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SANDARVA RA ANUBHUTIHARU
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klg, ;Gtfgsf] dg xf] , cfdf / hGde"ldk|lt ;w} + cfs'n–Jofs'n / xG5 .
x/ s ] kn, x/ s ] lbg cfkm\gf b] zdf, cfkm\gf ufpFdf s] eO/ x] 5, 3/ df s]
eO/ x] 5k|lt ;hu, hfu?s / ;+j] bgzLn / x] sf x'G5g\ . g] kfnsf] x/
v'zLsf s'/ fn] pgLx¿ / dfpF5g\, gfRb5g\ eg] b] zdf 36] sf ;fgf–7"nf
k|To] s 36gfn] cem gsf/fTds 36gfn] pgLx¿sf] dg lrdf] 6\5, plwG5 /
Jofs'n agfpF5 . ljb] lzPsfx¿sf] dfof b] zsfx¿sf] eGbf 3gLe"t, 7f] ; /
tLI0f x'g] u5{ . sf] qmfdf gfgL ;'tfP/ kw] F/ f uPsL cfdfsf] / ljb] lzPsf
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ls, p7Øf] ls, b'Mv kfof] ls eGg] d'6'e/ L dfof af] s] / em6k6 kw] F/ f k'u] /
xtf/ –xtf/ 3/ kms] { em} F g] kfnLx¿ klg hxfF;'s} af6 g] kfnsf] enf] , pGglt /
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efjgfTds / l;h{gfTds ;Gb] z k|jfx ub} { ljb] zaf6 ;Dk|lt g] kfndf qmdzM
lau|Fb} hfg nfu] sf] ;fdflhs, / fhg} lts / ;f+:s[lts l:yltk|lt hfu?s
x'g'kg] { va/ bf/ L cleJoQm ul/ Psf hf] 8bf/ n] vx¿sf] ;+ufnf] xf] .
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b] lvG5 . ;°lnt / rgfsf zLif{sx¿ dfq} x] g] { xf] eg] klg n] vsn]
b] zk|lt u/ sf] ] lrGtfsf nx/ x¿ Ps :j:y, ;d[4 / ;a} n] k|z+;f u/ sf] ]
g] kfn b] Vg nfnflot / x] sf] cg'ej x'G5 . …lzIff k|0ffnL / u'0f:t/ Lo
lzIffÚdf n] vs g] kfnL lzIff Joj:yfdf / x] sf sdL sdhf] / L s] nfpFb} o;df
;sf/ fTds kl/ jt{g Nofpg cfu|x k|:t't u5{g\ . lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ , a'emfO,
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eGg] s'/ fnfO{ n] vsn] dsjfgk'/ lhNnf cGtu{t 5ltjg ufpFsf] k|f=lj= /
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cGo s] xL zLif{s} dfq s'/ f af] Ng ;dy{ 5g\, ltg} dWo] s] xL l6K5'— u/ ] t
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…´'l;nf 8sf/ x¿n] b'u{Gwdo ag] sf] g] kfnL / fhgLltÚ, …e|i6frf/ sf] bnbnÚ, …
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k|efljt 5g\ . …dgsf] t/ nLdfÚ ] lxGbL rnlrq kLs] =n] l;h{gf u/ sf] ] t/ Ë,
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/ x] sf ;a} g] kfnLsf] of] ;femf cg'e"lt xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 . oxL cg'e"lt
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lbglbg} cem egf} + l5gl5g} ;dfrf/ xv cBfjlws eO/ x] sf x'G5g\ /
cgnfOg ldl8of dfkm{t tL ;dfrf/ x¿ tTsfn} ljZje/ k'lu/ x] sf x'G5g\ .
dfly eg] em} + / fd|f k|;+ux¿n] dgdf ld7f; 5b{5g\ eg] tLtf k|;+ux¿n]
dgnfO{ gdL7f] ;Fu lgdf] 7\b5g\ . o:tf cg'e"ltx¿ / cfkm\gf ljrf/ x¿ slxn]
sfJosf ¿kdf t slxn] n] v jf syfsf ¿kdf cleJoSt ug] { ub{5' .
d} n] / r] sf Ps–b'O{ sljtf d] / f bfh' 3g] Gb| zdf{ Gof} kfg] dfkm{t\ eb|k'/ ,
emfkfaf6 k|sflzt x'g] ;fKtflxs klqsf …gf} nf] cfjfhÚdf k|sfzgfy{ k7fPF
/ l;nl;n] jf/ ¿kdf k|sflzt eP klg .
o;} qmddf bfh' 3g] Gb| zdf{ Gof} kfg] n] dnfO{ …gf} nf] cfjfhÚsf ;Dkfbs
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;'emfj lbg'eof] . x/ s ] xKtf lgoldt n] VgnfO{ t / fd|} ;do lbg' kg]
x'GYof] . t} klg d} n] n] Vg] lgwf] u/ + . kmntM ;g\ @)!$ dO{ dlxgfsf] t] ;|f]
;ftfb] lv lgoldt ¿kdf ;d;fdlos ljifox¿df n] Vg yfn] + / ;f] klqsfdf
k|sflzt klg x'g yfNof] . o;} aLrdf a] nfotaf6 k|sflzt x'g] …;TotYoÚ
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;fKtflxs, dfl;s / cGo kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt klg u/ fPsf] lyPF .
t/ ljutsf d] / f n] vx¿ d} n] ;+u|x ul/ g . ctM tL n] vx¿ xfn pknJw
5} gg\ . dnfO{ ;Demgf 5, tL n] vx¿dWo] sltkosf ljifoj:t'x¿ clxn]
klg plQs} ;fGble{s 5g\ .
n] vx¿ n] v] / k|sflzt ePgg\ eg] ltgsf] s'g} cy{ x'Gg . t;y{ d] / f
n] vx¿ k|sflzt ul/ lbg' x'g] …gf} nf] cfjfhÚ ;fKtflxssf ;Dkfbs bLks
clwsf/ L / …;TotYoÚ dfl;ssf ;Dkfbs aLs] kf08] nfO{ d cGtd{gb] lv
wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
dfly pNn] v eP em} + kqklqsfdf k|sflzt k'm6s/ / rgfx¿ ;+u|lxt
gug] { xf] eg] tL x/ fP/ hfG5g\ . o; cy{df n] vx¿sf] ;+u|x k|sflzt x'g]
s'/ fn] dxTj / fVb5 eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 . o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ sfdsf] lhDdf
lng] dfq xf] Og, n] vx¿ n] VgnfO{ g} clek|] l/ t ug'{ x'g] bfh' 3g] Gb| zdf{
Gof} kfg] sf] d C0fL 5' . pxfF jf:tjdf d] / f] n] vg sd{sf] k|] / 0ffsf] ;|f] t g}
xf] . To;} n] , n] Vg yfn] sf z'?sf lbgx¿df dfq xf] Og cfh klg cfkm\gf]
/ rgfnfO{ kfP;Dd ;j{k|yd pxfFnfO{ k9\g lbP/ …/ fd|f] eof] ls ePg eGg' x}
ÛÚ eGg] cg'/ f] w ug] { ub{5' . o;} n] pxfFnfO{ ;;Ddfg wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
k|sflzt k':tssf] e"ldsf n] vfpg] k|rng k'/ fg} xf] . w] / h;f] } lj1
;dfnf] rs, lbUuh / :jtGq ljZn] ifsx¿af6 e"ldsf n] vfpg] rng 5 .
jf:tjdf o:tf] :jtGq ljZn] if0ffTds e"ldsfn] k':tsleqsf cGtj{:t'x¿sf]
dha'g lvRg] x'gfn] e"ldsf :jod\ klg k':tssf cGo / rgfx¿eGbf
sd dxTjsf] x'Fb} g . a? cem a9L dxTjsf] g} xf] nf . lsgls e"ldsfn]
kf7snfO{ s[ltsf] af/ df ] Ps ljx+ud b[li6 lbg] ub{5 . olt w] /} dxTj
/ fVg] e"ldsf n] Vg] sfdsf] lhDdf lngsf nflu s[ltnfO{ cfBf] kfGt ldlxg
/ ljZn] if0ffTds 9Ën] cWoog ug'{ kg] { x'G5 . hf] :jod\df ;do lbg' kg]
ljifo xf] . k':ts k|sfzgsf] qmddf d] / f] cg'/ f] wnfO{ xflb{stfk"j{s :jLsf/
ul/ lbg' eO{ ;do / ;f] r vr] {/ of] k':tssf] e"ldsf n] lvlbg' ePsf] df
k|f=8f= b|f] 0fs'df/ pkfWofok|lt cfef/ JoSt ub} { d pxfFnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb
lbg rfxG5' .
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lnP/ k':tsfsf/ ;Ddsf] lhDd] jf/ L lnOlbg'ePsf] df kqsf/ / fhafa' z+s/ nfO{
klg d xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
k':ts k|sfzgs} qmddf dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] – ljQLo k|jGw . o;sf
nflu eg] d] / L wd{kTgL uLtf, 5f] / f ljlbt / a'xf/ L cf/ tL wGojfbsf kfq
5g\ . d] / f] of] k':ts k|sfzgsf nflu eg] / ljut s] xL dlxgfb] lv pgLx¿n]
lgoldt ¿kdf / sd hDdf ub} { uO{ cfh of] k|sfzg ;Dej ePsf] 5 .
pgLx¿sf] o:tf] efjgfsf] d pRr sb/ ;d] t ub{5' .
cGtdf, s'g} klg / rgfsf nflu ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/ f eg] sf] o;sf
kf7s x'g\ . olb kf7s gx'g] xf] eg] / rgfsf] s] xL cy{ x'Fb} g . To;} n] , d
d] / f kf7sx¿nfO{ ;a} eGbf w] /} wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ;fy}, kf7sx¿af6
k[i7kf] if0fsf nflu ck] Iff klg ub{5' . dnfO{ tnsf] d] / f] O{–d] ndf kf7sx¿n]
cfkm\gf k[i7kf] if0f k7fpg ;Sg' x'g] 5 . c:t' .
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lyof] – sljtf ;+u|x …y] D;\sf] lsgf/ fdf sf] zLsf] ;DemgfÚ / bf] ;|f] tkfO{+sf]
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zdf{sf oL b'a} k':tsfsf/ s[ltx¿ k|sflzt ug] { cj;/ d} n] k|fKt u/ F ] .
of] cj;/ nfO{ d} n] …d] / f] 7"nf] ;f} efUo xf] Ú eGg] ¿kdf u|x0f u/ sf] ] 5' . o;
lglDt d d] / f efO jf;' zdf{nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
jf;' zdf{sf k|v/ cleJolQmx¿af6 d lgs} k|efljt lyPF . k] zfn] d
lzIfs / gftfn] pgL d] / f lgh} efO ePsf] sf/ 0fn] klg ;fg} b] lv d} n]
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lg/ Gt/ tf lbO{ g} / x] . clxn] ;Dd klg xfdL bfh' / efOaLrsf] Tof] qmd
cyf{t\ n] Vg 3R3RofO/ xg] / n] lv/ xg] qmd rln g} / x] sf] 5 .
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dfly k'¥ofO;s] sf 5g\ . / klg, cem} cfkmgf / rgfx¿ EofP;Dd / cg's"n
k/ ;Dd ] kf08'lnlk cj:yfdf g} dnfO{ b] vfP/ d] / f] / fo;'emfj lng] u/ sf ]
5g\ . jf;' zdf{ h:tf] k|v/ / :yflkt n] vsnfO{ d} n] / fo;'emfj lbg]
x} l;ot / fV5' ls / flVbg, Tof] s'/ f d cfkmF} nfO{ yfxf 5} g . t/ klg o;
s'/ fnfO{ d} n] …efOsf] dk|ltsf] ;Ddfg xf] Ú eGg] ¿kdf rflxF cjZo u|x0f
u/ sf] ] 5' . xfdL bfh' / efOaLrsf oL xflb{stf / efjgfTds ;DaGwsf
af/ df ] efO jf;'n] dfly pNn] v ePsf o; emfkf lhNnfaf6 k|sflzt b'a}
k':tssf n] vsLo egfOx¿df pNn] v u/ sf ] 5g\ . To;} n] of] k|;ËnfO{ d
oxLF la6 dfg{ rfxG5' .
k':ts k|sfzg ug] { qmddf efO jf;' zdf{s} k/ fdz{ / cfu|x cg';f/
d] / f cgGo ldq k|f= 8f= b|f] 0fs'df/ pkfWofoHo"nfO{ d} n] k':tssf] e"ldsf
n] lvlbg cfu|x u/ F ] . cfkmgf] cToGt Jo:t ;dosf afah'b pxfFn] xfd|f]
cfu|xnfO{ :jLsf/ u/ L k':tssf] e"ldsf n] lvlbg' eof] . pxfFk|lt d efO
jf;' zdf{sf tkm{af6 ;d] t xflb{stfk"j{s cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . To;} u/ L
k':ts k|sfzgsf nflu 3/ leqaf6 ;dosf] rfFhf] kfFhf] ldnfpg] qmddf
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pT;fxk"j{s ;fy ;xof] u lbg] d] / L wd{kTgL w/ 0fL zdf{ Gof} kfg] nfO{ klg
wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
k':ts k|sfzgsf] rfFhf] kfFhf] ldnfpg] qmddf z'4fz'l4 x] g] { sfdb] lv
lnP/ k':tsfsf/ sf] ¿kdf aflx/ Nofpg] ;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ cleef/ f lnOlbg'
x'g] kqsf/ ;xsdL{ ldq / fhafa' z+s/ nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ;fy},
k':tssf] n] cfp6 / se/ l8hfOg cflb sfddf ;xof] u ug'{x'g] efO
Ps/ fh k|wfgnfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
eb|k'/ , emfkf
— 3g] Gb| zdf{
jf;' zdf{

ljifo cg'qmd
!= Pg=cf/ =Pg / kl08thLsf] cfqmf] z ÷ !
@= s] d?gsf] 6«] g ofqfaf6 s] kf7 l;Sg] < ÷ $
#= lah'nL aQL Û lah'nL aQL Û ÷ &
$= pmhf{ u/ LaLsf] df/ df d'n's slxn] ;Dd < ÷ !!
%= ;sf/ fTds ;f] r / k|lta4tfsf] vfFrf] ÷ !^
^= a[xQ/ / fli6«o ;f] rsf] cefj ÷ @!
&= P;=Pn=;L=sf] glthfn] pAhfPsf k|Zgx¿ ÷ @^
*= lzIff k|0ffnL / u'0f:t/ Lo lzIff ÷#!
(= lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ M a'emfO{, lzIf0f ljlw / hfFr k|lqmof ÷#^
!)= lzIff / cleefjs ÷ $!
!!= u/ ] t x'Fbf] / x] 5 lg Û ÷ $^
!@= ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0f M ljsf;sf] Ps cf} hf/ ÷ %)
!#= cfGtl/ s ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0f / u|fdL0f ljsf; ÷ %%
!$= gofF zlSt ls / fhgLlts OdfGbf/ Lsf] vfFrf] < ÷ ^)
!%= gofF zlStsf] v] tL / g/ ] Gb| df] bL ÷ ^$
!^= ;femf lxn] hfqfn] lbPsf] ;Gb] z ÷ ^*
!&= gu/ kflnsf / ljsf;sf dfkb08x¿ ÷ &#
!*= s'/ f xf] Og, sfdsf] vfFrf] ÷ &*
!(= e|i6frf/ sf] bnbn ÷ *#
@)= :s6\Nof08sf] hgdt ;+u|xn] lbPsf] ;Gb] z ÷ **
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

