizens, of seven times the amount of the real 

debt, and four times that of the fictitious one of the 

United States, at the close of the war. 

“It is time, then, for the public functionaries to look to 

this. 

“in their hands, it will continue to go on from bad to 

worse, until the catastrophe overwhelms us. 

“Any single State, even if no other should come into the 

measure, would find its interest in arresting foreign 

bank paper immediately, and its own by degrees.

79 

Page 416: 

“Should the greater part of the States concede, as is 

expected, their power over banks to Congress, besides 

insuring their own safety, the paper of the nonconceding 

States might be so checked and 

circumscribed, by prohibiting its receipt in any of the 

conceding States, and even in the non-conceding as to 

duties, taxes, judgments, or other demands of the United 

States, or of the citizens of other States, that it would 

soon die of itself, and the medium of gold and silver be 

universally restored. This is what ought to be done. But 

it will not be done, Carthago non delibitur. The 

overbearing clamor of merchants, speculators, and 

projectors, will drive us before them with our eyes open, 

until, as in under the Mississippi bubble, our citizens 

will be overtaken by the crush of this baseless fabric, 

without other satisfaction than that of execrations on the 

heads of those functionaries, who from ignorance, 

pusillanimity or corruption, have betrayed the fruits of 

their industry into the hands of projectors and 

swindlers. 

“When I speak comparatively of the paper emissions of 

the old Congress and the present banks, let it not be 

imagined that I cover them under the same mantle. The 

object of the former was a holy one ; for if ever there 

was a holy war, it was that which saved our liberties 

and gave us independence. The object of the latter, is to 

enrich swindlers at the expense of the honest and

80 

industrious part of the nation.” 

So there we have it, excerpts from Jefferson’s letters to 

Eppes in 1813, albeit not in the same terminology we in the 

present day are accustomed to when discussing economics. So 

we must proceed slowly and deliberately so that 

misunderstandings shall be avoided. 

In these three letters to his son-in-law, US Representative 

Eppes from Virginia, Jefferson wrote that the only way to stop the 

subterfuge and conniving that results from bank paper and bank 

credit is to federalize all of it. But even at this stage of his life he 

still didn’t grasp that even federalized systems like this will allow 

transfer of capital to officials (usurpers and embezzlers) when 

usury is allowed. Why is this so? Let us stop here and take 

notice of all the principal parties involved in the usury scheme 

two hundred years ago. 

Jefferson’s treasury secretary Albert Gallatin was opposed 

to the ‘colossus of federalism’ Alexander Hamilton and his First 

Bank of the United States during the 1790s. But when he came to 

power himself as treasury secretary in 1801, he kept all the main 

parts thus supporting the US Bank that other Jeffersonians 

vehemently opposed. 

But notice also that Albert Gallatin’s son James Gallatin 

was the agent from the New York banks sent as the messenger to 

negotiate with Civil War treasury secretary Salmon P. Chase 

about the ‘Greenbacks’ that were being issued to pay for public 

dues in prosecution of the war. This James Gallatin succeeded his 

father Albert as the President of the Gallatin National Bank in 

1839. It’s a shame to find out that even a presidential 

administration headed by a Thomas Jefferson wound up victim to 

the infiltration of swindlers and shavers. Bankers like Albert and 

James Gallatin attached themselves as parasites to our young 

republic as soon as it was born. 

Dr. Franklin must have convinced Jefferson earlier on in 

his life that moderate interest rates on loans are not harmful to the

economy. It is indeed baffling how such a brilliant mind should 

miss that when businesses, merchants, professionals and laborers 

borrow at interest to retail whatever it is they sell, all the interest 

they pay to lenders must be obtained from the prices they charge 

for their goods and services, as does all the interest they must 

have paid for their student loans before they entered the work 

force. And even if student loans were not a big issue two hundred 

years ago, they certainly are today. There is no other way for 

people to acquire the interest for their loans except to include in 

their fees and prices the amount that is needed to pay the interest. 

To this day, only a handful in alternative media teach that 

usury is harmful. And because there is this mirage of federal 

money creation through the Federal Reserve, some people think 

that local currencies must at all costs be the objective. Jefferson 

had some light ; but it was dimmed by his acceptance that usury is 

not amoral. 

What should we notice from this last set of excerpts that 

Jefferson wrote? There are some key points we should compare 

with present times to see if the Federal Reserve System is 

actually performing its mission as originally chartered. We can 

also ask if there exists such a thing as a privately owned banking 

system that will not swindle people out of their honestly obtained 

earnings. 

In the part of the excerpts identified as From Page 414 of 

Ford’s Volume IX and From Page 415, it is easily seen that in 

this earliest period during the history of the United States under 

the Constitution, the people were afflicted with price inflation in 

the same way we now experience it. We labor for a lifetime and 

save for our old age only to have what we saved stolen by 

helicopter pilots like Janet Yellen and Ben Bernanke. Names 

mean little here ; all their predecessors are as guilty as the two 

mentioned, all the way back to Colonial times. In 1813 private 

banks issued both bank notes redeemable for specie and book 

credit thus flooding the money supply that was already awash 

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82 

with federally issued legal tender ‘bills of credit’. 

On Page 414 Jefferson also noted that foreign bank paper 

was circulating which assuredly made even worse the price 

inflation domestic bankers caused. These periods of booms 

evidenced by price inflation throughout our history have 

unfailingly always been followed by bust cycles known as panics 

and recessions. 

In his book End the Fed, Ron Paul identified on page 

twenty-seven just about every panic and recession America 

experienced during the 20 th century. Gertrude Coogan [4] in her 

Money Creators identified other panics during the latter half 19 th 

century and early 20 th century. We have here also the third 

President of the United States writing about exactly the same kind 

of price inflation and bust cycles in three long letters to the Chair 

of House Ways and Means in 1813. These bust cycles are 

engineered conditions moneychangers are able to easily 

implement as a result of private money creation at interest. The 

top echelon in banking is patient to watch for the results their 

actions are designed to cause. The bankers gobble up choice 

assets during the bust cycles 

As we move along through this set of excerpts, we will 

find words and certain phrases that are not normally used in the 

present day as Jefferson used them. When Jefferson wrote “a 

general application would soon exhaust their vaults”, he 

referred to a run on the bank in which depositors who wanted to 

redeem their dollars for specie all came in at once with paper 

currency they had in their pockets. This is just the obviously 

recognizable aspect of a run on the bank that holds gold in reserve 

to purportedly back the paper notes they issued. 

In 1933 a bank run occurred in America at the height of 

the second wave of the Great Depression. The solution Congress 

passed in response to it was known as the ‘Bank Holiday’ or 

“Emergency Banking Act” for short. The actual title was

83 

Emergency Banking Relief Act. [11] It became the law of the 

land after Congress held a joint session here in America three 

days after FDR declared a bank holiday. When the banks refused 

to open their doors, the people soon found out just whom the 

money and gold banks had on deposit belonged to. It wound up 

in the pockets of the shavers and swindlers, in other words in the 

bankers’ pockets, same as it did during Jefferson’s epoch ; or 

could we still be in the same banking epoch? 

We also have here examples from two hundred years ago 

explained by a near genius about how sly and underhanded 

bankers were at practicing the art of money creation. With gold 

backed currency, money creation is supposed to be contingent on 

a ratio between the amount of paper currency a bank issues and 

the amount of specie the bank has either on deposit or in its vault. 

Here, in some of Jefferson’s lines shown on page 76 (Ford’s Vol. 

IX page 414), we find they wrote bank notes for which they had 

nothing in their vaults - “Owing to the support its credit 

receives from the small reservoirs of specie in the 

vaults or the banks, it is impossible to say at what point 

their notes will stop.” Does this mean fractional reserve 

banking or doesn’t it? Jefferson made no mention of a specific 

ratio between the private paper currency issue and the specie held 

by the bank as the collateral that was supposed to back the 

currency. He also explained that it was impossible to say at what 

point their notes would stop. In other words, there was no law 

written to limit the ratio of leveraging allowed to the bankers. It 

was obvious to Jefferson that they would lend anything that was 

asked of them, if book credit or privately issued notes can be 

called lending. Could we honestly believe they imparted 

something in the loan process that they actually held in their 

possession? They do collect usury for this money they did not 

have to lend. Review Jefferson’s sentence carefully. Cursory 

reading of these historical documents does not help readers to

84 

totally comprehend such a slick subject as economics. It takes 

mental acuity and focus to fully grasp what the street-smart 

swindlers and shavers are peddling at any given moment. 

So here it is two hundred years later and the same scenario 

is still being played out over and over. One would think 

everything that’s going on is normal by observing newscasts and 

reading newspapers. Why is this? Because the bootlicker 

presstitutes do not report these facts ; they are totally controlled 

by the moneyed elite. 

And just how complicit or guilty are the institutions of 

higher learning for not actively expounding on the highly 

animated disputes that existed between the bankers and American 

elected officials during Colonial period, Continental Congress, the 

early Constitutional Republic and the Civil War period. We 

really need to dig out obscure financial history books [12] for a 

good look at these financial conflicts. Much occurred after 

America’s founding ; and enough truth was written about what 

transpired in sufficient detail so that the only excuse Americans 

have for not taking notice from alarms such as Jefferson’s is 

cultivated ignorance by an inordinate amount of bread and circus 

along with the academics not fulfilling their responsibilities and a 

sycophant press. 

A wise electrician once reminded me that the Lord has yet 

reserved for Himself seven thousand who have not bowed to Baal. 

(Romans 11:4, I Kings 19:18.) People like him are those who 

search the Scriptures daily to verify whether or not their paths will 

stay on the straight and narrow. Remember, broad is the path that 

leads to destruction. Entrance in is only allowed at the straight 

gate. How do people not perceive that, with having the blessing 

of free will, all must be allowed to choose between right and 

wrong? God’s people must necessarily live in this world of 

choice in order to accumulate the wisdom and knowledge that it 

will take to become a permanent member in Christ’s emerging 

kingdom.

The Tea Party and Dr. David Brat 

As a corollary to this Part II, and because John Wayles 

Eppes was a member of the House and chaired Ways and Means, 

it would also be good to look into the state of affairs in our 

present US Congress. To say the least, the situation looks bleak. 

Even those in Congress who have some sort of vision in which 

they propose to lead us out of the present state of decline in our 

republic, none look at a solution in which the usury beast’s head 

is cut off. None dare suggest that usury on simple loans be 

abolished; none dare suggest that usury free national credit 

belongs to the people as Jefferson did, that establishment of a 

national credit agency would not be an insurmountable task, or 

even not an unconstitutional federal institution. Look what FDR 

accomplished with a nationally administered Social Security 

System. But what do these lawyers and PhDs in Congress offer 

us today? Every essay they write, every word they issue out of 

their mouths in no way ever suggests doing away with usury on 

simple loans as well as doing away with private creation of 

currency and credit. Yet at the founding of this nation, it was first 

and foremost in all their minds, as Franklin and Jefferson 

promoted, to issue their own currency. 

So let us start here with a recent Republican primary 

winner for the US House whose name is David Brat, PhD. 

It’s sad to see that modern economists with a PhD 

completely circumnavigate around the ancient model committed 

into writing by the ancient Israelites ; they never give it any 

serious consideration. Worse than that, some quotations from an 

essay by Dr. Brat will demonstrate convincingly and exactly that 

rather than follow the teachings of Christ, he has chosen to teach, 

as a professor, along that broad road that leads to destruction. In 

most every quotation from him that is included further on herein, 

it shows that his main concern is simply with economics ; and his 

referencing from the Bible is only the result of his superficial 

understanding of it or what his heretic friends at the Calvinist 

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86 

seminary provide to him. He never includes in his discussion 

how a usury free system of credit, capitalist at its core – but 

without interest on all simple loan contracts, would be superior to 

anything taught today in higher education. If Dr. Brat is an 

example of what our educational system has produced to become 

teachers, we can expect only the worst of conditions to prevail. 

Professor David Brat, PhD 

Already visible are the many living in this nation today 

who have very little in the way of material possessions ; and even 

the resources they are able to scramble for are exploited and 

usurped by the few who live their lives of comfort and ease. It 

takes us straight into the core of the Christian belief from which 

we can recall vividly the story Jesus told about the poor beggar 

Lazarus and the rich man. Has the Tea Party Republican 

candidate from Virginia thoroughly read the New Testament with 

an open heart? After reading some from one of his essays, the 

reader should be convinced he has not. 

He is now running for a congressional seat in Virginia 

after recently winning a primary election upsetting an entrenched 

Republican Congressman by the name of Eric Cantor. Mr. Brat 

chairs the Department of Economics and Business at Randolph- 

Macon College. From his [God and Advanced Mammon---Can 

Theological Types Handle Usury and Capitalism?] essay of 

April 1, 2011 we find him supporting Adam Smith and Ayn Rand. 

We must distinguish here that by supporting Smith’s and Ayn 

Rand’s theories he is actually in favor of debt/usury based 

capitalism. None of the economists like him ever suggest that

87 

there could exist a non-usurious form of capitalism, nor does he 

offer such an alternative study in his paper. Perhaps because this 

alternative is never considered in the higher learning institutions, 

these brilliant professors haven’t yet attained the real vision 

embodied in Mosaic capitalism. They ignore it as a subject 

because they commonly accept all of Dr. Franklin’s philosophy ; 

and true to form as politicians they defend it zealously without 

considering the nasty side effects of ever increasing price inflation 

with the poor left in the ditch never even able to afford bare 

necessities such as food, shelter, clothing or quality medical care. 

Sure, the corporate capitalists have brought in foreign goods into 

America, the costs of which are so low they are able to obtain 

enough food for a spartan diet and clothing. But local housing 

only becomes affordable through federal subsidies or by living in 

blighted areas where millions and millions of foreclosures and 

vacated homes exist. We know them today as ghetto slums that 

are populated primarily by squatters. 

A bare outline of a usury free alternative modernized 

capitalist system was provided for the reader in Part I of this 

paper. 3,500 years ago Moses gave us the Lord’s ancient outline 

of the same system. Brat explores nothing similar, even though 

his advanced degree designates him as expert in all things 

economic. 

Mr. Brat begins his paper with the heading “Category 

Errors—We Think Usury is Bad”. Perhaps, at some level and 

in a few ways, usury is not bad. As noted in Part I of this essay, 

there certainly exists more than one form of loan contract. For 

most of these the lender puts up absolutely nothing at risk. This is 

bank credit that operates in the currency stream as money. But if 

we would “Lend, asking for nothing in return” on simple loan 

contracts as Jesus taught us in Luke 6:35 and out of our federal 

institution known as the National Credit Agency, the 

moneylenders would then vacate the temple of their own volition. 

Would prices on retail goods and services go down as a result of

88 

this? Usury would be an absent cost in all prices. The 

moneychangers would then need to learn a new skill or continue 

in the new federal monetary authority as accountants or clerks to 

administer the funding of government and usury free lending. 

Before we show a few more of his quotations, we should 

first ask if Dr. Brat grew up in an area that was primarily 

occupied by the labor class, be it skilled, manual, clerical or 

otherwise. Most of these occupations bring in earnings at nearly 

the same levels. Was he able to visibly watch his neighborhood 

deteriorate when millions of jobs were lost across the past 40-year 

period as the corporatocracy offshored their manufacturing 

facilities into slave labor class nations? All of these job losses to 

even the last person here in America were a shock to families who 

could not find replacement jobs with comparable wage scales. 

Many were forced to flip burgers at fast food restaurants. Others, 

when their jobless benefits ran out, as skilled in some tradecraft, 

refused to work for minimum wage and thereby became a 

permanent fixture in the welfare system ; and some are now 

operating strictly for cash in the underground economy. Was Dr. 

Brat insulated from this decline in the American labor force? 

Have the princes of industry suffered ill effects monetarily as 

labor has suffered? The opposite is true. The princes of industry 

have used this decline to neutralize any effectiveness unions have 

had in the past at bringing American labor into a respectable 

standard of living. 

Mr. Brat asks, “Do we have the right to coerce our 

fellow citizens to act in ways that follow our Christian 

ethical beliefs?” Absolutely not! But we should ask him first: 

How can you claim ‘our Christian ethical beliefs’ when you 

ignore the command of Jesus in Luke 6:35 and in other Scriptural 

passages like Leviticus 25, Exodus 22, Psalm 15, Ezekiel 18 and 

Ezekiel 22 where all domestic usury is prohibited? You cannot 

claim to be a Christian and write as such without first exhausting

89 

every jot and tittle in the Christian Bible. 

More Quotations from Dr. Brat 

“The Bible is clear that usury should not be practiced in 

small religious communities where loans involving the 

deep familial bond of brothers and sisters occur, 

especially poor brothers and sisters. It is less clear on 

usury in general, but it is safe to say that a tension 

exists.” 

“Money changers eventually began keeping deposits for 

various clients, so that when two clients made an 

exchange, all the money changers had to do was credit 

one account and subtract from the other. Simple 

arithmetic had replaced a risky and cumbersome 

movement of coins.” 

“At some point, though, the old ban on usury started to 

stick out like a sore thumb. It slowly dawned on people 

that money lent for capital was different from money 

lent to a poor neighbor out of need. When banks charge 

interest on a loan…..they’re charging for something. By 

lending money, for instance, the bank is forgoing other 

opportunities to use the money, and it is taking a risk in 

lending the money in the first place.” 

“For the economist, there is no unjust charge. There is 

no exploitation. Why? Because economists do not do 

ethics, by definition. We do social science. The good 

news here is that if you ever hear an economist giving 

ethical advice, you should not give that advice much

90 

attention. Economists are here to describe the world as 

it is, not as it should be. In economics, there can be no 

price too high, because if a product sells at a high price, 

then clearly it was not too high.” 

These four are only a few of his misconceptions on reality 

that we will attend to here. 

Dr. Brat’s first in this set of quotes wasn’t even thought 

through either before he wrote it or after. “The Bible is clear 

that usury should not be practiced in small religious 

communities where loans involving the deep familial 

bond of brothers and sisters occur, especially poor 

brothers and sisters. It is less clear on usury in general, 

but it is safe to say that a tension exists.” 

This is evidence that Dr. Brat’s observations in Leviticus 

25 are the result of, at best, cursory reading. Religious life had 

absolutely nothing to do with the Mosaic Law as given to the 

Ancient Israelites with regard to their civil affairs. Sure, the 

Mosaic Law had some ceremonial and religious parts. But the 

law against domestic usury was to be administered in conjunction 

with their civil affairs. Dr. Brat’s brain has not even begun to 

search out the depths of wisdom and knowledge found in the 

pages of the Bible. These laws formed a constitution in Ancient 

Israel for an entire nation, not small religious communities. 

In Part I of this essay, we observed two opinions on 

usury, one from a jurist (Howard Rand) and one from a historian 

(Michael Hoffman). Both are in agreement through analysis of all 

pertinent Scriptures. In Endnote [13] at the end of this Part II we 

have included the entirety of Leviticus Chapter 25. It behooves 

readers to learn this entire Bible chapter as the best basis we have 

for the prohibition against usury Jesus gave in Luke 6:35. Four

91 

additional Old Testament passages are also essential elements for 

this opinion. They are Psalm 15:1-5, Ezekiel 18:5, 8 and 9 as 

well as Ezekiel 22:12 and Nehemiah 5:10. The Lord Himself 

confirmed all four Bible passages with His Luke 6:35 statement. 

At the mouth of two or three witnesses the matter shall be 

established. Here we have five. How much more should we take 

heed of the Lord’s admonition? 

Furthermore, Dr. Brat has obviously never considered how 

oppressive student loans and mortgages can be on family life. 

Perhaps he should begin accumulating statistics on these two 

items so he can produce something worthwhile like the centerfold 

this writer produced in Part I of this essay on pages 30 and 31. 

Look carefully at the following line from Leviticus 25: 

“And you shall consecrate the fiftieth year, and 

proclaim liberty throughout all the land to all its 

inhabitants. It shall be a Jubilee for you; and each of 

you shall return to his possession, and each of you shall 

return to his family.” This passage clearly states that everyone 

shall return to his possession. Did this not include the strangers 

living within the borders of greater Israel who also kept the law of 

the Lord? As Michael Hoffman pointed out in his Usury in 

Christendom, there were two types of strangers Biblically named, 

ger and nokri. They are two different classifications of aliens. 

One lived within Israel’s borders permanently ; they kept Israel’s 

divinely given laws. The other was the foreigner who was just 

passing through such as a merchant or a traveller, the outlandish 

type. Israelites were only allowed to charge interest on loans of 

money to the foreigners such as merchants and travellers who did 

not reside in greater Israel, not to the resident aliens. Many 

illuminated Bible scholars would agree with this writer that all 

domestic usury was prohibited in ancient Israel’s constitution. 

And this domestic usury also was not to be levied on resident 

aliens. What is the Bible’s terminology for resident alien? When

92 

reading the Bible, look for strangers within their gates when 

reading all of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. 

All this is prima facie evidence of Dr. Brat’s claiming to 

know the facts in the matter, while not having actually read all the 

relevant Bible passages for himself carefully as perhaps a 

seminary student of Calvinism should. 

The entire matter on usury in Ex. 22 and Lev. 25 has its 

basis spelled out explicitly. The reason for the prohibition against 

domestic usury is oppression. What kind of oppression could 

possibly be caused by usury? The first thing that comes to mind 

is economic oppression as the prices of all goods and services 

eventually evolve to become out of reach for those who aren’t 

mentally and/or physically equipped to participate in such a 

system. In 1949 CR Dickey wrote a Horace Greeley quote from 

1872 in her [Is Economic Ruin Inevitable?] [10], “We have 

stricken the shackles from four million human beings 

and brought all laborers to a common level, not so much 

by the elevation of the former slaves as by practically 

reducing the whole working population, white and 

black, to a condition of serfdom. While boasting of our 

noble deeds, we are careful to conceal the ugly fact that 

by our iniquitous money system we have nationalized a 

system of oppression which, though more refined, is not 

less cruel than the old system of chattel slavery.” 

In the second part of this list Dr. Brat wrote the following: 

“Money changers eventually began keeping deposits for 

various clients, so that when two clients made an 

exchange, all the money changers had to do was credit 

one account and subtract from the other. Simple 

arithmetic had replaced a risky and cumbersome 

movement of coins.” Here also we find his acknowledgment

that the concept of credit was given life by the moneychangers. 

At first of course, when there were no certified public accountants 

to examine a moneychanger’s account ledgers, an entirely new 

class of moneychanger emerged who was willing to cook his 

books any way he pleased. Jefferson pointed out to us, “it is 

impossible to say at what point their notes will stop.” 

They only stop when the bankers think it’s time to put the brakes 

on economic activity so they can confiscate some choice assets. 

This is no doubt where the two column ledger was brought 

into existence in which the moneychanger began to be able to 

lend money that does not exist, and in effect create brand new 

money in every so called simple loan contract. Why doesn’t Dr. 

Brat explain this? 

On page 177 Dr. Brat explains that, “When banks 

charge interest on a loan…..they’re charging for 

something. By lending money, for instance, the bank is 

foregoing other opportunities to use the money, and it is 

taking a risk in lending the money in the first place.” 

What he did here is paint an entirely falsified picture of the 

modern moneychanger’s loan transactions. Falsified, you ask? In 

this study we already noticed that banks do not have money to 

lend as bank credit. They create new money with every loan 

contract. It is called bank credit. One hundred years ago, the MIT 

professor of economics and statistics, Dewey, wrote that it was 

known as book credit during the Civil War. Dr. Brat should have 

explained that the moneychanger is not under the same risks as 

the borrower. He should even say that the moneychanger’s risk 

factor is next to nothing compared to the borrower because either 

way the loan contract finishes the moneychanger wins - with 

collected fees up front, perhaps twenty years of collecting loan 

payments and possibly even confiscating the collateral in the 

event of a default. And who has control of when and where the 

bust cycles will occur in which the borrowers will lose their jobs 

93

94 

as the result of layoffs? Who restricts credit to slow down or even 

stop robust economic activity? Certainly not borrowers! 

There are two columns on the moneychangers’ ledger. At 

the top of one column there is the word debit. The other column 

has the heading credit. People who have a credit card in their 

wallet use the credit column of the moneychangers’ ledger 

regularly. They go to a store and swipe their cards to make 

purchases. There are usually fees and interest rates associated 

with the use of this card. The key feature is that the amount of 

any purchase made is electronically transmitted to the 

moneychanger’s ledger (in cyberspace) into both columns. The 

debit column shows the same amount as the credit column. This 

entry in the debit column is the amount for which the 

moneychanger is liable. That’s why they call the debit column 

liabilities. The credit column contains the moneylenders’ assets. 

The credit amount is the borrower’s responsibility to pay back to 

the moneychanger at interest. The principal amount that is paid 

back thus erases both entries that were initially entered when the 

card was swiped. But the moneychanger keeps the interest and 

fees that were paid by the borrower. This is a brief description of 

the wordplay bankers use to describe the process. We can easily 

describe it as, “abracadabra” – the power of illusion. 

If debt/usury capitalism is so good, how is it that Dr. Brat 

missed the word ‘mammon’ in his Bible study? On page four of 

his Usury in Christendom: The Mortal Sin that was and Now is 

Not, Michael Hoffman offers this as his first Bible quotation of 

Christ’s own words that were written in Matthew 6:24. It clearly 

indicates that one cannot be both a Christian and a modern 

economist according to Dr. Brat’s definition of an economist. 

With the verse containing the word mammon, we also include 

here Hoffman’s commentary for the word. “ ‘No man can 

serve two masters, for either he will hate the one, and 

love the other ; or else he will hold to the one, and

95 

despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon’. 

Mammon is derived from the Aramaic word for riches 

(mammon) occurring in the Greek text of Matthew vi. 24 

and Luke xvi. 9-13, and retained in the Vulgate. Owing 

to the quasi-personification in these passages, the word 

was taken by mediaeval writers as the proper name of 

the devil of covetousness….From the 16 th century 

onwards it has been current in English, usually with 

more or less of personification, as a term of opprobrium 

for wealth regarded as an idol or as an evil influence.” 

(Oxford English Dictionary). So Dr. Brat, the Scriptures 

have thus condemned modern economists from entrance into the 

kingdom of heaven for choosing worldly economics over Biblical 

economics. There appears to be only one way for you to gain 

entrance. You really need to begin at square one and search for a 

better definition of economist that would nullify what you wrote 

in the fourth quotation of yours that was cited on page 90. 

The Preamble Compared with 

Ancient Israel’s Constitution 

In Part I we noted two modern scholars who demonstrated 

that both historical analysis and the Bible teach us the possibility 

exists that all mankind could benefit if God’s laws would be 

observed. It would, of course, be very simple to administer such a 

system nationally. We have before us our American Constitution 

and ancient Israel’s constitution as written in the Pentateuch or 

Torah. Careful examination of the Preamble reveals that if we 

carefully observed the objectives listed therein, we would also be 

in strict compliance with the laws listed in the Pentateuch. 

