सन्दर्भ र अनुभूतिहरु
A Collection of Critical Articles by BASU sHARMA A Collection of Critical Articles by BASU sHARMA
lxGbL rnlrq kLs] n] l;h{gf u/ ] sf] t/ · …lxhf] d} n] lxGbL rnlrq …kLs] Ú x] /] + . wd{sf] gfddf dfgj hfltnfO{ ljeflht u/ L ;dfhdf a] lylt eO/ x] sf] oyfy{dfly rf] l6nf] k|xf/ ug{ rnlrq ;kmn ePsf] kfPF . rnlrq x] l/ ;s] kl5 d} n] w] /} klxn] k9] sf] g] kfnL syf …wd{ lagfsf] 6fk'Ú ofb cfof] . ;f] syfdf klg s'g} wd{ gePsf] , t/ ;'v / zflGtk"j{s afFlr/ x] sf dflg;sf] a;f] af; ePsf] Pp6f 6fk'df ljleGg wd{sf] k|j] z ePkl5 ;a} tx;gx; ePsf] / wd{sf] gfddf o'4 eO{ / Stkft ePsf] syf 5 . sf] xL l;kfn' lgb] {zsn] ;f] syfdf Pp6f g] kfnL rnlrq agfPb] lv kLs] s} hf] 8L aGg ;SYof] xf] nf .Ú pko'{St cg'R5] b @)!$ l8;] Da/ @$ sf] d] / f] cfˆg} km] ;a's :6f6; xf] . d} n] rnlrq x] / ] / ;f] af/ ] sf] cfˆgf] k|ltlqmof km] ;a's :6f6;df n] v] + . ;f] rnlrqsf af/ ] df x/ ] s lbg eg] h;f] b'O{j6f ;dfrf/ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf ldl8ofdf cfO/ x] sf 5g\ . klxnf] , kLs] n] lxGb" wd{k|ltsf] cf:yfdfly k|xf/ u/ ] sfn] of] rnlrqsf ;fy} o;sf snfsf/ cfdL/ vfg / lgb] {zs / fhs'df/ lx/ fgLsf] lxGb"x¿åf/ f lj/ f] w ePsf] / bf] ;|f] , kLs] n] clxn] ;Dds} ;jf{lws sdfO{ u/ ] sf] . vf;df klxnf] ;dfrf/ cyf{t\ kLs] n] lxGb" wd{sf] pl5Qf] vg] sf] 5 eGg] Pskl5 csf] { lj/ f] wsf ;dfrf/ x¿ ldl8ofdf cfO/ x] sf sf/ 0fn] g} ;f] rnlrq af/ ] sf] cfˆg} l6Kk0fL p4[t ub} { ljifok|j] z u/ ] sf] xF' . ;dfrf/ x¿ k9\b} hfFbf st} d} n] rnlrq kLs] nfO{ a'‰g g;s] sf] t x} g < / , d] / f] pko'{St l6Kk0fL unt t ePg
f] xf] ¥ofP/ kLs] x] l/ ;s] kl5 d 9'Ss ePF ls d] / f] pko'{St l6Kk0fL unt 5} g . rnlrq kLs] sf d"ntM # j6f kIf 5g\ . klxnf] M rnlrqsf] d'Vo kfq, hf] csf] { s'g} sfNklgs nf] saf6 cfPsf] 5 . of] wtL{df cfpFbf lagf j:q ;jf{Ë gfËf] , PSnf] , dfgj efiff ghfGg] , dflg;n] dfGb} cfPsf s'g} klg wd{ gePsf] / dfgjLo ultljlw af/ ] cgle1Ù Ps gjhft lzz' em} + . klx/ g, efiff, dfgjLo÷;fdflhs ultljlw, eujfg\, cf:yf / wd{sf af/ ] df p;n] o; ;+;f/ df cfPkl5 dfq l;s] sf] 5, hfg] sf] 5 . bf] ;|f] M wd{sf] gfddf, wd{sf] cf8df dflg; ljeflht 5g\ / cGwljZjf;n] hsl8Psf 5g\ . t] ;|f] M cfd hgdfg;df / x] sf] 8/ / cGwljZjf;nfO{ pkof] u ub} { rnlrqs} efiffdf eGg] xf] eg] cf–cfˆgf …sDkgLÚsf …d} g] h/ Úx¿n] cfd dflg;af6 kmfObf lnO/ x] sf 5g\ eGg] ;Gb] z lbg …/ Ë gDa/ Ú sf] ljDa k|of] u ul/ Psf] 5 . k|ltlglw ljDasf ¿kdf lxGb" wd{sf u'? …tk:jLÚsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] eP tfklg