@!= kmNg ghfGg] vGo" g] tfx¿ ÷ (#
@@= zf;sLo :j¿k / ;+3Lotfsf] k|Zg ÷ (*
@#= k|r08 efif0f / lul/ hfafa" ÷ !)$
@$= lvlTvt] / ;f] wk'5] ÷ !)*
@%= plrt sbd p7fP5g\ o'jfx¿n] ÷!!@
@^= ehgd08nL ;+:s[lt Pjd\ l;lS;sf] dfGg] k|j[lQ ÷!!&
@&= ts{ s'ts{x¿sf] /}
+bfnf] ÷ !@!
@*= e'ml;nf 8sf/ x¿n] b'u{Gwdo ePsf] g] kfnL / fhgLlt ÷ !@^
@(= ;+ljwfg, ;xdlt / df] bLsf] rf;f] ÷ !#!
#)= lj1fg / k|ljlwn] 5nfª dfb} {5, xfdL sxfF 5f} + < ÷ !#%
#!= o'jfx¿sf] csf] { Pp6f k|z+;gLo sbd ÷ !$)
#@= k'hfsf] lr7\7L, afa'/ fdsf] cfFz' / gf/ fo0fLsf] k|Zg ÷ !$$
##= lxGbL rnlrq kLs] n] l;h{gf u/ ] sf] t/ Ë ÷ !$*
#$= if8\oGqnfO{ clwsf/ / ;bfzonfO{ if8oGq 7fGg] / f]uL dfgl;stf ÷ !%@
#%= uDeL/ x'g'sf] cy{ ÷ !%^
#^= n]vsLo lzi6tf / dof{bf ÷ !^@
#&= nf]stflGqs kbfjnLsf] k|of]u Û ÷ !^^
#*= dgsf] t/ ]nLdf ÷ !&)
jf;' zdf{

Pg=cf/ =Pg /
kl08thLsf] cfqmf] z
la
b] zdf :yfoL a;f] af;sf] x} l;ot lnPsf ;/ sf/ L sd{rf/ Lx¿sf
lj?4df :yfgLo k|zf;g dGqL nfnafa' kl08t v'n] / nfluk/ ] sf]
ljifon] ut jif{ lgSs} xNnLvNnL dRrfof] . x'g t of] ;jfndf kl08thL
dGqL x'g' k"j{ g} ;lrj:t/ df sfo{ eO/ x] sf] va/ klg k|sfzdf cfPsf]
lyof] . tyflk To:tf] sfo{sf] / fhg} lts cu'jfO{ ug{ dGqL :jod\ v'n] /}
cu|;/ ePsf] Tof] klxnf] cj;/ lyof] / To;sf] hz jf ckhz h] eP
klg lgM;Gb] x g} kl08thLnfO{ hfg] 5 . ;fj{hlgs kbdf ePsfx¿n] cGo
d'n'ssf] u|Lgsf8{ jf kL=cf/ = jf cfO=Pn=cf/ = lng' / fli6«o lxt ljk/ L t
x'G5 eGg] / fhg} lts 7x/ xf] eg] o;sf] lgoGq0f jf lg/ fs/ 0f ug{ rfNg' kg] {
sbd Tolt hl6n jf ufx|f] eg] 5} g . dGqLh:tf] JolQmn] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
tyfgfd af] Nb} / cfqmf] z kf] Vb} ;:tf] nf] slk|otfsf] nf] edf kfv'/ f ;'ls{/ xg
h?/ t g} 5} g . clkt' Pp6f sfg"g agfO{ ;fj{hlgs kbsf sd{rf/ Lx¿n]
cGo d'n'ssf] :yfoL a;f] af;sf] :6f6; k|fKt u/ ] df To:tf] :6f6; k|fKt
u/ ] s} ldltb] lv :jtM kbd'Qm x'g] k|fjwfg / fvL ;DalGwt sd{rf/ Ln] cfk"mn]
lnPsf] To:tf] :6f6;sf af/ ] df :jod\n] ;/ sf/ ;dIf 3f] if0ff ug{' kg] {
/ gu/ ] df b08 ;hfo x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/ lbPdf of] Pp6f lgoldt
k|lqmofsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g] 5 . tt\kZrft g t dGqLn] kfv'/ f ;'s{g g}
h?/ t kg] {5 g t s'g} 7"nf] / fhg} lts s;/ t ul/ / xg h?/ t kg] {5 .
/ fhg} lts s;/ t g} ug{' kg] { / ;xL ;f] r / gLlt agfpg' kg] { u} / cfjf;Lo
g] kfnLx¿af/ ] cGo y'k|} d'2fx¿ 5g\, h'g d'2fx¿df sfd ug{ ca l9nf eg]
gug{' plrt x'g] 5 . cfhsf] ljZj kl/ j] zdf Ps b] zaf6 csf] { b] zdf hfg]
jf;' zdf{

qmdnfO{ / f] Sg t k/ } hfj;\, sd ug{ klg ;Dej 5} g . of] qmd lbgfg'lbg
a9\bf] 5 / a9\g] 5 . cem g] kfnh:tf] cNkljsl;t, Jofks a] / f] huf/ L, Go"g
cfo tyf u/ LaL cf} åGå / / fhg} lts cl:y/ tfsf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/ x] sf]
d'n'saf6 hgzlQm ljb] z knfog x'g' cgf} 7f] s'/ f xf] Og . of] k/ fk"j{sfnb] lv
g} rNb} cfPsf] k|lqmof klg xf] eGg] tYox¿ Oltxf;sf kfgfx¿df ;'/ lIft
5g\ eGg] s'/ f atfO/ xg' gkg] { xf] . o:tf] P] ltxfl;s tYonfO{ gh/ cGbfh
ub} { sd{rf/ Lx¿k|lt cfqmf] z kf] Vg] qmddf ;a} u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnLx¿nfO{
;Qf] ;/ fk ug] { dGqL kl08tsf] bl/ b| Pjd\ ?U0f dfgl;stf / b[li6bf] ifnfO{
;Rofpg cfu|x ug'{ afx] s csf] { ljsNk b] lvGg . dGqL nfnafa' kl08t
nufot g] kfnsf ;a} / fhgLlts kl08tx¿n] s] e'Ng x'Gg eg] / ] ld6fG;
g] kfnL cy{tGqsf] Ps dha't cfwf/ alg;s] sf] 5 . cfk|jf;g / j} b] lzs
/ f] huf/ L lagf / ] ld6fG;sf] cl:tTj 5} g . dGbLn] xfg] sf] a] nf klg / ] ld6fG;n]
ubf{ / fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ 7"nf] e/ y] u ePsf] tYosf] avfg rflx+ ug] {, t/
u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnL ;a} nfO{ Ps} 3fgdf xfn] / …gf/ fo0fLdf aufpg] Ú s'/ f ug{'
/ f] uL dfgl;stfsf] pkh afx] s c? s] xL xf] Og .
u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnLsf] kl/ efiffleq ljleGg k|lqmofåf/ f ljb] lzPsf
-ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx¿df uPsf_ g] kfnLx¿ kb{5g\ . c:yfoL / :yfoL
u/ L b'O{ ju{df / x] sf u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnLx¿ d"ntM sfdsf nflu ljb] lzPsf]
tYo ;a} sf ;fd' 5n{Ë 5 . vf8L d'n'sx¿, sf] l/ of, dn] l;of, ci6«] lnof,
Oh/ fon, o"/ f] k, cd] l/ sf / Sofg8fdf g] kfnLx¿sf] 7"n} ;+Vof uPsf]
tYo klg ;a} nfO{ 1ft 5 . vf8L d'n'sx¿, sf] l/ of / dn] l;ofdf d"ntM
g] kfn ;/ sf/ dfk{mt >d :jLs[ltsf] cfwf/ df sfd ug{ hfg] s'/ f c:yfoL
k|s[ltsf] 5 . sfdsf] s/ f/ ;lsPkl5 tL :jb] z kms{G5g\ . a] nfot
/ xËsËdf ePsf e"=k"= uf] vf{ kl/ jf/ / Go"g ;+Vofdf ljleGg b] zdf
z/ 0ffyL{sf ¿kdf l5/ ] sf afx] s ci6«] lnof, o"/ f] k, cd] l/ sf / Sofg8ftkm{
g] kfnLx¿ klg cGo d'n'sx¿af6 e} +m rf/ j6f af6f] eP/ uPsf] b] lvG5 .
tL rf/ af6fx¿ x'g\ – 8L=eL=, l:sN8 dfOu|] zg, js{ kld{6 / ljBfyL{ .
lzIff cfh{g ug{ eg] / uPsf ljBfyL{x¿df klg ldn] ;Dd pt} :yfoL ¿kdf
a:g] k|j[lQ b] lvPsf] 5 . c? tLg af6fx¿ t :yfoL k|s[ltsf x'Fb} x'g\ .
rfx] ljBfyL{sf ¿kdf uP/ pt} a;] sf x'g\ rfx] 8L=eL=, l:sN8 dfOu|] zg
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

jf js{ kld{6 kfP/ uPsf x'g\Ù ;a} cj:yfdf d'n'sn] bIf Pjd\ pRr bIf
hgzlQm u'dfO/ x] sf] cj:yf :jod\df k|i6 5 . ljb] lzg] x¿nfO{ ufnLunf} h
u/ ] / of] qmd / f] lsPnf t < ls oyfy{ ;'ema'em ;lxt km/ flsnf] ;f] r / fv] /
d'n'sleq pgLx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug] { / fli6«o gLlt agfpg h?/ L 5 <
ljb] lzPsf g] kfnLx¿nfO{ g] kfnsf] dfof gnfUg] xf] Og, g] kfn cfpF–cfpF
gnfUg] xf] OgÙ g] kfnsf nflu s] xL u/ f} + eGg] gnfUg] xf] Og . t/ , ufF7L s'/ f]
sxfFg] / 5 eg] aflx/ uPsfnfO{ 3/ sf] 9f] sf aGb ul/ lbg] / Ps jf csf] {
gfddf pgLx¿sf] g] kfn;Fus} ;fOgf] nfO{ sdhf] / agfOlbg] gLlt jf sfo{n]
u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnLx¿df ePsf] IfdtfnfO{ / fi6« lgdf{0fdf kl/ rfng ug{
;lsg] ;DefjgfnfO{ g} kG5fpg] 5 . pgLx¿n] ljb] zdf cfh{g u/ ] sf] wg,
1fg / ;LknfO{ g] kfndf nufgL ug{ s;/ L k|] l/ t / cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
/ fli6«o ;f] r aGg' k5{ g ls pgLx¿nfO{ ;Qf] ;/ fk ub} { …gf/ fo0fLdf aufpg] Ú
s'/ f < To;sf nflu g] kfnleq wg, 1fg / ;Lk nufgL ug] { jftfj/ 0f
x'g h?/ L 5, j} wflgs ;'lglZrttf x'g h?/ L 5 cf} cfsif{0fsf e/ kbf{
sfo{qmdx¿ Nofpg h?/ L 5 . ljb] zL gful/ stf lnP klg g] kfnL gful/ stf
TofUg' gkg] { ;+j} wflgs÷sfg"gL Joj:yf o; ;Gbe{df ;a} eGbf pTs[i6 gLlt
x'g] 5 . t/ , g] kfnsf / fhg} lts kl08tx¿ ef/ tsf] xfpu'hL b] vfP/ o;sf
lj?4df plePsf 5g\ eGg] s'/ f pgLx¿sf] ljleGg cleJolQmaf6 yfxf
kfOG5 . olb bf] xf] / f] gful/ stfsf] gLlt cjnDag gug] { g} ;f] r xf] eg]
csf] { s] e/ kbf] { ljsNk x'g ;Snf, h;n] u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnLx¿nfO{
g] kfndf k"FhL Pjd\ 1fg / ;Lk nufgL ug{ k|] l/ t dfq xf] Og ljZj:t klg
t'Nofpg ;sf] ;\ . u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnL kl/ rokq dfq kof{Kt xf] nf < s]
/ fhgLlts bnx¿ o; d'2fdf u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnLx¿aLr bnLo :jfy{sf]
lbdfu k'msfn] / hg:t/ df -/ fhgLlts[t u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnL ;+3;Fu dfq
xf] Og_ v'Nnf cGt/ lqmof ug{ tTk/ 5g\ < s] pgLx¿ b[li6bf] ifnfO{ ;Rofpg
tof/ 5g\ < s] / fhgLlts bnx¿ ljb] zdf cflh{t wg, 1fg / ;Lkx¿
g] kfndf leœofpg OdfGbf/ Lk"j{s ;f] r agfpg tof/ 5g\ < s] ;d;fdlos
ljZjnfO{ x] g{ / a'‰g pgLx¿ cfˆgf] lbdfudf nfu] sf] tfNrf vf] Ng tof/
5g\ < olb 5g\ eg] nfnafa' kl08t dfq xf] Og ;a} dGqL, k|wfgdGqL,
;f+;b, g] tf Pjd\ gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ sl:;pg\ eg] / sfdgf ug'{ plrt} xf] nf .
jf;' zdf{

s] d?gsf] 6«] g ofqfaf6
s] kf7 l;Sg] <
o; t:jL/ df
b] lvPsf] b[Zo
@)!$ clk|n
!& df jSt Go"h gfds
Ps km] ;a's k|of] ustf{n]
kf] i6 u/ ] sf] / d] / f] sf] xL Ps
k] m;a's ldqn] z] o/ ul/ lb+bf
d} n] klg b] Vg kfPsf]
lyPF . t:jL/ df a] nfotsf
k|wfgdGqL 8] lj8 s] d?g
;fj{hlgs 6«] gaf6 ofqf
ul/ / x] sf dfq} b] lv+b} gg\,
clkt' a:g] l;6 gkfP/ Ps
;j{;fwf/ 0f ofqL e} +m pleP/
klqsf k9\b} ofqf ul/ / x] sf klg b] lvG5g\ . s] d?gn] o:tf] lsg u/ ] t < s]
c?nfO{ b] vfpgsf nflu xf] < jf, of] a] nfotsf] ;fdfGo cEof;leqsf] s'/ f
xf] < kmf] 6f] df pgsf rDrfx¿ jl/ kl/ e'mlDdPsf klg b]lv+b}gg\, xfd|f g]tfx¿sf
jl/ kl/ e'mlDdP h;/ L . ls ToxfF pgsf rDrfx¿ rflx+ lyP, t/ kmf]6f]df dfq}
PSn} kf]h df/ ]sf x'g\ t < Pp6f clt;DkGg / zlQmzfnL / fi6«sf k|wfgdGqLh:tf]
kbdf cfl;g JolQm o;/ L ;fdfGo gful/ s e} +m ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] ;fwgdf
lagf ljz]if ;'/ Iff k|jGw PSn} ofqf u5{g\ eGg] s'/ f xfdLnfO{ kTofpg} ufx|f] k5{ .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