The jurist Howard Rand, whose opinion was cited on 

usury in Part I, has perhaps written between twenty and thirty 

volumes himself. From a brief essay he wrote some years back

96 

called From the Cradle to the Grave, we should take note of his 

opinion on what the Preamble actually means to us as a basis for 

our system of laws. “We the people of the United States, in order 

to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic 

tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general 

welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our 

posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United 

States of America.” Mr. Rand lists the following five items from 

it that must be weighed with every action initiated by government 

for any action to be in compliance with the constitution: 

“1) Establish justice. 

2) Insure domestic tranquility. 

3) Provide for the common defense. 

4) Promote the general welfare. 

5) Secure the blessings of liberty. 

“Let us examine this list carefully, for the solution of 

human problems does not lie in changing the original 

purpose for which governments came into being, a 

purpose sanctioned by God, nor in changing or 

discounting the reasons for the writing of the 

Constitution of the United States, but in a restoration of 

the administration of laws that already exist, the keeping 

of which will assure the blessings of all these five points 

and more also – even freedom from want. We challenge 

those who propose to set up a form of government that 

will make everyone conscious of government in his 

business, domestic and private life and that, instead of 

thus attaining their desired end (that is, tranquility and 

peace), will but establish inequalities, injustice, tyranny 

and oppression.

97 

“Fundamental to righteous government is the 

establishment of justice.” 

This justice will never be accomplished with an unrighteous 

monetary system in operation as we now have. It has already 

been revealed in the Pentateuch, the Psalms, Ezekiel, the Lord 

Jesus Himself and one thousand five hundred years of Church 

history that the charging of interest on loans of money is not 

allowable. Michael Hoffman did not miss any of the Biblical and 

Church history interdictions against usury in his Usury in 

Christendom [9]. Also, during the past three hundred and twenty 

years, many different historical narratives show us clearly that a 

usurious monetary system is a bane upon civilization. Money and 

credit created out of nothing that is lent at interest is indeed a tool 

for economic oppression. Without attending to this severe 

problem with the outlawing of usury first (as Howard Rand put 

it), none of the objectives named in the Preamble will ever be 

attainable because the political class has evolved into a swarm of 

swindlers and shavers just like the bankers that Jefferson so 

named. 

Most reformers today though, have not yet embraced the 

only vision that will overturn the beast of usury capitalism. They 

write about reform, but only a reform that has already been tried 

during Colonial America by followers of Franklin’s philosophy 

[3] that moderate usury is not harmful. And still today, none 

suggest that bankers be stripped of their authority to create money 

as Jefferson did. Although some of the reform peddlers are very 

professional at articulating their cases, all will fall short of 

bringing in prosperity for the people. St. Paul wrote twice in his 

epistles, “A little leaven, leavens the whole lump.” It doesn’t take 

rocket science to demonstrate that as long as everyone can charge 

interest on loans of money, that interest always shows up in 

prices. Jefferson explained this very carefully with his 

observations on the price for a bushel of wheat. How did he miss

98 

that the interest charged by the Bank of the United States on the 

‘bills of credit’ it issued as loans to the people would also wind up 

in the price of a bushel of wheat? 

With this in mind then, we should analyze a couple of the 

plans modern reformers are now attempting to sell us. Very 

recently an email came to my inbox from a friend with whom I 

worked some 13 years ago. His name is Jim Owens. He, like me, 

is paying close attention to American politics. In that email he 

Jim Owens – Christian Monetary Reformer 

concerned himself with signing an electronic petition in support 

of Elizabeth Warren’s most recent Postal Bank Proposal initiative 

at the following link: 

https://www.credomobilize.com/petitions/sign-the-petition-allow- 

post-offices-to-offer-basic-banking-services- 

1?sp_ref=45558556.4.8014.e.0.2&source=mailto_sp%20. 

U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts [14], like 

the attorney Ellen Brown from California, is promoting her own 

Public Bank Solution. That first sentence beginning Jefferson’s 

quotation on Ford’s page 392 Volume IX (see page 64) should 

make all of us want to run away from anything Ms. Brown and 

US Senator Elizabeth Warren propose. Does either of them 

campaign to prohibit private banks from issuing currency and 

credit? Like Jefferson, neither would cut off the head of the 

beast. Neither would do away with usury. Neither would do

99 

away with private money creation. Neither would prohibit banks 

US Senator Elizabeth Warren 

Public Bank Advocate 

Attorney Ellen Brown 

Senator Warren’s Promotion Advertisement 

from injecting their bank credit into our money supply. Neither 

offers the alternatives needed to put down the grip the money 

power has upon civilization. For all the great analysis Jefferson 

wrote for us, he too suggested only one third of the solution 

needed to lead us out of money power control. 

In Senator Warren’s case, the US Postal Service would

100 

take on a dual role as both Bank and Post Office. But if our 

government became the only issuer of our currency, it could 

easily create all our money both to pay for the cost of government 

and to issue interest free loans to the people. To create our money 

supply in any other way opens the door for swindlers and shavers 

to prey on the people. Jefferson had already shown that the 

scenario Brown and Warren now propose ended in disaster for the 

people during his lifetime even with the First Bank of the United 

States issuing credit and legal tender. As we can easily see now, 

they did nothing to stop private banks from issuing their own 

notes and credit simultaneously. 

This email Warren just recently sent out is a petition 

asking for signatures so she can see how many are interested in 

setting up the United States Postal Service with a public banking 

division in our local postal buildings. No doubt, it will be as 

Ellen Brown proposes: a public usury banking operation. It does 

seem there is no end to how many times people will choose the 

same disaster over and over leaving bankers to wreak havoc by 

creating our money and credit. 

Multiple Currencies 

But even worse than the simple, obvious analysis of what 

is in the last of Jefferson quotes from Ford’s Volume IX pages 

414, 415 (see pages 77,78) there are very undesirable conditions 

that prevail when multiple currencies are in operation. Early in 

America’s history even foreign bank notes were allowed to 

circulate, Jefferson noted. Moreover, he explained very well what 

he witnessed with multiple currencies while he lived. Those who 

have it in mind to decentralize currencies set the stage for 

swindlers and shavers to operate much more easily as Jefferson’s 

analysis demonstrates here, “the only resource which the 

government could command with certainty, the States 

have unfortunately fooled away, nay corruptly alienated

101 

to swindlers and shavers, under the cover of private 

banks”. At this point we should recall from Part I precisely 

why Abraham Lincoln’s treasury secretary Salmon P. Chase was 

in favor of instituting a national currency, “uniformity of 

circulation, in place of a bank-note circulation 

dependent on the laws of 34 States and 1600 private 

corporations.” There are reformers active today who claim 

that decentralization is the key to keeping commercial systems 

free of predatory, monopoly banking. But the history Jefferson 

and Chase show here refutes that theory squarely. It is too bad 

that neither ever came to realize that usury is the real root of the 

problem. 

An email came to my inbox by such a reformer recently 

who was a participant in Anthony Migchels’ International 

Webinar Monetary Conference in April of 2014. On Apr 29, 

2014, at 10:14 PM, Wayne Walton wrote: “Decentralized modern 

tribalism isn't anarchy. It's government based upon the NAP and 

local self-sufficiency. It's what occurs naturally without 

Monopoly money.” So Mr. Walton has a theory. Does he 

suppose that natural law will prevail where money is involved as 

the von Mises advocates teach? Is not the natural law of human 

nature “the love of money”? Has he considered that the entire 

history of monetary practice has always been rooted in local 

creation of money as in book credit and local bank notes? Book 

credit is operating even now at the local level in private 

corporations called banks. Were conditions better in Jefferson’s 

time with the absence of monopoly money? From Jefferson’s 

writings we learn that conditions were just as bad when he lived 

or even worse. So Walton’s desire for decentralized control is 

nothing new, and will again play out in one disaster after another, 

not as he envisions, because money is involved. Laws need to be 

established in order to prevent evildoers from plying their 

tradecraft. If this is not done nationally and uniformly, then we

102 

should expect exactly the same things to happen over and over 

again as it always has because there is no morality in practicing 

usury on simple loan contracts. Abolish usury so the effects of 

monopoly are nullified while only creating money to pay for 

government services and public infrastructure and thus establish a 

money supply. We should note that interest free credit is not a 

part of the permanent money supply. It disappears from the 

currency stream when it is paid back to the National Credit 

Agency. Since interest is not a factor in such a loan, it is not 

deflationary ; and new real wealth is created as the result of this 

practice of lending interest free. 

Anti-Usury Dutch Economist Anthony Migchels [15] 

A decentralized monetary system in which multiple local 

currencies are allowed by law will always wind up as anarchy, 

contrary to what Mr. Walton thinks. Jefferson’s letters to Eppes 

spell out very carefully what happened when currencies were 

localized because two hundred years ago local bank notes weren’t 

even uniform in the states. This anarchy sets up the 

unsophisticated for the con-artist ploys. The more the merrier, the 

scammers say, because when they open up their briefcases with 

an entire array of portfolios they will have available even more 

garbage with which to pilfer from the honest earners. Perhaps 

Mr. Walton is one of those financial advisors who prey on those 

who do honest labor? The problems from Mr. Walton’s ideas 

always become manifest whenever usury is used in simple loan 

contracts. What were Jefferson’s words? “the only resource 

which the government could command with certainty, 

the States have unfortunately fooled away, nay corruptly

103 

alienated to swindlers and shavers, under the cover of 

private banks.” This assuredly will be the final outcome in Mr. 

Walton’s system. Why? Will builders, contractors, tradespeople, 

doctors, lawyers and so on care to be paid in some local currency 

which they cannot carry to their next job that just happens to be in 

another region that refuses to accept the local currency they were 

paid with? Or what percentage will be necessary to pay for 

converting the hard earned money into a different regional or 

local currency? 

We shall here take a little more space to enumerate some 

of the more disturbing conditions that prevail today. We shall see 

if Dr. David Brat’s assessment of Adam Smith’s and Alisa 

Rosenbaum’s (Ayn Rand’s) systems are worth any consideration. 

There are homeless people living in cardboard boxes 

under freeway overpasses and in abandoned automobiles. If they 

had a job and a house previously, but lost the house through a tax 

foreclosure after getting laid off, it’s because the present system 

requires property taxes. Even the jurist Howard Rand railed 

against confiscatory property taxes. There was no property tax in 

the Mosaic Law, nor does there need to be here in America in a 

non-usury based monetary system. 

There are policemen and firemen unable to pay for 

medications for their families. We see crumbling highway 

infrastructure. We see local and state governments unable to 

adequately fund services. We see the constant clamor to privatize 

any advances in human services like Social Security for which the 

people have the right to collect its benefits after paying in a 

percentage of their earnings all their livelong days. Even military 

veterans who gave up almost everything serving their nation have 

trouble getting medical services. The people who work are taxed 

into oblivion to pay for all those who refuse to work, in addition 

to the criminals and those who through no fault of their own are 

unable to work. The people who work must pay for it all. While

104 

the wealthy are allowed loopholes in the tax structure so that they 

do not pay their proportionate share of the burden. 

Usury free levels the playing field. No national debt 

means the costs of government, human services, and 

infrastructure will all be all fully funded without fear of 

overspending. The only loss would be that usurers might need to 

learn a useful trade or profession to pay their way, rather than live 

parasitically off of the usefulness of others. As a final word, we 

shall again take note, that without usury, and with a federal 

institution creating all our currency and credit, the only tax 

necessary is a flat rate increase tax on incomes over an income 

threshold for living expenses. 

Conclusion 

Thomas Jefferson was very industrious and brilliant, as 

was Benjamin Franklin. Their accomplishments in the 

Unanimous Declaration of Independence and Preamble paved a 

substantial road for followers to incorporate the Bill of Rights as a 

natural result of the two above-mentioned documents. But both 

men had human foibles, as we all do. Both grew up in times when 

the merchants of the world were preaching usury mercantilism as 

a good thing. This was during Adam Smith’s time. Jefferson 

read Smith’s work The Wealth of Nations. His mention of Smith 

several times in his letters supports this. But for them, the time 

had not yet arrived to grasp how great a magnet the love of money 

really is in human nature. To them, moderate usury was actually 

harmless. But as human beings, they were definitely not 

omniscient and could not predict all the possible outcomes that 

would eventually take shape in a debt/usury based capitalist 

monetary system. Thus this one great faux pas, that would 

undermine all the good they accomplished, was allowed into what 

otherwise could have been a summit of human achievement. 

Had they a little more faith that Jesus spoke as almighty 

God, perhaps they would also have believed His interdiction

105 

against usury is based on His hatred of oppression along with His 

ability to predict human actions in a debt/usury based monetary 

system. This is a key feature of Leviticus 25 where all domestic 

usury is prohibited in conjunction with His command not to 

oppress the people. 

Go to the Sermon on the Mount. Read all the sayings with 

‘blessed are they’, the beatitudes. Instead of reading it ‘blessed 

are they’, read it is as ‘blessed is Jesus’ instead. He there told us 

about his own nature. “Blessed is Jesus who is meek ; who is 

pure in heart ; who hungers and thirsts after righteousness ; who is 

merciful ; who is a peacemaker ; who is persecuted for 

righteousness sake ; whom men revile and persecute”. The Father 

seeks such people to serve Him. 

This Jesus now sits at the right hand of the Father ; and the 

simplest of His instructions are summarily ignored by all the great 

ones on the earth. It is also written, “That which is highly 

esteemed among men is abomination in the eyes of God.” All the 

lawyers, bankers and politicians are leading us on a path to 

destruction. Three hundred and twenty years have passed since 

the Bank of England was founded, and we have not yet conquered 

the love of money. The Lord has meekly stayed out of our affairs 

because we have chosen to bypass the simplest of His 

instructions. Only when we threaten to destroy His earth will He 

intervene ; and only when we call upon Him to save us. 

_______________________________ 

___________________

106 

Endnotes 

[1] 

Ford: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000366341 

Bergh: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006664320 

[2] 

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433034399281;view=1up;seq=11 

[3] 

The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. VII page 87, 1896 – by 

Paul Leicester Ford 

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005705853;view= 

1up;seq=9 

“Father of American Philosophy” 

A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper- 

Currency by Benjamin Franklin, 1729 

http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/users/brock/webdoc6.html 

[4] 

Money Creators by Gertrude Coogan, 1935. 

Hidden Mysteries – TGS Publishers, 22241 Pinedale Lane, 

Frankston, Texas 75763. Money Creators 2006. (903) 876 3256 

www.hiddenmysteries.com 


[5] 

The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. IX, 1898 by Paul 

Leicester Ford 

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t6833nn2f;vie 

w=1up;seq=9

107 

[6] 

From a 2009 book with the title Hoodwinked by John Perkins (an 

economist) on page 117 we can learn an understandable definition 

of the financial term derivative: “We have become a paper 

economy, vulnerable to the whims of lawyers and investment 

bankers. The trading of corporations through mergers and 

acquisitions and the pushing of financial paper in the form of 

forwards, options, futures, swaps and other derivatives are 

huge parts of our system. When the economy peaked, just 

before the recession began in 2007, over 40 percent of U.S. 

profits were earned by the financial sector (although it turned 

out to be ‘paper’ profits). The very nature of a derivative – a 

financial contract which value depends on (is derived from) 

the value of something else (for example, a commodity, stock, 

home mortgage, market index) – belies the trust conveyed by 

paper. Perhaps it is a sign of the times that today paper 

pushers seldom use paper; they do it all with the push of a 

button, electronically.” 

[7] 

During the 1930s a catholic pastor in Royal Oak, Michigan 

conducted a weekly radio broadcast that had an estimated fortyfive 

million listeners. At least two of his broadcasts stand out as 

rants against the capitalist bankers. These titles were Twenty 

Years Ago Today and Relief That Fails to Relieve. 

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=father+charles+c 

oughlin 

[8] 

The Writings of Thomas Jefferson Volume VII page 31. 1896 - 

by Paul Leicester Ford, “Colossus of Federalism” 

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005705853;view= 

1up;seq=9

108 

[9] 

Usury in Christendom: The Mortal Sin that Was and Now is Not 

by Michael Hoffman, 2013. 

http://revisionisthistorystore.blogspot.com/2010/03/michaelhoffmans-online-revisionist.html 

[10] 

http://www.destinypublishers.com 

[11] 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act 

[12] 

Financial History of the United States by Davis Rich Dewey, 

Ph.D, LL.D., 1915 – Professor of Economics and Statistics – 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

http://books.google.com/books/about/Financial_History_of_the_ 

United_States.html?id=l3oaAAAAMAAJ 

[12] Continued 

Banking in United States Before Civil War Vol. I 

The first and second banks of the United States by John Thom 

Holdsworth and Davis Rich Dewey, 1911. This one is also 

available for viewing on line at Google Books. 

http://books.google.com/books?id=PSYiAQAAIAAJ&printsec=fr 

ontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= 

false 

[13] 

Leviticus Chapter 25 NKJV 

The Sabbath of the Seventh Year 

25 “And the Lord spoke to Moses on Mount Sinai, saying, 

2 “Speak to the children of Israel, and say to them: ‘When you 

come into the land which I give you, then the land shall keep a 

sabbath to the Lord. 3 Six years you shall sow your field, and six

109 

years you shall prune your vineyard, and gather its fruit; 4 but in 

the seventh year there shall be a sabbath of solemn rest for the 

land, a sabbath to the Lord. You shall neither sow your field nor 

prune your vineyard. 5 What grows of its own accord of your 

harvest you shall not reap, nor gather the grapes of your untended 

vine, for it is a year of rest for the land. 6 And the sabbath 

produce of the land shall be food for you: for you, your male and 

female servants, your hired man, and the stranger who dwells 

with you, 7 for your livestock and the beasts that are in your 

land—all its produce shall be for food. 

The Year of Jubilee 

8 ‘And you shall count seven sabbaths of years for yourself, seven 

times seven years; and the time of the seven sabbaths of years 

shall be to you forty-nine years. 9 Then you shall cause the 

trumpet of the Jubilee to sound on the tenth day of the seventh 

month; on the Day of Atonement you shall make the trumpet to 

sound throughout all your land. 10 And you shall consecrate the 

fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty throughout all the land to all its 

inhabitants. It shall be a Jubilee for you; and each of you shall 

return to his possession, and each of you shall return to his family. 

11 That fiftieth year shall be a Jubilee to you; in it you shall 

neither sow nor reap what grows of its own accord, nor gather the 

grapes of your untended vine. 12 For it is the Jubilee; it shall be 

holy to you; you shall eat its produce from the field. 

13 ‘In this Year of Jubilee, each of you shall return to his 

possession. 14 And if you sell anything to your neighbor or buy 

from your neighbor’s hand, you shall not oppress one another. 

15 According to the number of years after the Jubilee you shall 

buy from your neighbor, and according to the number of years of 

crops he shall sell to you. 16 According to the multitude of years 

you shall increase its price, and according to the fewer number of 

years you shall diminish its price; for he sells to you according to

110 

the number of the years of the crops. 17 Therefore you shall not 

oppress one another, but you shall fear your God; for I am the 

Lord your God. 

Provisions for the Seventh Year 

18 ‘So you shall observe My statutes and keep My judgments, 

and perform them; and you will dwell in the land in safety. 

19 Then the land will yield its fruit, and you will eat your fill, and 

dwell there in safety. 

20 ‘And if you say, “What shall we eat in the seventh year, since 

we shall not sow nor gather in our produce?” 21 Then I will 

command My blessing on you in the sixth year, and it will bring 

forth produce enough for three years. 22 And you shall sow in the 

eighth year, and eat old produce until the ninth year; until its 

produce comes in, you shall eat of the old harvest. 

Redemption of Property 

23 ‘The land shall not be sold permanently, for the land is Mine; 

for you are strangers and sojourners with Me. 24 And in all the 

land of your possession you shall grant redemption of the land. 

25 ‘If one of your brethren becomes poor, and has sold some of 

his possession, and if his redeeming relative comes to redeem it, 

then he may redeem what his brother sold. 26 Or if the man has 

no one to redeem it, but he himself becomes able to redeem it, 

27 then let him count the years since its sale, and restore the 

remainder to the man to whom he sold it, that he may return to his 

possession. 28 But if he is not able to have it restored to himself, 

then what was sold shall remain in the hand of him who bought it 

until the Year of Jubilee; and in the Jubilee it shall be released, 

and he shall return to his possession. 

29 ‘If a man sells a house in a walled city, then he may redeem it 

within a whole year after it is sold; within a full year he may

111 

redeem it. 30 But if it is not redeemed within the space of a full 

year, then the house in the walled city shall belong permanently to 

him who bought it, throughout his generations. It shall not be 

released in the Jubilee. 31 However the houses of villages which 

have no wall around them shall be counted as the fields of the 

country. They may be redeemed, and they shall be released in the 

Jubilee. 32 Nevertheless the cities of the Levites, and the houses 

in the cities of their possession, the Levites may redeem at any 

time. 33 And if a man purchases a house from the Levites, then 

the house that was sold in the city of his possession shall be 

released in the Jubilee; for the houses in the cities of the Levites 

are their possession among the children of Israel. 34 But the field 

of the common-land of their cities may not be sold, for it is their 

perpetual possession. 

Lending to the Poor 

35 ‘If one of your brethren becomes poor, and falls into poverty 

among you, then you shall help him, like a stranger or a sojourner, 

that he may live with you. 36 Take no usury or interest from him; 

but fear your God, that your brother may live with you. 37 You 

shall not lend him your money for usury, nor lend him your food 

at a profit. 38 I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the 

land of Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan and to be your God. 

The Law Concerning Slavery 

39 ‘And if one of your brethren who dwells by you becomes poor, 

and sells himself to you, you shall not compel him to serve as a 

slave. 40 As a hired servant and a sojourner he shall be with you, 

and shall serve you until the Year of Jubilee. 41 And then he shall 

depart from you—he and his children with him—and shall return 

to his own family. He shall return to the possession of his fathers. 

42 For they are My servants, whom I brought out of the land of 

Egypt; they shall not be sold as slaves. 43 You shall not rule over 

him with rigor, but you shall fear your God. 44 And as for your

112 

male and female slaves whom you may have—from the nations 

that are around you, from them you may buy male and female 

slaves. 45 Moreover you may buy the children of the strangers 

who dwell among you, and their families who are with you, which 

they beget in your land; and they shall become your property. 

46 And you may take them as an inheritance for your children 

after you, to inherit them as a possession; they shall be your 

permanent slaves. But regarding your brethren, the children of 

Israel, you shall not rule over one another with rigor. 

47 ‘Now if a sojourner or stranger close to you becomes rich, and 

one of your brethren who dwells by him becomes poor, and sells 

himself to the stranger or sojourner close to you, or to a member 

of the stranger’s family, 48 after he is sold he may be redeemed 

again. One of his brothers may redeem him; 49 or his uncle or his 

uncle’s son may redeem him; or anyone who is near of kin to him 

in his family may redeem him; or if he is able he may redeem 

himself. 50 Thus he shall reckon with him who bought him: The 

price of his release shall be according to the number of years, 

from the year that he was sold to him until the Year of Jubilee; it 

shall be according to the time of a hired servant for him. 51 If 

there are still many years remaining, according to them he shall 

repay the price of his redemption from the money with which he 

was bought. 52 And if there remain but a few years until the Year 

of Jubilee, then he shall reckon with him, and according to his 

years he shall repay him the price of his redemption. 53 He shall 

be with him as a yearly hired servant, and he shall not rule with 

rigor over him in your sight. 54 And if he is not redeemed in these 

years, then he shall be released in the Year of Jubilee—he and his 

children with him. 55 For the children of Israel are servants to 

Me; they are My servants whom I brought out of the land of 

Egypt: I am the Lord your God.”

113 

[14] 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren 

[15] 

Anthony Migchels is an economist who lives in Netherlands. His 

blogs are posted regularly at realcurrencies.wordpress.com 

One of his most recent on derivatives is enlightening and factual. 

Use the following url to access it for reading: 

http://realcurrencies.wordpress.com/2014/06/15/derivatives-orhow-the-money-power-created-the-greatest-depression/ 

________________________________ 

_____________________

114

115 

History of Money and Usury in 

America Part III 


June 3, 2015 


"The Bible Translations" 

Introduction 

Many who believe Christ’s simple instructions given in Luke 

6:35 would not really be interested in searching through lexicons about 

Old Testament passages which most think are no longer apropos. That 

one verse in Luke is certainly enough to settle their opinion about usury. 

But there is contained in the Old Testament Torah, the Psalms and the 

Prophets - additional, relevant and clearly written instruction to confirm 

that simple verse in Luke 6:35. My, my, how we have strayed from the 

path of righteousness Christ had laid out for us so that the government 

of man He has sanctioned from the time of righteous Noah is now well 

nigh impossible to administer under present monetary rules. 

But if readers did their homework to find out how the pied 

pipers of high finance and big religion have bamboozled us into 

ignoring these plain Biblical interdictions against usury, they will see 

for themselves a vision God had written for us over three thousand and 

five hundred years ago. It will take some patience to go through this 

Part III. But the proof has been in front of us all along. 

Background from Parts I and II 

In Parts I and II of “History of Money and Usury in America” 

opinions were cited from two different scholars declaring that usury – 

which is the charging of interest on loans of money – is prohibited in 

the Christian Bible. The first opinion was cited from a jurist turned 

Bible scholar. The second came from an historian of excellent 

reputation. The first rendered his opinion on the basis of his legal 

credential as well as critical Biblical analysis. The second produced a 

four hundred plus page tome recently that is devoted to both the

116 

historical narrative on usury across the entire period of time following 

Christ’s ascension as well as Biblical interpretation. The historian 

author (Michael Hoffman) produced voluminous accredited historical 

records and Biblical citations demonstrating that usury was prohibited 

by the Church of Jesus Christ until 1515 AD. 

On to the Old Testament 

Most Bible readers think an allowance of charging interest on 

loans of money to foreigners is given in Deuteronomy chapters 15 and 

23. In fact, most who identify with the Christian faith and who have 

studied the Bible for many years go along with this allowance simply 

because it was never pointed out to them how even the best modern 

Bible translations, including interlinear Bibles, fail at describing that 

which the original languages plainly state. The context of both 

Deuteronomy chapters is completely missed because the translators 

have failed at their primary purpose: accurate translation. It is our 

intention to prove this herein. This allowance of usury in ancient Israel 

was only intended for use against hostile aliens. James Strong 

identified this translation failure in his Hebrew-Chaldee Dictionary as 

well as his Greek Dictionary. There was a different word for hostile 

foreigner in both the ancient Greek text and in the Hebrew Text. It is a 

failure seen in all of our modern translations by reason of their 

paraphrasing the ancient words that could have as easily been translated 

with precision. 

To be thorough, we will include translations of the key passages 

from seven different versions of the Bible. This kind of study today is 

facilitated by easy access to the Internet. Almost all the translations we 

will use herein can easily be accessed on line for transcription or copy 

and paste into an email window or word processor program. The only 

exception is Jay P. Green Sr.’s Interlinear Bible that contains both his 

Literal Translation and his Interlinear from Hendrickson Publishers. 

Transcription is the only method by which we can quote from his texts. 

His parallel Bible with the Interlinear was first published 

during the 1970s. Mr. Green also published two additional volumes in 

his Unholy Hands on the Bible, from Sovereign Grace Trust Fund. 