O;fO{, O:nfd / cGo wd{sf o:tf k|;Ëx¿ hf] l8Psf klg k|i6} b] lvG5 . ;+If] kdf eGg' kbf{, rnlrq kLs] lxGb" wd{lj/ f] wL b] lv+b} g . clkt' wd{sf cf8df ePsf cg] sg\ zf] if0f, ;f:tL / d"lt{k"hf, bfgblIf0ff Pjd\ wd{u'?x¿sf v] nf] km8\sf] x¿sf] lr/ kmf/ ub} { ;To phfu/ ug{ eg] rnlrq ;zSt ¿kdf ;kmn ePsf] b] lvG5 . o;/ L rnlrqn] wd{sf] gfddf eO/ x] sf lj;+ultx¿ / dfgj hflt aLr ePsf] ljjfb, ljefhg tyf ljå] ifnfO{ ;/ n / dgf] / ~hgfTds 9Ën] t/ ;zSt ¿kdf k|:t't u/ ] sf] 5 . To;} n] , d} n] cfˆgf] pko'{Qm l6Kk0fLdf …wd{ lagfsf] 6fk'Ú gfds n3' pkGof;sf] k|;Ë sf] 6ØfPsf] x'F . w] / } klxn] k9] sf] x'gfn] …wd{ lagfsf] 6fk'Ú n3' pkGof; -dnfO{ n3' pkGof; g} xf] h:tf] nfUb} 5_ sf n] vssf] gfd olsg u/ ] / eGg ;lSbg . t/ , lbdfudf cfPsf] wldnf] :d[ltsf cfwf/ df ljgf] bk|;fb e§/ fO{ x'g\ ls h:tf] nfU5 . hflgkmsf/ x¿n] n] vssf] gfd olsg ug{ dnfO{ ;xof] u ug{;Sg] 5g\ . oL x/ kmx¿ n] lv/ xFbf pg} n] vssf] csf] { s[lt …/ fj0ffogÚ klg k9] sf] xf] ls eGg] nfUb} 5 . h] xf] ;\, rnlrq kLs] h'g y] ddf ag] sf] 5Ù ;f] xL y] ddf cfheGbf s/ L a rf/ bzs klxn] g} Ps g] kfnL ;|i6fn] s[lt lgsfln;s] sf lyP . ta xfd|f rnlrq lgdf{tf÷lgb] {zsx¿ o:tf ;Gb] zd"ns syfdf jf;' zdf{
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- Page 113 and 114: ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL (federal system)
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- Page 117 and 118: lgIf]k0f ug{ ;lsG5 . s]Gb|, k|b]z /
- Page 119 and 120: ePsf] klg Ps bzs x'g cfFl6;Sof] . t
- Page 121 and 122: { ljå] if k} mnfpg] pgsf ljrf/ , c
- Page 123 and 124: lu/ LhL lrQ gb'vfpgf] ;\ . jf:tjdf
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- Page 131 and 132: ehgd08nL ;+:s[lt Pjd\ l;lS;sf] dfGg
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- Page 153 and 154: pgnfO{ o:tf] ;kmntf ldNg ;SYof] xf]
- Page 155 and 156: g] kfnL o'jf-o'jtLnfO{ ;'wfg] { cle
- Page 157 and 158: dfq xf] Og xf] nf . ;+;f/ sf h'g-h'
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- Page 161: n] v n] Vg] , ldl8ofdf af] Ng] s'/
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- Page 167 and 168: vf] Hg] gfddf ;+ljwfg;ef aflx/ efF8
- Page 169 and 170: clxn] g] kfnsf] / fhgLltn] :jfy{ /
- Page 171 and 172: ls 5} g < d08] nfsf] pQm egfOk|lt
- Page 173 and 174: l;4fGt jf ljrf/ ;xL x'GYof] eg] ;+;
- Page 175 and 176: vf] h] sf] ;+Vofn] g} b] vfpF5 . k"
- Page 177 and 178: eg] d k6Ss} ;xdt x'g ;lSbg . xftdf
- Page 179 and 180: p2] Zon] n] Vg] n] vsx¿n] t emg} l