t/ , o;df ;Totf 5 . k|wfgdGqL 8]lj8 s]d?g dfq xf]Og, c? klg o;/ L ofqf
ul/ / x]sf e]l6G5g\ . s]d?gsf] of] ofqfaf6 s;–s;n] kf7 l;Sg' knf{ jf gknf{
< ;DklQsf] gfddf # j6f df]afOn ;]6 dfq ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug] { ;fw' elgPsf
k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/ fnf klg o;/ L ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] ;fwgdf PSn} ofqf
unf{g\ < b] Vg'x'g] x¿n] eGg ;Sg' xf] nf .
oltv] / dnfO{ xfd|f g] tfx¿sf] afgL Joxf] / faf/ ] y'k|} s'/ fx¿ Pskl5 csf] {
:d/ 0f eO/ x] 5g\ . pbfx/ 0fsf ¿kdf d oxfF Pp6f To:tf] 36gf pNn] v ub} {5',
hf] d :jod\;Fu 36] sf] lyof] . cfheGbf cf7–bz aif{ cufl8sf] s'/ f xf] .
Ps hgf ldq:t/ df lrghfg ePsf g] tf -hf] k"j{ dGqL klg x'g\_ sL kTgL;Fu
lgs} ;dokl5 sf7df8f} +sf] Pp6f ;fdflhs hd36df e] 6 ePsf] lyof] . d] / f]
;fydf d] / L kTgL klg lyOg\ . gd:sf/ cfbfgk|bfgkl5 tL g] tf kTgLn] elgg\–
æw] / } eof] t cfpg' ePsf] 5} g lg e] 6\g, lsg

axfnjfnf dGqL jf k|wfgdGqLsf] t s'/ } 5f8f} + . s] xL u/ L sf] xL g] tf ;fj{hlgs
oftfoftsf] ;fwgdf r9] / a:g] 7fpF / x] g5 eg] xfdL ;j{;fwf/ 0f hgtf pgnfO{
gd:sf/ klg 6qmØfpF5f} + / cfk"m p7] / pgnfO{ a:g] 7fpF klg 5fl8lbG5f} + . xfd|f]
cfˆg} klg rfs8LhGo dgf] j[lQ hf] 5Fb} 5 . t/ , g] tfx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf
;fwgx¿df nueu z"Go a/ fa/ b] Vg kfOG5 . a? g] kfnsf] g] tflu/ L k|f8f] /
kh] / f] ;+:s[ltdf lbgfb'lbg df} nfpFb} uPsf] tYo huhfx] / 5 . k|f8f] / kh] / f] dfq
xf] Og, x] lnsK6/ af/ ] sf ;dfrf/ x¿ klg cfpg yfn] sf 5g\ . …;j{xf/ fjfbLÚ g] tf
k|r08 x] lnsK6/ lsGg vf] Hb} 5g\ eGg] ;dfrf/ x¿ k9\g kfOPsf] lyof] s] xL ;do
cufl8 . jfx Û jfx Û g] tfHo", Sof d:tL 5 . ;fdGtjfbsf] cGTo u¥of} + eg] /
pb\3f] if ug] { …k|hftGqjfbLÚ, …nf] stGqjfbLÚ, …u0ftGqjfbLÚ, …hgjfbLÚ g] tfx¿sf]
o:tf] gj;fdGtjfbL ;f] r, Jojxf/ / wfsn] d'n'snfO{ sxfF k'¥ofpg] xf] o;} eGg
;lsGg . ha 7fn'kg / cx+sf/ kfn] / hgtfsf gfddf d'n'ssf] / fhgLlt rNb5
eg] hgtfsf] zflGt, ljsf; / ;'vsf] cfsf+Iff k"/ f x'g] s'/ f t k/ } 5f8f} +, u/ LaLsf]
df/ af6 hgtfn] clnslt / fxt kfpg klg ;Sg] 5} gg\ . cem / fhg} lts zlQmsf]
cf8df u'08f, ck/ fwL / dflkmofn] rnv] n ug{ kfpFb5g\ eg] hgtfn] zflGtsf]
;f; slxn] km] g{ kfpg] < kmnfgf] yf] s ug] {eGbf b] Vg] nfO{ nfh eg] h:tf] Jojxf/
u5{g\ xfd|f g] tfx¿ . Pp6f OdfGbf/ k|x/ L clws[tn] u'08fubL{ / ck/ fw lgoGq0f
ug{ rfn] sf] sbdnfO{ k|f] T;fxg, 6] jf / :ofaf;L lbg' t stf xf] stf, yfngLd}
lgdf] 7\g] sfo{ ug{ k'U5g\ xfd|f k|wfgdGqL / u[xdGqL, hut} x;fpg] u/ L . logaf6
hgtfn] b] zdf zflGt–;'/ Iffsf] cfzf slt ug{ ;Snfg\ < o;} eP/ xf] nf, xfd|f
dGqL, k|wfgdGqL cfk"mnfO{ c;'/ lIft dx;"; u5{g\ / 8] lj8 s] d?gh:tf] ;fj{hlgs
oftfoft ;fwgdf PSn} ofqf ug{ 8/ fpF5g\ clg ljz] if ;'/ Iff k|jGwaLr cfˆgf]
…;jf/ LÚ rnfpF5g\ Û
a]nfotL k|wfgdGqLn] o;/ L PSn} ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;fwgdf ofqf u/ ]sf]
b[i6fGtaf6 xfd|f g]tfx¿n] klg kf7 l;s] x'GYof] . / fli6«o ;DklQsf] b'?kof]u ub} { cg]sg\
;jf/ L;fwgsf] pkef]u cfk"mn] dfq gu/ L cfˆgf cfp/ ]afp/] / rDrfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ug{
lbg] n"6jfbL / fhgLlts ;+:s[ltsf] cGTo slxn] x'g] xf]nf g]kfndf < g]tf, dGqL,
k|wfgdGqL, xflsd / ;a} slyt …7"nfa8fÚx¿df o;af/ ] 1fg kl;lbP x'GYof] / s]d?gsf]
o:tf] sfo{af6 kf7 l;lslbP x'GYof] eg]/ sfdgf ug{ ' a]d'gfl;j gxf]nf .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

lah'nL aQL Û lah'nL aQL Û
of]
n] v klg Pp6f km] ;a's kf] i6s} af/ ] df n] Vb} 5' . ;f] k] m;a's kf] i6 …
gful/ s Go"hÚsf] !# dO{ @)!$ sf] xf] / g] kfndf nf] 8z] l8Ësf] gofF
tflnsf af/ ] sf] hfgsf/ Ld"ns ;"rgfdf cfwfl/ t kf] i6 xf] . ;f] tflnsfaf6
s] k|i6 b] Vg ;lsG5 eg] pkef] Stfx¿n] b} lgs (–!) 306f nf] 8z] l8Ë
ef] Ug'kg] { x'G5 . -dfkm ug'{xf] nf kf7s dxfg'efjx¿, d} n] ;f] kf] i6sf] kmf] 6f] oxfF
/ fVg rfx] sf] lyPF t/ kmf] 6f] cToGt dw'/ f] ePsf] sf/ 0fn] / fVg ;lsg . olb
oxfFx¿nfO{ ;f] kf] i6 x] g{] OR5f 5 eg] s[kof gful/ s Go"hsf] !# dO{ @)!$
sf] k] m;a's kf] i6 x] g{'x'g cg'/ f] w ub{5'_
nf] 8z] l8Ësf] ;dosf af/ ] df pkef] Qmfx¿sf] egfO s] 5 eg] , hfgnfO{
tf] s] s} ;dodf lah'nL hfG5 t/ cfpg eg] slxNo} ;dodf cfpFb} g . tflnsf
cg';f/ lah'nL Toltv] / lgE5, hltv] / o;sf] a9L h?/ t kg] { ub{5 . h:tf]
ls laxfg jf ;fFemdf ljBfyL{x¿n] k9\g] a] nfdf jf vfgf vfg] a] nfdf .
d'n'ssf] o:tf] a] lylt / lgoltsf nflu lhDd] jf/ sf/ 0f s] xf] < d'n'ssf]
u/ LaL jf / fli6«o ;f] r / / fhgLlts k|ltj4tfsf] cefj < ;f] nf] 8z] l8Ësf]
tflnsf b] Vbf dnfO{ dxfgGb ;fksf] 6fsf] Pp6f sljtfsf] ;fgf] c+z ofb
cfO/ x] 5 . zAbx¿ ;a} h:tfsf] t:t} 5g\ ls 5} gg\, Tof] d eGg ;lSbg t/
efj eg] km/ s kb} {g . dnfO{ ;Demgf ePsf] sljtfsf] c+z o:tf] 5 M
lbgel/ sf] ef] sf] lyPF ufF; prfn] + d'vdf nu] +
‰ofKk lgEof] lah'nL aQL
xftsf] ufF; gfsdf k'Uof]
lklnSs cfof] lah'nL aQL
afsf] gfsdf eft eGb} c+z vfg] n] lvTsf 5f] 8\of]
jf;' zdf{

dh] qfn] d'v 5f] kL >LdtL klg xfF:g yfnL
lah'nL aQL lah'nL aQL la/ f6gu/ sf] lah'nL aQL
lklnSs cfpF5 ‰ofKk lgE5 la/ f6gu/ sf] lah'nL aQL .
===
d otf a] nfot cfP/ a:g yfn] sf] gf} aif{ eof] . cfh;Dd Ps} l5g klg
nf] 8z] l8Ë ef] Ug' k/ ] sf] 5} g . g] kfndf h:tf] !) 306fsf] t s'/ } 5f] 8f} +, oxfF !)
ldg] 6 dfq klg ljB't cfk"lt{ aGb x'g] xf] eg] s] jn sf] nfxn dlRrg] dfq
xf]Og, ljB'tåf/ f ;~rflnt ;'?Ë dfu{df bu'g] { 6« ]gåf/ f ofqf ug{ ] nfvf} + ofqLx¿sf]
hLjg g} hf]lvddf kg{ hfG5 . a} +lsË, k|zf;lgs, Jofkfl/ s Pjd\ cGo b}lgs
sfo{df c;/ kb{5 / If0fe/ d} + s/ f]8f} +sf] 3f6f / fi6«n] Joxf]g{ ' kg] { x'G5 .
x'g t sxfF a] nfot, sxfF g] kfn < t'ngf ug{} ldNb} g eGg] ts{ cfpg
;S5 . s'/ f ;xL klg xf] . ljsf;sf] qmddf cfsfz–hdLgsf] cGt/ df / x] sf
a] nfot / g] kfnsf] t'ngf Pp6} sfF6Ldf / fv] / ug{ ldNb} g eGg] ts{;Fu d
Tolt w] / } ladlt / flVbg . t/ , / fhg} lts k|lta4tf, / fli6«o ;f] r / ;/ sf/ L
gLltsf] af/ ] df eg] cjZo t'ngf ug{ ldN5 . olb gug] { xf] eg] xfdL k] ml/ klg
/ fhg} lts efF8e} nf] tGqnfO{ g} 6] jf k'¥ofO/ x] sf x'G5f} + . ;/ sf/ k] ml/ g ;S5,
;/ sf/ sf] :j¿k k] ml/ g ;S5, / fHosf] ;+/ rgf klg k] ml/ g ;S5Ù t/ hgtfsf]
cfjZostf / hgtf k|ltsf] / fHosf] bfloTj slxNo} b'O{vfn] x'g ;Sb} g .
d"n s'/ f eg] sf] / fhg} lts k|ltj4tf xf] , hf] Jofks hglxtdf nlIft x'g
h?/ L 5 .
a] nfot ljB'tsf nflu d'VotM cf0fljs pmhf{;|f] tdf e/ kb{5 . tyflk
jfo' / ;f} o{ ;|f] tsf] clwstd pkof] u ug] { s'/ fdf klg plQs} Wofg k'¥ofPsf]
b] lvG5 . ;Fu;Fu} cfjZos pmhf{ pkef] u ug{af6 hgtfn] al~rt (Energy
Deprivation) x'g gk/ f] ;\ eg] / cg] sg\ gLltut sbdx¿ rfn] sf] kfOG5 .
pbfx/ 0fsf nfluM hf8f] df} ;ddf a[4–a[4fx¿nfO{ Gofgf] / fVgsf nflu yk
pmhf{ pkef] u ug{ ;s'g\ eGg] x] t'n] yk pkef] u x'g] ljB't / ÷jf Uof;sf]
ylkg] lansf] / sdsf] ef/ af6 / fxt lbg lglZrt / sd ;/ sf/ n] pgLx¿nfO{
pknAw u/ fpg] ub{5 . To:t} , Uof; / ÷jf ljB't cfk"lt{ lagf g s'g} 3/
lgdf{0f x'G5, g t hgtf a;f] af; g} u5{g\ . t/ , g] kfndf o:tf] x'gsf nflu
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