Also from Sovereign Grace Trust Fund he has published his Modern 

King James Version, which, as a modified literal translation is for the

117 

most part far better than all the modern vernacular versions. It is 

lacking the required precision though in Deuteronomy for usury, as all 

are. His Literal Translation from Hendrickson is also lacking the 

required precision. 

His interlinear is monumental in that it contains Strong’s 

numbers over every Hebrew Old Testament and Greek New Testament 

words. But since there is also a Greek Old Testament text that predates 

any Hebrew Old Testament in existence, we will include in our study 

this text and translations of it that are available on line. If the reader is 

inclined to obtain Green’s interlinear that is based on the Hebrew Old 

Testament the following url will access Christian Book Distributors: 

http://www.christianbook.com/interlinear-‐hebrew-‐english-‐bible-‐volume-edition/9781565639775/pd/639774?product_redirect=1&Ntt=639774&item_cod 

e=&Ntk=keywords&event=ESRCP 

The Septuagint: The Oldest Available Old Testament 

Some Bible students, who are ever diligent at searching the 

Scriptures, tend to become experts at something for which they never 

really did the foundational work at a university or in high school. They 

did not learn the rules of grammar for translating a second language. If 

they did for one or two languages many years ago, like in high school or 

college, most of it is lost from their memories after years of neglect. It 

has been my experience that there are only a few people in the world 

inclined to become expert at translating ancient dialects. They most 

commonly grew up in two language households. A few others are 

driven to learn all they can about the Christian Bible. Some have 

additionally developed a thirst to learn how to translate an ancient 

language. But they eventually find out all too well, after putting in 

some years of study, that vernacular expressions common in periods of 

time long past are now difficult for us to understand completely. We 

additionally can have another obstacle today if a phrase or word was 

being expressed in the form of idiom in ancient texts. This is why the 

context of any passage must be followed with great care. The 

translators do their very best to provide for us accurate translations. But 

much of the time, their paraphrases lose the intended meaning that was 

conveyed in the original language. We can second-guess their best 

efforts through comparison of translations. But second-guess is not the 

best we can do when evaluating in any particular instance to prove if

118 

they have chosen a correct word in their translation. We must go to the 

source texts to determine for ourselves whether or not a translation has 

lost meaning in the process. We then learn too quickly that most 

translations do contain paraphrases, at times unintentionally ; while the 

translators could have and therefore should have been much more 

cautious. 

A Greek immigrant family has lived on my street for over forty 

years now. I’ve lived in the same house for forty-four and a half years ; 

so I know them quite well. Their two children grew up bi-lingual, 

learning to read and write in both languages. They may not, however, 

any longer be proficient at the rules of grammar, especially in their 

Greek spoken language that they learned as youngsters. The younger 

one obtained a master’s degree from University of Detroit and is now an 

administrator at Northwestern University Medical Center in 

Chicago. Even though she speaks and reads in both Greek and English, 

she is not interested in translating ; and her Greek grammar is perhaps 

not much better than the spoken vernacular she grew up with. For 

Scriptural references she relies on the teachings she gets from her 

Clergy. When I asked her a question recently, she sent me to a web site 

from which the “correct” translation for Greek into English could be 

obtained. Notice the word correct above is enclosed in quotation marks. 

This is to signify that I later found out that the Greek Clergy paraphrase 

heavily in almost all of these Old Testament passages and not always 

with diligent regard for actual context. The quotation marks are only 

meant to show a tiny bit of sarcasm. Their web site is maintained by the 

English-speaking Clergy of the Greek Orthodox Church for its 

American members ; and the copy and paste option is available for all 

of their inglorious paraphrases. But this does not mean their Christian 

values and motives should be called into question. 

In the following pages we include one version from Greek 

Clergy only to demonstrate that even the Greeks have given us 

unsatisfactory English renderings. So we must exhaust all resources 

available before jumping to conclusions. Otherwise apostasy stands at 

the door. 

Ancient Source Texts 

Noticeably absent about what has thus far been presented in

119 

Parts I and II are Old Testament Bible passages from a source text other 

than the Masoretic Hebrew. Such a text is available in the Septuagint 

or LXX. It happens that the LXX is the oldest known text of the Old 

Testament in existence. Some historians believe that seventy-two 

Judaic scribes translated the entire Old Testament from Hebrew into 

Greek during the reign of Ptolemy. Of course, this means a Hebrew 

text definitely predated the Greek. 

Realistically then, the arguments offered in History of Money 

and Usury in America would just not be complete without taking a 

serious comparative look into the Greek Old Testament. We have 

available on line an English translation of the LXX by Sir Lancelot C.L. 

Brenton, 1851 AD at http://www.ecmarsh.com/lxx/ for easy internet 

viewing as well as copy and paste. With his translation in the book 

version (not the on line version) a parallel column is also included that 

is comprised of the original ancient Greek text. But even better than 

Brenton’s parallel there exists now an on-line version known as The 

Apostolic Bible Polyglot – Interlinear Greek Septuagint that has a 

Greek lexicon number over every Greek word. There is a caveat here: 

some of these numbers cannot be found in Strong’s Lexicon, primarily 

because a larger Greek vocabulary is needed to translate the Greek Old 

Testament. The Polyglot Bible is now available on line free as a 

download here: http://www.apostolicbible.com . It is 42.7 MB at 1,242 

pages long, while the 419 page Analytical Lexicon is only $4.95. With 

these as resources in addition to Strong’s numbers for Hebrew words 

we will be able to compare the Hebrew words with Greek words. 

Similarly, we can verify the remaining Old Testament passages that 

speak directly to the subjects of usury and oppression by use of all these 

resources together. So unless we look into this Translation of the 

Greek Old Testament, our study remains incomplete. One drawback in 

using the Masoretic Text as the sole basis for our Old Testament is that 

the Masoretes began conversion of vowels marks in the ancient Hebrew 

script into a modern vowel system. No one today has shown how this 

was done. 

Many believe that during the seventh century AD, while 

followers of Mohammed (the Saracens) arose to exercise suzerain in the 

Middle East, the descendants of these Masorete Jewish Rabbis fled 

through the Caucasus Pass into Khazariah where they were able to have

120 

strong influence over a Turkish race. They were even able to eventually 

convert this entire non-Semitic Turkish nation into proselytes for 

Judaism. By this time the vowel conversion of the Hebrew text may 

have already been completed. 

Of course Ashkenazi Jewish Khazars did not yet exist during 

the fourth century when Jerome translated the ancient Hebrew and 

Greek into Latin. Moreover, the original Latin Vulgate predates the 

existing Masoretic Text. Also, to this day it is not even known among 

modern scholars exactly how vowels were deciphered in any of the pre- 

Masoretic Hebrew texts during and before Jerome’s time (385 AD). But 

Jerome’s translation was accomplished with help from the predecessors 

of the Masoretes who were Jewish Rabbis living in and around 

Bethlehem. Both the Septuagint and Hebrew texts were available to 

Jerome when he accomplished his work as a Bible translator. 

Since we have also mentioned the existence of a Latin Version, 

some discussion about it is in order. Even though the Douay is an 

English translation of the Latin Vulgate, its origin traces back to the 

same source of Judaic Rabbis because it is a translation of the Latin 

Vulgate. Also, the Douay Old Testament is similar textually with the 

KJV as the result of revisions to the Douay-Rheims by Richard 

Challoner, an English Roman Catholic Bishop 1 . One noticeable 

difference was in paragraph structure as analysis from the translators. 

To be fair, inconsistencies in this regard occurred in both the Douay and 

in the KJV. Jay P. Green Sr. provided us with an alternative to these 

discrepancies with his Literal Translation that gives us his own concept 

of paragraph structure. 

Since we are now able to use Strong’s Exhaustive 

Concordance with his Koine Greek Dictionary and a later analytical 

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Challoner 

His Excellency, The Right Reverend Bishop Richard Challoner, Bishop of Debra (29 

September 1691 – 12 January 1781) was an English Roman Catholic bishop, a leading 

figure of English Catholicism during the greater part of the 18th century. He is perhaps 

most famous for his revision of the Douay Rheims translation of the Bible.

121 

lexicon from the Apostolic Bible Polyglot, we can analyze and compare 

the Greek words that bear directly on the subjects of usury and 

oppression. 

In the following pages we show two Old Testament tables that 

provide an illustration of all the passages on usury that we need to 

analyze for this study. Immediately before Tables I and II, two brief 

dictionaries are provided, one for the Greek Old Testament and one for 

the Hebrew Old Testament. For the Hebrew, only Strong’s Exhaustive 

Concordance is referenced. For the Greek, the Polyglot and Strong's 

as well as various other Greek dictionaries are also referenced that are 

named in the Bibliography. Additionally, a brief Latin Dictionary is 

shown in Appendix C to provide a basis from which readers can see the 

origin of the Latin words translated into English within the pages of the 

Douay. Because the Latin Vulgate and Douay render both key 

passages in Deuteronomy even more confusing, both versions are 

relegated to Appendix C. Even referencing Latin dictionaries was not 

helpful to make sense out of Deuteronomy chapters 15 and 23. 

After Tables I and II we will then provide all the passages 

listed in the Tables with corrected words from the dictionaries shown 

prior to the Tables. Where there is no correction to be made, the 

original word in bold is left unmolested. Incorrect translation words 

will undergo the strikethrough feature. The Latin Version and Douay 

passages are only shown in Appendix C in the same style as quotations 

from the versions after the tables with the key words in bold. The 

English and Latin are shown together in parallel. It truly amazes how 

for centuries the Roman Catholic clergy kept this dead language alive. 

How can any good be communicated through a language that is no 

longer spoken? The words Jesus spoke are spirit and life. Paul wrote 

faith comes by hearing ; and hearing by the word of God. How can 

anyone learn faith from a language that is neither understood nor 

spoken by anyone? 

Table I is comprised of three translations, 1) Sir Lancelot 

Brenton’s parallel Septuagint with Apocrypha: Greek and English, 

2) the GNTD 2 , which is an English translation of the Septuagint by 

2. GNTD is short for Good News Translation. It can be viewed by anyone on line at the 

following url: http://bibles.org/eng-‐GNTD/Gen/1

122 

Greek Orthodox clergy and 3) the Apostolic Polyglot Interlinear that 

not only shows both the Greek and English, but also has a further 

developed and expanded numbering system to make up for the shortfall 

in James Strong’s numbering system to include additional words that 

were not used anywhere in the New Testament. 

In Table II we examine three additional translations of the Old 

Testament which are all based originally in Hebrew Texts, 1) the King 

James Version, 2) the Catholic Douay Bible and 3) Jay P. Green’s 

Interlinear Bible, Hebrew-Greek-English. (There is one exception: 

Jerome no doubt also had access to the Greek Septuagint for his Latin 

Vulgate). 

Following the tables, the Bible passages listed in them will be 

displayed with the corrected key words so that readers will have the 

opportunity to determine context in every passage accurately. We will 

move forward from here with the Greek Dictionary first. 

______________________________________________ 

_________________________ 

Greek Dictionary 

(From Strong’s Greek Dictionary at the end of his Exhaustive 

Concordance and an expansion of Strong’s accomplished by the 

authors of The Apostolic Bible Polyglot Greek-English-Interlinear. 

See http://www.apostolicbible.com for Polyglot's Analytical Lexicon. 

a∆delfo√ß, adelfos or athelfos (Strong’s 80) pronounced ad-el-fos´ - 

(near or remote) brother. (Ref. Exodus 22:25, Leviticus 25:25,35,36,39, 

Deuteronomy 15:3 and 23:20) 

allogenh˙ß, allogenes (Strong’s 241) pr. al-log-en-ace´; i.e. not a Jew 

(See in notes for Greek words below about Strong’s use of the phrase 

‘not a Jew’) : - foreign, stranger. (Ref. Exodus 12:43) 

ajllovtrioß, allotrios (Strong’s 245) al-lot´-ree-os ; from 243 ; 

another’s, not one’s own ; by extension foreign, not akin, hostile:- alien 

(an) other (man’s, men’s), strange. (Ref. Deuteronomy 15:3 and 

23:19,20)

123 

agcisteuwn, anchisteuon 3 (Polyglot 70.4) ; acting as next of kin. 

Ref. Leviticus 25:25. 

autocqwn, owtochthon (Polyglot 849.1) a native-born. 

(Note: Let us reason here that this native-born in reality could also have been a non- 

Israelite resident or have been of mixed race. The proof of this is found in the passage 

we analyze later in Exodus 12 and 22.) Ref. Exodus 12:48 

egcwriw, enchorio (Polyglot 1472.2) native inhabitant. Ref. Exodus 

12:49. 

zhsetai, dzeyseti (Polyglot 2198) he shall live (aor. mid. subj. 3sg.) 

Ref. Leviticus 25:35. 

misqwto√V, misthotos (Strong’s 3411) mis-tho-tos´ ; a wage worker : 

hired servant, hireling. Ref. Exodus 12:45, Leviticus 25:40. 

paroikoß, paroykos (Strong’s 3941) par´-oy-kos ; having a home 

near, i.e. a by-dweller (alien resident) : foreigner, sojourner, stranger. 

Ref. Exodus 12:45 

plhsion, plesion (Strong’s 4139) play-see´-on ; a neighbor, i.e. fellow 

(as man, countryman, or friend) : -near, neighbor. 

proshluton, proseluton (Strong’s 4339, proselutos) pros-ay´-loo-tos 

; from the alt. of 4334 ; an arriver from a foreign region, i.e. an accede 

(a convert) to Judaism (“proselyte”) : - proselyte. 

3. When gamma is followed by chi, it is sounded as “n”. Notice also that the 

Greek letter chi is not really pronounced as the soft ch that we use in English. It is a 

harder ch comparable to the kh found in the medieval Turkish language of the Khazars.

124 

Version → 

Passage 

↓ 

Table I Translations of the Greek Text 

L. Brenton’s 

Parallel 

GNTD 

Greek 

Orthodox 

Exodus 12:43 stranger foreigner 

Exodus 12:45 sojourner temporary 

resident 

" hireling hired worker 

Exodus 12:48 proselyte foreigner 

" original 

inhabitant 

native-born 

Israelite 

Exodus 12: 49 native native-born 

Israelites 

" proselyte foreigners 

Interlinear 

Polyglot with 

Number (Gr.) 

foreigner-241 

allogenesallogenhß; 

Of another race, 

foreigner 

Sojourner-3941 

Paroykos- 

ParoikoV; 

resident alien, 

sojourner 

hireling-3411 

misthotos-misqwtoß; 

a hired worker, 

hireling 

any coming to 

convert-4339 

proselutos 

proselutoß; 

foreigner, convert 

native born-849.1 

owtochthon 

autocqwn; 

a native-born 

native inhabitant 

1472.2 

enchorio-egcwriw; 

native-inhabitant 

one coming 

to convert-4339 

proselutoproselutw; 


Exodus 22:21 stranger foreigner foreigner-4339 

proselutonproshluton; 


" strangers foreigners foreigners-4339 

proselutoiproshlutoi; 

foreigner, convert

125 

Version → 

Passage 

↓ 

Table I – Continued 


Parallel 

GNTD 

Greek 

Orthodox 

Exodus 22:25 brother my people 

Exodus 22:26 neighbor’s someone’s 

Leviticus 25:14 neighbour Israelite 

" neighbour 

" neighbour 

Leviticus 25:15 

neighbour 

Leviticus 25:17 neighbour Israelite 


Polyglot with 

Number (Gr.) 

brother-80 

adelfo-adelfw; 

a brother 

of neighbor-4139 

plesion-plhsion 

near one, neighbor 

neighbor-4139 



neighbor-4139 



neighbor-4139 



neighbor-4139 



neighbor-4139 



foreigners-4339 

Leviticus 25:23 strangers foreigners 

proselutoiproshlutoi; 

foreigners, converts 

" sojourners sojourners-3941 

paroykoi-paroikoi; 

sojourners 

brother-80 

Leviticus 25:25 brother Israelites adelfos-adelfoß 

brother 

“ kinsman 

acting as next of 

kin-70.4 

anchisteuonagcisteuwn 

acting as next 

of kin

126 

Version → 

Passage 

↓ 



Parallel 

GNTD 

Greek 

Orthodox 

Leviticus 25:25 brother closest relative 

Leviticus 25:35 brother Israelites 

" stranger hired worker 

" sojourner 

" brother 



Leviticus 25:40 hireling hired workers 

" sojourner 

Deuteronomy 

15:3 

stranger 

foreigner 


Polyglot with 

Number (Gr.) 

brother-80 

adelfou-adelfou 

brother 

brother-80 

adelfos-adelfoß 

brother 

foreigner-4339 

proselutou 

proshlutou 


sojourner-3941 

paroykou-paroikou 

sojourner 

he shall live-2198 

dzeysetizhsetai-aor. 

mid. 

subj. 3sg. 

brother-80 

adelfos-adelfoß 

brother 

brother-80 

adelfos-adelfou 

brother 


misthotos-misqwtoV 

hireling 

sojourner-3941 

paroyukos-paroikoV 

sojourner 

alien-245 

allotrion-allotrion 

of another, 

stranger, alien 

(hostile, outlandish)

127 

Version → 

Passage 

↓ 



Parallel 

" brother 

Deuteronomy 

23:19 

Deuteronomy 

23:20 

brother 

stranger 

GNTD 

Greek 

Orthodox 

your own 

people 

Israelites 

foreigners 

" brother Israelites 


Polyglot with 

Number (Gr.) 

brother-80 

adelfo-adelfw 

brother 

brother-80 

adelfo-adelfw 

brother 

alien-245 

allotrio-allotriw 

of another, 

stranger, alien 

(hostile, outlandish) 

brother-80 

adelfo-adelfw 

a brother 

Additional Notes for Greek words: 

We are looking here at only eleven different Greek words in 

these critical passages that contain clear instructions pertaining to usury, 

to conversion of proselytes and to oppression of the people. There are 

three different types of aliens who are specifically named in all of these 

listed commandments: un-proselytized resident aliens, converted 

through circumcision resident aliens and non-resident aliens who were 

considered hostile or outlandish. For convenience we shall call those 

resident aliens who converted simply as proselytes. Those who resided 

in Israel, but did not convert, were only prohibited from participating in 

the celebration of passover. The balance of all the commandments, 

statutes and judgments, including those cited in this study, remained in 

effect even for non-proselyte resident aliens. If the reader will look 

carefully at each passage and substitute the correct word, or words if 

necessary, out of these three different categories of foreigners into their 

preferred English translation, a much more coherent picture will 

become evident in the context of the passages. We will show in the 

following explanations for these critical words how not one version 

adequately depicts the intent of the two passages found in

128 

Deuteronomy, not even the interlinear translators. 

Allogenes: (Strong’s 241) In Strong’s definition for this word 

he makes the notation “not a Jew”. Here even Dr. Strong held a 

mistaken opinion about the heirs of the Abrahamic Covenant. We find 

thirteen different tribes in all ancient Israel from diligent Scriptural 

analysis. Israel adopted Joseph’s two sons Manasseh and Ephraim thus 

bestowing upon Joseph a double portion in the inheritance. It is as if 

many modern Bible scholars, including Strong, could not and cannot 

visualize that there were ten Israelite tribes scattered into dispersion 

from Assyrian invasions during the 8 th Century BC. This was 130 years 

prior to the Babylonian captivity of Judah. The tribe of Judah, that 

remained in the promised land after the ten tribes were scattered, 

provides the root word from which the word Jew is derived. Moreover, 

admixtures of non-Israelite Edomites (Idumeans) from 129 BC and 

Khazars from the 8 th century AD also claim to be observers of the 

Judaic religion making them foreign proselytes. These are not Jews by 

race, nor are they of Israel by race. But they are Jews by religion only 

because they have not descended from Jacob/Israel. Moreover, as long 

as those of the ten-tribed dispersions of Israelites remain in exile they 

no doubt have long forgotten the ancestry from which they sprang after 

2,700 years and would certainly not be known as Jews. The Biblical 

ignorance in modern Christendom about this history is very difficult to 

broach with only cursory analysis. It’s a painstaking process that must 

proceed methodically after referencing as many histories as possible. 

Perhaps the Judaics who translated the Hebrew into this Greek 

version of the Old Testament in 250 BC intended for their people to 

forget that the Torah constituted ancient Israel’s entire national civil law 

in the commandments, statutes and judgments (See Nehemiah 5:7 & 

5:10) ; and they instead incorporated the Babylonian methods of 

commerce into their national ethos. But at the time of the Exodus no 

such codified violations like those in the Talmud existed that later 

caused such separation between the ten lost tribes of northern Israel 

from those of Judah, Levi and Benjamin in Judea. Among those who 

returned with Ezra, Zerubbabel and Nehemiah in the return from 

Babylonian captivity, usury was introduced into their national ethos by 

the Babylonians. 

This has been a considerable discussion for the single Greek

129 

word allogenes : but unless all these distinctions and historical 

occurrences are considered thoroughly, the entire Biblical exposition on 

Judaism will not be understandable to most Christians. And this will 

also render our understanding of the Biblical teaching on usury 

meaningless. 

Allotrios: (Strong’s 245) Notice the word hostile in the 

definition for this word. There is a very similar interpretation for the 

Hebrew word nokriy in Strong's lexicon. Strong described this nokriy 

foreigner as outlandish for the two Deuteronomy passages. 

Proselutos: As allogenes, proselutos would also consist of 

resident aliens, some of whom travelled with the Israelites when fleeing 

away from Egypt across the Red Sea and then through the wilderness 

for forty years. The proselutos, however, consisted of resident aliens 

who converted and also those who desired to convert. Those who 

submitted eventually to circumcision would then be allowed to partake 

in the passover. Whereas, the allogenes would have lived peaceably 

among the ancient Israelites as neighbors (resident aliens) and would 

certainly have submitted to the Mosaic commandments, statutes and 

judgments, even if they remained uncircumcised. 

But all should take notice that even the Apostolic Interlinear 

Polyglot has paraphrased for the word proselutoi (which means 

proselytes) in Leviticus 25:23. By analyzing the context of these 

passages with proselutos, we will learn the paraphrase is justified in 

cases like this. For this special case the proselyte so named was an 

acceder into the faith ; but the requirement of circumcision was not 

administered. It therefore follows that in some cases foreigner is 

acceptable as a translation for proselutos. Careful analysis of context is 

always required for determining exceptions such as this. 

In America we perhaps would be able to call these naturalized 

citizens or resident aliens awaiting their opportunity to swear allegiance 

publicly and become naturalized citizens. We should indeed expect or 

even demand a precise word or, if necessary, precise words for 

translation in an interlinear so that no misunderstanding could ensue. 

A more troubling translation has been given to us by American 

Greek clergy who should be fully aware of what a resident alien is by 

their own immigration into America. Look at their translation in the 

GNTD for paroykos in Exodus 12:45. They have translated this word

130 

as temporary resident. Well, temporary resident could very well be one 

of the meanings this word implies. But it could also mean a resident 

alien or permanent resident alien, some of whom have even applied for 

citizenship with full rights. 

We could go on itemizing every instance in all translations 

examined herein in which the translators have erred by omission such as 

this ; but the reader will find this out by studying all the passages cited 

below where corrected words are shown in brackets when the incorrect 

words are signified with the strikethrough feature. After scrutinizing 

the passages in this way, one would see that all domestic usury would 

need to be abolished by Old Testament standards. But by reading these 

versions independently and without following Strong’s definitions, the 

big picture is not understandable. 

This is not the end of the story however. A New Testament 

interdiction against usury from the mouth of Jesus requires now that all 

usury be abolished. Cited here is a New Testament passage from the 

King James Version of the Bible. There is no need to display any 

additional translations as they all concur on this point. 

Luke 6: 

33 And if ye do good to them which do good to you, what thank have 

ye? for sinners also do even the same. 

34 And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive, what thank have 

ye? for sinners also lend to sinners, to receive as much again. 

35 But love ye your enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for 

nothing again; and your reward shall be great, and ye shall be the 

children of the Highest: for he is kind unto the unthankful and to 

the evil. 

36 Be ye therefore merciful, as your Father also is merciful. 

The actual business of money creation makes lending money 

interest free very simple as a process in the accounting of financial 

records whether as legal tender currency or as credit. In 1813 Thomas 

Jefferson wrote, in three letters to the chair of House Ways and Means 

Committee, that national credit and creation of the national currency 

both belong to the people, not to privately owned banks. 

We today remain in the same epoch of private money creation 

as it was during Jefferson’s days. But since 1913, the privately owned 

Federal Reserve was given virtually complete control over all our

131 

nation’s money creation by our own Congress and President. The 

consequences from stripping Congress of their authority to create our 

money and credit, giving it to private bankers, is that funding of all 

government operations and public infrastructure must be obtained from 

direct taxation of the people which, of course, was the primary reason 

the American Revolution took place. It is oppression by taxation. 

In an alternative system, the people through their legitimate 

government could issue their own sovereign currency and national 

credit. In this way both government operations and public 

infrastructure would be funded through it by creation of the needed 

money instead of direct taxation. Certainly the poor would be paying 

no taxes at all under a specified cost of living threshold, even in retail 

sales taxes for goods and services. So this business of relying on 

usurers to create our currency and credit, and also charging interest for 

using them is not only anti-Biblical, it is completely uncalled for. The 

people, through legitimate government, would be able to do this 

constitutionally with the proper initiatives set in motion. 

In endnote number [8] of Part I in this study, a single 

paragraph written by Thomas Edison during the 1920s explains exactly 

how our American Constitution authorizes Congress to do this. FDR 

created numerous government bureaucracies repeatedly during the 

1930s providing relief for the people ; so don't think it can't be done. 

__________________________________ 

_____________________

132 

Hebrew Dictionary 

(From Strong’s Hebrew and Chaldee Dictionary.) 

ach, (Strong’s 251) awkh; a prim. word : a brother (used in the widest 

sense of literal relationship and metaph. affinity or resemblance like) : 

another, brother. Ref. Lev. 25:14, 36, 39; Deut. 15:3, 23:19, 20. 

am, (Strong’s 5971) am ; from 6004 ; a people (as a congregated unit) 

as those of Israel : folk, men, nation, people. Ref. Ex. 22:25. 

amiyth, (Strong’s 5997) aw-meeth' ; a comrade or kindred man :- 

another, fellow, neighbor. Ref. Lev. 25:14, 15, 17. 

ezrach, (Strong’s 249) ez-rawkh' ; (home-) born (in the land), of the 

(one’s own) country (nation). Ref. Ex. 12:49. 

gaal, (Strong’s 1350) gaw-al' ; kinfolk purchase, ransom, redeem, 

revenger. Ref. Lev. 25:25. 

ger or geyr, (Strong’s 1616) gare ; a guest ; by implication, a 

foreigner:- alien, sojourner, stranger. Ref. Ex. 12:48, 49; 22:21, Lev. 