- Page 181 and 182: ;/ sf/ L lgsfosf kbx¿df lgo'lQm Pj
- Page 183 and 184: nf] stflGqs/ 0fdf cfO{ kg] { cln uD
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- Page 189: jf;' zdf{
f] xf] ¥ofP/ kLs] x] l/ ;s] kl5 d 9'Ss ePF ls d] / f] pko'{St l6Kk0fL unt 5} g .<br />
rnlrq kLs] sf d"ntM # j6f kIf 5g\ . klxnf] M rnlrqsf] d'Vo kfq,<br />
hf] csf] { s'g} sfNklgs nf] saf6 cfPsf] 5 . of] wtL{df cfpFbf lagf j:q<br />
;jf{Ë gfËf] , PSnf] , dfgj efiff ghfGg] , dflg;n] dfGb} cfPsf s'g} klg wd{<br />
gePsf] / dfgjLo ultljlw af/ ] cgle1Ù Ps gjhft lzz' em} + . klx/ g,<br />
efiff, dfgjLo÷;fdflhs ultljlw, eujfg\, cf:yf / wd{sf af/ ] df p;n] o;<br />
;+;f/ df cfPkl5 dfq l;s] sf] 5, hfg] sf] 5 . bf] ;|f] M wd{sf] gfddf, wd{sf]<br />
cf8df dflg; ljeflht 5g\ / cGwljZjf;n] hsl8Psf 5g\ . t] ;|f] M cfd<br />
hgdfg;df / x] sf] 8/ / cGwljZjf;nfO{ pkof] u ub} { rnlrqs} efiffdf eGg]<br />
xf] eg] cf–cfˆgf …sDkgLÚsf …d} g] h/ Úx¿n] cfd dflg;af6 kmfObf lnO/ x] sf<br />
5g\ eGg] ;Gb] z lbg …/ Ë gDa/ Ú sf] ljDa k|of] u ul/ Psf] 5 . k|ltlglw ljDasf<br />
¿kdf lxGb" wd{sf u'? …tk:jLÚsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] eP<br />
tfklg O;fO{, O:nfd / cGo wd{sf o:tf k|;Ëx¿ hf] l8Psf klg k|i6}<br />
b] lvG5 . ;+If] kdf eGg' kbf{, rnlrq kLs] lxGb" wd{lj/ f] wL b] lv+b} g .<br />
clkt' wd{sf cf8df ePsf cg] sg\ zf] if0f, ;f:tL / d"lt{k"hf, bfgblIf0ff<br />
Pjd\ wd{u'?x¿sf v] nf] km8\sf] x¿sf] lr/ kmf/ ub} { ;To phfu/ ug{ eg]<br />
rnlrq ;zSt ¿kdf ;kmn ePsf] b] lvG5 . o;/ L rnlrqn] wd{sf]<br />
gfddf eO/ x] sf lj;+ultx¿ / dfgj hflt aLr ePsf] ljjfb, ljefhg<br />
tyf ljå] ifnfO{ ;/ n / dgf] / ~hgfTds 9Ën] t/ ;zSt ¿kdf k|:t't<br />
u/ ] sf] 5 . To;} n] , d} n] cfˆgf] pko'{Qm l6Kk0fLdf …wd{ lagfsf] 6fk'Ú gfds<br />
n3' pkGof;sf] k|;Ë sf] 6ØfPsf] x'F .<br />
w] / } klxn] k9] sf] x'gfn] …wd{ lagfsf] 6fk'Ú n3' pkGof; -dnfO{ n3'<br />
pkGof; g} xf] h:tf] nfUb} 5_ sf n] vssf] gfd olsg u/ ] / eGg ;lSbg . t/ ,<br />
lbdfudf cfPsf] wldnf] :d[ltsf cfwf/ df ljgf] bk|;fb e§/ fO{ x'g\ ls h:tf]<br />
nfU5 . hflgkmsf/ x¿n] n] vssf] gfd olsg ug{ dnfO{ ;xof] u ug{;Sg]<br />
5g\ . oL x/ kmx¿ n] lv/ xFbf pg} n] vssf] csf] { s[lt …/ fj0ffogÚ klg k9] sf]<br />
xf] ls eGg] nfUb} 5 . h] xf] ;\, rnlrq kLs] h'g y] ddf ag] sf] 5Ù ;f] xL y] ddf<br />
cfheGbf s/ L a rf/ bzs klxn] g} Ps g] kfnL ;|i6fn] s[lt lgsfln;s] sf<br />
lyP . ta xfd|f rnlrq lgdf{tf÷lgb] {zsx¿ o:tf ;Gb] zd"ns syfdf<br />
jf;' zdf{