zsf} + nfUnf jf cem a9L . g] kfndf ljB't cfk"lt{ ePsf 7fpFsf] t dfly
pNn] v ePh:tf] xfnt 5 eg] hxfF lah'nL k'u] s} 5} g, ToxfFsf] hghLjg
c´ slt si6k|b xf] nf– ;xh} cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . ;du|df eGg'
kbf{, vf;u/ L u|fdL0f Onfsfx¿df cFu] gfdf afn] sf] bfp/ f, ;Nnfsf] vf] 6f] /
6'sLsf] pHofnf] df lgjf{x ug'{ kg] { hgtfsf] lgoltdf kl/ jt{g cfpg cem} slt
s'g{' kg] { xf] – yfxf 5} g . Ps–b'O{ bh{g uf] s0f{ lai6x¿n] cem yk dfgl;s
pmhf{, / fhgLlts k|ltj4tf / hglxtsf/ L sfo{qmd ;lxt ;Qfsf nf] eL,
;f ] rsf bl/ b| / csd{0o klxnf] k':tfsf / fhg] tfx¿nfO{ la:yflkt ug{;s]
l:yltdf ;'wf/ x'GYof] ls <
lah'nLsf] s'/ f ul/ / xFbf lah'nL pTkfbg ug] { ;|f] tsf] s'/ f cfpF5 . oL
;|f] tx¿ gjLs/ 0fLo / cgjLs/ 0fLo u/ L b'O{vfn] 5g\ eGg] s'/ f ;a} nfO{ yfxf
ePs} s'/ f xf] . cf0fljs Pjd\ l8h] n KnfG6h:tf ;|f] tx¿ cgjLs/ 0fLo
;|f] tdf kb{5g\ eg] hn, jfo' / ;f} o{ ;|f] t gjLs/ 0fLo ;|f] t x'g\ . cgjLs/ 0fLo
;|f] tx¿ Ps lbg ;lsg] 5g\, To;} n] oL lbuf] 5} gg\ / pkef] usf nflu
cgGtsfn;Dd e/ kg{;Sg] s'/ } ePg . cem oL cgjLs/ 0fLo ;|f] tx¿sf]
pkef] uaf6 jftfj/ 0fdf kg] { c;/ cnUu} 5 . hals hn, jfo' / ;f} o{ ;|f] t
lbuf] 5g\ / cgGtsfn;Ddsf nflu e/ kg{ ;lsg] cf} jftfj/ 0fd} qL klg
5g\ . g] kfn oL tLgj6} gjLs/ 0fLo pmhf{ ;|f] tdf wgL 5 . vfFrf] s] jn oL
;|f] tx¿sf] hglxtdf pkof] u ug] { ;f] r, gLlt / sfo{gLltsf] xf] . To;} n] dfly
/ fhg} lts k|ltj4tf, / fli6«o ;f] r / ;/ sf/ L gLltsf] k|;+u p7fPsf] x'F . o;
;Gbe{df a] nfot / g] kfnsf] t'ngf lsg ul/ Psf] xf] eg] , a] nfotdf ;Qfdf
hf] ;'s} k'u'g\ jf k'Ug rfx'g\ o:tf] Jofks hglxtsf] sfo{df km/ s kb} {g . a?
hgtfnfO{ cfk"mk|lt yk cfslif{t ug{ yk ;'ljwfsf Ph] 08f lnP/ pqG5g\
tL / fhgLlts kl/ b[Zodf . hals g] kfnsf] / fhgLlt o:tf] pGgt ;f] rdf k'Ug'
t k/ } hfj;\, k'Ug] r] i6f;Dd u/ ] sf] b] Vg klg ufx|f] kl/ / x] sf] 5 . a? pN6}
sldzgvf] / Lsf] r+u'ndf cBflk kFml;/ x] sf] 5 ljB't pTkfbg / cfk"lt{ k4lt
eGg] s'/ f 5Øfª\5Øfª\lt b] Vg ;lsG5 . rfx] ;/ sf/ L hnljB't cfof] hgfsf]
s'/ f xf] ;\ jf lghL If] qsf] nufgLsf] s'/ f xf] ;\, sldzg / kbf{ k5fl8sf
lx;falstfa ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ x¿ cfO/ xg] u5{g\ . dGqL, k|wfgdGqLx¿n]
df] 6f] sldzg / sdsf] n'Aw :jfy{dfly ;jf/ eP/ l8h] n KnfG6 v/ L b /
jf;' zdf{

pmhf{ ;Demf} tfsf nflu eg] / rnv] n / ljb] z e|d0f u/ ] sf ;dfrf/ x¿ klg
cfO/ xg] u5{g\ . hnljB'tdf lghL If] qsf] ;+nUgtfsf af/ ] df klg sGkf/ f
tfTg] o:t} vfn] ;dfrf/ x¿ gcfpg] xf] Ogg\ . cjfl~5t / fhgLlts k|efj /
3';vf] / Lsf] dfWodaf6 ljB't pTkfbg x'g] ;DefJo vf] nfgfnfx¿sf gfddf
cfof] hgfx¿ btf{ u/ fO{ hndflkmofx¿n] sAhfdf lnPsf ljZn] if0fx¿ klg
dg cldnf] kfb} { k9\g kfOPsf 5g\– a] nf a] nfdf . ha;Dd b] zdf cjfl~5t
/ fhgLlts k|efj, sldzgvf] / L, 3';vf] / L / dflkmoftGqsf] lg0ff{os txdf
rnv] n eO/ xG5, ta;Dd hgtfsf] lgoltdf km] / abn x'g] ;Defjgf IfL0fk|foM
x'G5 eGg' cltzof] lQm gxf] nf .
/ fhg} lts csd{0otfnfO{ tf] 8\g / fhg} lts txd} sf] xL s;} n] kxn ug} { kg] {
x'G5 . h;sf nflu hgtfk|ltsf] ;xL -cf] +7] / ;} 4flGts k|nfk dfq xf] Og_
pQ/ bfloTjsf] efjgf ;lxt / fhg} lts OdfGbf/ L / k|ltj4tf geP;Dd hgtfn]
/ fxt dx;"; ug{ kfpg] 5} gg\ . cfzf u/ f} +, xfd|f g] tfx¿sf] r] t lkmg] {5 . xf] Og
eg] dxfgGb ;fksf] 6fsf] pko{'Qm sljtfnfO{ o;/ L ;do;fk] If kl/ dfh{g ug'{
knf{ M
lah'nL aQL, lah'nL aQL, g] kfnsf] lah'nL aQL
sldzgvf] / / dflkmoftGqsf] vNtLdf aNof] lah'nL aQL .
===
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

pmhf{ u/ LaLsf] df/ df d'n's
slxn] ;Dd<
la
h'nL aQLsf] af/ ] df n] v] sf] of] eGbf cl3Nnf] n] vnfO{ lg/ Gt/ tf
lb+b} km] l/ klg ;f] xL laifodf n] Vb} 5' . cl3Nnf] cfn] vdf d} n] / fli6«o
;f] r, / fhg} lts k|ltj4tf / ;/ sf/ L gLltsf] cfjZostfsf af/ ] df sf] 6ØfPsf]
lyPF . ;|f] t / ;Dkbfsf] wgL x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] pRr ljsf; ePsf]
cfhsf] o'udf ;d] t g] kfn / g] kfnL hgtf ljB't pkef] u ug{af6 al~rt
(Energy deprivation) x'g'
kg] { cj:yfdf / xg' b'Mvsf]
s'/ f xf] . ;DefJotfsf
cfwf/ df g] kfn;Fu s/ La
$) xhf/ d] 3fjf6 ljB't
pTkfbg Ifdtf 5 . hals
xfn ^ ;o d] 3fjf6
dfqsf] pTkfbg 5 .
xfnsf] pTkfbgaf6 pmhf{
cfjZostfsf] !Ü dfq k"lt{ ePsf] 5 eg] pTkflbt lah'nLdf s"n hg;+Vofsf]
$)Ü sf] dfq kxF'r 5 . -;|f] tM http:/ / www.ippan.org.np/ HPinNepal.html_
lsg ;+;b, ;/ sf/ / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ o; ;jfndf uDeL/ x'Fb} gg\ < lsg s'g}
7f] ;, Jofjxfl/ s / k|efjsf/ L gLltx¿ aGb} gg\ < sldzgvf] / L, 3';vf] / L /
hndflkmoflu/ LnfO{ k/ f:t ug] { / fhg} lts ;f] r / cfF6 lsg b] vf kb} {g < ljB't
jf;' zdf{

ljsf;sf] pRr ;DefjgfnfO{ clwstd pkof] u ug{ ;s] hgtfn] cFWof/ f] af6
d'lQm t kfpg] g} lyP . ;fy;fy} , ljB'tdf cfwfl/ t pBf] uwGwf / ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] pkof] uaf6 cfhsf] e"d08nLs/ 0fsf] kl/ j] zdf d'n'ssf] cfly{s
t/ SsLdf slt 6] jf k'UYof] xf] nf < s] / fhgLlts bn / g] tfx¿;Fu o;tk{m
;f] Rg] ;do 5 < ;fy} , ljB'tsf] cefjn] ubf{ ePsf pBf] u ;~rfngdf
kl/ / x] sf] ;d:of, pTkfbgdf eO/ x] sf] sdL / To;af6 pBf] uL Pjd\ d'n'snfO{
kl/ / x] sf] 3f6f b] Vg] cfFvf / fhgLlts j[Qdf gePsf] xf] ls < of ;Qf:jfy{sf]
v] ndf cfFvfdf k§L afFlwP/ of] s'/ f b] Vg g;sL uf} 0f aGg k'u] sf] xf] <
3fd, kfgL / xfjf – hLjgsf cTofjZos cfwf/ e"t tTj x'g\ . hLjgsf]
/ rgf / o;sf] lg/ Gt/ tfsf
nflu oL tLg tTjsf] s] dxTj
5, ;a} nfO{ 1ft ePs} s'/ f
xf] . oL tLg} hLjg tTjx¿
pmhf{sf klg ;fj{sflns Pjd\
;fj{ef} lds ;|f] t x'g\ eGg] s'/ f
k/ fk"j{sfnb] lv g} dflg;nfO{
1ft x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] / oyfzSo
pkef] u x'Fb} cfPsf] klg xf] .
kfgL3§, atf;n] rNg] ldn / ;f} o{ r'Nxf] o;sf ;fwf/ 0f pbfx/ 0fx¿ x'g\ .
ljB'tsf] cfljisf/ ePkZrft\ oL tLgj6} ;|f] tx¿ ljB't pTkfbgsf nflu
k|of] u ul/ Psf dfq xf] Ogg\ clkt' lbuf] , gjLs/ 0fLo Pjd\ jftfj/ 0fd} qL ;|f] tsf
¿kdf logsf] dxTj c? a9L k'li6 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . hnljB't Ifdtfsf
;fy;fy} g] kfnsf w] / } h;f] 7fpFx¿df jfo';|f] tsf] pknJwtf klg 5 . ;f} o{
zlQmsf] pkof] u t h'g;'s} 7fpFdf klg ug{ ;lsg] eO{ g} xfNof] . o:tf] k|r'/
/ cIfo ;|f] tsf] e08f/ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lah'nLsf nflu g] kfnL hgtfn] lsg t8\
lk/ xg' k/ ] sf] 5 < o;sf] l;wf hjfkm xf] – / fli6«o ;f] r, / fhg} lts k|ltj4tf
/ ;/ sf/ L gLltsf] cefj .
dnfO{ @)%$ ;fnsf] Pp6f k|;+u ofb eof] . @)%$ ;fnsf] ebf} –
c;f] hdf d ;d] t ;lDdlnt ;xhstf{x¿sf] Pp6f 6f] nL ef] hk'/ lhNnfsf
;a} uflj;x¿sf] % jif] { sfo{gLlts of] hgf th'{dfsf nflu sfo{zfnf uf] i7L
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

dfkm{t ;xhLs/ 0f ug{ uflj;x¿df v6] sf] lyof] . d :jod\ * j6f uflj;df
k'u] sf] lyPF, cGo # 6f] nL ;b:ox¿sf ;fydf . tL uf] i7Lsf ;xefuLx¿df
uflj;sf kbflwsf/ L, / fhgLlts bnsf :yfgLo k|ltlglw, lzIfs k|ltlglw,
:yfgLo a'l4hLjL Pjd\ :yfgLo:t/ sf ;/ sf/ L sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx¿ / x] sf
lyP . sfo{gLlts of] hgf th'{df sfo{zfnf uf] i7Lsf] :j¿k o:tf] lyof] ls,
xfdL ;xhstf{x¿sf] sfd uf] i7Lsf lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;lqmo
u/ fpg pgLx¿nfO{ pTk|] l/ t ug'{sf ;fy} of] hgf k|lqmofsf ljlwx¿ pknJw
u/ fpg' lyof] . ;"rgfx¿sf] ;+sng, ljZn] if0f, k|:t'lt cf} tL ;"rgfsf
cfwf/ df :yfgLo cfjZostfx¿sf] klxrfg ug] {, k|fyldstf lgwf{/ 0f ug] {,
;|f] t ;fwgsf] ljZn] if0f ug] { Pjd\ k|fyldstfk|fKt cfjZostfx¿sf cfwf/ df
of] hgf th'{df ug] { sfd ;xefuLx¿n] ;xdltsf cfwf/ df :jod\n] ug'{kg] {
lyof] . ;xefuLx¿ sfo{zfnfsf lqmofsnfkdf o;/ L r'n'{Dd 8'Ag k'Uy] ls,
cfk"m s'g bnsf] xf] / s'g kbsf] xf] eGg] lal;{Gy] / Ps} :j/ n] :yfgLo
;d:of, ;Defjgf, cfjZostf Pjd\ ;|f] t / ;fwgsf af/ ] df k|:t't x'Gy] .
o:tf] nfUYof] , To:tf] ;xdltd"ns …df] 8] nÚ df s] Gb|:t/ sf] of] hgf th'{df x'g]
jftfj/ 0f eOlbP s:tf] x'GYof] xf] nf . x/ ] s uflj;df ljB'tsf] cfjZostf
/ cfk"lt{sf af/ ] df 5nkmn x'Fbf s] Gb|Lo k|;f/ 0f nfOgaf6 cfk"lt{sf] ck] Iff
cleJoQm t cjZo x'GYof] g} . t/ , ;Fu;Fu} :yfgLo ;Defjgfx¿sf] klg
5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . dnfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf ;a} eGbf ;'Gb/ nfu] sf] kIf s]
lyof] eg] , ;xefuLx¿n] Ps} ;f] rsf ;fy :yfgLo vf] N;fx¿af6 s] xL 3/ –
kl/ jf/ nfO{ k'Ug] u/ L ePklg lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] / o:tf y'k|} kl/ of] hgfx¿
;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] , atf;] 8fF8fx¿df atf;af6 lah'nL lgsfNg ;lsg] / ,
oL b'a} sf] ;Defjgf gePsf 7fpFdf ;f} o{ ljB't lgsfNg ;lsg] h:tf ;"Id
kl/ of] hgfx¿sf af/ ] df pT;fxk"j{s 5nkmn u/ ] sf lyP . :yfgLo:t/ sf o:tf
;sf/ fTds ;f] r, pT;fx / d] nnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] / sfof{Gjogsf nflu
cfjZos ah] 6 / k|fljlws ;xof] u pknJw u/ fpg] tkm{ / fli6«o:t/ df ;f] r /
gLlt lsg gagfPsf xf] nfg\ eg] / xfdL ;xhstf{x¿ s'/ f klg uYof} {+ .
uflj;:t/ sf tL ;f] r ;'Ggdf dfq dw'/ xf] Ogg\ clkt' ;DefJo, lbuf]
/ cfTdlge{/ tf tk{m pGd'v / b"/ ufdL ;sf/ fTds k|efj kfg] { Jofjxfl/ s
(Practical) ;f] r klg x'g\ . uflj;:t/ sf o:tf ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ d"t{¿k lbg
jf;' zdf{