25:35. 

nekar, (Strong’s 5236) nay-kawr' ; foreign or a foreigner, heathendom:- 

alien, strange. Ref. Ex. 12:43. 

nokriy, (Strong’s 5237) nok-ree' ; alien, foreigner, outlandish, strange. 

rea or reya, (Strong’s 7453) ray’-ah ; brother, companion, fellow, 

friend, husband, lover, neighbor. Ref. Deut. 15:3, 23:20. 

sakyr, (Strong’s 7916) saw-keer' ; (hired man, servant) :- hireling. Ref. 

Ex. 12:45; Lev. 25:40. 

towshab, (Strong’s 8453) to-shawb' ; resident alien :- foreigner, 

inhabitant, sojourner, stranger. Ref. Ex. 12:45; Lev. 25:23; 25:35; 

25:40.

133 

Version → 

Passage 

↓ 

Table II – Translations from Hebrew Texts 

KJV 

(From Masoretic 

Hebrew Text) 

Douay (From 

Latin [Ante 

Masoretic 

Hebrew]) 

Exodus 12:43 stranger foreigner 

Exodus 12:45 foreigner stranger 

" hired servant hireling 

Exodus 12:48 stranger stranger 

" one that is born 

in the land 

Exodus 12:49 

homeborn 

he that is born 


to him that is 

born 


" stranger proselyte 

Exodus 22:21 stranger stranger 

" strangers strangers 

Exodus 22:25 my people my people 

Exodus 22:26 neighbour’s neighbor 

Green’s 


(Masoretic Hebrew 

Text) 

alien- 5236 

nekar ; heathen 

alien-8453 

towshab; 

resident alien 

hired servant- 

7916 

sakyr ; hireling 


ger or geyr; 

guest foreigner 

like a native-249 

ezrach; 

native 

native-249 

ezrach; 

native 

visitor-1616 

ger or geyr; 



ger or geyr; 


foreigners-1616 

ger or geyr; 


My people-5971 

am; folk, men, 

nation, people 

neighbor-7453 

rea or reya; 

brother, friend, 

neighbor

134 

Version → 

Passage 

↓ 

Table II -‐ Continued 

KJV 


Hebrew Text) 

Douay (From 


Masoretic 

Hebrew]) 

Green’s 



Text) 

Leviticus 25:14 neighbour neighbour 

neighbor-5997 

amiyth; another, 

fellow, neighbor 

" neighbour’s neighbor-5997 

" 



one 

another 

neighbour 

one another 

brother 

your 

countrymen 

Leviticus 25:23 strangers strangers 

" sojourners sojourners 

Leviticus 25:25 brother brother 

" kin kinsman 


" stranger stranger 

" sojourner sojourner 

brother-251 

ach; another, 

brother, kindred 

neighbor-5997 



neighbor-5997 



tenants-8453 

towshab; 


aliens-1616 

ger or geyr; 


brother-259 

echad; 

a man 

redeemer-1350 

gaal; kinsfolk, 

redeemer 

brother-251 

ach; another, 


alien-1616 

ger or geyr; 


tenant-8453 

towshab; 

resident alien

135 

Version → 

Passage 

↓ 

Table II -‐ Continued 

KJV 


Hebrew Text) 

Douay (From 


Masoretic 

Hebrew]) 



Leviticus 25:40 hired servant hireling 

" sojourner sojourner 

Deuteronomy 

15:3 

foreigner 

foreigner 

" stranger 

" countryman 

" brother neighbour 

Deuteronomy 

23:19 

Deuteronomy 

23:20 

brother 

stranger 

brother 

stranger 

" brother brother 

Green’s 



Text) 

brother-251 

ach; another, 


brother-251 

ach; another, 



sakyr; hireling 

tenant-8453 

towshab 



nokriy; alien, 

foreigner, 

outlandish 

neighbor-7453 

rea or reya; 

brother, friend, 

neighbor 

brother-251 

ach; another, 


brother-251 

ach; another, 


stranger-5237 

nokriy; alien, 

foreigneroutlandish 

brother-251 

ach; another, 

brother, kindred

136 

The relevant feature about Table II for the book of 

Deuteronomy in the Masoretic Text is the use of a previously not used 

Hebrew word nokriy (pronounced nokree). This is exactly the same 

situation we found in the Greek Septuagint with the word allotrios. It 

indeed refers to a different kind of foreigner than the foreigners under 

consideration in Exodus and Leviticus with nekar in Hebrew and 

allogenes in Greek. Resident alien, sojourner, foreign servant, neighbor 

and hired worker are all terms that fit well with context in Exodus and 

Leviticus. But in Deuteronomy, a completely different kind of 

foreigner is referred to who was considered outlandish and also hostile 

by James Strong. That different words were used to describe the two 

variant types of foreigners is clear from context of the passages. Unless 

a translator at least attempts to make this distinction obvious for readers, 

his translation fails its purpose. The translator’s responsibility is 

therefore great to indicate the necessary accuracy. 

According to Strong’s Hebrew dictionary, nokriy has a root 

word. It is derived from nekar. Nekar was cited only once in our table 

for Exodus 12:43. This is the same that was done in the Greek 

Septuagint in the same verse with allogenes. Similarly, between the 

Hebrew and the Greek, the words nokriy and allotrios are only used in 

Deuteronomy, for both chapters 15 and 23. In Exodus 12:43 we find 

the Greek Word allogenes is used one time to denote the type of 

foreigner who was not allowed to eat of the Passover until after 

submitting to circumcision. This is a different word altogether than that 

which is found in the remainder of the passages in Exodus and 

Leviticus. It a direct reference to resident aliens, not foreign nationals 

or hostile aliens who did not reside in greater Israel. In his Usury in 

Christendom: The Mortal Sin that Was and Now is Not, Michael 

Hoffman devoted two pages for analysis of the nokriy showing that 

other scholars also name these as enemy aliens. 

James Strong perhaps deduced from the contexts declared in 

Exodus 12 and 22 along with Leviticus 25 that the foreigners cited 

therein were either proselytes or foreigners who lived among the 

Israelites as hired workers, servants or neighbors, all as resident aliens. 

This type of foreigner would have been one who was obedient to the 

civil laws of ancient Israel. So during the 19 th century Strong certainly 

did have a firm grasp on the linguistic history of the Hebrew and Greek

137 

vocabularies, as honestly as humanly possible by explaining the 

differences between the Hebrew words ger, towshab, nekar and nokriy. 

In his Greek Dictionary Strong showed the same care to include the 

description of hostile for allotrios. 

Strong also provided for us a Greek dictionary from which later 

linguists followed his numbered vocabulary system with an even 

broader lexicon for the Septuagint because more Greek words are in the 

Septuagint than there are in the New Testament. The Polyglot Lexicon, 

however, is somewhat terse with definitions compared to Strong's. For 

words found in Strong’s, a detailed description is thoughtfully provided. 

But the Polyglot Analytical Lexicon has other strengths not found in 

Strong’s lexicon like declensions and tenses with examples ; and of 

course it has a broader vocabulary as the Septuagint was translated 

formally by scribes. 

Identical Context in Both Greek and Hebrew 

The Apostolic Polyglot Interlinear (of the Greek Old 

Testament), along with the lexicon this group of translators produced, is 

where we find this context in the Greek text confirming the Hebrew text 

for Deuteronomy chapters 15 and 23. A different word was used to 

identify this outlandish alien who held little if any concern for the 

national civil laws of Israel. 

A few brief excerpts are shown later in Appendix B from a free 

download of An Introduction to the Apostolic Polyglot Interlinear that 

should give the reader a clearer understanding of the differences 

between Strong’s numbering and how the Polyglot linguists modified it 

to include the increased vocabulary. 

There appears here a considerable amount of information to 

wade through in order for this study to be thorough. But the matter is 

much more simple than it appears when passages from the separate 

books and chapters of the Old Testament are analyzed independently 

and compared afterward. If we do this honestly, congruent results 

between both the ancient Hebrew and Greek Old Testament texts will 

demonstrate that many Christian denominations have not been thorough 

enough in their Bible study by approving of usury. As the result of their 

incorrect conclusion, they have legitimized the practice of charging 

interest when lending money to foreigners who are resident aliens here.

138 

Were this a Christian nation, all domestic usury would have been 

outlawed with the writing of the Constitution from 1787 on, even if 

only by the Old Testament standard. 

Exodus chapter 12 shows to us that there were foreigners who 

fled Pharaoh Rameses III accompanying the Israelites in the exodus out 

of Egypt about 1,450 BC ; perhaps some were neighbors and others 

were hired workers or servants. The LORD reminded the ancient 

Israelites that they were once foreigners and sojourners in the land of 

Egypt ; and that they were to treat these foreigners among them as 

themselves. The only difference mentioned is that the foreigners were 

not to partake in the passover until after they submitted to circumcision. 

Exodus chapter 22 not only shows God’s requirement that Israel 

treat the foreigners and sojourners respectfully ; the Israelites were also 

required to treat them as their brothers and therefore abstain from 

charging them usury on loans of money. Leviticus 25 explains this in 

even greater detail. 

Beginning on the next page we will begin the display of every 

passage contained in all the translations listed in Tables I and II in 

succession. The Scriptures are very clear on this subject once accurate 

translation words are placed at the correct locations in the texts. The 

words we need to follow with this reasoning are all shown in bold font 

throughout all the Bible quotations for easy reference. Additionally, 

those words which do not adequately depict the context of the passages 

are line-stricken through and corrected with better English equivalent 

words shown in square cornered brackets immediately above or below 

with a directional arrow. 

Interlinears were used in both tables to compliment the Hebrew 

and Greek words with Strong’s or Polyglot’s number. These words are 

shown italicized using the English alphabet. For the Septuagint we now 

have available a more complete lexicon with the Apostolic Polyglot 

showing the spelling of all words with Greek characters throughout 

Table I. In addition, we used the English spellings found in Hebrew 

and Greek lexicons throughout both tables. 

Some Bible students use a few passages from Luke chapter 19 

in the New Testament to explain out of context that they have an 

allowance for usury from this chapter. Michael Hoffman reprinted a 

sermon from John Jewel that was first published in 1583 proving the

139 

flaw in their thinking. Jewel was an Anglican Bishop at Salisbury 

England. In his own book Hoffman also provided some analysis of the 

passage. An important excerpt out of this sermon is reprinted in 

Appendix E along with some additional support from Michael 

Hoffman’s book. 

Now then, let us take a journey through five different 

translations 4 . Because Jay P. Green Sr.’s Literal and Interlinear are 

side by side in Hendrickson’s Interlinear Bible, we will use his Literal 

for quotation of our Table II passages. But in Table II we used his 

Interlinear words with Strong’s numbers. In this respect we will 

therefore count both of Green’s labors as one great work for this study. 

The first three translations of the passages are from the Greek 

Septuagint. The next two are originally from the Masoretic text. 

4. Two Roman Catholic translations are additionally shown in Appendix C. 

Notes for Passages from Translations 

In Exodus, Leviticus and 

Deuteronomy 

All words enclosed within sharp cornered brackets [ ] are added to show a corrected 

word, a more precise translation, or alternative words that could or should be 

substituted. Strikethrough is used for some of the translation words in bold to indicate 

an incorrect or a not precise enough English rendering that failed at duplicating context 

established in the original language. 

Underlining in Brenton’s translation text is there to indicate commandments. We must 

always be mindful that commandments are not optional. 

Exodus 12 – Brenton’s Septuagint Translation from Table I 

http://www.ecmarsh.com/lxx/ 

43 And the Lord said to Moses and Aaron, This is the law of the 

ò[or foreigner] 

passover: no stranger (allogenes) shall eat of it. 

44 And every slave or servant bought with money—him thou shalt 

circumcise, and then shall he eat of it. 

ò[or foreigner, or stranger, or resident alien] 

45 A sojourner (paroykos) or hireling (misthotos) shall not eat of it. 

46 In one house shall it be eaten, and ye shall not carry of the flesh

140 

out from the house; and a bone of it ye shall not break. 

47 All the congregation of the children of Israel shall keep it. 

[or convert, or foreign convert, or 

ò any foreigner coming to convert] 

48 And if any proselyte (proselutos) shall come to you to keep the 

passover to the Lord, thou shalt circumcise every male of him, and then 

shall he approach to sacrifice it, and he shall be even as the original 

inhabitant (owtochthon) of the land; no uncircumcised person shall eat 

of it. 

[or convert, or foreign convert, or 

any foreigner coming to convert] ò 

49 There shall be one law to the native (enchorio), and to the proselyte 

(proseluto) coming among you. 

50 And the children of Israel did as the Lord commanded Moses and 

Aaron for them, so they did. 

51 And it came to pass in that day that the Lord brought out the children 

of Israel from the land of Egypt with their forces. 

Exodus 22 – Brenton’s Septuagint Translation 

[foreign convert, or convert, or any foreigner 

ò coming to convert] 

21 And ye shall not hurt a stranger (proseluton), nor afflict him; for 

ye were strangers (proselutoi) in the land of Egypt. 

ñ[foreign converts, or converts, or any foreigners coming to convert] 

Note: In most other locations that proselutos appears, it is translated as proselyte. But 

later context in Leviticus 25 explains, and in this verse 21 of Exodus 22, that stranger is 

suitable from the context for proselutos. This is the reason we have refrained from 

striking through stranger and strangers in this verse. 

22 Ye shall hurt no widow or orphan. 

23 And if ye should afflict them by ill-treatment, and they should cry 

aloud to me, I will surely hear their voice. 

24 And I will be very angry, and will slay you with the sword, and your 

wives shall be widows and your children orphans. 

25 And if thou shouldest lend money to thy poor brother (adelfo) who 

is by thee, thou shalt not be hard upon him thou shalt not exact usury of 

him.

141 

26 And if thou take thy neighbour’s (plesion) garment for a pledge, 

thou shalt restore it to him before sunset. 

27 For this is his clothing, this is the only covering of his nakedness; 

wherein shall he sleep? If then he shall cry to me, I will hearken to him, 

for I am merciful. 

Leviticus 25 – Brenton’s Septuagint Translation 

13 In the year of the release even the jubilee of it, shall each one return 

to his possession. 

14 And if thou shouldest sell a possession to thy neighbour (plesion), 

or if thou shouldest buy of thy neighbour (plesion), let not a man 

oppress his neighbour (plesion). 

15 According to the number of years after the jubilee shalt thou buy of 

thy neighbour (plesion), according to the number of years of the 

fruits shall he sell to thee. 

16 According as there may be a greater number of years he shall 

increase the value of his possession, and according as there may be 

a less number of years he shall lessen the value of his possession; for 

according to the number of his crops, so shall he sell to thee. 

17 Let not a man oppress his neighbour (plesion), and thou shalt fear 

the Lord thy God: I am the Lord thy God. 

18 And ye shall keep all my ordinances, and all my judgments; and do 

ye observe them, and ye shall keep them, and dwell securely in the land. 

23 And the land shall not be sold for a permanence; for the land is mine, 

[proselytes, converts, or foreign converts, 

ò or any foreigners coming to convert] 

because ye are strangers (proselutoi) and sojourners (paroykoi) before 

me. 

[or foreigners, or strangers]ñ 

24 And in every land of your possession, ye shall allow ransoms for the 

land. 

25 And if thy brother (adelfos) who is with thee be poor, and should 

have sold part of his possession, and his kinsman (anchisteuon) who is 

nigh to him come, then he shall redeem the possession which 

his brother (adelfou) has sold. 

31 But the houses in the villages which have not a wall round about

142 

them, shall be reckoned as the fields of the country: they shall always be 

redeemable, and they shall go out in the release. 

32 And the cities of the Levites, the houses of the cities in their 

possession, shall be always redeemable to the Levites. 

33 And if any one shall redeem a house of the Levites, then shall their 

sale of the houses of their possession go out in the release; because the 

houses of the cities of the Levites are their possession in the midst of the 

children of Israel. 

34 And the lands set apart for their cities shall not be sold, because this 

is their perpetual possession. 

35 And if thy brother (adelfos) who is with thee become poor, and he 

[or proselyte, or foreign convert, or convert, 

or any foreigner coming to convert]ò 

fail in resources with thee, thou shalt help him as a stranger 

(proselutou) and a sojourner (paroykou), and [he] (dzeyseti) shall live 

with thee. 

ñ[or foreigner, or stranger] 

36 Thou shalt not receive from him interest, nor increase: and thou shalt 

fear thy God: I am the Lord: and thy brother (adelfos) shall live 

with thee. 

37 Thou shalt not lend thy money to him at interest, and thou shalt not 

lend thy meat to him to be returned with increase. 

38 I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, 

to give you the land of Canaan, so as to be your God. 

39 And if thy brother (adelfos) by thee be lowered, and be sold to 

thee, he shall not serve thee with the servitude of a slave. 

[or foreigner, or stranger]ò 

40 He shall be with thee as a hireling (misthotos) or a sojourner 

(paroykos), he shall work for thee till the year of release: 

41 and he shall go out in the release, and his children with him; and he 

shall go to his family, he shall hasten back to his patrimony. 

Deuteronomy 15 – Brenton’s Septuagint Translation 

[outlandish foreigner, outlandish alien, 

ò hostile foreigner, hostile alien, foreign traveller] 

3 Of a stranger (allotrios) thou shalt ask again whatsoever he has of

143 

thine, but to thy brother (adelfo) thou shalt remit his debt to thee. 

Deuteronomy 23 – Brenton’s Septuagint Translation 

19 Thou shalt not lend to thy brother (adelfo) on usury of silver, or 

usury of meat, or usury of any thing which thou mayest lend out. 


hostile foreigner, hostile alien, foreign traveller]ò 

20 Thou mayest lend on usury to a stranger (allotrios), but to 

thy brother (adelfo) thou shalt not lend on usury; that the Lord thy God 

may bless thee in all thy works upon the land, into which thou art 

entering to inherit it. 

This concludes analysis in Brenton’s translation of the 

Septuagint. For the most part, he has remained diligent in duplicating 

context from Greek into English. But do notice the context in Exodus 

22:21 for the Greek word proseluton. This context indicates that 

stranger and even foreigner work well for translation even though the 

Greek word indicates a proselyte or convert. The Israelites were indeed 

strangers or foreigners during their 400-year sojourn in Egypt. But 

context does not paint them as proselytes into Egyptian paganism. Thus 

the words stranger and foreigner are at this time suitable for proselutos. 

Strikethrough was only employed for two English words in 

bold, and only in Deuteronomy 15 and 23. Correct or suitable English 

translations were provided in the brackets directly above the lines in 

which the strikethrough occurred because usury was not allowed to be 

charged against the strangers in Exodus and Leviticus. Therefore the 

Brenton translation (we should note here, as with all other translations) 

pits the book of Deuteronomy against the usury teachings in Exodus 

and Leviticus. Thus strikethrough was used for these instances in 

Deuteronomy 15 and 23 and a correct translation would be required to 

indicate the big difference between those strangers from Exodus and 

Leviticus compared with the outlandish or hostile aliens identified in 

Deuteronomy. Brenton was wrong here to show that it was lawful to 

levy interest on loans of money to foreigners or strangers when it was 

plainly forbidden to do so in both Exodus and Leviticus. 

Even so, Brenton should be rated very high for this modified 

literal translation that provides accuracy and context exceptionally well;

144 

except that he did not provide us with the needed precision in the two 

passages found in Deuteronomy. As we proceed, it will be apparent 

that once we leave the modified literal realm into vernacular versions, 

accuracy and context can and do wind up much worse. 

For this reason, which is the lack of clarity for usury in Old 

Testament translations, we can consider what Richard A. Young wrote 

in the Preface to his Intermediate New Testament Greek, “…this text 

(Young’s textbook) follows the descriptive school of linguistics rather 

than the historical school. Many grammars assume that what a 

particular structure meant before the koine period dictates what it 

means when used by New Testament writers. The historical school 

therefore tends to be prescriptive, a notion shunned by modern 

linguists. The descriptive school, on the other hand, recognizes that 

usage in context determines meaning, not prior usage. Thus, among 

other aspects of syntax, this text promotes the five-case system rather 

than the eight-case system with its predetermined assumptions of what 

each case represents. Third, this text interacts not only with the 

grammars but also with recent commentary literature, periodical 

literature, monographs, and dissertations. Acquainting students with 

exegetical debates in literature regarding the meaning of syntactical 

structures will caution them about making dogmatic grammatical 

interpretations and will sharpen their exegetical skills. This interaction 

will also demonstrate how the study of Greek is exegetically significant 

and will provide a glimpse into current research and trends.” The 

following sentence from Young is further down the page. “Moreover, 

certain syntactical categories are debatable, others are tentative, and 

hardly any are as clear cut as the labels suggest. The state of the art is 

simply not as settled as most grammars imply. Categories, 

interpretations, and former ways of understanding can be challenged. 

Hopefully this text gives a more realistic view of language.” 

Noticeable in Young’s first paragraph is a school of thought 

that could lead many into relying solely on context for interpretation. 

He wrote, “The descriptive school, on the other hand, recognizes that 

usage in context determines meaning, not prior usage.” Furthermore, 

we now see even the very best of translators like Brenton failed to 

portray the difference between allotrios and all the other Greek words 

for stranger, alien and foreigner. So we can easily grasp how important

145 

it is to compare every passage we read across the entire sixty-six books 

of the Bible. We must do this comparing against all other passages 

speaking to the same issue. It would also not be advisable to ignore 

how Greek-speaking Americans translate their own Greek text into 

English. And for this reason we have included herein the Greek 

Clergy’s English translation of the Septuagint with the GNTD. And 

because Strong’s numbers are available in the two Interlinears used in 

this study, the Interlinears are the recommended resource for use in 

Bible study as they contain dictionary numbers over every ancient word 

from which the Bible student can learn what the ancients intended for us 

to understand. 

_________________________________ 

__________________ 

Good News Translation (GNTD) (An English vernacular translation 

from Greek speaking clergy – U.S. Version) 

http://www.holytrinitygreekorthodoxchurchbatonrouge.org/biblesearch.html 

Exodus 12 GNTD from Table I 

Regulations about Passover 

43 The Lord said to Moses and Aaron, “These are the Passover 

ò[or stranger or resident alien} 

regulations: No foreigner (allogenes) shall eat the Passover meal, 

44 but any slave that you have bought may eat it if you circumcise him 

first. 

ò[or foreigner, or alien resident, or sojourner] 

45 No temporary resident (paroykos) or hired worker (misthotos) 

may eat it. 

46 The whole meal must be eaten in the house in which it was prepared; 

it must not be taken outside. And do not break any of the animal's 

bones. 

47 The whole community of Israel must celebrate this festival,

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[or convert, or foreign convert, or any coming to convert]ò 

48 but no uncircumcised man may eat it. If a foreigner (proselutos) has 

settled among you and wants to celebrate Passover to honor the Lord, 

you must first circumcise all the males of his household. He is then to 

be treated like a native-born Israelite (owtochthon) and may join in the 

festival. 

ñ[Israelite is not in the original text; 

the context is indicated in the original word.] 

[same as above]ò 

49 The same regulations apply to native-born Israelites (enchorio) and 

[context indicates strangers and sojourners are also suitable ; 

òwhile proseluto is normally translated as proselyte, foreign convert, or convert] 

to foreigners (proseluto) who settle among you.” 

50 All the Israelites obeyed and did what the Lord had commanded 

Moses and Aaron. 

51On that day the Lord brought the Israelite tribes out of Egypt. 

Exodus 22 GNTD 

[the context is excellent here ; stranger or 

òsojourner also works well] 

21 Do not mistreat or oppress a foreigner (proseluton); remember that 

you were foreigners (proselutoi) in Egypt. 

ñ[ibid] 

22 If ever you wrong them and they cry out to me, I will surely listen to 

their cry. My wrath will flare up, and I will kill you with the sword; 

then your own wives will be widows, and your children orphans. 

23 If you lend money to my people, the poor among you, you must not 

be like a money lender; you must not demand interest from them. 

25 “If you lend money to any [brother] (adelfo) who [is] poor, do not 

act like a moneylender and require him to pay interest. 

26 If you take a [neighbor's] (plesion) cloak as a pledge that he will 

pay you, you must give it back to him before the sun sets, 

27 because it is the only covering he has to keep him warm. What else 

can he sleep in? When he cries out to me for help, I will answer him 

because I am merciful. 

Leviticus 25 GNTD 

13 In this year all property that has been sold shall be restored to its

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original owner. 

14 So when you sell land to an Israelite (plesion) or buy land, do not 

deal unfairly. 

ñ[neighbor ; here context includes resident aliens 

as neighbors. The definition of plesion is in fact 

neighbor. This should be obvious when 

compared against their own renderings of 

Exodus 22:21, 26, and 27. 

Israelite here is not suitable, unless the Greeks 

have a different Septuagint than the Polyglot 

people.] 

Note also: In the original Greek text the word neighbor is used three times in verse 14 

here. It is not this writer’s intention to criticize unfairly ; but the word neighbor is the 

correct word and suits contexts found in both Exodus and Leviticus much better. It 

indicates a circumcised foreign resident or an uncircumcised foreign resident, both of 

whom were afforded equal protection under Israel’s civil laws except for the eating of 

the passover meal. Usury was not to be charged against either of these foreigners. 

15 The price is to be set according to the number of years the land 

an produce crops before the next Year of Restoration. 

Note: Here in vs. 15 these translators missed the word neighbor completely. So the 

Greek translators, who abundantly paraphrase, have not been cautious to retain the 

intended context completely. In this way they risked losing cases for which this clause 

in the law was included. Again, our analysis of the Greek clergy’s translation is valid 

unless they are using a different Septuagint than we are. 

16 If there are many years, the price shall be higher, but if there are only 

a few years, the price shall be lower, because what is being sold is the 

number of crops the land can produce. 

17 Do not cheat an Israelite (plesion), but obey the Lord your God. 

ñ[neighbor] 

The Problem of the Seventh Year 

18 Obey all the Lord's laws and commands, so that you may live in 

safety in the land. 

23 Your land must not be sold on a permanent basis, because you do not 

own it; it belongs to God, and you are like foreigners (proselutoi) who 

are allowed to make use of it. 

24 When land is sold, the right of the original owner to buy it back must 

be recognized.

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òany of your [brothers]ò 

25 If any of you Israelites (adelfos) become poor and are forced to sell 

your land, your closest relative (adelfou) is to buy it back. 

ñ[brother]ñ 

(Note: The context implied here cannot be obtained just from definitions, but also from 

context in other passages throughout Exodus and Leviticus. Brothers here do not just 

refer to Israelites. Resident aliens, circumcised or not, were to be treated as brothers, 

neighbors or strangers. Weren’t the Israelites once strangers in Egypt? Are we to 

already ignore a previous instruction from Exodus 22:21. Exodus 22:21 therefore also 

places resident aliens under the purview of this verse as their brothers, as also do 

verses 14 and 35 of this same chapter in Leviticus.) 

31 But houses in unwalled villages are to be treated like fields; the 

original owner has the right to buy them back, and they are to be 

returned in the Year of Restoration. 

32 However, Levites have the right to buy back at any time their 

property in the cities assigned to them. 

33 If a house in one of these cities is sold by a Levite and is not 

bought back, it must be returned in the Year of Restoration, because the 

houses which the Levites own in their cities are their permanent 

property among the people of Israel. 

34 But the pasture land around the Levite cities shall never be sold; it is 

their property forever. 

Loans to the Poor 

[of your brothers: which includes neighbors, strangers 

ò and resident aliens] 

35 If any Israelites (adelfos) living near you become poor and cannot 

support themselves, you must provide for them as you would for a 

ò[foreigner, or convert ; and from context even neighbor is suitable] 

hired worker (proselutou), so that they can continue to live near you. 

[brothers: which includes neighbors, 

ò strangers and resident aliens] 

36 Do not charge Israelites (adelfos) any interest, but obey God and let 

them live near you. 

37 Do not make them pay interest on the money you lend them, and 

do not make a profit on the food you sell them. 

38This is the command of the Lord your God, who brought you out

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of Egypt in order to give you the land of Canaan and to be your God. 

Release of Slaves 

ò[your brother, or neighbor] 

39 If any Israelites (adelfos) living near you become so poor that they 

sell themselves to you as a slave, you shall not make them do the work 

of a slave. 

40 They shall stay with you as hired workers (misthotos) and serve you 

until the next Year of Restoration. 

41At that time they and their children shall leave you and return to their 

family and to the property of their ancestors. 

Deuteronomy 15:3 GNTD 

[outlandish foreigner, outlandish alien, hostile foreigner, 

hostile alien, foreign traveller]ò 

3 You may collect what a foreigner (allotrion) owes you, but you must 

ò[brother ] 

not collect what any of your own people (adelfo) owe you. 

Deuteronomy 23 GNTD 

[brothers or neighbors]ò 

19 When you lend money or food or anything else to Israelites (adelfo) 

do not charge them interest. 



20 You may charge interest on what you lend to foreigners (allotrio) 

ò[brothers or neighbors] 

but not on what you lend to Israelites (adelfo). Obey this rule, and the 

Lord your God will bless everything you do in the land that you are 

going to occupy. 

GNTD Note: Thus we learn here that even American Greek clergy are not careful; they 

are indeed reckless, instead of rendering the needed precision for conveying accuracy 

in context while translating. After going through the GNTD, compare it along side a 

good modified literal translation as seen next in the Apostolic Bible Polyglot or 

previously in Brenton’s translation. 

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150 

Apostolic Bible Polyglot - Interlinear (From the Greek Septuagint) 

http://biblehub.com/interlinear/apostolic/genesis/1.htm 

Or download free from http://www.apostolicbible.com 

Polyglot Notes 

Italicized English words in the Polyglot text were added by the 

Polyglot editors. They are normally added in English translations in 

order to complete the context for words that are omitted in the ancient 

manuscripts, or which are implied in English from context, or were not 

necessary in the ancient languages. 

The English spellings for Greek words are shown in parentheses 

in the passages, and are also italicized. These are the Greek words that 

originate from the Septuagint text. They are shown here and are copied 

directly from the Polyglot text for easy comparison with the Hebrew 

words that were identified in Table II. Two Hebrew translation 

passages follow this Apostolic Bible Polyglot section where we will 

scrutinize these Hebrew words from Green’s Interlinear. 

Also noticeable are the different endings used for Greek words 

found in the Septuagint. The Judaic linguists who translated the 

Scriptures into Greek at Alexandria during Ptolemy’s reign were 

apparently not prone to using vernacular, or what is more commonly 

known as Koine (common) Greek used in the New Testament. The 

different endings with root words represent case forms for nouns and 

tenses for verbs as well as singular and plural forms. It is clear then that 

much more care was exercised in translating the Hebrew Old Testament 

into the Septuagint. 

One further note should be added here: A Bible scholar whose 

name is Jeffrey Weakley and who is a pastor at God’s Remnant Church 

in Oregon City, Oregon explains that the Septuagint was likely 

translated by common Judaic scribes at Alexandria without cooperation 

from the Soferim Levite scribes at Jerusalem. The Alexandrians also 

could very well have been proselytes into the Judaic faith. It may take 

this writer more time to learn the complete story ; but we should be 

reminded from the New Testament what the Apostle Paul wrote about 

the matters now hidden from our view in 1 Corinthians 4:5, “Therefore

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judge nothing before the time, until the Lord come, who both will 

bring to light the hidden things of darkness, and will make manifest the 

counsels of the hearts: and then shall every man have praise of God.” 

Exodus 12 - Interlinear Polyglot Septuagint 

43 [said And the LORD] to Moses and Aaron, This is the law of the 

Passover. Every foreigner (allogenes) shall not eat of it. 

44 And every domestic servant, any which was bought with silver, you 

shall circumcise him, and then he shall eat of it. 

45 Sojourner (Paroykos) or hireling (misthotos) shall not eat of it. 

46 In [house one] it shall be eaten, and you shall not bring forth from 

out of the house of any of the meats outside, and [a bone you shall not 

break] of it. 

47 Every gathering of the sons of Israel shall do it. 

48 And if any [should come forward to you convert (proselutos)], and 

should observe the Passover to the LORD, you shall circumcise [of his 

every male], and then he shall come forward to do it. And he will be as 

also the native born (owtochthon) of the land. Every uncircumcised 

one shall not eat of it. 

49 [law one There shall be] to the native inhabitant (enchorio), and to 

the one coming forward to convert (proseluto) among you. 

Exodus 22 - Interlinear Polyglot Septuagint 

21 And [a foreigner (proseluton) you shall not maltreat], nor should 

you afflict him; for you were foreigners (proselutoi) in the land of 

Egypt. 

22 Every widow and orphan you shall not maltreat. 

23 And if you should maltreat them, and crying out they should yell out 

to me, in hearing I shall listen to their yell, 

24 and I shall be provoked to anger with rage, and I will kill you by the 

sword, and [will be your wives] widows, and your children orphans. 

25 And if money should be lent with interest to the brother (adelfo) 

destitute close to you, you shall not be coercing him, you shall not place 

[upon him interest]. 

26 And if for collateral you should take for security the cloak of your 

neighbor (plesion), before the descent of the sun you shall give it back 

to him,

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27 [is for this] his wrap-around garment, this alone is [cloak for 

indecency his] in what manner shall he go to bed? If then he should 

yell out to me, I will listen to him; [merciful for I am]. 

Leviticus 25 - Interlinear Polyglot Septuagint 

13 In the year of the release, the indication of it, [shall return back each] 

unto his possession. 

14 And if you should render a sale property to your neighbor (plesion), 

or if you should acquire by your neighbor (plesion), let not [afflict a 

man] his neighbor (plesion)! 

15 According to the number of years after the indication shall you 

acquire land from your neighbor (plesion), and according to the 

number of years left of the produce shall he sell to you. 

16 In so far as there might be many of the years, he shall multiply the 

value of his possession; and in so far as there might be less of the years, 

he shall lessen the value of his possession; for by number of the produce 

years left shall he sell to you. 

17 Let not [afflict a man] his neighbor (plesion)! And you shall fear 

the LORD your God – I am the LORD your God. 

18 And you shall observe all my ordinances, and all my judgments. 

And you shall keep, and you shall observe them; and you shall dwell 

upon the land complying. 

23 And the land shall not be sold for security – [mine for is the land]; 

for foreigners (proselutoi) and sojourners (paroykoi) you are] before 

me. 

24 And according to all the land of your possession [ransoms you shall 

give] for the land. 

25 But if [should be in need your brother (adelfos) with you], and 

should have sold part of his possession, and [should come the one 

acting as next of kin (anchisteuon) being near to him], then he shall 

ransom the sale property of his brother (adelfou). 

31 But the houses in properties, in which there is not among them a wall 

round about; [belonging to the field of the land they shall be considered] 

– ransomable always they shall be. And in the release they shall go 

forth. 

32 And the cities of the Levites, the houses of the cities of their 

possession, [ransomable always shall be] to the Levites.

153 

33 And what ever should be ransomed by the Levites, then [shall go 

forth the sale of houses of the city of their possession] unto the release – 

for the houses of the cities of the Levites is their possession in the midst 

of the sons of Israel. 

34 And the fields being separated in their cities shall not be sold for 

[possession eternal this their is]. 

35 And if [should be in need your brother (adelfos) who is with you], 

and shall be powerless in the hands with you; then you shall take hold 

of him – [as a foreigner (proselutos) and a sojourner (paroykos) and 

he shall live (dzeyseti) with you]. 

36 You shall not take [from him interest], nor for an amount. And you 

shall fear your God; and [shall live your brother (adelfos)] with you. 

(Note: Context here is explicit. In this passage brother is equivalent with foreigner and 

sojourner as resident aliens. Perhaps the translators could have somehow explained 

the idea of resident aliens as we now know them and as also commanded below with 

much better detail in verses 39 and 40.) 

37 [your money You shall not give] to him with interest due; and with 

usury you shall not give to him of your foods. 

38 I am the LORD your God, the one leading you from out of the land 

of Egypt, to give to you the land of Canaan, so as to be your God. 

39 And if [should be humbled your brother (adelfos)] by you, and 

should be sold to you, he shall not serve to you in the slavery of a 

servant. 

40 [as a hireling (misthotos) or a sojourner (paroykos) He shall be] to 

you until the year of the release – thus he shall work for you. 

41 And then he shall go forth in the release from you himself, and his 

children with him. And he shall go unto his family; unto the possession 

of his father he shall run. 

Deuteronomy 15 – Interlinear Polyglot Septuagint 



3 The alien (allotrion) – you shall exact as much as might be due to you 

from him; but to your brother (adelfo) [a release you shall make] of 

your loan.

154 

Deuteronomy 23 - Interlinear Polyglot Septuagint 

19 You shall not lend to your brother (adelfo) with interest of silver, 

and interest of foods, and interest of any thing of which ever you should 

lend. 

ò[non-resident alien, hostile or outlandish foreigner] 

20 To the alien (allotrio) you may lend with interest, but to your 

brother (adelfo) you shall not lend with interest, that [should bless you 

the LORD your God] in all your works upon the land into which you 

enter there to inherit it. 

Polyglot Note: Until we arrived at Polyglot’s two passages in Deuteronomy, their 

Interlinear read as we would have expected from a very good modified literal 

translation. At that point, it too missed new context established, not only by missing the 

introduction of a completely new word in which vernacular or idiom was assuredly 

evinced, but also by giving a totally new and never previous sanction to charge interest 

on loans of money to the resident and neighbor foreigners cited in Exodus and 

Leviticus. 

_________________________________ 

_____________________ 

Passages now begin from two of the three translations used in Table II: 

The Douay is Latin based ; the other two are Hebrew based. 

(See Appendix C for the Roman Catholic Latin and English 

translations as well as the Latin Dictionary.) 

Exodus 12 – King James Version 

http://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org 

43 And the LORD said unto Moses and Aaron, This is the ordinance of 

the passover: There shall no stranger (nekar) eat thereof: 

44 But every man's servant that is bought for money, when thou hast 

circumcised him, then shall he eat thereof. 

45 A foreigner (towshab) and an hired servant (sakyr) shall not eat 

thereof. 

46 In one house shall it be eaten; thou shalt not carry forth ought of the 

flesh abroad out of the house; neither shall ye break a bone thereof. 

47 All the congregation of Israel shall keep it. 

48 And when a stranger (ger or geyr) shall sojourn with thee, and will 

keep the passover to the LORD, let all his males be circumcised, and

155 

then let him come near and keep it; and he shall be as one that is born 

in the land (ezrach): for no uncircumcised person shall eat thereof. 

49 One law shall be to him that is homeborn (ezrach), and unto the 

stranger (ger or geyr) that sojourneth among you. 

50 Thus did all the children of Israel; as the LORD commanded Moses 

and Aaron, so did they. 

51 And it came to pass the selfsame day, that the LORD did bring the 

children of Israel out of the land of Egypt by their armies. 

Exodus 22 – King James Version 

21 Thou shalt neither vex a stranger (ger or geyr), nor oppress him: for 

ye were strangers (ger or geyr) in the land of Egypt. 

22 Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child. 

23 If thou afflict them in any wise, and they cry at all unto me, I will 

surely hear their cry; 

24 And my wrath shall wax hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and 

your wives shall be widows, and your children fatherless. 

25 If thou lend money to any of my people (am) that is poor by thee, 

thou shalt not be to him as an usurer, neither shalt thou lay upon him 

usury. 

26 If thou at all take thy neighbour's (rey or reya) raiment to pledge, 

thou shalt deliver it unto him by that the sun goeth down: 

27 For that is his covering only, it is his raiment for his skin: wherein 

shall he sleep? and it shall come to pass, when he crieth unto me, that I 

will hear; for I am gracious. 

Leviticus 25 – King James Version 

13 In the year of this jubile ye shall return every man unto his 

possession. 

14 And if thou sell ought unto thy neighbour (amiyth), or 

buyest ought of thy neighbour's (amiyth) hand, ye shall not oppress 

one another (ach): 

15 According to the number of years after the jubile thou shalt buy of 

thy neighbour (amiyth), and according unto the number of years of the 

fruits he shall sell unto thee: 

16 According to the multitude of years thou shalt increase the price 

thereof, and according to the fewness of years thou shalt diminish the

156 

price of it: for according to the number of the years of the fruits doth he 

sell unto thee. 

17 Ye shall not therefore oppress one another (amiyth); but thou shalt 

fear thy God: for I am the LORD your God. 

18 Wherefore ye shall do my statutes, and keep my judgments, and do 

them; and ye shall dwell in the land in safety. 

23 The land shall not be sold for ever: for the land is mine; for 

ye are strangers (towshab) and sojourners (ger) with me. 

24 And in all the land of your possession ye shall grant a redemption for 

the land. 

25 If thy brother (echad) be waxen poor, and hath sold away some of 

his possession, and if any of his kin (gaal) come to redeem it, then shall 

he redeem that which his brother sold. 

31 But the houses of the villages which have no wall round about them 

shall be counted as the fields of the country: they may be redeemed, and 

they shall go out in the jubile. 

32 Notwithstanding the cities of the Levites, and the houses of the cities 

of their possession, may the Levites redeem at any time. 

33 And if a man purchase of the Levites, then the house that was sold, 

and the city of his possession, shall go out in the year of jubile: for the 

houses of the cities of the Levites are their possession among the 

children of Israel. 

34 But the field of the suburbs of their cities may not be sold; for 

it is their perpetual possession. 

35 And if thy brother (ach) be waxen poor, and fallen in decay with 

thee; then thou shalt relieve him: yea, though he be a stranger (ger), or 

a sojourner (towshab); that he may live with thee. 

36 Take thou no usury of him, or increase: but fear thy God; that thy 

brother (ach) may live with thee. 

37 Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy 

victuals for increase. 

38 I am the LORD your God, which brought you forth out of the land of 

Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan, and to be your God. 

39 And if thy brother (ach) that dwelleth by thee be waxen poor, and 

be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bondservant: 

40 But as an hired servant (sakyr), and as a sojourner (towshab), he 

shall be with thee, and shall serve thee unto the year of jubile:

157 

41 And then shall he depart from thee, both he and his children with 

him, and shall return unto his own family, and unto the possession of 

his fathers shall he return. 

Deuteronomy 15 – King James Version 



3 Of a foreigner (nokriy) thou mayest exact it again: but that which is 

thine with thy brother (rea) thine hand shall release; 

Deuteronomy 23 – King James Version 

19 Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother (ach); usury of 

money, usury of victuals, usury of any thing that is lent upon usury: 



20 Unto a stranger (nokriy) thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy 

brother thou shalt not lend upon usury: that the LORD thy God may 

bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to in the land whither thou 

goest to possess it. 

(KJV Note: As with Brenton’s translation and the Apostolic Bible Polyglot the KJV 

proves to be a very good modified literal translation. It too should be read and 

referenced, but with great care by cross-checking ancient Hebrew and Greek 

dictionaries. For all intents and purposes referencing modern Greek dictionaries, just 

to see how little Greek vocabulary has changed in 2,500 years, would not be a waste of 

time.) 

__________________________________ 

_____________________ 

For the Latin Vulgate and Roman Catholic 

Douay Versions See Appendix C 

(Douay Note: Douay words originate from the Latin Vulgate. Included in Appendix C 

there is also a Latin dictionary for our key usury words. The passages are displayed 

there in English/Latin parallel. They are shown there for comparison with the Douay 

included in Table II.) 

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158 

Green’s Literal Translation and Green’s Interlinear Bible 

Note: Jay P. Green Sr. published in one volume a work that includes 

both his Literal Translation and an Interlinear Bible. This work of his 

is based for the Old Testament in the Masoretic Text. It first became 

available from Hendrickson Publishers in 1976 as The Interlinear Bible 

Hebrew-Greek-English. This writer purchased a copy of the Second 

Edition after the time it became available in 1986. The two great 

features about this Bible are that it contains 1) his own Literal 

Translation, and 2) within the Interlinear, Strong’s concordance 

number is included above every word for the texts of the original 

languages. With this in mind, and for this study, we picked the Strong’s 

concordance numbers for Table II ; but we used his Literal Translation 

for the textual quotations below. Hebrew is difficult to follow. It reads 

from right to left. 

Green’s Old Testament, the KJV Old Testament and the Latin 

Vulgate are versions originally based in Hebrew Old Testament texts. 

The Douay is translated from the Latin text. The Hebrew text Jerome 

used predates the Masoretic Text. It was hoped the Douay therefore 

would provide us with a completely different perspective for use in this 

study. But our findings revealed that not even the Latin was clear 

enough to give readers the opportunity to understand it at first reading. 

It took study under Michael Hoffman, Howard B. Rand, James Strong 

and Richard A. Young for this writer to finally obtain a vision of the big 

picture. 

Exodus 12 – Green’s Literal Translation 

43 And Jehovah said to Moses and Aaron This is the ordinance of the 

Passover. No alien (nekar) may eat of it. 

44 And every man’s slave, a purchase of silver, you shall circumcise 

him, then he may eat of it. 

45 An alien (towshab) and a hired servant (sakyr) may not eat of it. 

46 It shall be eaten in one house. You shall not carry any of the flesh 

outside from the house. And you shall not break a bone in it. 

47 All the congregation of Israel shall prepare it. 

48 And when a foreigner (ger) shall stay with you, and will do the 

Passover to Jehovah, let every male of his be circumcised, and then he 

may come to prepare it, and he shall be like a native (ezrach) of the

159 

land. But any uncircumcised one may not eat of it. 

49 One law shall be to the native (ezrach), and to the stranger (ger), 

the one staying in your midst. 

50 And all the sons of Israel did as Jehovah commanded Moses and 

Aaron. So they did. 

51 And it happened on this day. Jehovah brought out the sons of Israel 

from the land of Egypt by their armies. 

Exodus 22 – Green’s Literal Translation 

21 You shall not be violent toward an alien (ger). You shall not 

oppress him, for you were aliens (ger) in the land of Egypt. 

22 You shall not afflict an orphan or a widow. 

23 If you afflict him, if he at all cries to Me, I will surely hear his cry, 

24 and My anger shall glow, and I will kill you with the sword; and 

your wives shall become widows, and your sons orphans. 

25 If you lend silver to My people (am), the poor with you, you shall 

not be as a money-lender to him; you shall not put interest on him, 

26 If you indeed take the clothing of your neighbor (rea) as a pledge, 

you shall return it to him at the going of the sun, 

27 for that is his only covering, this his covering for his skin, in what 

shall he lie down? And it shall be, when he cries to Me. I will hear, for 

I am compassionate. 

Leviticus 25 – Green’s Literal Translation 

13 In the year of jubilee you shall return each one to his possession. 

14 And if you sell anything to your neighbor (amiyth), or buy from the 

hand of your neighbor (amiyth), you shall not each man oppress his 

brother (ach). 

15 By the number of years after the jubilee you shall buy from your 

neighbor (amiyth); by the number of the years of increase he shall sell 

to you; 

16 according to the many years you shall multiply its price; and by the 

fewness of the years you shall diminish its price; for he is selling to you 

the number of crops. 

17 And you shall not oppress each man his neighbor (amiyth), and you 

shall fear your God, for I am Jehovah your God.

160 

18 And you shall do My statutes, and you shall keep my judgments 

and shall do them; and you shall live on the land securely. 

23 and the land shall not be sold in perpetuity; for the land is Mine; for 

you are aliens (ger) and tenants (towshab) with Me. 

24 And you shall grant a redemption for the land in all the land of your 

possession. 

25 If your brother (echad) has become poor and has sold his 

possessions, then his kinsman-redeemer (gaal) shall come, and he 

shall redeem the thing his brother sold. 

31 But the houses of the villages which have no walls all around shall 

be counted as the field of the country: It may be redeemed, and it shall 

go out in the jubilee. 

32 As to the cities of the Levites, houses of the cities of their 

possessions, the Levites shall have never-ending redemption. 

33 And that which is redeemed from the Levites, both the sale of a 

house, and the city of his possession shall go out in the jubilee. For the 

houses of the cities of the Levites are their possession in the midst of the 

sons of Israel. 

34 And the field, the open land of their cities, shall not be sold; for it is 

a never-ending possession to them. 

35 And when your brother (ach) has become poor, and his hand has 

failed with you, then you shall uphold him. He shall live with you as an 

alien (ger) and a tenant (towshab). 

36 You shall take no interest from, or increase; and you shall fear your 

God; and the life of your brother (ach) is with you. 

37 You shall not give money to him with interest, and you shall not give 

your food for increase: 

38 I am Jehovah your God, who has brought you out of the land of 

Egypt, to give to you the land of Canaan, to become your God. 

39 And when your brother (ach) becomes poor with you, and he has 

been sold to you, you shall not lay on him the service of a slave. 

40 He shall be with you as a hireling (sakyr), as a tenant (towshab); he 

shall serve with you until the year of jubilee; 

41 then he shall go out from you, he and his sons with him, and shall 

return to his family; he shall even return to the possession of his father.

161 

Deuteronomy 15 – Green’s Literal Translation 

1 At the end of every seven years you shall make a release. 

2 And this is the manner of the release: Everyone who has a loan to his 

neighbor shall release it, he shall not exact it of his neighbor and his 

brother, because a release has been proclaimed for Jehovah. 



3 You may exact it from a foreigner (nokriy), but your hand shall 

release whatever is yours with your brother (ach). 

Deuteronomy 23 – Green’s Literal Translation 

19 You shall not lend at interest to your brother (ach), interest of 

money, interest of food, interest of anything which is loaned at interest. 



20 you may lend to a stranger (nokriy) at interest, but you shall not 

lend at interest to your brother (ach), so that Jehovah your God may 

bless you in all that you put your hand to, in the land where you go to 

possess it. 

Conclusion 

After a careful look at Appendix C, we will then have 

completed examining seven different translations as representations of 

three different source texts. We learned of three source texts: 1) the 

Masoretic text, 2) a pre-Masoretic text from which the Latin Vulgate 

was translated, and finally the Greek Septuagint. Many passages of the 

pre-Masoretic text may also exist in the writings of the early Church 

fathers from the second and third centuries in which Koine Greek with 

vowels was predominantly used. Such an intensive search could be 

done to confirm that which we already know: that even the earliest 

councils and synods during the formative years of Chrisitanity 

considered usury as deadly sin. Michael Hoffman in his Usury in 

Christendom indeed proved this. 

Provided herein are Hebrew, Greek and Latin dictionaries that 

translators have used for the words we have a keen interest in relative to 

the study of usury. Anyone who truly has respect for the many, many

162 

New Testament admonitions to keep the commandments of almighty 

God would have noticed that the cited Old Testament passages shown 

herein are all in the form of commandments and statutes from God. 

They are not optional for Christians. They are mandatory for all who 

desire to remain in covenant relationship with Christ. Who would want 

to be separated from God’s grace through willful disobedience? For 

this reason, a list of New Testament passages are shown in Appendix D 

proving that keeping of the commandments is not an option. We also 

have in Luke 6:35 an explicit commandment from Jesus requiring us to, 

“Lend, asking for nothing in return.” 

We have observed, in this study Michael Hoffman’s assertion in 

his Usury in Christendom: The Mortal Sin that Was and Now is Not 

that the nokriy were enemy aliens rather than resident aliens or 

proselytes. The compiler of Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance, James 

Strong, produced a massive and thorough work during the 19 th century 

that included dictionaries in both Greek and Hebrew-Chaldee. Strong 

called the nokriy outlandish aliens in his Hebrew-Chaldee dictionary. 

In his Greek dictionary he called the allotrios hostile aliens. Certainly 

he didn’t obtain this analytical information from a vacuum. Even if he 

only deduced this from the context in all of the passages that pertain, 

Strong’s definitions must stand ; otherwise the Bible is a book of myths 

and legends as Thomas Paine wrote ; it is not even consistent within its 

own pages. Both of these types of aliens named by Strong (nokriy in 

Hebrew; allotrios in Greek) constitute the very best validation for 

Hoffman’s massive historical treatise. Yet we must also consider that 

Hoffman did not miss the difference between the ger and the nokriy, 

thus demonstrating what others may have claimed but never proved: 

that the Bible is the inerrant Word of God. Hoffman actually never 

needed validation from any other source. His work was complete 

before this writer set out to expose anything else that could be found. 

The reader may also ask: what about all the other versions of 

the Bible? We all must now see that in order for us to consider them the 

inspired word of God, we should carefully look at those key passages in 

which they must remain consistent. These are the passages we 

examined carefully herein: Exodus 12:43-49; Exodus 22:21-26; 

Leviticus 25:14-40; Deuteronomy 15:3; Deuteronomy 23:19,20; and 

Luke 6:34-37. But we point out here that they all missed it in

163 

Deuteronomy. One might ask: what about the Syriac-Peshitta, 

transcribed originally into Aramaic? Isn’t there an English translation 

of it by George M. Lamsa? He, also, has written the same double 

standard into his translation for usury. In the Exodus and Leviticus 

passages it is forbidden to charge usury even to foreigners. Yet in 

Deuteronomy, he translates that it is allowed. Worse than this, his 

translation of the passage in Luke 6:35 is obscured to the point that 

lending with expectations of increased return on the money lent is not 

even implied. If there is an interlinear available for the Aramaic, these 

passages should all be crosschecked to see if the Aramaic text is even 

consistent within its own pages. 

For those “so called” Christian denominations which choose not 

to include this commandment against usury in their list of 

commandments to obey, they have actually departed from Christian 

faith by omitting Christ’s words from their teachings. This is a grave 

mistake. From the beginning of His direct dealings with ancient Israel, 

the LORD taught of a national life embodied in this Mosaic Law which 

many denominations teach is superseded by a new and everlasting 

covenant of God’s grace. Yes, we do have this new and everlasting 

covenant of grace ; but never at the expense of nullifying any of the 

commandments, statutes and judgments. A list of New Testament 

commandments is on display in Appendix D. 

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164 

Appendix A 

“The Need to Study History” 

The historical settings within which these three major ancient 

texts were produced must assist analysts to form conclusions that will 

not be poisoned by prejudice. These historical settings are well known ; 

they are easily referenced by dating each one and then examining the 

histories contained in both the academic and Biblical records. 

We begin at this point with one of the oldest existing 

manuscripts of the Old Testament known as the Septuagint. It was 

purported in a Letter of Aritisteas that seventy-two Judaic scribes 

translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek around 250 BC. This project 

began under the reign of Ptolemy at Alexandria, Egypt more than a 

century before the Judaic high priest John Hyrcanus conquered Idumea. 