:yfgLo:t/ d} of] hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, Joj:yfkg / dd{t–;Def/ sf] Ifdtf
lgdf{0f ug] { xf] eg] o;af6 slt nfe lng ;lsPnf – ;xh} cg'dfg nufpg
;lsG5 . o:tf] ;':ki6 oyfy{nfO{ / fhgLlts bn, ltgsf g] tf–sfo{stf{x¿,
;f+;b, / fli6«o of] hgf cfof] u / dGqfnosf xflsdx¿sf] b[li6df cfpg s]
s'/ fn] / f] s] sf] xf] nf t < k|i6} 5– bnut s'lT;t :jfy{, sldzgvf] / L, 3';vf] / L
/ cjfl~5t / fhgLlts k|efjsf cfwf/ df anzfnL ag] sf] pmhf{ dflkmoftGq
g} tL tuf/ fx¿ x'g\Ù h;nfO{ kG5fpg ;j{k|yd t / fhg} lts txd} OdfGbf/ L /
k|ltj4tfsf] vfFrf] 5 .
uflj;, lhlj; / s] Gb| -xfn;Ddsf] / fHo ;+/ rgfsf cfwf/ df_ tLgj6}
txdf gLlt lgdf{0f eO{ nfu" ug{ ;s] df ;DefJo kl/ of] hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{
;xh x'g] dfq xf] Og, xfn pmhf{ ljsf;sf nflu b] lvPsf] ;|f] t / ;fwgsf]
sdLnfO{ x6fpg klg 7"nf] of] ubfg k'Ug] 5 . cem To;dfly lghL If] q;Fusf]
;fe] mbf/ LnfO{ dflkmoftGqd'Qm ¿kdf kl/ rfng ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] t pknlJwsf]
:t/ slt pRr x'GYof] elg;fWo 5} g . oL s'/ fx¿ d sf] / f sNkgfsf cfwf/ df
elg/ x] sf] 5'Og clkt' uflj; Pjd\ lhlj;:t/ Lo of] hgf k|lqmofdf ;xhLs/ 0f
ubf{sf avt / th'{df ul/ Psf ljleGg of] hgfx¿sf] k'g/ fjnf] sg ubf{sf
avt b] lvPsf ;"rsx¿sf cfwf/ df elg/ x] sf] 5' . en} Tof] a] nf k|fljlws
Ifdtfsf] cefjsf sf/ 0fn] ljB't ;DaGwL :yfgLo of] hgfx¿ th'{df ePsf
lyPgg\ / 5nkmn tyf ;f] rdf dfq ;Lldt / xg' k/ ] sf] lyof] . t/ , uflj; /
lhlj;x¿sf cGo of] hgfx¿sf] pknlJw:t/ x] bf{ ;f] xL k|lqmofaf6 hfg] u/ L
pmhf{ ljsf; gLlt, sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ k|fljlws
Ifdtfn] ;';lHht ug] { xf] eg] To;df klg pknlJw xfl;n ug'{ kmnfdsf] Ro"/ f
kSs} klg x'g] 5} g . t;y{ d'n'sdf ljB't cefjnfO{ ;dfKt ug{ / s] zx/
s] ufpF, s] ;'ud s] b'u{d, ;a} 7fpFsf hgtfn] ljB't pkef] u ug{ kfpg] s'/ f
;'lglZrt ug{ :yfgLo, lhNnf / / fli6«o u/ L tLgj6} :t/ sf -jf ca aGg]
/ fHo ;+/ rgfdf tNnf] b] lv pkNnf] :t/ sf_ pmhf{ gLlt / sfo{qmd x'g h?/ L
5 . uflj;n] cfˆgf] If] qel/ sf] , lhlj;n] lhNnfel/ sf] / s] Gb|n] b] zel/ sf]
;f} o{, hn Pjd\ jfo' tLgj6} ;|f] tx¿ kg] { u/ L ljB't ;|f] tsf] gS;fÍg u/ L
qmdzM ;"Id, ;fgf / a[xb\ kl/ of] hgfx¿ th'{df u/ L sfof{Gjog ug] { xf] eg]
hgtfn] pmhf{ u/ LaL (Energy poverty) af6 d'lQm kfpg slt a] / nfUnf / <
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

;"ema"em, ;+sNk / tTk/ tf ePdf of] laNs'n} c;Dej 5} g . o; d] ;f] df dfly
rrf{ ul/ Psf] sfo{zfnf uf] i7L ;xhLs/ 0fsf] l;nl;nfdf d] / f cu|h 8f=
;fs] tlaxf/ L 7fs'/ Pp6f s'/ f eGg] ug'{ x'GYof] , hf] cfh klg plQs} ;fGble{s
ePsfn] oxfF pNn] v ug{ rfxG5' —
æ;kgf b] Vg] x¿ g} kl/ jt{gsf afxs aGg ;S5g\ . kl/ jt{g cfjZos
5 . ;f] rdf kl/ jt{g, sfo{z} nLdf kl/ jt{g / cGttM hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ df
kl/ jt{g . tkfO{+x¿ klg kl/ jt{gsf] ;kgf b] Vg'xf] ;\ / ;kgfnfO{ oyfy{df
¿kfGt/ 0f ug'{xf] ;\ .Æ
jf;' zdf{

;sf/ fTds ;f] r
/ k|lta4tfsf] vf“rf]
km]l/ klg ljB'ts} ;] / f] km] / f] df n] Vb} 5' . ljB'tnfO{ ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ xf]
eg] / dfq ca k'Ub} g . of] t hLjgsf] cfwf/ g} alg;s] sf] 5 . cfhsf]
ljZjdf dfgj hLjg ljB't, ;~rf/ , ;"rgf k|ljlw / sDKo'6/ lj1fgsf] rf/
j6f cfwf/ :tDedf o;/ L cfwfl/ t x'g k'u] sf] 5 ls, oL lagf ca / xg;xg,
p7a;, vfgkfg, / ;/ dfOnf] / ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk klg sl7g x'g yfn] sf]
k|tLt x'G5 . o;f] elg/ xFbf cGo pRr k|ljlwx¿sf] t s'/ } 5f8f} +, ljB'tsf]
cfwf/ e"t pkef] u cyf{t\ lah'nLsf] pHofnf] ;Dddf klg kx'Fr k'Ug g;s] sf
g] kfnL hgtfsf] hLjg slt si6k|b xf] nf – dx;"; ug{ ;s] sf 5} gg\ xfd|f
/ fhgLlts cu'jfx¿n] . / fhgLlt eg] sf] kf6L{ agfpg', ;Qfsf nflu ckljq
:kwf{ ug'{, s';L{df sAhf hdfpg' / bnut :jfy{nfO{ / fli6«o :jfy{sf ¿kdf
ckJofVof ug'{ xf] eg] / dfq a'‰g] / a'emfpg] / fhgLlts ;+:sf/ df hGd] sf,
x's] {sf / g] t[Tj txdf pSn] sf / fhgLltsdL{x¿ hgtfsf] o:tf] cj:yfk|lt
uDeL/ xf] nfg\ eg] / cfz ug] { cfwf/ g} b] lvGg . ;Qfk|flKtsf] v] ndf hxfF
;f+;bx¿sf] ul0ftLo n] vfhf] vf / lsga] rsf] ;+:s[lt / fhg} lts / St;~rf/ df
bf} 8] sf] 5Ù hxfF hgtfsf] dtnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ u'08f, ck/ fwL, 3';vf] /
/ t:s/ x¿sf] cftÍ, qf; / gubsf] ana'Qfsf] gfËf] k|bz{g x'G5 . / ,
hxfF / fHo ;+oGq ;~rfngdf sd{rf/ Lx¿sf] a9'jf, ;?jf, k'/ :sf/ / b08
gubn] el/ Psf] la|kms] ;sf] jhgn] lgwf{/ 0f u5{Ù ToxfF / fhg} lts OdfGbf/ L
/ hgtfk|ltsf] akmfbf/ L d[ut[i0ff dfq x'g' cgf} 7f] xf] Og . t/ , lj8Dagf Û
ltg} bn / g] tfk|lt cfzfsf] gh/ n] x] g'{ afx] s hgtf;Fu csf] { ljsNk klg
5} g . sf/ 0f, / fhgLlts g] t[Tjsf nflu g t s/ f/ df k/ fdz{bftf (consultant)
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

g} Nofpg ;lsG5 g t g] t[Tjsf] sfd 7] Ssfdf s;} nfO{ lbg g} ;lsG5 .
afWotf s] xf] eg] , log} / fhgLlts zlStleq} af6 OdfGbf/ g] tfx¿ lg:sg'
k5{Ù d'n'sleq} c;n g] tfx¿ hGdg' k5{, of] oyfy{ xf] / cfhsf] v6\s] sf]
cfjZostf klg . Pp6f pbfx/ 0f k] z u/ f} + . o; cl3 d} n] dGqL nfnafa'
kl08tsf] cfqmf] z / Ps sQ{Jolgi7 al/ i7 k|x/ L clws[tsf] k|;+u sf] 6ØfPsf]
lyPF . To;kl5 Ps dlxgf klg laTbf glaTb} …sf+u|] ;n] sfg"g Nofpg afwf
l;h{gf u¥of] Ú eg] / Psflt/ kl08thL bf?0f / f] bg ?Fb} lx+8\g yfn] sf] ;dfrf/
k9\g kfOof] eg] csf{lt/ tL k|x/ L clws[t lgi7f af] n] s} sf/ 0f u[xdGqL
afdb] j uf} tdsf] sf] kefhgsf] lzsf/ ePsf] ;dfrf/ klg cfof] . g] kfnL
/ fhgLlt o:tf] b'u{Gwdo kmf] xf] / sf] bnbnaf6 aflx/ slxn] lg:sg ;Snf <
jf, bnbnaf6 lgsfNgsf nflu s:tfvfn] oTg k|oTgx¿sf] h?/ t xf] nf <
cfd hgwf/ 0ff lgdf{0fsf nflu ;f] Rg] a] nf eO;s] sf] 5 .
o; cl3 d} n] lah'nLsf af/ ] df n] Vbf ;f] ;DaGwL Pp6f ;fwf/ 0f cf+s8f
e] §fP/ k:s] sf] lyPF . o; n] vsf] k|;Ë cl3 a9fpg km] l/ Psk6s ;f] cf+s8f
pNn] v ub} {5' . h;cg';f/ g] kfndf s"n hnljB't pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] !=%
k|ltzt -$),)) d] 3fjf6 IfdtfdWo] ^)) d] 3fjf6_ dfq pTkfbg eO/ x] sf]
5 / pTkflbt lah'nLdf klg $) k|ltzt hgtfsf] dfq kx'Fr 5 . o;/ L
clwsf+z hgtf cfhsf] o'udf klg lah'nLsf] pHofnf] af6 al~rt 5g\ .
xfd|f] xfnt lsg o:tf] 5 t < oltv] / dnfO{ s'g} Ps ;dodf ;fyLx¿n]
ufPsf] / xfdLn] klg :j/ df :j/ ld;fPsf] uLtsf oL zAbx¿ ofb cfO/ x] 5g\
– …oxfFsf] xfn o:t} 5 ;fyL a] xfn a] xfn 5, / ut a? ;:tf] 5 oxfF kfgLsf]
csfn 5 .Ú sxfF uP tL zAbsf efjgfx¿ < sxfF x/ fP tL uLtsf nIox¿
< lj1fgn] km8\sf] dfb} { ;f} o{ zlQmaf6 rNg] xjfOhxfhsf] cfljisf/ eO;Sbf
klg g] kfnL hgtfn] eg] Pp6f aNasf] pHofnf] sf nflu t8\lkg' kl/ / x] sf] 5
cBflk . 6LeL, sDKo'6/ , O{–d] n, OG6/ g] 6, ;fdflhs ;~hfn Pjd\ kmf] g /
df] afOn kmf] gdf kx'Frsf] t s'/ } 5f8f} + . oxfF s] xL lrqx¿ / fv] sf] 5' . ltgdf
jf;' zdf{

g] kfnL hgtfsf] kx'Frsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] 5, lrGtg ug'{ kg] { ljifo xf] .
oL ;a} k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of] usf nflu ljB't cfwf/ e"t cfjZostf xf] .
jN8{ jfO8 j] e (www) sf] cfljisf/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwn] NofPsf] qmflGtkl5
;+;f/ ;fF3'/ f] dfq ePsf] 5} g, Pp6f gofF cfofd ylkPsf] 5 dfgj hLjgdf .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of] u lagf hghLjg, ;/ sf/ L sfdsf/ jfxL, pBf] uwGwf /
Jofkf/ Joj;fosf ;fy;fy} s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ;d] t sNkgf ug{ / ;fdflhs
hLjg klg ;xh x'g ca d'lZsn eO;s] sf] 5 eGbf km/ s gknf{ . dfgj
;Eotfn] lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] gofF cfofddf k|j] z ul/ ;Sof] , t/ xfdL eg]
cem} klg 6fFufsf] 3f] 8fh:tf] / fhgLltnfO{ ;Qf / s';L{sf] v] neGbf j/ lt/
k/ lt/ b] Vb} gb] Vg] / f] uL b[li6sf e/ df lsg u'hf/ f ul/ / x] sf 5f} + < of] g] kfnsf]
lgolt xf] ls g] tfx¿sf] b'a'{l4 < ut jif{ l5d] sL d'n's ef/ tdf g/ ] Gb| df] bLn]
;Qf/ f] x0f u/ ] sf] cj;/ df blIf0f Pl;of ;DaGwL Ps lrlgof lj1n] rLg–
ef/ t ;DaGwdf gofF cfofd ylkg ;Sg] / To;af6 g] kfnn] nfe lng ;Sg]
ljrf/ JoQm ub} { g] kfnn] vf;u/ L 7"nf hnljB't cfof] hgfsf nflu kmfObf
lng ;Sg] atfPsf lyP . o:tf] ljZn] if0f tkm{ xfd|f g] tfx¿sf] Wofg uPsf]
5 ls 5} g < 5 eg] s–s;sf] Wofg uPsf] 5 < o:tf] a[xb\ / fli6«o lxtsf
nflu ;a} bnsf g] tfx¿ bnut lglxt :jfy{ Tofu] / Ps 7fpFdf pleg ;Sg'
kb{5 . xf] Og eg] ltgsf l;4fGtsf avfg s'g} sfdsf] 7xl/ g] 5} g . of] g}
cfhsf] / fhgLltsf] dfu xf] .
Psl5g g] kfnL, dfq g] kfnL eP/ ;f] rf} + . g kf6L{, g ;Qf, g s';L{ .
/ fhgLltsf] cfj/ 0f ptf/ ] / ljrf/ u/ L x] / f} + . Pp6f cfbz{ cj:yfsf] kl/ sNkgf
u / f} + . g] kfn – Pp6f ;fgf] b] z . k|fs[lts ;f} Gbo{ / hn;|f] t Pjd\ cGo
ljljw k|fs[lts j} ejsf] wgL b] z . d'n'sdf zflGt / cdgr} g 5 . lx+;f,
åGå, aGb / tf] 8kmf] 8hGo sfo{ Oltxf;sf] kfgfdf dfq 5 . oftfoft cj?4
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