There were therefore no Edomites present as scribes and translators at 

this project to render a Greek text of the Old Testament. The Khazars 

emerged as a Jewish kingdom during the 8 th Century AD. Thus we can 

rule out any Edomite or Khazar prejudiced influence with the 

translation of the Hebrew Old Testament into Greek. It is impossible 

for us to assume that any present at the project were Levite Soferim out 

of Jerusalem. Some scholars point out that the Greek in the Septuagint 

is actually an Alexandrian dialect. But the Alexandrian Judaics must 

have had some knowledge of how to translate the vowel points 

encrypted from the ancient Hebrew into Greek vowels. 

It is also possible that the Judaic translators present may have 

exhibited some prejudice toward the “Lost Ten Tribes” which no longer 

had great representation in their numbers and which had been in 

dispersion from the Assyrian invasions that took place during the 8 th 

Century BC ; or the Judaic translators as proselytes may have simply 

been ignorant of the actual history. 

There is evidence in Ezekiel 2:3 showing that these scribes and 

translators omitted the phrase “to the nations” from their Septuagint 

Greek version because both the Masoretic Text and Latin Vulgate 

retained it. Submitted for readers now are six different translations of 

this verse ; they represent all three original source texts:

165 

From the Greek Septuagint: 

Brenton’s: Ezekiel 2:3 "And he said to me, Son of Man, I send thee 

forth to the house of Israel, them that provoke me; who have provoked 

me, they and their fathers to this day.” 

Apostolic Polyglot Interlinear: 

Ezekiel 2:3 “And he said to me, O son of man, I shall send you to the 

sons of Israel rebelling against me. The ones who rebelled against me - 

they and their fathers disregarded me, until today’s day." 

From the Masoretic Text: 

J.P. Green Sr.’s MKJV (Sovereign Grace Trust Fund): 

Ezekiel 2:3 “And He said unto me, Son of man, I am sending you to the 

sons of Israel, to the nations, the rebelling ones who have rebelled 

against Me; they and their fathers have sinned against Me, to this day.” 

J.P. Green Sr.’s Literal Translation (Hendrickson Publishers): 

Ezekiel 2:3 “And He said to me, son of man, I am sending you to the 

sons of Israel, to the nations, the rebelling ones who have rebelled 

against Me; they and their father have transgressed against Me to this 

day. 

From the Douay and the Latin Vulgate (Pre-Masoretic Hebrew): 

Douay: Ezekiel 2:3 "And saying: Son of man, I send thee to the 

children of Israel, to a rebellious people 5 , that hath revolted from me, 

ñ [See note below] 

they, and their fathers, have transgressed my covenant even unto this 

day.” 

5. The Catholic quote in Douay may very well, at one time in the past, have been 

translated exactly as the Hebrew Masoretic text reads. Perhaps Richard Challoner 

revised the Douay to read as it now does. Later Latin revisers coined a new word of 

their own as a counterpart for the English word Gentile ; which word never did exist in 

the ancient texts, and both of which are a hybridization of the Latin word gens meaning 

nation. So the Latin reading of “ad filios Israel, ad gentes apostratrices” should be 

translated accurately as “to the sons [or children] of Israel, to the apostate nations” 

(meaning the Israel nations in dispersion), not “to a rebellious people” which is a 

paraphrase that has a similar meaning, but which also causes the precise meaning of the 

“Israelites in dispersion” to become somewhat obscured or overlooked.)

166 

Vulgate: Ezekiel 2:3 "et dicentem: Fili hominis, mitto ego te ad filios 

ò[apostate nations] 

Israel, ad gentes apostatrices (rebellious people), quae recesserunt a 

me: ipsi et patres eorum praevaricati sunt pactum meum, usque ad diem 

hanc.” 

What is observable from this discrepancy in the texts is that the 

Judaic scribes and translators in service for Ptolemy’s project to convert 

the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek may not have been above tampering 

with the text ; or they were not aware of Israel’s full history. How is 

this, we might ask? Well during the 8 th Century BC all of the ten tribed 

northern kingdom of Israel as well as 200,000 from the southern 

Kingdom of Judah were deported during at least three or four Assyrian 

invasions. All historical written records indicate that none of these 

deported Israelites ever returned to their homeland except possibly for a 

very tiny a remnant. Two books from antiquity note that the main body 

of the ten-tribed northern Israelite dispersions never returned to Israel. 

The first is found in 2 Esdras 13:39-45 6 . The second is found in 

"Antiquities of the Jews" by Flavius Josephus (Joseph ben Matthias) 

Book XI Chapter V Paragraph 2. (The actual Josephus quote appears 

on the next page.) 

42,360 souls returned to the former kingdom of Judah 70 years 

after they were deported to Babylon. The Assyrian invasions occurred 

130 years before the Babylonian invasion. The number of Israelites 

deported during the Assyrian invasions is estimated to number around 

two million. If they remained in dispersion for 450 years until Ptolemy 

supported the project to translate the Bible into Greek, what number 

could possibly represent the total sum of Israelites in dispersion after so 

6. “And whereas thou sawest that he gathered another peaceable multitude unto 

him; Those are the ten tribes, which were carried away prisoners out of their own land 

in the time of Osea the king, whom Salmanasar the king of Assyria led away captive, 

and he carried them over the waters, and so came they into another land. But they took 

this counsel among themselves, that they would leave the multitude of the heathen, and 

go forth into a further country, where never mankind dwelt, That they might there keep 

their statutes, which they never kept in their own land. And they entered into Euphrates 

by the narrow passages of the river. For through that country there was a great way to 

go, namely, of a year and a half: and the same region is called Arsareth.”

167 

long a period? Josephus wrote from Rome during the 1 st Century AD, 

“Wherefore there are but two tribes in Asia and Europe subject to the 

Romans, while the ten tribes are beyond Euphrates till now, and are an 

immense multitude, and not to be estimated by numbers”. (Josephus 

missed either the Levites or those of Benjamin in his observation 

because there were actually three tribes represented in Judea during his 

lifetime.) 

Obviously, Josephus had given up on the Jews becoming a 

world power after Titus obliterated his army of Judeans in 70 AD. Yes, 

Josephus, then known as Joseph ben Matthias, was the Jewish general 

who was defeated by Titus in 70 AD. But three hundred years prior, the 

Judaics may very well have had visions of becoming a world power and 

attempted to expunge the memory of the Israelite diasporas out of the 

Bible text. 

This does not mean, however, that all of the Septuagint Greek 

text is an unreliable source. These are reasons why we must compare 

each source text against the other source texts along with the historical 

settings each emerged from to enable us to arrive at the whole truth. 

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168 

Appendix B 

From excerpts shown below of the Introduction to the 

Apostolic Bible Polyglot we can observe that the editors of this 

Interlinear Bible only had lofty intentions in providing the world with 

an accurate interlinear of the Septuagint. We have found they missed 

the mark in Deuteronomy by allowing usury to be charged to foreigners. 

In these two passages foreigners is too broad a term for a precise 

translation. The ancient Israelites were not allowed to charge interest 

on loans of money to foreign residents. This unambiguous 

commandment is written in Exodus 22 and Leviticus 25. There may 

also be other translation failures in the Polyglot ; but this inquiry is 

aimed at the truth about usury and the oppression that results from it. 

We only hope they will revisit the two locations pointed out herein so 

that future readers of their interlinear can learn of God's purposes for the 

future of mankind with accurate renderings on usury and oppression of 

the people that was summed up with a single Bible quote by Howard B. 

Rand, “Nothing that the socialists can conceive nor the Communists 

desire can be compared to the institution of the God-given system 

which will out-capital capitalism in that all men will become capitalists 

and ‘sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree ; and none shall 

make them afraid; for the mouth of the Lord of hosts hath spoken it’ ”. 

Notes from pages v, vii and xii of The Apostolic Bible Polyglot’s 

Introduction. 

Seeing that God saw fit to communicate with us mainly through the 

written Word, it is to one’s advantage to search diligently both the 

Hebrew and Greek Scriptures. And since this Apostolic Polyglot 

Interlinear greatly resembles a modified literal translation when 

reading it, and also since every word in it is referenced to either 

Strong’s or their own Greek Dictionary, this work is recommended as 

indispensable for Bible study. The student can easily reference as many 

dictionaries as necessary in search of the whole truth through works 

such as this Polyglot Interlinear of the Greek Septuagint or Green’s 

Interlinear of the Hebrew Masoretic text. 

Sincere thanks are extended to Charles Van der Pool, Editor-in-

169 

Chief at www.apostolicbible.org for his gracious reply at addressing 

this Polyglot translation of allotrios as well nigh impossible to change 

in their second edition. This economic system we are subservient in 

causes constraints beyond which only the money creators would be able 

to overcome in making these changes. It would take a massive 

awakening of the people implementing changes in the monetary system 

or Jesus Christ Himself appearing out of His everlasting habitation 

giving us the wherewithal to make these necessary changes in the 

administration of our national laws. 

Here now are a few important excerpts from the Polyglot’s 

Introduction by Charles Van der Pool: 

(From page vii of the Polyglot Introduction.) “As the English 

Authorized Version is based on the Hebrew Old Testament and Greek 

New Testament, a problem arose when it was decided to numerically 

code the Greek Old Testament, which had not been coded by James 

Strong. It was decided to adapt the Strong’s New Testament Greek 

Dictionary numbering system to The Apostolic Bible, and to furnish 

numbers for the Greek Old Testament words that were not included in 

Strong’s Greek Dictionary of the New Testament, by alphabetically 

inserting new numbers delineated by decimal points between the 

existing Strong’s New Testament Greek words. Hence, a word with an 

AB- Strong number with a decimal point generally means that that word 

appears only in the Greek Old Testament. In some cases various 

Strong’s numbers have been merged into one number, mainly 

concerning the verb “ειµι,” or “to be” where James Strong had 

subdivided the word “ειµι” by tense and mood and had given each 

conjugation its own number. But now these words have been combined 

into one basic number - #1510. Likewise the personal pronoun “εγω,” 

or “I” was subdivided by case and number, and each declension was 

given its own AB-Strong number. These words are now combined into 

number - #1473. Whenever a merger of Strong's numbers does occur, it 

will be noted in the Lexical Concordance under the old number. 

Page xi, “A vernacular only Bible does not exhibit the original 

language, and as the translator can choose whatever English word suits

170 

his taste, it becomes very difficult to confute his or her choice of words, 

as the original is not present. With an interlinear Bible such is not the 

case. The translator is held to a higher standard, as he must use English 

words, which reflect the exact meaning of the original Greek word, and 

any other English word would be suspect and easily refuted. Two 

translators with the same motives still could come up with different 

readings, as each translator has the awesome privilege of choosing 

which vernacular word to use for the God-breathed word of the original. 

Anyone learning the original language has the privilege to choose his or 

her own word, but one must be careful and not choose a word that the 

context…(continued on page xii) 

Page xii, “would disagree with, although it may appear correct in 

English. If one said a certain beast was an "animal," but the word in 

Greek meant "horse," then the translator would be guilty of fraud, 

although the translation in English would appear correct because a horse 

is an animal. As the God-breathed words of the autographs were in 

Hebrew and Greek, it must be noted that a translation must not replace 

the original, for far too much emphasis has been relegated to vernacular 

only Bibles, rather than emphasizing the studies of the original 

languages. 

Charles Van der Pool Editor-in-Chief 

August 2000” 

“NOTE ON THE SECOND EDITION 

With seven years of proofing the text of The Apostolic Bible Polyglot, 

and receiving the input of many dedicated individuals noting errors, 

supplying suggestions, and dedicating many hours in this endeavor to 

make The Apostolic Bible Polyglot pristine, we pray that this second 

edition will be acceptable to our Lord and to you the reader. New 

features between the editions will be noted below by subject, but some 

minor changes have occurred which are the elimination of the words 

“maidservant” using instead “bondwoman” for the Greek word doulh 

#1399, and “manservant” using instead “bondman” for the Greek word 

douloV #1402. In the Lexical Concordance of The Apostolic Bible you 

may see an AB-Strong number(s) (33) in parenthesis. These numbers

171 

were assigned by Strong, but in The Apostolic Bible Polyglot they were 

combined into the number preceding these. In some places Strong gave 

a separate number to superlatives, etc. Finally the title of the book The 

Apostolic Bible Polyglot, now includes the words, “Greek - English 

Interlinear.” 

From page xiii: “The English words chosen by this translator are 

prayerfully considered and offered to the reader. The translation was 

done by one person, rather than a group of individuals. In the opinion of 

this translator a continuity of the English words is attained when one 

individual is doing the translating of the whole, as compared to a group 

of individuals in which each may be translating only one book of the 

Bible. It may be impressive to see the names of many scholars listed in 

a translation, but this may not make the work more scholarly. 

Charles Van der Pool Editor-in-Chief 

July 2013” 

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172 

Appendix C 

The Latin Vulgate 

Challoner’s Douay Version in the Pentateuch of the Old 

Testament was originally a direct translation of St. Jerome’s Latin 

Vulgate Pentateuch. Challoner revised the original English possibly as 

a Catholic answer to the success of the Protestant KJV. Modern 

renderings of the Latin Vulgate and Douay versions are available for 

easy copy and paste at www.drbo.org . Both are included below to 

show there is considerable difference from the ancient Greek and 

Hebrew when compared against the two Catholic versions. It was 

found that even Jerome did not actually capture a full and precise 

rendering from the Hebrew and Greek with his Latin Vulgate. In more 

than one location he used two words where only one word was used in 

the original Hebrew and Greek texts. From looking at the context 

indicated in his Latin version he or his successors may have attempted 

to incorporate accurate context found in Exodus and Leviticus into his 

own rendering of Deuteronomy 15. However the introduction of 

additional words only produced confusion. 

Here now is a Latin dictionary from which we can determine 

for ourselves whether the Catholic Bible does any better than the 

versions we have thus far analyzed. We should observe in these Latin 

definitions that through the years perhaps many of the Catholic linguists 

involved in these projects were not careful enough in their work. As a 

result, their translations have become as dangerous as the modern 

vernacular versions now available. Shown in Appendix B are some of 

Charles Van der Pool’s comments about these vernacular versions we 

have commonly available today. This writer agrees, as Jay P. Green Sr. 

did in his Unholy Hands on the Bible, with Van der Pool that the drift 

away from accuracy is facilitated through the widespread trend toward 

vernacular versions. 

Latin Dictionary 

advena – ae: c. temporary resident, alien, foreigner, stranger. 

(Ref. Ex. 12:45; 22:21; Lev. 25:23, 35; Deut. 15:3)

173 

alienigena – ae: m. ; stranger, foreigner. (Ref. Ex. 12:43 

alienus – a –um: strange, not one’s own, foreign, alien. 

Alieno (Ref. Deut. 23:20) 

Civis – is: c. ; citizen. (Ref. Lev. 25:14,23; Deut. 15:3 

civi tuo – your or thy citizen, ref. Lev. 25:14. (In this reference the 

English translates it as neighbor. Neighbor here does not lose its 

possible context as a resident alien, whereas citizen does. So it appears 

that the Latin translator committed an error of omission here. (Ref. Lev, 

25:14) 

colonus – i: m.; inhabitant, dweller. (Ref. Lev. 25:40) 

colono qui pereginatur – (Challoner allowed translation of this as 

‘proselyte that sojourneth’ rather than inhabitant or dweller that 

sojourneth. Now doesn’t this context actually tell us “resident alien”? 

One need not have been a proselyte to be a resident alien. It appears 

that accuracy and precision are not something translators have been 

able to achieve. Just think how random a mess our physical universe 

might be if our LORD had been as careless in writing the laws of 

physics as men are in translating languages.) 

(Ref. Ex. 12:49 

frater – tris: m.; brother. (Ref. Lev. 25:14, 25, 35, 36; Deut. 23:19, 20) 

indigena –ae: c.; native. (Ref. Ex. 12:4 

indigena terrae (Ref. Ex. 12:48) 

mercenarious –a –um: mercenary (Stelten). 

(From Cassell’s - Hired, paid, mercenary). (Ref. Ex. 12:45; Lev. 25:40) 

peregrinus – a, um: (Stelton) foreign, strange, exotic, from another 

land: (as a noun) stranger, wanderer, pilgrim, traveler, foreigner. (Ref. 

Deut. 15:3) 

(Other sources for peregrinus: wanderer, traveler) (Cassell’s – 

peregrina –ae, foreigner, stranger, foreign resident.) 

peregrinum, peregrinatur, peregrinorum 

(Ref. Ex. 12:48, 49; Lev 25:35)

174 

populous – i: m.; populace, people, multitude, crowd, host; in pupuli 

among the nations. (Ref. Ex. 22:25 

populo meo pauperi – My poor people. The Latin word meo is rarely 

used. When it is it denotes emphasis. (Ref. Ex. 22:25) 

propinquus – a, um: near of kin (as a noun), neighbor, kin, relative. 

(Ref. Lev. 25:25; Deut. 15:3 

propinquum 

proximus – a –um: near, nearest, next, neighboring; as a noun heighbor, 

relative; in proximo: near at hand, very near, next, nearest; proxime: 

adv. (Ref. Ex. 22. 25; Ex. 22:26 

Textual Analysis in the 

Latin Vulgate 

Provided below are the actual texts of the English Douay 

Version and the Modern Latin Vulgate in parallel. If the Roman 

Catholic clergy has been careful in tracking how the Vulgate has 

evolved into its present form, the information may not readily be 

available to us. The translation had its beginning with Hieronymus 

(Jerome) during the 4 th century AD. About the same time that Jerome 

began this project, another convening of the First Council of Nicaea in 

381 AD produced a few additions to the Nicene Creed that were based 

on doctrine found in the New Testament. Christian scholars today 

regard this 381 AD Creed as fully in agreement with the New 

Testament. So while the western Church at Rome was busy trying to 

imprint a language on Christendom that was destined to become dead, 

the eastern synods continued to incorporate more New Testament truths 

into the Creed. It appears almighty God’s selection of the Greek 

language as His own choice to communicate with all succeeding 

generations proved that everything men do against His will always 

becomes sterile. 

Please notice that definitions shown in the analysis below 

within the square cornered brackets [ ] are from Latin to English 

dictionaries. They are not intended to demonstrate any Greek or 

Hebrew equivalency. In fact, they even show up otherwise.

175 

Douay and Latin Vulgate 

In Parallel with Textual 

Analysis 

Exodus 12:43-51 

[43] And the Lord said to Moses and Aaron: This is the service of the 

Phase: No foreigner shall eat of it. 

ñ[stranger, foreigner, resident alien] 

Dixitque Dominus ad Moysen et Aaron: Haec est religio Phase: omnis 

alienigena non comedet ex eo. 

[44] But every bought servant shall be circumcised, and so shall eat. 

Omnis autem servus emptitius circumcidetur, et sic comedet. 

ò[temporary resident, resident alien, or foreigner, stranger] 

[45] The stranger and the hireling shall not eat thereof. 

ñ[mercenary (hireling)] 

Advena et mercenarius non edent ex eo. 

[46] In one house shall it be eaten, neither shall you carry forth of the 

flesh thereof out of the house, neither shall you break a bone thereof. 

In una domo comedetur, nec efferetis de carnibus ejus foras, nec os 

illius confringetis. 

[47] All the assembly of the children of Israel shall keep it. 

Omnis coetus filiorum Israel faciet illud. 

[Cassell’s: foreigner, stranger, resident alien] 

ò [Stelton: foreign, strange, exotic, from another] 

[48] And if any stranger be willing to dwell among you, and to keep 

the Phase of the Lord, all his males shall first be circumcised, and then 

shall he celebrate it according to the manner: and he shall be as he that 

is born in the land: but if any man be uncircumcised, he shall not eat 

thereof. 

Quod si quis peregrinorum in vestram voluerit transire coloniam, et 

facere Phase Domini, circumcidetur prius omne masculinum ejus, et 

tunc rite celebrabit: eritque sicut indigena terrae: si quis auem 

circumcisus non fuerit, non vescetur ex eo.

176 

[or natives]ò 

[49] The same law shall be to [him that is born in the land], and to the 

proselyte that sojourneth with you. 

ñ[Cassell’s: foreigner, stranger (with sojourneth, therefore a foreign resident)] 

[Stelton: foreign, strange, exotic, from another] 

Eadem lex erit indigenae et colono qui peregrinatur apud vos. 

[50] And all the children of Israel did as the Lord had commanded 

Moses and Aaron. 

Feceruntque omnes filii Israel sicut praeceperat Dominus Moysi et 

Aaron. 

[51] And the same day the Lord brought forth the children of Israel out 

of the land of Egypt by their companies. 

Et eadem die eduxit Dominus filios Israel de terra Aegypti per turmas 

suas. 

Exodus 22:21-28 

ò [temporary residents, aliens, foreigners, strangers] 

[21] Thou shalt not molest a stranger, nor afflict him: for yourselves 

also were strangers in the land of Egypt. 

ñ[temporary residents, aliens, foreigners, strangers] 

Advenam non contristabis, neque affliges eum: advenae enim et ipsi 

fuistis in terra Aegypti. 

[22] You shall not hurt a widow or an orphan. 

Viduae et pupillo non nocebitis. 

[23] If you hurt them they will cry out to me, and I will hear their cry: 

Si laeseritis eos, vociferabuntur ad me, et ego audiam clamorem eorum: 

[24] And my rage shall be enkindled, and I will strike you with the 

sword, and your wives shall be widows, and your children fatherless. 

Et indignabitur furor meus, percutiamque vos gladio, et erunt uxores 

vestrae viduae, et filii vestri pupilli. 

[25] If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor, that dwelleth

177 

with thee, thou shalt not be hard upon them as an extortioner, nor 

oppress them with usuries. 

ñ[usury, interest] 

Si pecuniam mutuam dederis populo meo pauperi qui habitat tecum, 

non urgebis eum quasi exactor, nec usuris opprimes. 

[26] If thou take of thy neighbour a garment in pledge, thou shalt give 

it him again before sunset. 

Si pignus a proximo tuo acceperis vestimentum, ante solis occasum 

reddes ei. 

[27] For that same is the only thing wherewith he is covered, the 

clothing of his body, neither hath he any other to sleep in: if he cry to 

me, I will hear him, because I am compassionate. 

Ipsum enim est solum, quo operitur, indumentum carnis ejus, nec habet 

aliud in quo dormiat: si clamaverit ad me, exaudiam eum, quia 

misericors sum. 

[28] Thou shalt not speak ill of the gods, and the prince of thy people 

thou shalt not curse. 

Diis non detrahes, et principi populi tui non maledices. 

Leviticus 25 

[13] In the year of the jubilee all shall return to their possessions. 

Anno jubilaei, redient omnes ad possessiones suas. 

ò[any citizen] 

[14] When thou shalt sell any thing to thy neighbour, or shalt buy of 

him; grieve not thy brother: but thou shalt buy of him according to the 

number of years from the jubilee. 

Quando vendes quippiam civi tuo, vel emes ab eo, ne contristes fratrem 

tuum, sed juxta numerum annorum jubilaei emes ab eo, 

[15] And he shall sell to thee according to the computation of the fruits. 

Et juxta supputationem frugum vendet tibi. 

[16] The more years remain after the jubilee, the more shall the price 

increase: and the less time is counted, so much the less shall the 

purchase cost. For he shall sell to thee the time of the fruits.

178 

Quanto plures anni remanserint post jubilaeum, tanto crescet et 

pretium: et quanto minus temporis numeraveris, tanto minoris et emptio 

constabit: tempus enim frugum vendet tibi. 

[17] Do not afflict your countrymen, but let every one fear his God: 

because I am the Lord your God. 

Nolite affligere contribules vestros, sed timeat unusquisque Deum suum, 

quia ego Dominus Deus vester. 

[18] Do my precepts, and keep my judgments, and fulfill them: that you 

may dwell in the land without any fear, 

Facite praecepta mea, et judicia custodite, et implete ea: ut habitare 

possitis in terra absque ullo pavore, 

[23] The land also shall not be sold for ever: because it is mine, and you 

ò[temporary residents, aliens, foreigners, strangers] 

are strangers and sojourners with me. 

ñ[inhabitants, dwellers] 

Terra quoque non vendetur in perpetuum, quia mea est, et vos advenae 

et coloni mei estis: 

[24] For which cause all the country of your possession shall be under 

the condition of redemption. 

Unde cuncta regio possessionis vestrae sub redemptionis conditione 

vendetur. 

[25] If thy brother being impoverished sell his little possession, and his 

kinsman will, he may redeem what he had sold. 

ñ[near relation] 

Si attenuatus frater tuus vendiderit possessiunculam suam, et voluerit 

propinquus ejus, potest redimere quod ille vendiderat. 

[31] But if the house be in a village, that hath no walls, it shall be sold 

according to the same law as the fields: if it be not redeemed before, in 

the jubilee it shall return to the owner. 

Sin autem in villa domus, quae muros non habet, agrorum jure 

vendetur: si ante redempta non fuerit, in jubilaeo revertetur ad 

dominum.

179 

[32] The houses of Levites, which are in cities, may always be 

redeemed: 

Aedes Levitarum quae in urbibus sunt, semper possunt redimi: 

[33] If they be not redeemed, in the jubilee they shall all return to the 

owners, because the houses of the cities of the Levites are for their 

possessions among the children of Israel. 

Si redemptae non fuerint, in jubilaeo revertentur ad dominos, quia 

domus urbium Levitarum pro possessionibus sunt inter filios Israel. 

[34] But let not their suburbs be sold, because it is a perpetual 

possession. 

Suburbana autem eorum non veneant, quia possessio sempiterna est. 

[35] If thy brother be impoverished, and weak of hand, and thou 

receive him as a stranger and sojourner, and he live with thee, 

[temporary resident, ñ 

alien, foreigner, stranger] 

ñ[foreigner, stranger, resident alien] 

[Stelton: foreign, strange, exotic, from another] 

Si attenuatus fuerit frater tuus, et infirmus manu, et susceperis eum 

quasi advenam et peregrinum, et vixerit tecum, 

[36] Take not usury of him nor more than thou gavest: fear thy God, 

that thy brother may live with thee. 

ñ[brother] 

Ne accipias usuras ab eo, nec amplius quam dedisti: time Deum tuum, 

ut vivere possit frater tuus apud te. 

[37] Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor exact of him 

any increase of fruits. 

Pecuniam tuam non dabis ei ad usuram, et frugum superabundantiam 

non exiges. 

[38] I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, 

that I might give you the land of Chanaan, and might be your God. 

Ego Dominus Deus vester, qui eduxi vos de terra Aegypti, ut darem 

vobis terram Chanaan, et essem vester Deus.