x'Fb} g, hgtfnfO{ cfjfudgdf cj/ f] w x'Fb} g / hf] sf] xL cfˆgf] k"j{lgwf{l/ t
of] hgf cg';f/ cs06s ofqf ug{ kfpF5g\ . ufpF, zx/ , kxf8, dw] z ;a} lt/
lglikmqmL cfjthfjt ug{ 8/ 5} gÙ clgZro / c;'/ Iffsf] cj:yf 5} g .
ufpF, zx/ , b'u{d, ;'ud ;a} lt/ lah'nL k'u] sf] 5Ù nf] 8z] l8Ë x'Fb} g . kmf] gsf]
;'ljwf ;a} lt/ 5, g] 6js{sf] ;d:of 5} g . 6LeL / OG6/ g] 6 ;a} 7fpFdf k'u] sf]
5, l5g–l5gdf / fi6« / cGtM/ fi6« ;a} lt/ sf] ;"rgf lng ;lsG5 . d'n'sdf
/ fhg} lts l:y/ tf 5, / fhg} lts OdfGbf/ L / k|ltj4tf 5 . s';L{sf] lvrftfgL
xf] Og, ljrf/ sf] :kwf{ 5 . b08xLgtf 5} gÙ e|i6rf/ L, ck/ fwL / u'08fnfO{
;hfo x'G5Ù OdfGbf/ / ;TsdL{x¿ k'/ :s[t x'G5g\ . / fHo ;+oGq / fhg} lts
:jfy{ / k"jf{u|xsf] lzsf/ aGb} g . o:tf] cfbz{ l:yltdf slt l;h{gzLn
ljrf/ x¿ ;Nanfpnfg\ < slt sd{7 xftx¿ lqmofzLn xf] nfg\ < – cg'dfg
ug{ ufx|f] 5} g . oxfF sNkgf ul/ Psf] cfbz{ l:ylt jf:tjdf d'n'sdf x'g' kg] {
Pp6f ;fdfGo l:ylt g} xf] . olb o:tf] x'g] xf] eg] g] kfnnfO{ dfly p7\g s'g}
a] / nfUb} g . ljsf;sf] ultn] tLa|tf lng ;do nfUg] 5} g .
cfh g] kfnsf] 7"nf] hgzlQm sfdsf nflu ljb] lzPsf] 5 / of] qmd
lbg k|ltlbg a9\bf] 5 . sf/ 0f k|i6 5 – g] kfndf / f] huf/ Lsf] oy] i7 cj;/
5} g . hgzlQm ljb] lzg] s'/ fsf b'O{j6f kIf 5g\ . klxnf] , cNksfnLg
/ fxtd"ns kIf . o;af6 / ] ld6fG; lelqPsf] 5 / / f] huf/ stf{ Pjd\ d'n'ssf]
cy{tGq b'a} nfO{ tTsfnLg / fxt ldn] sf] 5 . bf] ;|f] , bL3{sfnLg Ifod"ns
kIf . j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L Pjd\ ljb] z knfog x'g] qmdn] d'n'snfO{ cfjZos
1fg, ;Lk / kfv'/ Lx¿sf] Ifo eO/ x] sf] 5 . d'n'ssf] pmhf{zLn hgzlQmnfO{
d'n'sleq} / f] s] / / f] huf/ Lsf] cj;/ pknJw u/ fpg rfNg' kg] { kfOnfx¿
kmf] xf] / L / fhgLltsf] v] nf] km8\sf] n] xf] Og, pRr:t/ sf] ;f] r / cfr/ 0fn] dfq
klxNofpg, u|x0f ug{ / nfu" ug{ ;S5 . clxn] sf] ;dodf d'n'sleq / f] huf/ Lsf
cj;/ x¿ l;h{gf ug{ k/ Dk/ fut ;f] reGbf clns k/ lt/ (beyond nine dots)
;/ ] / klg ;f] Rg' kg] { x'G5 . To;/ L ;g'{ eg] sf] s'g} gofF cfljisf/ } ul/ xfNg' kg] {
klg xf] Og . clkt' ;d;fdlos ljZjnfO{ lrGg' xf] , ;"rgf k|ljlwn] lbPsf]
cj;/ nfO{ ;dfTg' xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd ljsf;sf sf/ 0fn] ljsl;t
d'n'sx¿ hgzlQmsf] cefjnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ ljb] zdf cfwfl/ t sfdsf] k|jGw
(outsourcing) df e/ kg{ yfn] sf 5g\ . o;af6 g] kfnn] dgUu] nfe lng ;Sg]
jf;' zdf{

;Defjgf 5, olb o; tkm{ kfOnf rfNg] xf] eg] . vfFrf] s] jn cu|;/ tfsf] xf] ,
vfFrf] s] jn ;sf/ fTds ;f] rsf] xf] / vfFrf] s] jn / fhgLlts k|ltj4tfsf]
xf] . / fhgLlts bnx¿n] cf–cfˆgf cfFvfaf6 k§L ptf?g\ tyf / fli6«o lxt
/ hgtfsf] enfOsf nflu pgdf ;b\a'l4 knfcf] ;\ eg] / sfdgf klg u/ f} + /
;Fu;Fu} ;lsG5 eg] To;f] ug{ cf–cfˆgf] 7fpFaf6 bnx¿nfO{ emSemsfcf} +
klg . o; d] ;f] df j} rfl/ s leGgtfx¿ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg bnx¿sf aLr ;b\efj /
;xsfo{sf nflu k|] / 0ff ldnf] ;\ elgsg of] g] kfnL uLtsf] af] n u'Gu'gfpgsf
nflu g] tfx¿nfO{ ;'emfj lbpF ls h:tf] nfUof] – …clnslt ltdL cledfg
5f] 8, clnslt d cledfg 5f] 8'F ======.Ú
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

a[xQ/ / fli6«o
;f] rsf] cefj
…r'
Rr] 9'Ëf] pxL 6'Ëf] Ú eg] h:tf] km] l/ klg ljB'taf6 g} ljifok|j] z ug] {
ePF . x'g t kf7sx¿nfO{ emsf] { klg nfUg yfln;Sof] xf] nf, slt
lah'nLs} af/ ] df dfq n] v] sf] eg] / . t/ s] ug'{, o;} sf] af/ ] df Pskl5 csf] {
ub} { s} of} + k|Zgx¿ tfFtL nfu] / cfO/ x] sf 5g\Ù Oltxf;b] lv jt{dfg;Ddsf cg] s
k|;+un] 3R3RofO/ x] sf 5g\ .
Oltxf; sf] 6ØfpFb} hfFbf s] k9\g kfOG5 eg] hnljB't k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/
cfheGbf !#& jif{ cufl8 cyf{t\ ;g\ !*&* df ePsf] lyof] . To;sf]
s] jn ## jif{kl5 cyf{t\ ;g\ !(!! -la= ;+= !(^&_ df Tof] k|ljlw g] kfndf
lelq;s] sf] lyof] cyf{t\ kmlk{Ë hnljB't ;~rfngdf cfO;s] sf] lyof] .
kmlk{Ë hnljB'tsf af/ ] df vf] hL ub} { hfFbf o;sf ;DaGwdf n] lvPsf] Pp6f
n] v klg OG6/ g] 6df k9\g kfPF . ;f] n] vsf cg';f/ kmlk{Ë hnljB't Pl;ofs}
bf] ;|f] hnljB't cfof] hgf / x] 5 / kmlk{Ë hnljB'taf6 lah'nL pTkfbg x'Fbf
rLgdf lah'nL g} lyPg c/ ] . of] uj{sf] s'/ f xf] eg] / klg ;f] n] vdf
n] lvPsf] kfPF . t/ d] / f] ljrf/ df of] t …xfd|f xh'/ afn] l3p vfGy] , gkTofP
d] / f] xft ;'F3 tÚ eg] / kmf] ;|f] wfs nufPh:tf] eOxfNof] lg . dfkm rfxG5',
d} n] ;f] n] vsf n] vssf] efjgfdf rf] 6 k'¥ofpg vf] h] sf] xf] Og . k/ Gt' d] / f]
k|Zg dfq s] xf] eg] , of] uj{sf] ljifo xf] ls v] bsf] ljifo < ha g] kfndf
hn;|f] tsf] k|of] uaf6 lah'nL Tolta] nf g} aln;s] sf] lyof] , hlta] nf rLgdf
lah'nLsf] pkef] u g} lyPg / bfhL{lnË afx] s blIf0f Pl;ofdf klg cGoq
st} lyPg . cyf{t\, hnljB't k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] dfq ## aif{kl5 g}
jf;' zdf{

hnljB't k|ljlwdf g] kfnsf] kx'Fr k'lu;s] sf] lyof] . ha g] kfn hn;|f] tdf
wgL 5Fb} lyof] / 5Fb} 5 eg] ta lsg cfh !)% jif{kl5 klg xfd|f] hnljB't
ljsf;sf] of] xljut 5 < rLg z"Goaf6 sxfF k'lu;Sof] , ef/ tn] slt t/ SsL
ul/ ;Sof] clg c? l5d] sLx¿ slt cufl8 al9;s] . xfdL rflx+ …afh] n]
l3p vfPsf] Ú wfs nufP/ lrQ a'emfO/ xg] < a? lsg o:tf] ePsf] xf] eg] /
Psk6s lrGtg dgg ug] { xf] ls < sf/ 0fx¿sf] vf] hL ug] { xf] ls < Oltxf;
k|i6 af] ln/ x] sf] 5 – rGb| zdz] / n] d'n'ssf] ljsf; ug{ xf] OgÙ clkt' b/ af/ df
cfk"mn] pkef] u ug{, ef] uljnf; ug{ / b/ af/ df x'g] gfrufg / dgf] / ~hgsf
ultljlwdf pkef] u ug{sf nflu agfPsf lyP – kmlk{Ë hnljB't . To;sf]
p2] Zo g} zf;sx¿sf] lghL :jfy{ lyof] g ls hglxt / d'n'ssf] t/ SsL .
ha p2] Zo g} unt lyof] , ta ;f] sfdsf] cu|ult ;xL lbzf tkm{ s;/ L pGd'v
x'g ;SYof] / <
/ f0ff zf;sx¿
t hglxtdf sfd
ub} {glyP g} . To;} n]
Oltxf;sf] kfgfdf
ylGs;s] sf 5g\ .
/ f0ff zf;gsf]
ktgkl5 gjlgdf{0fsf
…:jKgb|i6fx¿Ú Ps jf
csf] { gfddf ;Qf?9
eO/ x] sf 5g\, ljut ^% jif{b] lv . t/ , cem} lsg …h'g hf] uL cfP klg sfg}
lr/ ] sf] Ú eGg] dx;"; u/ fO/ x] sf 5g\ hgtfnfO{ < / f0ff ˆofFlsof] , k~rfot
ˆofFlsof] Ù / fhf klg ˆofFlsof] . k|hftGq, nf] stGq, hgtGq, u0ftGq h] eg]
klg …hgtfåf/ f, hgtfsf nflu, hgtfsf] Ú zf;g k4lt :yfkgf eO;s] kl5
klg d'n's lsg cufl8 a9\g ;ls/ x] sf] 5} g < lsgeg] cem} klg a[xQ/
/ fli6«o ;f] rsf] cefj p:tfsf] p:t} 5Fb} 5 . / fi6« lgdf{0f / hglxtsf cxd\
dxTjsf ;jfndf ax; / 5nkmn ug{ 5f8] / ha hgk|ltlglwx¿ ;+;bdf of
t cg'kl:yt x'G5g\ of t pF3] / a:5g\ of t kmnfgf] jf ltnfgf] axfgfdf ;+;b
g} rNg lb+b} gg\ eg] b] z / hgtfsf] cfzfdf t'iff/ fkft x'g' afx] s csf] { s] g}
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

glthf cfpnf / < o;f] eg] / d'n'ssf] eljionfO{ lg/ fzfsf] s} bvfgfdf aGb
ul/ lbg' k5{ eGg] d] / f] cfzo xf] Og . a? / fhgLlts csd{0otfnfO{ ;dfKt
ul/ g' kb{5 eGg] cfu|x dfq xf] . / , o;sf nflu cNdlnPsf] / fhgLlts
sfo{z} nLnfO{ ;Rofpg h?/ L 5 . / fhgLltn] sfFr'nL km] g{ cfjZos 5 .
/ fhgLltsf] xnf] c8\sfpg] k|j[lQnfO{ ;dfKt ug} { k5{ . of] ;dosf] dfu xf] .
/ fhgLltn] sfFr'nL km] g] { eg] sf] s'g} cd"t{ s'/ f xf] Og . of] l;4fGtsf]
pRrf6nfUbf] JofVofg, / fhgLlts eF8f; kf] Vg] efif0f jf hgtfnfO{ lbOg]
cfZjf;gsf] dL7f] n•" klg xf] Og . of] t o:tf] d"t{ s'/ f xf] – hf] gLlt,
sfo{gLlt, of] hgf, cg'udg, pknlJwx¿sf] n] vfhf] vf / k'gof] {hgfdf cleJoSt
x'G5 . of] o:tf] oyfy{ s'/ f xf] , h;n] hgtfnfO{ / fxt lbG5 / ;d;fdlos
;+;f/ df d'n'snfO{ cfly{s, k|fljlws, ;fdflhs ;a} kIfdf cu|ult k|bfg
ub{5 cf} ljsf;sf] kydf 8f] ¥ofpF5 . o; ;Gbe{df d} n] cl3Nnf] n] vdf
pNn] v u/ ] sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ;DaGwL b[i6fGtnfO{ Psk6s sf] 6Øfpg
rfxG5' . To;df d} n] uflj; tyf lhlj;x¿sf b[i6fGt k] z ub} { tNnf] , dWo /
pkNnf] tLgj6} txdf ljB't gLlt tyf of] hgf agfO{ pTkfbg tyf pkef] unfO{
lj:tf/ ug'{ kg] { / hgtfnfO{ pmhf{ u/ LaL (energy poverty) af6 d'St ug'{
kg] { ljrf/ / fv] sf] lyPF . o;/ L lah'nLsf] aGbf] a:t / fd|f] ;Fu x'g ;s] df
hgtfn] pHofnf] dfq kfpFb} gg\, To;sf] k|ToIf ;sf/ fTds c;/ ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ k|ljlw (information and communication technology) df kg{
hfG5 / d'n'ssf] t/ SsLn] p8fg eg{ yfNb5 . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf]
e/ kbf] {, ;'rf? / lbuf] ljsf; / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] g] kfnn] Psflt/
;"rgf Joj:yfkgdf km8\sf] df/ L ;] jfu|fxLx¿n] oyf;dodf ;] jf k|fKt ug{
;Sb5g\ eg] csf{lt/ ljsl;t / fi6«x¿df k|rlnt afXo hgzlStnfO{ sfddf
nufOg] s'/ f (outsourcing) sf] cj;/ af6 nfe ln+b} o'jf hgzlStsf
nflu / f] huf/ Lsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g ;Sb5 . ljb] lzPsf g] kfnLx¿sf]
hdftdf cfO6L lj1x¿, rf6{8{ Psfp06] 06x¿, Joj:yfksx¿, OlGhgLo/ x¿,
8fS6/ x¿, xf] 6n Joj;foLx¿, pBf] uL–Jofkf/ Lx¿ / cGo y'k|} k] zf Joj;fodf
;+nUg JolQmx¿ klg kb{5g\Ù hf] o; ;Gbe{ (outsourcing) df pkof] uL l;4
x'g] 5g\ . t;y{ u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnLx¿k|lt aqmb[li6 / fVg'sf] ;§f pgLx¿nfO{
o; p2] Zosf nflu kl/ rflnt ug'{ / fhgLlts a'l4dfgL x'g] 5, h'g / fi6«sf]
jf;' zdf{