180 

[39] If thy brother constrained by poverty, sell himself to thee, thou 

shalt not oppress him with the service of bondservants: 

Si paupertate compulsus vendiderit se tibi frater tuus, non eum 

opprimes servitute famulorum, 

[mercenary, (hireling)] ò 

ò[inhabitant, dweller] 

[40] But he shall be as a hireling, and a sojourner: he shall work with 

thee until the year of the jubilee, 

Sed quasi mercenarius et colonus erit: usque ad annum jubilaeum 

operabitur apud te, 

[41] And afterwards he shall go out with his children, and shall return to 

his kindred and to the possession of his fathers, 

Et postea egredietur cum liberis suis, et revertetur ad cognationem, ad 

possessionem patrum suorum. 

Deuteronomy 15 

[1] In the seventh year thou shalt make a remission, 

Septimo anno facies remissionem, 

[2] Which shall be celebrated in this order. He to whom any thing is 

owing from his friend or neighbour or brother, cannot demand it again, 

because it is the year of remission of the Lord, 

Quae hoc ordine celebrabitur. Cui debetur aliquid ab amico vel 

proximo ac fratre suo, repetere non poterit, quia annus remissionis est 

Domini. 

[The Septuagint and Masoretic texts both indicate outlandish foreigner, outlandish alien, 

hostile foreigner, hostile alien, or perhaps we could even suggest here foreign traveller. 

Why two words denoting the same wrong context were used here is baffling.] 

ò 

ò 

[3] Of the foreigner or stranger thou mayst exact it: of thy 

countryman and neighbour thou shalt not have power to demand it 

[citizen]ñ 

ñ[neighbor, kin, 

relative ; or as Exodus and Leviticus indicate here broher, 

stranger, resident alien, and hireling all work well] 

again. 

A peregrino et advena exiges: civem et propinquum repetendi non 

habebis potestatem.

181 

Deuteronomy 23:19,20 

[19] Thou shalt not lend to thy brother money to usury, nor corn, nor 

any other thing: 

non foenerabis fratri tuo ad usuram pecuniam, nec fruges, nec 

quamlibet aliam rem: 

[The Septuagint and Masoretic texts both indicate outlandish foreigner, outlandish alien, 

hostile foreigner, hostile alien, or perhaps we could even suggest here foreign traveller.] 

ò 

[20] But to the stranger. To thy brother thou shalt lend that which he 

wanteth, without usury: that the Lord thy God may bless thee in all thy 

works in the land, which thou shalt go in to possess. 

sed alieno. Fratri autem tuo absque usura id quo indiget, commodabis: 

ut benedicat tibi Dominus Deus tuus in omni opere tuo in terra, ad 

quam ingredieris possidendam. 

It was noted previously that, in both the Hebrew and Greek 

from the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint, identical context is 

established for both Deuteronomy 15 and 23 with the words nokriy and 

allotrios. In the Latin Vulgate here two different completely words 

were used in Deuteronomy 15 than the alieno used in Deuteronomy 23. 

Could it be that St. Jerome was not as sharp as those at the church at 

Rome perceived? 

Other places that should be called into question are in Leviticus 

25 and Exodus, especially with the definitions found in Stelten’s Latin 

Dictionary. The English equivalency definitions for the Latin words 

advena and peregrino, as they are used in Exodus and Leviticus, stray 

errantly away from context established in both the Hebrew and the 

Greek. The same failure away from original context is also present in 

Deuteronomy. Apparently, Jerome and all of his successors did not 

scrutinize context in the Greek and Hebrew ancient texts carefully 

enough. They all were unable to visualize that the addition of different 

words in Deuteronomy signaled a not previously given allowance for 

usury. Either the ancient vernacular or an ancient idiom indicated a 

very different type of alien than the resident aliens and proselytes that 

were written into Exodus and Leviticus 25. How gainsayers have 

avoided discussing this dichotomy between Deuteronomy and the other 

three Torah chapters for five centuries is the real mystery.

182 

Appendix D 

“The New Testament 

Commandments” 

Matthew 19:17 

And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, 

God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. 

Mark 12:29 

And Jesus answered him, The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The 

Lord our God is one Lord: 

Luke 1:6 

And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and 

ordinances of the Lord blameless. 

Luke 18:20 

Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, 

Do not bear false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother. 

John 14:15 

If ye love me, keep my commandments. 

John 14:21 

He that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, he it is that loveth me: and he that 

loveth me shall be loved of my Father, and I will love him, and will manifest myself to 

him. 

John 15:10 

If ye keep my commandments, ye shall abide in my love; even as I have kept my 

Father's commandments, and abide in his love. 

Acts 1:2 

Until the day in which he was taken up, after that he through the Holy Ghost had 

given commandments unto the apostles whom he had chosen: 

1 Corinthians 7:19 

Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is nothing, but the keeping of 

the commandments of God. 

1 Corinthians 14:37 

If any man think himself to be a prophet, or spiritual, let him acknowledge that the 

things that I write unto you are the commandments of the Lord. 

Ephesians 2:15 

Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in 

ordinances; for to make in himself of twain one new man, so making peace; 

Colossians 4:10 

Aristarchus my fellowprisoner saluteth you, and Marcus, sister's son to Barnabas, 

(touching whom ye received commandments: if he come unto you, receive him;) 

1 Thessalonians 4:2 

For ye know what commandments we gave you by the Lord Jesus. 

1 John 2:3 

And hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his commandments.

183 

1 John 2:4 

He that saith, I know him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a liar, and the truth is 

not in him. 

1 John 3:22 

And whatsoever we ask, we receive of him, because we keep his commandments, and 

do those things that are pleasing in his sight. 

1 John 3:24 

And he that keepeth his commandments dwelleth in him, and he in him. And hereby 

we know that he abideth in us, by the Spirit which he hath given us. 

1 John 5:2 

By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God, and keep 

his commandments. 

1 John 5:3 

For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments: and his commandments 

are not grievous. 

2 John 1:6 

And this is love, that we walk after his commandments. This is the commandment, 

That, as ye have heard from the beginning, ye should walk in it. 

Revelation 12:17 

And the dragon was wroth with the woman, and went to make war with the remnant of 

her seed, which keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus 

Christ. 


Here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the commandments of God, 

and the faith of Jesus. 


Blessed are they that do his commandments, that they may have right to the tree of life, 

and may enter in through the gates into the city. 

Matthew 15:9 

But in vain they do worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. 

Matthew 22:40 

On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. 

Mark 7:7 

Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of 

men. 

Mark 10:19 

Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, 

Do not bear false witness, Defraud not, Honour thy father and mother. 

Matthew 8:12 

But the children of the kingdom shall be cast out into outer darkness: there shall be 

weeping and gnashing of teeth.

184 

Appendix E 

“Anglican Bishop John Jewel” 

Early in this paper it was mentioned that Luke chapter 19 posed 

an obstacle for some to comprehend how usury can be considered a 

deadly sin. Of course any Christians who have genuine faith will be 

concerned to comply with all of Christ’s commandments. He said 

simply, “If you love Me keep my commandments”. He also said, “Lend 

asking for nothing in return”. How much more simple could He have 

made it. What need therefore is there to complicate this directive by 

implying that permission was given by Him in Luke 19 to charge usury 

on loans of money? As straightforward as any could be, Bishop John 

Jewel, an Anglican Bishop, gave a compelling sermon on this that was 

committed to writing in 1583. So presented here now is some 

commentary from Michael Hoffman ; and then a most important excerpt 

from a sermon about usury on Luke 19 and exactly what this Gospel 

chapter teaches us about usury: 

From Usury in Christendom: The Mortal Sin that Was and Now is Not 

by Michael Hoffman: 

Page 352, Hoffman: 

“This sermon, together with other homilies by Bishop Jewel, 

was first published in 1583 under the title, “An exposition Upon the 

Two Epistles of Saint Paul to the Thessalonians.” It was reprinted in 

1584, 1594, 1609, 1611, 1811 and 1847. Our text is derived from The 

Works of John Jewel: The Second Portion (Parker Society, Cambridge 

University Press, 1847), pp. 850-861. 

“Jewel appointed John Garbrand, fellow of New College, 

Oxford and afterward prebendary of Sarum, as his literary executor. 

According to Garbrand’s preface to the first edition, Jewel’s sermon 

was “delivered unto the people of his charge” in “the cathedral church 

of Sarum.” Garbrand writes that “many of his hearers thought it worthy 

to be made common and besought him (Jewel) earnestly, even as since 

his blessed departure out of this life they have often required me to 

publish the same.” Garbrand further states concerning the bishop’s 

expositions on Thessalonians, “in this discourse…are there two matters,

185 

the one of usury, the other of antichrist, that is of the bane and poison of 

the commonwealth and of the infection and decay of the church, 

wherein he bestowed more pains to open them and make them manifest, 

that all men might know and abhor them, and beware of them. What 

has been wrought by these two mischiefs…the utter destruction of the 

souls and bodies of many thousands of subjects of this realm within 

these late years…” 

So with this introduction from Hoffman, we now begin Bishop Jewel’s 

exegetical remarks about Luke 19: 

From pages 370 through 373 of Bishop Jewel’s sermon: 

“But (it is argued) usury is everywhere, and therefore to be 

suffered. Too true, that it is common every where. Would God it were 

false! It undoeth all the world. So the devil is everywhere, and 

suffered, so are the brothels suffered in France, Spain, Italy, Lombardy, 

Naples, Venice, and in Rome. Rome is called the holy city: the most 

holy has his seat there, and yet suffers the stews in Rome. So were the 

Canaanites among the people of God, and suffered. But they were as 

goads in their sides and as thorns in their eyes. As these were suffered, 

and as the stews are suffered, and as the devil is suffered, so and no 

otherwise are usurers. Such good, and no better, do they. For they are 

the children of the devil: their houses be the shops wherein the devil 

does his work of mischief. They be Canaanites and enemies of God’s 

people. They be goads in our sides and sharp thorns and prickles in our 

eyes. God grant that the law may espy them, and the people abhor 

them, and they may repent and loathe their wickedness! 

“Some others are bold to take authority for usury from Christ 

himself. He said: “The kingdom of heaven is as a man that, going into a 

strange country, called his servants, and delivered to them his goods; 

and unto one he gave five talents, and to another two, and to another 

one; and said unto them, ‘Occupy until I come.’ The first did so, the 

second accordingly. They increased his stock, and are commended to 

their usury. The third wrapped his talent in a napkin and kept it 

together. His master returned, and chid him, and said: “Wherefore 

gavest not thou my money into the bank, that at my coming I might 

have required it with vantage?” Therefore usury is allowed by the

186 

mouth of Christ. The first two are commended, not for anything else 

but for the gain they made by usury, third is rated and rebuked, not for 

theft nor adultery, but because he laid not out his stock to usury. 

“What? And is usury allowed? And allowed by the witness of 

Christ? How can that be? For Christ, as we heard before, does plainly 

forbid it. How is it then? What is the meaning of this parable? This it 

is: when Christ delivered his gospel unto his disciples, he gave them 

charge to be diligent, and to multiply and increase the number of them 

that should believe. To this purpose he said, be as careful in this 

business for the glory of God and the salvation of your brethren, as 

worldly-wise men show themselves in seeking wicked mammon. 

Behold the usurers: they occupy their stock, and make it grow, and so of 

five pounds make ten, and of ten make twenty pounds, and so they 

become rich. So deal you in the gifts and knowledge that God hath 

bestowed on you, give them to the exchangers, put them out to usury, 

increase the Lord’s stock. If they be diligent and faithful in the things 

of this world, how much more ought you to be so in heavenly things! 

This therefore is the meaning: covetous men and the children of this 

world be wise in their generation; you are the children of light, be you 

also wise, and do you so likewise in your office and service as you see 

them do. So he saith, “Behold the fowls of heaven,” “learn how the 

lilies of the field grow.” What of this? The lilies are but grass, the 

fowls of the air are but birds. The mercy of God in his providence and 

care, wherein he gives us all things needful, is made plain by example 

of these, and thereby our distrust and overmuch carefulness reproved. 

So does Christ speak this parable of the usurer, that as he is diligent in 

doing ill, so we should be diligent and ready to do well. 

“But shall usury therefore be lawful, because Christ draws a 

comparison or makes an example by a usurer? If it were so, we should 

do many things otherwise than well. For in the scriptures we are 

oftentimes required to take example of those things which are ill. In the 

sixteenth chapter of Luke, Christ bids his disciples take example of the 

unfaithful steward, to be provident and careful as he was. Does he 

therefore commend the falsehood of the steward? Shall falsehood 

therefore be lawful? St. Paul said, “The day of the Lord shall come in 

even as a thief in the night.” Is theft therefore lawful? St. James said, 

“The devils believe and tremble”: take example of the devils. They

187 

believe, but their bare, vain, and dead faith, in which they can do no 

good, cannot serve them. Even so your faith shall not save you, if it be 

dead and void of all good works. 

“God himself, to reprove the unthankfulness and forgetfulness 

of his people, which did so often forsake him and followed Baal and 

Astaroth, said in this manner unto them: “What nation did ever forsake 

their gods?” Does he in this speech approve that the idols of the 

heathen are gods? Or, because God takes example of idolatry, shall 

idolatry therefore be lawful? He bids his servants to be as faithful and 

willing and ready to serve him, the god of heaven and earth, as the 

gentiles were in service of their idols, the works of their own hands. As 

God did will the Israelites to take example of the idolaters, and as Christ 

bids us take example of the false steward, and as James of the devils; so 

is this parable an example of that which is commendable, that is, the 

diligence of the servants. Usury is no more allowed by this than 

idolatry and falsehood and the devil is by the other.” 

__________________________________ 

_____________________ 

“Usury” 

Nehemiah 5:7 

Then I consulted with myself, and I rebuked the nobles, and the rulers, 

and said unto them, Ye exact usury, every one of his brother. And I set a 

great assembly against them. 

Nehemiah 5:10 

I likewise, and my brethren, and my servants, might exact of them 

money and corn: I pray you, let us leave off this usury. 

Psalms 15:1, 5 

1 (A Psalm of David.) LORD, who shall abide in thy tabernacle? who 

shall dwell in thy holy hill? 

5 He that putteth not out his money to usury, nor taketh reward against 

the innocent. He that doeth these things shall never be moved.

188 

Proverbs 28:8 

He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall 

gather it for him that will pity the poor. 

Isaiah 24:2 

And it shall be, as with the people, so with the priest; as with the 

servant, so with his master; as with the maid, so with her mistress; as 

with the buyer, so with the seller; as with the lender, so with the 

borrower; as with the taker of usury, so with the giver of usury to him. 

Jeremiah 15:10 

Woe is me, my mother, that thou hast borne me a man of strife and a 

man of contention to the whole earth! I have neither lent on usury, nor 

men have lent to me on usury; yet every one of them doth curse me. 

Ezekiel 18:8 

He that hath not given forth upon usury, neither hath taken any 

increase, that hath withdrawn his hand from iniquity, hath executed true 

judgment between man and man, 

Ezekiel 18:13 

Hath given forth upon usury, and hath taken increase: shall he then live? 

he shall not live: he hath done all these abominations; he shall surely 

die; his blood shall be upon him. 

Ezekiel 18:17 

That hath taken off his hand from the poor, that hath not 

received usury nor increase, hath executed my judgments, hath walked 

in my statutes; he shall not die for the iniquity of his father, he shall 

surely live. 

Ezekiel 22:12 

In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood; thou hast taken usury and 

increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by extortion, 

and hast forgotten me, saith the Lord GOD. 

Neighbors here is Strongs # 7453, rea or reya,

189 

Luke 19:23 

Wherefore then gavest not thou my money into the bank, that at my 

coming I might have required mine own with usury? 

Deuteronomy 15:2 

And this is the manner of the release: Every creditor that 

lendeth ought unto his neighbour shall release it; he shall not exact it of 

his neighbour, or of his brother; because it is called the LORD'S 

release. 

Neighbor is Strong’s 7453, rayah. Brother is Strong’s 251, awkh, used 

in the widest sense of literal relationship. 

Deuteronomy 15:2 from Green’s Literal Translation 

And this is the manner of the release: Everyone who has a loan to his 

neighbor shall release it; he shall not exact it of his neighbor and his 

brother, because a release has been proclaimed for Jehovah. 


For the LORD thy God blesseth thee, as he promised thee: and thou 

shalt lend unto many nations, but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt 

reign over many nations, but they shall not reign over thee. 


But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend him 

sufficient for his need, in that which he wanteth. 


When thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go into his 

house to fetch his pledge. 


Thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall 

bring out the pledge abroad unto thee. 


The LORD shall open unto thee his good treasure, the heaven to give 

the rain unto thy land in his season, and to bless all the work of thine 

hand: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, and thou shalt not

190 

borrow. (At this particular point in the march of history, America 

would indeed have had the opportunity to create her own money and 

lend it to all interest free. dsk) 


He shall lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him: he shall be the 

head, and thou shalt be the tail. 

Psalms 37:26 

He is ever merciful, and lendeth; and his seed is blessed. 

Psalms 112:5 

A good man sheweth favour, and lendeth: he will guide his affairs with 

discretion. 


He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto the LORD; and that which 

he hath given will he pay him again. 

Proverbs 22:7 

The rich ruleth over the poor, and the borrower is servant to the lender. 

Luke 6:34 

And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive, what thank have 

ye? for sinners also lend to sinners, to receive as much again. 

Luke 6:35 

But love ye your enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for nothing 

again; and your reward shall be great, and ye shall be the children of the 

Highest: for he is kind unto the unthankful and to the evil. 

Luke 11:5 

And he said unto them, Which of you shall have a friend, and shall go 

unto him at midnight, and say unto him, Friend, lend me three loaves; 

__________________________________________ 

__________________________

191 

Appendix F 

“The Letter of Aristeas” 

Immediately below a Wikipedia entry for the “Letter of 

Aristeas” is shown. It is pasted so the reader can see why information 

obtained from this encyclopedic web site should always be compared 

against other histories. The part shown in bold accentuates a falsehood 

that we explain after the Wikipedia quotation. We believe the analysis 

offered by these academics is missing critical information. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas 

Begin Wikipedia quotation: 

The letter of Aristeas, called so because it was a letter addressed 

from Aristeas to his brother Philocrates,[5] deals primarily with the 

reason the Greek translation of the Hebrew Law, also called 

the Septuagint, was created, as well as the people and processes 

involved. Over twenty manuscripts of this letter are preserved. The 

letter is often mentioned and quoted in other texts, most notably 

Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews (c. 93 AD), Aristobolus writing in a 

passage preserved by Eusebius, and by Philo of Alexandria.[6] The 

letter's author alleges to be a courtier of Ptolemy II 

Philadelphus (reigned 281-246 BCE). 

In detail, the work relates how the king of Egypt, 

presumably Ptolemy II Philadelphus, is urged by his chief 

librarian Demetrios of Phaleron to have the Hebrew Law translated into 

Greek, and so add the knowledge of the Hebrews to the vast collection 

of books the empire had already collected. The king responds 

favorably, including giving freedom to Jews who had been taken 

into captivity by his predecessors, and sending lavish gifts (which 

are described in great detail) to the Temple in Jerusalem along with 

his envoys. The high priest chooses exactly six men from each of the 

twelve tribes, giving 72 in all; he gives a long sermon in praise of 

the Law. When the translators arrive in Alexandria the king weeps for 

joy and for the next seven days puts philosophical questions to the 

translators, the wise answers to which are related in full. The 72

192 

translators then complete their task in exactly 72 days. The Jews of 

Alexandria, on hearing the Law read in Greek, request copies and lay a 

curse on anyone who would change the translation. The king then 

rewards the translators lavishly and they return home.[7] 

A main goal of the 2nd-century author seems to be to establish 

the superiority of the Greek Septuagint text over any other version of 

the Hebrew Bible. The author is noticeably pro-Greek, 

portraying Zeus as simply another name for the god of Israel, and while 

criticism is lodged against idolatry and Greek sexual ethics, the 

argument is phrased in such a way as to attempt to persuade the reader 

to change, rather than as a hostile attack. The manner in which the 

author concentrates on describing Judaism, and particularly its temple in 

Jerusalem could be viewed as an attempt to proselytise.[citation needed] 

Criticism[edit] 

Demetrios of Phaleron, a client of Ptolemy I Soter, is not a good 

candidate as a collaborator with Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Roger S. 

Bagnall notes that he made the strategic mistake at the beginning of the 

reign of supporting Ptolemy's older half-brother, and was punished with 

internal exile, dying soon afterwards.[8] 

Philological analysis by Luis Vives, published in XXII libros de 

Civitate Dei Commentaria (1522), proposed that 

the pseudepigraphic letter was a forgery, being written by an author 

living half a century after Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246 B.C) and 

assuming the name of Aristeas. The inconsistencies and anachronisms 

of the author, examined and exposed first by Humphrey Hody (1659— 

1706),[9] place the writing closer to 170-130 BCE. Hody's Oxford 

dissertation of 1685 provoked an "angry and scurrilous 

reply" from Isaac Vossius (1618–1689), who had been librarian to 

Queen Christina of Sweden, in the appendix to his Observations on 

Pomponius Mela, 1686, to which Hody conclusively replied in notes to 

his reprint of 1705.[10] Due to this, the author of the letter of Aristeas is 

most often referred to as pseudo-Aristeas.[11] 

Modern scholarship is unanimously with Hody. Victor

193 

Tcherikover (Hebrew University) summed up the scholarly consensus 

in 1958: 

"Modern scholars commonly regard the “Letter of Aristeas” as 

a work typical of Jewish apologetics, aiming at self-defense and 

propaganda, and directed to the Greeks. Here are some instances 

illustrating this general view. In 1903 Friedlander wrote that the 

glorification of Judaism in the letter was no more than self-defense, 

though “the book does not mention the antagonists of Judaism by name, 

nor does it admit that its intention is to refute direct attacks.” Stein sees 

in the letter “a special kind of defense, which practices diplomatic 

tactics,” and Tramontano also speaks of “an apologetic and 

propagandist tendency.” Vincent characterizes it as “a small 

unapologetic novel written for the Egyptians” (i.e. the Greeks in Egypt). 

Pheiffer says: “This fanciful story of the origin of the Septuagint is 

merely a pretext for defending Judaism against its heathen denigrators, 

for extolling its nobility and reasonableness, and first striving to convert 

Greek speaking Gentiles to it.” Schürer classes the letter with a special 

kind of literature, “Jewish propaganda in Pagan disguise,” whose works 

are “directed to the pagan reader, in order to make propaganda for 

Judaism among the Gentiles.” Andrews, too, believes that the role of a 

Greek was assumed by Aristeas in order “to strengthen the force of the 

argument and commend it to non-Jewish readers. Even Gutman, who 

rightly recognizes that the Letter sprang 'from an inner need of 

the educated Jew,' sees in it 'a strong means for making Jewish 

propaganda in the Greek world.' ”[12] 

End Wikipedia quotation. 

We see in this Wikipedia entry much scholarship presenting 

arguments that this letter is indeed spurious. The biggest reason, 

though, why New Testament scholars see through this fake is in the 

twelve tribe representation for the seventy two translators. From Bible 

history and even other sources we know that the “Lost Ten Tribes” 

never returned to northern Israel representatively as a nation or as even 

tribes. Both Esdras and Josephus wrote that the main body of Israelites 

from the Assyrian invasions chose not to return to the Promised Land 

with the forty-two thousand who returned of the Babylonian captivity.

194 

We also know that the northern ten-tribed kingdom of Israel 

was replaced with foreigners during the 8 th Century BC Assyrian 

invasions. During Christ’s ministry they were known as Samaritans. 

North of Samaria, Galilee was populated with predominantly the three 

tribes of Judah, Levi and Benjamin ; these were those who were 

allowed to return to Jerusalem by Cyrus, king of Persia seventy years 

after the Babylonian invasion of 590 BC. We must therefore ask just 

how could six representatives from twelve different tribes be found in a 

land that could not be shown to have full representation from ten of the 

scattered tribes. Josephus wrote they were beyond Euphrates and an 

immense multitude not to be estimated by numbers. 

If, as modern scholars claim, this is “a work typical of Jewish 

apologetics”, then our earlier suggestion that Judaics may have worked 

at Alexandria to expunge the memory of the “Lost Ten Tribes” from the 

historical record in Ezekiel 2:3 may have its validation. 