;d] t lxtdf x'g] 5 .
;"rgf Joj:yfkgsf] k4ltn] hgtfnfO{ ;] jf tyf ;'ljwf lbgdf s] s:tf]
km/ s kfb{5 eGg] ljifodf d] / f] lghL cg'ejdf cfwfl/ t b'O{j6f b[i6fGtx¿
k] z ug{ rfxG5' . s] xL jif{ klxn] ;'zf;g ;DaGwL Pp6f sfof{Tds vf] h
kl/ of] hgf (exploratory activities) sf] :jtGq cg'udgsf] l;nl;nfdf d
emfkf lhNnfsf] dfnkf] t sfof{no, rGb|u9Ldf k'u] sf] lyPF . To;eGbf cufl8
s] xL ufpFx¿df uO{ hg;d'bfo;Fu cGt/ lqmof u/ L ;] jfk|bfos lgsfox¿af6
;] jf k|fKt ubf{sf cK7Øf/ f ;lhnfsf] af/ ] df 5nkmn u/ ] sf] lyPF . 5nkmnsf]
qmddf ;] jfbfoL lgsfox¿af6 x'g] u/ ] sf] l9nf;':tLsf af/ ] df lgs} u'gf;f
kf] lvPsf lyP . dfnkf] t sfof{no k'Ubf d hg;d'bfosf tL u'gf;fx¿ af] s] /
k'u] + . k|d'v dfnkf] t clws[tnfO{ tL u'gf;fx¿ / flvlb+b} …lsg l56f] 5l/ tf]
;] jf lbg ;ls/ xg' ePsf] 5} g

lhNnfsf] If] qkmn klg cfwf jf bf] Aa/ ÛÛ To;kl5 s] eof] eGg] cln nfd}
sxfgL ePsfn] oxfF a] nL la:tf/ gnufpF xf] nf . ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k2ltsf]
of] eGbf bl/ b| pbfx/ 0f c? s] x'g ;Snf / < of] b'u{ltsf] lhDd] jf/ L y'l/ {G5
nfkaf{x ;/ sf/ L sfo{ z} nLdf clg To;sf] lhDd] jf/ L / fhgLlts n4'kgdf .
sDKo'6/ lj1fg / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] olt w] / } ljsf; eO;Sbf klg
g] kfnn] eg] d"ntM cem} k'/ ftg k2ltdf u'hf/ f ul/ / xg' kg] { / To;sf] df/
cGttM hgtfn] v] Kg' kg] { lsg< o; tkm{ ;f] +Rg' k¥of] ;a} n] . vf;u/ L zf;s
k|zf;sx?n] ;f] +Rg l9nf g} eO;Sof] .
jf;' zdf{

P;=Pn=;L=sf] glthfn]
pAhfPsf k|Zgx¿
ut jif{sf] P;=Pn=;L=sf] glthf b] Vbf km] l/ Psk6s dg cldnf] ePsf]
lyof] . kL8f, lbSbf/ L / Iff] en] gdL7f] ;Fu cg'e"ltnfO{ g} lynlynf]
kfg] {u/ L Ps} rf] l6 lxsf{Psf lyP . Oltxf;b] lv jt{dfg;Ddsf cg] sg\ k|;Ëx¿
l;g] dfsf] l/ n em} + lbdfudf kmGkmgL 3'd] sf lyP . dgdf cg] s k|Zgx¿
hlGdPsf lyP . s"n %,^^,)*% k/ LIffyL{dWo] hDdf $# bzdnj rfgr'g
k|ltzt efUodfgL ljBfyL{x¿ dfq pQL0f{ eP5g\ . cefuL %^ bzdnj
rfgr'g k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] slyt kmnfd] –9f] sf kf/ ug{ ;s] gg\ / cfˆgf
cu|ultsf ;kgfx¿af6 al~rt eP . o:tf] cfd g} / fZotfk"0f{ l:yltaf6 u'h|g'
kl/ / x] sf tL nfvf} +sf ;+Vofdf c;kmn x'g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] dgdf s] laTof]
xf] nf < s] o; tk{m ;f] Rg xfdLnfO{ k'm;{b 5 < o:tf] lg/ fzfhgs kl/ 0ffdsf
nflu lhDd] jf/ sf] <
g] kfndf cfw'lgs -klZrdf_ lzIffsf] k|f/ De ;g\ !*%$ b] lv x'g yfn] sf]
kfOG5 . hËaxfb'/ / f0ffn] cfˆgf ;Gtfgsf nflu c+u|] hL lzIff lbnfpg]
p2] Zon] b/ af/ df Pshgf c+u|] hL lzIfs / fv] / of] qmdsf] yfngL u/ ] sf
lyP . ;f] qmd ljsf; x'Fb} uO{ ;g\ !*(@ df sf7df8f} +, / fgLkf] v/ Ll:yt
b/ af/ xfO{:s"nsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . t/ , tLtf] P] ltxfl;s oyfy{ s] xf]
eg] b/ af/ xfO{:s"nsf] :yfkgf hgtfnfO{ lzlIft ug{sf nflu ePsf] lyPg .
clkt' / f0ff zf;sx¿sf cfˆgf Pjd\ efOef/ bf/ sf ;GtfgnfO{ cfw'lgs
lzIff k|bfg ug'{ o;sf] p2] Zo lyof] . k/ Dk/ fut ;+:s[t kf7zfnfx¿nfO{ lgDg
bhf{sf ¿kdf dfGb} ;j{;fwf/ 0fsf ;GtfgeGbf cnu / dflyNnf] bhf{sf]
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

lzIff cfˆgf / b/ afl/ ofx¿sf ;GtfgnfO{ lbnfO{ cfˆgf] ;Gtfg–b/ –;GtfgnfO{
pFrf] >] 0fLsf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{sf nflu / f0ff zf;sx¿n] b/ af/ xfO{:s"nsf]
:yfkgf u/ ] sf lyP, hxfF ;j{;fwf/ 0f hgtfsf 5f] / f–5f] / Lx¿nfO{ lzIff u|x0f
ug{ alh{t lyof] . o;/ L ;f] :s"nsf] :yfkgfsf] p2] Zo g} ablgotk"0f{ /
unt lyof] . ha p2] Zo g} unt lyof] eg] To;n] d'n'sdf lzIff ljsf;df
;sf/ fTds k|efj kfg] { s'/ fsf] ck] Iff g} s;/ L ug{ ;lsG5 / < d} n] o; cl3
g] kfndf hnljB'tsf] ljsf;sf] jt{dfg l:ylt / kmlk{Ë hnljB'tsf] Oltxf;
sf] 6Øfpg] qmddf klg p2] Zo ;DaGwL k|Zg p7fPsf] kf7s dxfg'efjx¿nfO{
yfxf g} 5 .
zf;s cyf{t\ ;/ sf/ sf] lgot s] 5 < To;df g} ljsf;sf] ult, lbzf /
kl/ 0ffd b] lvG5 eGg] s'/ f h;/ L
g] kfnsf] hnljB'tsf ;Gbe{df
rLg, ef/ t / cGo l5d] sL
d'n'sn] u/ ] sf] t/ SsLsf
;Gbe{df t'ngfTds ¿kdf d} n]
p7fPsf] lyPF . To;/ L g} lzIff
ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df klg g] kfn
/ hfkfgsf] t'ngf ug{ ;lsg]
P] ltxfl;s cfwf/ 5g\ . g] kfn
/ hfkfg b'a} b] zdf cfw'lgs lzIffsf] k|f/ De nueu Pp6} ;dodf ePsf]
Oltxf;n] b] vfpF5 . hfkfgdf klg cfw'lgs lzIffsf] Oltxf; x] bf{ ;g\ !*%)
sf] bzsaf6 g} z'? ePsf] b] lvG5 . vf;u/ L ;g\ !*^* kl5 d] OhL g] t[Tjn]
klZrdf ljsf;nfO{ ;dfTg lzIffnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/ 0f u/ ] / ;fj{hlgs lzIff
k4lt nfu" u/ ] . s/ La Ps} ;dolt/ cfw'lgs lzIffdf kx'Fr / ;f] r k'u] sf]
g] kfn / hfkfgsf] lzIffdf cfw'lgsLs/ 0fsf] p2] Zodf slt 7"nf] cGt/ 5
< cyf{t\, g] kfnsf] p2] Zo hglj/ f] wL / sk6k"0f{ lyof] eg] hfkfgsf] / fli6«o
lxtdf hgd'vL lyof] . ca cfh sxfF hfkfg, sxfF g] kfn .
/ f0ff zf;sx¿n] d"ntM hgtfnfO{ lzIff k|bfg ug] { s'/ fdf al~rt /
pk] Iff u/ ] sf] eP tfklg / f0ffx¿sf] rfs8L u/ L v'zL kf/ ] / } eP klg s] xL
;dfh ;'wf/ sx¿n] / f0ffsfnd} cfw'lgs lzIff lbg :s"nx¿ vf] n] sf lyP
jf;' zdf{

eGg] s'/ fsf] k|df0f d :jod\n] k9] sf] d] / f] ufpFsf] :s"n xf] , hf] la=;+= !(($
-;g\ !(#&_ df :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . la=;+= @)!$ b] lv P;=Pn=;L=
lbnfpg yfn] sf] / clxn] pRr df=lj= ePsf] ;f] :s"naf6 ut jif{sf]
P;=Pn=;L=df ^! k/ LIffyL{dWo] !) hgf cyf{t\ !^=#( k|ltzt dfq pQL0f{
eP5g\ . yfxf kfP/ ;fx|} dg b'Vof] . Tof] :s"nsf] e"=k"= ljBfyL{ dfq xf] Og,
e"=k"= lzIfssf] x} l;otn] klg ;f] ;dfrf/ b'Mvk"0f{ / Xof] d] / f nflu . d} n] ;f]
:s"ndf la=;+= @)#$ b] lv @)#^ ;Dd lzIfssf ¿kdf sfd u/ ] sf] lyPF .
dnfO{ tL lbgx¿ emNemnL :d/ 0f eO/ x] sf 5g\ . Toltv] / sfo{/ t\ xfdL ;a}
lzIfsn] Psdtn] k7gkf7gdf ;'wf/ ug{ ljz] if kxnsbdL ug] { lg0f{o u¥of} +
/ lzIfssf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;zSt agfpg] lgwf] u¥of} + . kmn:j¿k sIff sf] 7fdf
ul/ g] lzIf0fnfO{ ;'wf/ ug] { / cfjZostf cg';f/ cltl/ Qm sIffx¿ ;d] t
;~rfng ug] { cleofg rnfof} +, cleefjsx¿;Fusf] e] 63f6 / cGt/ lqmofnfO{
3/ –3/ } ;d] t k'u] / tLa| kf¥of} +, xKtfdf Psk6s lzIfsx¿sf aLrdf 5nkmn,
cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg / k[i7kf] if0f lng] –lbg] sfd lgoldt ¿kdf u¥of} +Ù ljBfno
lg/ LIfsx¿nfO{ ;d] t sIff sf] 7f lg/ LIf0fdf tLa|tf NofO{ xfdL lzIfsx¿nfO{
k[i7kf] if0f lbg / cfjZos ;xof] u k'¥ofpg ljz] if cfu|x u¥of} + . kmntM xfd|f]
To:tf] cleofgsf] klxnf] jif{d} ;sf/ fTds kl/ 0ffd b] lvof] , hf] csf] { jif{ yk
j[l4 eO{ @)#^ ;fnsf] P;=Pn=;L=k/ LIffdf () k|ltzteGbf a9L ljBfyL{
pQL0f{ eP . lzIfsn] rfx] eg] u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{ ;Dej 5 eGg] s'/ fsf] of]
Pp6f b[i6fGt xf] . cfh ;f] xL :s"nsf] of] xljut b] Vbf rf] 6 t kg] { g} eof] .
kfFr jif{ cufl8 d ufpF uPsf] lyPF . :jfefljs ¿kdf rf;f] / fVb}
:s"nsf af/ ] df ;f] wk'5 u/ ] sf] lyPF . nfhdbf] { Pp6f 36gf hfgsf/ Ldf cfof] .
;f] :s"nsf s] xL lzIfs cfˆgf] k9fpg] sfd xtf/ –xtf/ emf/ f 6fb} { x/ ] s lbg
$ ah] kl5 tf;sf] Dofl/ h v] n v] Ng gfl/ + bf / x] 5g\ . Ps lbg k'ln;n] / Ë] xft
kq] m/ tL h'jf8] lzIfsnfO{ y'g] 5 klg . ca o:tf tf;df nDk6 lzIfsx¿af6
slt u'0f:t/ Lo k7gkf7gsf] ck] Iff ug{ ;lsG5 / < kl/ 0ffd b] vf kl/ xfNof] .
of] xfnt d] / f] ufpFsf lzIfssf] dfq} xf] cyjf b] z} el/ sf] xf] eGg] s'/ f eg]
cfkm} +df rf;f] sf] ljifo xf] .
lzIfsx¿sf af/ ] df csf] { 8/ nfUbf] oyfy{ d'n'ssf] / fhgLltdf pgLx¿sf]
;+nUgtf xf] . lzIfsx¿ s'g} g s'g} / fhgLlts bn;Fu k|efjzfnL x} l;otdf
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