_________________________________ 

____________________

195 

Index 

1 Corinthians 4:5 ………………...148 

1 Kings 19:18 ……………………..84 

1 Timothy 5:8,18 ………………….54 

6:10 …………………………37 

2 Esdras 13:39-45 …………..166, 193 

2 Thessalonians 3:10-13 …………..54 

2 Timothy 5:8,18 ………………….54 

Abracadabra ……………………….94 

Afghanistan ………………………..21 

Acts 4:31 …………………………..49 

Alavi Corporation …………………51 

Alexandria, Egypt …….150, 164, 191, 

192,194, 

Allone, Liam ………………………42 

Economic Cures “They” Don’t 

Want You to Know About …42 

American Free Press ……………....45 

American Greek Clergy ………….129 

American Revolution …………….131 

Andrews ………………………….193 

Anonymous Shell Corporations …...50 

Ante-Nicene Fathers ………………16 

Apostolic Fathers ………………….19 

Apostolic Bible Polyglot Interlinear 

Greek-English ...119, 121, 129, 137, 

150, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171 

Analytical Lexicon …119, 122, 

137 

Introduction ………..137, 168 

Aquinas, Thomas ……………..40, 48 

Aramaic …………………….160, 161 

Aristeas ……………………..191-193 

Aristobolus ………………………191 

Arsareth ………………………….166 

Ashkenazi Jewish Khazars ………120 

Assa Corporation ………………….51 

Assyrian Invasions ……128, 164, 166, 

193, 194 

Astaroth ………………………….187 

St. Augustine ……………………...48 

Austrian School of Economics 

31, 73 

Babylonian 

Captivity ……….128, 191, 193 

Commerce …………....11, 128 

Economics …………………14 

Bagnall, Roger S. ………………..192 

Bank ……………………………....28 

Bills ………………………..29 

Credit ……………….8, 20, 29, 

30, 35, 36, 45, 63, 68, 71, 75, 

87, 93 

“Holiday” …………………..83 

Paper Currency (Bills) ……...4, 

5, 6, 18, 26, 29, 33, 35, 43, 44, 

53, 58, 60, 63, 67, 70, 71, 72, 

75, 82, 83, 106 

Paper (Notes) …..65, 71. 78, 82, 

83, 106 

Run …………………66, 75, 82 

Wars ………………………....3 

Bank of England …………35, 74, 105 

Bankers’ Oppression Chart ………..30 

Banking, Fractional Reserve ……...29, 

58, 74, 75, 83 

Benjamin ………………128, 167, 194 

Bergh, Albert Ellery ………….57, 106 

Bernanke, Ben ……………………..81 

(Helicopter Ben) …………….73, 75 

St. Bernard ………………………...48 

Bible, Christian ……..6, 11, 36, 38, 40 

Biblical Interdictions ………………27 

Bill of Rights …………………36, 104 

Bills of Credit ………..6, 7, 26, 44, 64, 

67, 70, 98 

Book Credit ……….29, 64, 71, 82, 83, 

93, 101 

Bootlicker Presstitutes …………….84 

Boston ……………………………..77 

Bout, Viktor ……………………….51 

Brat, David Ph. D. ………..85-95, 103 

Brenton, Lancelot C.L. (Sir) …….119, 

121, 124-127, 139, 140-144, 149, 

157, 165

196 

Brenton, continued 

http://www.ecmarsh.com/lxx/ ..119, 

139 

Parallel Bible (Brenton’s) ….119 

Brown, Ellen …………27, 98, 99, 100 

Bust Cycle (Recession) ………..82, 93 

Calvinist Seminary ……………85, 86 

Canaanites ………………………..185 

Cantor, Eric ………………………..86 

Capitalism …………………………68 

Debt/Usury Based ……59, 63, 86, 

94, 97, 168 

Carter, Jimmy (President) ………....31 

Carthage ……………….48, 70, 71, 79 

Carthage, 1 st Council of, Cap. 13 .....48 

Caucasus Pass ……………………119 

Charleston ………………………....77 

Challoner, Richard Rt. Rev. …….120, 

165, 172, 173 

Chase, Salmon P. (Civil War Treasury 

Secretary) …………..27, 29, 33, 34, 

35, 76, 80, 101 

Chicago ………………………….118 

China ……………………………….5 

Christian 

Bible ……………6, 11, 36, 38, 

39, 40, 89, 115 

Church History …………97 

Economic Model ……….60 

Nation …………..25, 27, 43 

Christian Book Distributors ……...117 

Christina, Queen of Sweden ……..192 

Civil War ………6, 25, 28, 43, 44, 58, 

76, 80, 84, 93 

Clinton, William Jefferson ………..64 

Coins ……………………4, 68, 89, 92 

Collateral ……7, 8, 10, 22, 27, 29, 30, 

75, 83, 93, 151 

Colonial 

America ………..4, 9, 84, 97 

American Governments … 6, 

9, 26, 35, 44 

Colonial Scrip ……………………..26 

“Colossus of Federalism” …….74, 80, 

107 

Commandments, Statutes and 

Judgments …….127, 128, 129, 162, 

163, 182 

Compensated Price ……………39, 40 

Competing Foreign Currencies …....26 

Congress ………4, 6, 7, 27, 28, 32, 35, 

36, 43, 44, 52, 59, 60, 63, 66, 67, 68, 

69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 

86, 131 

Exclusive Right to Issue Circulating 

Paper ………………..66, 67 

Thirteenth …………….58, 59 

Constitution (American) ……6, 7, 25, 

27, 28, 31, 35, 36, 45, 49, 59, 60, 68, 

81, 84, 85, 95, 96, 131, 138 

Article 1 Section 8 Line 1 …...36 

Article 1 Section 8 Line 5 …….7 

American Preamble …..9, 31, 36, 

95, 96, 97, 104 

(Ancient Israel’s) …..42, 91, 95 

Continental Congress ….6, 25, 44, 65, 

84 

Contract Clause …………………...44 

Coogan, Gertrude ………6, 19, 42, 49, 

66, 69, 75, 82, 106 

Money Creators 19, 42, 44, 67 

Corporatocracy ………………..88, 68 

Cotton, John ………………………26 

Coughlin, Rev. Charles ………72, 107 

Credit 

Cards ………………..8, 63, 94 

National …….9, 19, 27, 31, 32, 

33, 40, 60, 67, 80, 85, 87, 102, 

130, 131 

Currency Creation ……10, 25, 60, 82, 

83, 85, 101, 130, 131, 

Cyrus …………………………….194 

Daily Bell ………………………6, 30 

Debenture ………………………....30 

Deep Space Nine ………………….21 

Delaware …………………………..51 

Demand Notes …….29, 33, 34, 35, 43 

Demetrios ………………… 191, 192 

Department of Justice ……………..51

197 

Derivatives ……………..63, 107, 113 

Destiny Publishers ………11, 75, 108 

Detroit, University of ……………118 

Deuteronomy ………13, 92, 117, 121, 

128, 129, 136, 163, 168, 

15:1-11 ……………………..46 

15:3 …………………….....160 

23:19-20 ………………47, 160 

Chapter 15 ……………15, 172 

Deuteronomy Continued. 

Chapters 15 & 23 ………..116, 

121, 122, 136, 137, 139, 144 

180 

Dewey, Davis Rich – PH.D., LL.D. 

Professor of Economics and 

Statistics, MIT ………18, 26, 28, 44, 

53, 58, 64 

Financial History of the United 

States …………………18, 25, 

28, 44, 76, 108 

Dickey, C.R. ………………….75, 92 

Is Economic Ruin Inevitable? 

75, 92 

Digest of Divine Law ……………...11 

Direct Taxation …………………..131 

Dividend, National Credit ...31, 39, 40 

Domestic Corporations ………..19, 22 

Douay Old Testament ……..120, 121, 

122, 158, 172 

Douglas, Major Clifford Hugh …...38, 

39, 40, 42 

DTE Energy Company ……………21 

Eastern Synods …………………..174 

Ecclesiastes 10:18 …………………55 

Economic Oppression …….41, 74, 92, 

97 

Edison, Thomas ……….7, 31, 45, 131 

Edomites ……………………128, 164 

Egypt ………..46, 111, 112, 129, 138, 

140, 142, 143, 146, 148, 149, 151, 

153, 155, 156, 159, 160, 164, 176, 

179, 193 

Egyptians ………………………...193 

Eliberine Council ………………….48 

Emergency Banking Act ……..83, 108 

England ………………………77, 139 

Eppes, John Wayles (Congressman, 

Chair of House Way and Means 

Committee 1813) ……58, 59, 60, 

66, 67, 70, 80, 85, 102 

Euphrates River ……….166, 167, 194 

Eusebius ………………………….191 

Executive Branch ………………….68 

Exodus ……..128, 136, 139, 147, 148, 

154, 163, 172, 181 

12:43 …………………......134 

12:45 ……………………..129 

22:9 ………………………..24 

22:21-26 ………..122.147, 148, 

162 

Chapter 12 …….123, 136, 138, 

162, 168 

Chapter 22 ……..88, 122, 123, 

138, 162, 168 

Ezekiel …………………………….97 

Ezekiel Chapters 18 & 22 …………88 

2:3 ………..164, 165, 166, 194 

18:5 ……………………88, 91 

22:12 ………………62, 88, 91 

Ezra ………………………………128 

FDR (see Roosevelt, Franklin D.) 

Federal Law Enforcement Officers 

Association …………………….. 51 

Federal Reserve ……....4, 5, 7, 19, 36, 

58, 59, 63, 68, 69, 70, 75, 81, 130 

Act …………………….4, 7, 69 

Bank of the United States …..59 

Notes ……………..5, 63, 70, 75 

Feinstein, Diane (US Senator) ……51 

Fiat Money ……5, 6, 7, 8, 31, 34, 35, 

44, 76 

Financial Records (Books) ……...130 

“Financial Services Modernization 

Act of 1999” ………………..20, 64 

First Bank of the US ……4, 6, 44, 58, 

64, 80, 98, 100, 108 

Flavius Josephus (Joseph ben 

Matthias) ……………166, 167, 191, 

193, 194 

Florentine Banking ………………..74

198 

Florida ……………………………..51 

Ford, Paul Leicester …..57, 58, 60, 64, 

69, 77, 81, 83, 98, 100, 106, 107 

Founders’ Quotes ………….53, 57, 58 

France …………………………….185 

Franklin, (Josiah) Benjamin 

18, 25, 26, 31, 53, 59, 60, 66, 67, 80, 

85, 87, 97, 104, 106 

A Modest Enquiry into the Nature 

And Necessity of a Paper-Currency 

18, 53, 106 

Fraternal Order of Police (F.O.P.) 

51 

Friedlander ……………………….193 

Fungible ………..5, 19, 20, 22, 23, 36, 

37, 41, 59 

Fungibility ………………………...22 

Galilee …………………………...194 

Gallatin, Albert ……….53, 57, 58, 80 

Gallatin, James ……………….29, 80, 

Gallatin National Bank ……………80 

Garbrand, John …………………..184 

Gentile ………………...165, 187, 193 

ger ................13, 47, 91, 132, 137, 162 

Ghetto Slums ……………………...87 

“Glass-Steagall Act of 1932” …20, 64 

Also “Banking Act of 1933” 

GNTD …………………121, 129, 145 

http://bibles.org/eng-GNTD/Gen/1 

121 

God’s Remnant Church ………….150 

Gold ……5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 28, 30, 31, 32, 

33, 43, 45, 70, 73, 75, 79, 80, 83 

Gonzales, Henry …………………..73 

Google Books ………..18, 25, 53, 108 

Government, U.S. …4, 6, 7, 9 

Grassley, Chuck (US Senator) ……51 

Great Depression ……………83, 113 

Greek 

Dictionary ……...116, 121, 120, 

122, 123, 138, 157, 162, 168, 

169 

Immigrant Family ………....118 

Koine ……………………...120 

Old Testament ….117, 119, 126 

Greek Continued. 

Orthodox Clergy …….122, 129, 

145, 147, 149 

Orthodox Church ………….118 

Sexual Ethics ……………...192 

Vulgate ……………………...95 

World ………………………191 

Greeks in Egypt ………………….193 

Greeley, Horace …………………...92 

Green, Jay P. Sr. ……………116, 120, 

122, 139, 158, 159, 172, 

Interlinear Bible Hebrew-Greek- 

English …….116, 122, 158 

Literal Translation …..116, 

117, 120, 139, 158, 165 

Unholy Hands on the Bible 

116, 172 

Modern King James Version 

(MKJV) ………..116, 165 

Greenbacks ……..7, 34, 35, 36, 44, 80 

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 

10, 31 

Gutman …………………………..193 

Hamilton, Alexander …25, 62, 74, 80 

As US Treasury Secretary and “The 

Colossus of Federalism” ……74, 80 

Harkin, Tom (US Senator) ………...51 

Hebrew 

Dictionary …………...130, 160 

Law ……………………….191 

Hebrews ………………………….191 

2:7 …………………………54 

6:12 ………………………..54 

Hody, Humphrey ………………...190 

Hoffman, Michael …….15, 16, 17, 18, 

19, 40, 48, 52, 56, 74, 90, 91, 94, 

95, 97, 108, 116, 136, 138, 139, 

158, 161, 162, 184, 185 

Usury in Christendom: The Mortal 

Sin that Was and Now is Not 

16, 19, 48, 52, 56, 74, 91, 94, 

97, 108, 136, 162, 184 

Holdsworth, J.T. …………….58, 108 

Homeland Security ………………..52

199 

House Ways and Means Committee 

58, 59, 61, 62, 82, 85, 130 

Chair ……...58, 62, 82, 85, 130 

Hyrcanus, John …………………..164 

Idumea …………………………...164 

Idumeans (See Edomites) 

Interlinear Bible Hebrew-Greek- 

English (See Jay P. Green Sr.) 

Interlinear Bibles ……………116, 170 

International Bankers …...7, 20, 21, 22 

Immigration and Customs 

Enforcement (I.C.E.) ……………52 

Iran ………………………………...51 

Iraq ………………………………...21 

Israel, Ancient ……12. 23, 42, 47, 85, 

90, 91, 95, 116, 128, 129, 136, 138, 

163, 168 

Italy ………………………………185 

Jackson, President Andrew……….....3 

Jacob/Israel ………………………128 

St. James …………………………187 

Jefferson, Mary or Maria ………….58 

Jefferson, Thomas ……29, 37, 57, 58, 

60, 69, 70, 80, 104, 106, 107, 130 

St. Jerome (Eusebius Sophronius 

Hieronymus) ……….120, 122, 158, 

172, 174, 181 

Jerusalem …...150, 164, 191, 192, 194 

Jesus Christ ….13, 117, 19, 24, 38, 39, 

42, 48, 54, 85, 86, 88, 97, 116, 162, 

169, 183 

Jewel, John (Anglican Bishop) ….138, 

139, 184, 185 

Jewish 

Apologetics ………193, 194 

General ………………...167 

Khazars …………..120, 164 

Propaganda …………….193 

Rabbis …………………120 

Scribes …………………164 

Translators ……………..164 

Jews ………..128, 166, 167, 191, 192 

Joseph ben Matthias 

(See Flavius Joseph) 

Josephus (See Flavius Josephus) 

Judah …………………..128, 166, 194 

Judaic ……….119, 120, 128, 150, 164 

166, 167, 194 

Judaism ……..120, 123, 129, 192, 193 

Judea ………………………..128, 167 

Jury System ………………………..38 

Kaganov, Victor …………………...51 

Khazariah ………………………...119 

Khazars …………..120, 123, 128, 164 

King James Version Bible (Also 

known as The Authorized Version) 

116, 122, 130, 169 

Koine Greek ……...120, 144, 150, 161 

Lamsa, George M. ……………….163 

Lateran Council, 1 st ………………..48 

Latin Dictionary …121, 154, 157, 172, 

181 

Latin Vulgate ……120, 121, 122, 157, 

158, 161, 164, 165, 172, 174 

Lazarus (The Beggar) ……………..86 

Ledger (2 Column) ………..29, 93, 94 

Legal Tender ………………27, 28, 34 

Levi …………………………128, 194 

Levin, Carl (US Senator) ….21, 50, 52 

Leviticus …………13, 45, 136, 130, 

143, 147, 148, 154, 163, 172 

Chapter 25 …..12, 41, 88, 90, 

91, 92, 105, 108-112, 122, 

123, 129, 136, 138, 168,181 

168, 181 

Leviticus Continued. 

25:14-40 …………..160, 162 

25:23 ……………………127 

25:35-39 ………………….45 

Liberty Lobby ……………………..45 

Lincoln, Abraham ………………..101 

Literal Translation …...116, 117, 120, 

139, 158, 189 

Lombardy ………………………...185 

Louisiana …………………………..51 

Lost Ten Tribes ………..164, 193, 194 

Luke …………………...182, 189, 190 

3:2 ………48 ; 4:4 …………48 

5:1 ………48 

6:33-36 ……………….130, 160

200 

Luke Continued. 

6:35 …..13, 23, 24, 47, 62, 87, 

88, 90, 91, 113, 115, 162, 

163 

8:11 ………48 ; 8;21 …….49 

11:28 ……..49 ; 16:9-13 …95 

Chapter 16 ..186 

Chapter 19 …….138, 184, 185 

19:27 ……....24 

Maine ……………………………...11 

Mammon …………67, 86, 94, 95, 186 

Mark 

7:7 ………183 ; 7:11-13 …...48 

10:19 ……183 ; 12:29…….182 

Masoretes …………………...119, 120 

Masoretic Hebrew Text ……119, 120, 

136, 139, 158, 161, 164, 165, 168, 

180, 181 

Massachusetts ……11, 26, 44, 62, 98, 

108 

Massachusetts Bay Colony ……….62 

Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology (MIT) …………44, 108 

Matthew 

6:24 …..94, 95 ; 7:14 ………24 

8:12 ……..183 ; 10:41 ……..38 

13:30 ……..24 ; 15:9 ……..183 

19:17 ……182 ; 22:40 ……183 

25:26 ……..55 

Medium of Exchange ………5, 10, 13, 

27, 36, 41, 43 

Michigan ……………..21, 25, 52, 107 

Middle East ………………………119 

Migchels, Anthony ……101, 102, 113 

Mises, Ludwig von ………………..73 

Mississippi Bubble ………………..79 

Mohammed ………………………119 

Money ……………………………..34 

Constitutional ……………......6 

Creation …..18, 22, 25, 27, 129, 

42, 44, 49, 60, 66, 81, 82, 83, 

106, 130, 131, 169, 190 

Laundering …………………50 

Supply ……4, 8, 9, 20, 68, 81, 99 

Monopoly Money ………………..101 

Mosaic Capitalism ………………...87 

Mosaic Economic Model ………….66 

Mosaic Law ……..10, 23, 41, 90, 103, 

129, 163 

Moses …………….16, 41, 69, 87, 108 

Mussel Shoals Dam …………7, 31 45 

Mutual Risk Contract ….19, 20, 22, 27 

Mutuum ……………………….19, 22 

Naples ……………………………185 

National 

Association of Assistant US 

Attorneys ………………...51 

Bank ……………………71, 72 

Banking System ……………32 

Credit Agency ……….9, 27, 31 

85, 87, 102 

Debt …………..45, 60, 62, 104 

Nehemiah ………………91, 128, 187 

New & Everlasting Covenant 

23, 163 

New King James Version Bible 

(NKJV) ……………45, 46, 47 

New Testament ………13, 16, 17, 23, 

24, 86, 117, 122, 130, 137, 138, 144, 

150, 162, 163, 169, 174, 182, 193 

Commandments …………..182 

Scholars …………………..193 

New York …………29, 33, 51, 75, 80 

New York Banks ………………….80 

New York City …………………….75 

New York City Banks ……………..33 

Nicaea, First Council of ……...16, 174 

1 st Nicene Council Canon 17 …48 

Nicene Creed …………………….174 

Nokes, John ……………………….78 

nokri …………………………...13, 91 

nokriy ….129, 132, 136, 137, 162, 181 

North Carolina …………………….52 

North, Gary …………………….......5 

Northwestern University …….19, 118 

Old Testament …16, 17, 91, 115, 116, 

117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 128, 

130, 137, 138, 144, 150, 158, 162, 

164, 169, 172 

Oregon ……………………….51, 150

201 

Osea (Hosea) …………………….166 

Owens, Jim ………………………..98 

Oxford English Dictionary ………..95 

Paine, Thomas …………………...162 

Panamanian Holding Corporations 

52 

Paper Currency …….4, 5, 6, 8, 18, 26, 

29, 33, 35, 43, 44, 53, 58, 60, 63, 67, 

70, 71, 72, 75, 82, 83, 106 

Passover …………127, 129, 136, 138, 

145, 147 

St. Paul ……………..37, 97, 184, 186 

Paul, Rand …………………………73 

Paul, Ron ……………………5, 73, 82 

Pentateuch ………………..95, 97, 172 

Perkins, John ……………………..107 

Persia ……………………………..194 

Phaleron …………………….191, 192 

Pheiffer …………………………..193 

Philadelphus (See Ptolemy II) 

Philo ……………………………..191 

Philocrates ……………………….191 

Piece of Eight Real ………………..26 

Pomponius Mela …………………192 

Postal Bank Proposal ……………...98 

Pre-Masoretic Hebrew Text …….120, 

161, 165 

Preamble ……………….9, 31, 36, 95, 

96, 97, 104 

Princeton University ………17, 53, 63 

Private 

Banks ……5, 6, 19, 22, 25, 27, 

28, 36, 37, 43, 57, 59, 60, 64, 

68, 70, 75, 76, 81, 98, 100, 

101, 103, 130, 131 

Corporations ……………….32 

Currency Issue …………63, 83 

Lenders (Bankers) ……..28, 29 

Money Creation ….3, 8, 10, 82, 

85, 99, 129 

Projectors ………………………….79 

Property Taxes ………...9, 12, 13, 103 

Prophets ………………...17, 115, 183 

Proverbs 6:6,9 ……………………..55 

10:26 ….55 ; 12:24,27 …….55 ; 

Proverbs Continued. 

13:4 ...4, 55 ; 14:12 ………..41; 

15:19 ….55 ; 16:25 ………..41; 

18:9 …...55 ; 19:15, 24 ……55; 

19:17 …190 ; 20:4 …...........55 ; 

21:25 …..55 ; 22:1 ………...55 ; 

22:7 …..190 ; 24:30 ……….55 ; 

26:13-15 … 56 ; 28:8 ……..188 ; 

30:5 ……48 

Psalms ……………………17, 97, 115 

15:1-5 …………………16, 187 

37:26 ……………………...190 

112:5 ……………………...190 

Ptolemy …………119, 150, 164, 166 

Ptolemy I (Sotar) …………..191 

Ptolemy II (Philadelphus) ….191, 

192 

Public Bank …………..27, 98, 99, 100 

Punic Wars ………………………...70 

Puritan America ………17, 18, 25, 53, 

59, 62 

Puritan New England ………….26, 62 

Puritans ……………………40, 59, 62 

Quantitative Easing …………....75, 76 

Quark ……………………………...21 

Rameses III, Pharaoh …………….138 

Rand, Ayn ……………………86, 103 

Rand, Howard B. ……..10, 11, 12, 24, 

27, 68, 90, 95, 97, 103, 158, 168 

Red Sea …………………………..129 

Renaissance ……………………….74 

Republican Leaders ……………….33 

Republican Party ………………….86 

Revolutionary War ………………..65 

Rockwell, Lew …………………5, 30 

Roman Catholic ………120, 139, 157 

Clergy ……………….121, 174 

Romans ………………………….167 

11:4 ………………………..84 

12:11 …………………........54 

Rome ………...70, 167, 174, 181, 185 

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 

(President) ………5, 20, 83, 85, 131 

Royal Oak, Michigan ……………107 

Rules of Acquisition ………………21

202 

Salisbury, England ………………139 

Salmanasar ………………………166 

Samaria ………………………….194 

Saracens …………………………119 

Sarum ……………………………184 

Second Bank of the United States 

3, 4, 108 

Septuagint or LXX …..117, 119, 120 

121, 122, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 

143, 145, 147, 150, 161, 164, 165, 

167, 168, 180, 181, 191, 192, 193 

Sermon on the Mount ……………105 

Shell Corporations ………..21, 23, 50, 

51, 52 

Silver ………………….43, 70, 77, 79 

Mt. Sinai …………………12, 16, 108 

Smith, Adam ……….62, 86, 103, 104 

Social Credit ………………38, 39, 41 

Social Security ………………85, 103 

Society of Former Assistant US 

Attorneys ………………………..51 

Society of Former Special Agents of 

the FBI ………………………….51 

Spain …………………………….185 

Specie (Gold Coin) ……5, 28, 29, 33, 

34, 58, 64, 65, 66, 68, 78, 81, 82, 83 

Spotlight Newspaper ………………45 

Squatters …………………………...87 

State Bank-Notes ………………….34 

States …………...6, 11, 18, 32, 64, 71, 

79, 101, 102 

Stein ……………………………..,193 

Strong, James S.T.D., L.L.D. ……116, 

117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 128, 

129, 130, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 

145, 158, 162, 168, 169, 170, 171, 

188, 189 

Exhaustive Concordance ….120, 

121, 122, 162 

Hebrew-Chaldee Dictionary 

116, 132, 162 

Greek Dictionary ..116, 120, 122, 

137, 157, 162, 168, 169 

Study in Revelation …………...11, 13 

Styles, Robert ……………………...78 

Supreme Court, US ………………..27 

Swindlers ………………………….79 

Swindlers and Shavers ……64, 67, 73, 

80, 83, 84, 97, 100, 101, 103 

Syriac-Peshitta Bible ……………163 

Table I ………………………124-127 

Table II ……………………..133-135 

Talmud …………………………...128 

Taxes (Weight of) …………………71 

Oppressive …………………74 

Tea Party ………………………85, 86 

Tcherikover, Victor ………………193 

Texas …………………44, 51, 73, 106 

Textual Analysis 

Apostolic Bible Polyglot 

Interlinear Greek-English 

………………………151-154 

Brenton’s LXX ………139-143 

Douay Version ……….175-181 

GNTD ………………...145-149 

Green’s Literal ………158-161 

KJV …………………..154-157 

Latin Vulgate ………..175-181 

TGS Publishers ………………44, 106 

Thessalonians …………...54, 182, 184 

Thirteenth Congress …………...58, 59 

Three for One Monte ……………...74 

Titus ……………………………...167 

Torah ………………95, 115, 128, 181 

Tramontano ………………………193 

Treasury 

Bills ……………………….71 

Bonds …………31, 63, 70, 75 

Department …4, 32, 62, 63, 68 

Notes ………31, 32, 34, 35, 71 

Secretary ......27, 53, 57, 58, 80, 

101, 

Unanimous Declaration of 

Independence ………31, 36, 74, 104 

Union Troops ……………………….6 

United States …...4, 79, 21, 27, 29, 45, 

49, 51, 52, 58, 78, 79, 81, 82, 96, 

Corporations ……………......51 

Mint ………………………….4 

Notes ……………….33, 43, 76

203 

United States Continued. 

Postal Service (USPS) …….100 

Stock ……………………......33 

Treasury Bills ………………70 

Treasury Bonds …………….70 

Usurers ……7, 62, 104, 131, 185, 186 

Valeri, Mark …………………..17, 53 

Heavenly Merchandize: How 

Shaped Commerce in Puritan 

America ………………..17, 18 

Van Der Pool, Charles …….168, 169, 

170, 171, 172 

Venice …………………………...185 

Vernacular Bible versions ………117, 

144, 145, 169, 172 

Vienne, Council of ………………...48 

Vincent …………………………...193 

Virginia …..18, 53, 58, 65, 80, 86, 106 

Virginia Tea Party (Republican) …..86 

Vives, Luis ……………………….192 

Von Mises Institute …………..73, 101 

Vossius , Isaac ……………………192 

Wall Street ………………...50, 73, 76 

WSJ (Wall Street Journal) …….......75 

Walton, Wayne ………..................101 

Warren, Elizabeth (US Senator) 

98, 99, 100, 113 

Washington, George ………………62 

Washington Group International .....20 

Weakley, Jeffrey – Pastor ……….150 

Webinar, (International Monetary 

Conference) …………………….101 

Wikipedia …………..6, 22, 43, 44, 45, 

108, 113, 120, 191, 193 

Wilson, Woodrow …………………63 

Wise Electrician …………………...84 

Winthrop, John (Massachusetts 

Governor) ………………………..26 

The Writings of Thomas Jefferson 

Volume IX ….60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 69, 

70, 71, 77, 81, 98, 100 

www.lewrockwell.com …………5, 30 

Yellen, Janet …………………...75, 81 

Young, Richard A. ………….144, 158 

Intermediate New Testament 

Greek ……………………144 

Zerubbabel ……………………….128 

Zeus ………………………………192 

__________________________________ 

____________________ 

Bibliography 

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The Writings of Thomas Jefferson Library Edition, Volume IX 

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206 

Franklin, Benjamin 

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Hoffman, Michael 

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ontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f= false 

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armies/#more-499 , 

is suspected by some as being a fabricated piece to prove someone’s 

personal interpretation of financial history in the US. Gleaned from 

recognized academic sources and then shown in Part II of this essay are 

excerpts from three letters by Jefferson during 1813 to the 

Chair of House Ways and Means Committee which prove the Founder’s 

Quotation web site analysis is definitely truthful. 

This Jefferson quotation was already shown on pages 37 and 58. 

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The Thirteenth Tribe - Copyright © 1976 by Arthur Koestler 

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Stelten, Leo F. 

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Strouse, Thomas M. – Dr. 

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Valeri, Mark 

Heavenly Merchandize: How Religion Shaped Commerce in 

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Wikipedia 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_of_exchange 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(money) 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_Clause 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bills_of_credit 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Challoner 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas

208 

Würthwein, Ernst 

The Text of the Old Testament Translated by Erroll F. 

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Co. – 253 Jefferson Ave. S.E., Grand Rapids, 49503 

Young, Richard A. 

Intermediate New Testament Greek 1994 

Broadman & Holman Publishers – Nashville, Tennessee. Preface 

_________________________________ 

___________________

Usury in America

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