cfj4 5g\ . vf;df d'n'ssf] / fhgLlt g} lzIfsx¿n] rnfpF5g\ eGbf
klg km/ s gknf{ . ca o:tf zlQmzfnL lzIfsx¿nfO{ s;n] 5'g ;Sg]
< lzIfsx¿nfO{ b08, k'/ :sf/ , ;?jf Pjd\ a9'jf ha / fhgLlts kx'Frsf
cfwf/ df x'g] ub{5, / fhgLlts bnx¿ hgtfdf cfˆgf] k|efjsf nflu
ha lzIfsx¿dfly e/ kb{5g\Ù ta lzIff sfof{no / ltgsf xflsdx¿n]
lzIfsx¿nfO{ lsg kf] rnfpg ;Sy] / < pN6} pgLx¿ g} lzIfsx¿;Fu y'/ y'/
sfFk] sf b] lvG5g\ Û ltgnfO{ klg cfˆgf] hflu/ arfpg / ksfpg;Ddsf] s'/ f
g xf] . To;} n] …afFb/ sf] k'R5/ nf} / f] g xltof/ Ú eg] e} +m nfrf/ 5fofFh:tf] eP/
6'n'6'n' x] / ] / al;/ xG5g\ . pgnfO{ klg s] 5 / < P;=Pn=;L=sf] glthfn] g
ltgsf] hflu/ nfO{ km/ s kf5{, g ltgsf] a] tg a9\5 jf 36\5 . a? / fhgLlts}
z/ 0fdf uP kbf] Ggltsf] cj;/ ldNnf eGg] ceLi6 pgLx¿df klg knfpg' s'g}
cgf} 7f] s'/ f xf] Og . …vf] / 08fsf] b] zdf uP v'§f] vf] Rofpg'Ú eGg] t cfxfg} 5
lg Û
cfk"mn] k9fPsf ljBfyL{ c;kmn ePsf] s'/ fn] lzIfsx¿nfO{ z/ d jf
UnfgL x'G5 ls x'Gg, pgLx¿nfO{ g} yfxf xf] nf . t/ , 3fd hlQs} 5n{Ë s'/ f
rflx+ s] xf] eg] c;kmntf ljBfyL{x¿sf] xf] Og lzIfsx¿s} xf] . clg csf] {
oIf k|Zg s] xf] eg] ;/ sf/ L :s"ns} glthf dfq} olt vQd lsg < lghL
af] l8{Ë :s"nx¿sf] glthf lsg / fd|f] < ut jif{sf] glthf cg';f/ ;/ sf/ L
:s"nsf s"n k/ LIffyL{ dWo] nueu @* k|ltzt dfq pQL0f{ eP eg] lghL
af] l8{Ësf (# k|ltzteGbf a9L pQL0f{ eP . o:tf] hdLg–cfsfzsf] cGt/
lsg < ;/ sf/ L lzIfsx¿n] o;sf] hjfkm lbg' k5{ ls kb} {g < s] lghL
:s"nsf lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;/ sf/ L lzIfs eGbf / fd|f] tna ;'ljwf 5 < To:tf]
t b] lv+b} g . s] pgLx¿sf] hflu/ sf] ;'/ Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ;/ sf/ L lzIfssf]
eGbf / fd|f] 5 < Tof] klg lsdfy{ 5} g . a? ;/ sf/ L lzIfsx¿sf] hflu/ olt
;'/ lIft 5 ls pgLx¿nfO{ s;} n] sf/ jfxL ug{ ;Sb} g . pgLx¿nfO{ sfg"gsf]
;+/ If0f 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ / fhgLlts ;+/ If0f 5 . ha;Dd lzIfsx¿sf] lbdfudf
nfu] sf] t'jfFnf] x6\b} g, ta;Dd g] kfnsf] lzIffn] t/ SsL ug] { 5fF6sfF6 b] lvGg .
lbdfusf] t'jfFnf] x6fpg ls t lzIfsx¿s} ;b\a'l4 knfpg' k5{ ls t
/ fhgLlts txd} kxn x'g' kb{5 . xf] Og eg] cleefjsx¿df Jofks hfu/ 0f
cfO{ lzIfs, lzIff k|zf;g / lzIff k4ltnfO{ tx g} nufpg] u/ L cfFlwa] x / L
jf;' zdf{

l;h{gf x'g' kg] { x'G5 . cleefjsx¿ tft] eg] slt km/ s k5{ eGg] s'/ fsf]
b[i6fGt pko'Qm ;Gbe{df oxfFx¿ ;dIf / fVg] g} 5' .
dnfO{ oltv] / Knfg OG6/ g] zgnsf] / f} tx6 lhNnfsf lzIff ;+of] hs kbdf
sfo{/ t Ps hgf ldqn] ;f] w] sf] k|Zg emNemnL ofb cfO/ x] 5 . sfdsf]
l;nl;nfdf pgsf] sfo{sIf / f} tx6df k'Ubf pgn] k|Zg t] :of{Psf lyP–
ælzIffsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 xf] ;\ eg] / ljBfno ejgx¿ agfpg klg ;xof] u u¥of} +,
lzIfsx¿nfO{ tflnd klg pknJw u/ fof} +, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{
klg tflnd u/ fof} +, z} lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ klg pknJw u/ fof} + . t/ , g u'0f:t/
(quality standard) / egf{ b/ (enrolment) df g} j[l4 eof] g t ljBfno
5f8\g] (drop out) b/ df g} sdL cfof] . lsg xf] nf < tkfO{+;Fu o;sf] hjfkm
5 ls

lzIff k|0ffnL /
u'0f:t/ Lo lzIff
;
bf em} + @^ h'g @)!$ a[x:kltaf/ sf lbg klg SofyLn] …d] 6«f] Ú -n08gaf6
k|sflzt x'g] / fli6«o b} lgs klqsf_ d] / f] 6] a'ndf / flvlbOg\ . To;
lbgsf] d] 6«f] sf nflu ljz] if wGojfb SofyLnfO{ . lsgeg] To; lbgsf] d] 6«f]
d] / f nflu ljz] if v'/ flsnf] ;fdu|L lnP/ cfPsf] lyof] . !@ cf} + k[i7sf] …
Og kmf] s;\ (in focus)Ú :tDe cGtu{tsf] n] v …cfljisf/ sf lktfx¿nfO{
e] 6f} + (meet the fathers of invention)Ú Ps dxTjk"0f{ ;fdu|L lyof] d] / f nflu .
d] 6«f] nfO{ klg wGojfb .
;f] n] vdf ct'{/ lkmz/ (Artur Fischer), lqm:6f] km/ 6f} dfh" (Christofer
Toumazou), df;flx/ f] xf/ f (Masahiro Hara) / rs xn (Chuck Hull) sf
cfljisf/ x¿sf af/ ] df n] lvPsf] / x] 5 . d oxfF tL ;a} cfljisf/ x¿sf af/ ] df
jf cfljisf/ sx¿sf af/ ] df a] lnla:tf/ nufpg uO/ x] sf] 5} g . a? g] kfnsf]
lzIffsf af/ ] df n] Vg a;] sf] x'gfn] lzIff ;DaGwL dnfO{ 3t k/ ] sf] Pp6f
b[i6fGt dfq sf] 6Øfpg rfxG 5' . s'/ f k|f] k] m;/ lqm:6f] km/ 6f} dfh"sf] xf] . d] 6«f] sf]
;f] n] vdf n] lvPsf] 5– æk|f] k] m;/ lqm:6f] km/ 6f} dfh" h;n] 8LPgP dfOqmf] lrk
(DNA Microchip) sf] cfljisf/ u/ ] / hf] ;Fu clxn] %) Kof6] G6x¿ 5g\, pgL
!! Kn;df c;kmn ePsf lyP / !^ jif{sf] pd] / df :s"n 5f] 8] sf lyP .Æ
pgsf] lzIffsf af/ ] df yk s'/ f hfGg pT;'s eO{ u'unleq l5bf{ ljlslkl8ofn]
pg} sf] zAb o;/ L pNn] v u/ ] sf] e] 6] +– æd} n] d] / f] :s"ndf s] xL ug{ ;lsg (I
just did not get on at my school) . of] dnfO{ k|] l/ t ug{ k"0f{ ¿kdf c;kmn
/ Xof] (It completely failed to inspire me) .Æ
jf;' zdf{

ljlslkl8ofsf cg';f/ k|f] km] ;/ 6f} dfh" Ps a] nfotL On] S6«f] lgs OlGhgLo/
x'g\Ù pgL ODk] l/ on sn] h n08gsf] afof] d] l8sn OlGhgLol/ Ë OlG:6Ro"6sf
k|d'v j} 1flgs Pjd\ ;ls{6 l8hfOgsf k|f] k] m;/ x'g\ . / , pgL a] nfotL
dxf/ fgLsf] u2L cf/ f] x0fsf] xL/ s jif{sf cj;/ df ODk] l/ on sn] hsf nflu
@)!# df OlGhgLol/ Ë ljwfsf klxnf] zfxL k|f] k] m;/ (Regius Professor)
ag] . pgsf] JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf] nfd} ;"rL 5 . oxfF avfg u/ ] / ;lsGg
klg / d} n] n] vfOnfO{ To; tkm{ df] 8\g rfx] sf] klg xf] Og . a? !! Kn;df
c;kmn eO{ :s"n g} 5f] 8] sf lqm:6f] km/ s;/ L olt lbUuh x'g k'u] t eGg]
lh1fzf kf7sx¿df knfPsf] x'g ;S5 . d} n] ljifonfO{ Tot} n} hfg vf] h] sf]
x'F . c;kmn eP/ :s"n g} 5f8] sf lqm:6f] km/ cfh of] af} l4s x} l;otdf k'Ug
;Sg'n] pgLleq af} l4s Ifdtf (talent) / x] 5 eGg] s'/ f cfkm} + k'li6 x'G5 .
ca s'/ f cfpF5, To:tf] Ifdtfsf] k|ik'm6gsf] . s] a] nfotsf] lzIff
k|0ffnLdf To:tf] s'g} hfb'sf] 58L 5, h;n] JolQm–JolQmsf] IfdtfnfO{
klxrfg ug{ ;sf] ;\ / k|ik'ml6t u/ f] ;\ < hfb's} 58L t x'g] s'/ } ePg . t/ ,
Jofjxfl/ s lzIff gLlt / j} slNks cj;/ x¿ eg] a] nfotdf kSs} 5g\ .
lqm:6f] km/ n] klg ToxL gLlt / cj;/ sf] pkof] u ug{ k'u] . cf} krfl/ s lzIffsf]
dfu{nfO{ kl/ Tofu u/ ] klg pgn] Jofj;flos dfu{af6 cfˆgf] rfv cg';f/
l;6L P08 luN8\;\af6 On] lS6«l;ogsf] Ps aif] { of] Uotf xfl;n u/ ] clg @ jif] {
;fwf/ 0f g] zgn l8Knf] df u/ ] . o;n] pgnfO{ a] nfotL lzIff k4lt cg';f/
cf} krfl/ s cG8/ u|fh'o6 l8u|L / 8S6/ ] 6 ug] { af6f] vf] lnlbof] , h;nfO{ pgn]
tTsfnLg cS;kmf] 8{ kf] ln6] lSgs -xfnsf] cS;kmf] 8{ a|'S;\ o'lgel;{6L_ af6
xfl;n u/ ] .
k|f] km] ;/ lqm:6f] km/ 6f} dfh"sf] ;kmntfsf] of] syfn] k|i6 s] atfpF5 eg]
x/ ] s JolQmdf cfˆg} rfv x'G5 / ljlzi6 af} l4s Ifdtf x'G5 . ;jfn
To;nfO{ phfu/ s;/ L ug] { eGg] rflx+ xf] , hf] ;du|df lzIff k4lt, lzIf0f
ljlw / lzIf0f sf} zndf e/ kb{5 . ut jif{ P;=Pn=;L=df c;kmn ePsf
nueu ;jf tLg nfv ljBfyL{ s] pgLx¿df af} l4s Ifdtf geP/ c;kmn
ePsf x'g\ t < xf] Ogg\, sbflk xf] Ogg\ . tL x/ ] sleq lqm:6f] km/ 6f} dfh"df em} +
ljlzi6 af} l4s Ifdtf cjZo 5 . To;f] eP Toqf] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ljBfyL{
c;kmn x'g'sf cGtlg{lxt sf/ 0fx¿ s] x'g\ t < o;sf nflu lzIff gLlt
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

tyf k4lt, lzIf0f ljlw / lzIfssf] e"ldsf, ljBfyL{sf] cfˆg} e"ldsf h:tf
k|ToIf sf/ 0fx¿sf ;fy} / fhg} lts, z} lIfs, k|zf;lgs, cfly{s–;fdflhs
tyf cleefjsx¿sf] e"ldsfh:tf y'k|} ck|ToIf sf/ 0fx¿ lhDd] jf/ 5g\ . t/
klg o; ;Gbe{df lzIff gLlt tyf k4lt g} d"n sf/ s tTj x'g] ePsfn] d
oxfF o;} sf af/ ] df ;+lIfKt ljj] rgf ug{ uO/ x] sf] 5' .
ljsf; ;DaGwL ;/ sf/ sf] gLlt Pjd\ p2] Zon] ljsf;sf] lbzf / uGtJo
lgwf{/ 0f ub{5 eGg] s'/ f Pp6f w|'j;To s'/ f xf] . / f0ffsfndf hgtfnfO{
lzlIft ug] { gLlt g} lyPg, To;} n] hgtf cfd lg/ If/ tfsf] l:yltdf lyP .
t/ , k|hftGqsf] k|fb'ef{jkl5 klg d'n'ssf] lzIff ljsf;sf nflu ;xL gLlt /
k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/ Pg . clkt' c+u|] hx¿n] ef/ tdf cfˆgf sfl/ Gbf pTkfbg
ug] { b[li6sf] 0faf6 c+u|] hsfndf ckgfOPsf] d] sfn] sf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] gSsn
ul/ of] . kl/ 0ffd:j¿k lzIff hLjgf] kof] uL x'g'sf] ;§f hflu/ ] dgf] j[lQsf ;fy
k9\g] / l8u|L xfl;n ug] { ;+:sf/ x'Sof] {, hf] cBflk sfod 5Fb} 5 . o; ;Gbe{df
d] sfn] n] ;g\ !*#% k] ma|'c/ L @ df a] nfotL ;+;bdf u/ ] sf] ;Daf] wgsf] of]
c+z s;} n] k] m;a'sdf kf] i6 u/ ] sf] k9\g kfPsf] lyPF . kf7sx¿nfO{ klg of]
rfvsf] ljifo g} aGnf eg] / oxfF / fv] sf] 5' .
d] sfn] sf] ;f] egfOn] a] nfotL ;fd|fHo cGtu{t ef/ tdf lnOPsf] lzIff
gLlt k|i6 ¿kdf ef/ tLox¿nfO{ c+u|] hsf] af} l4s bf; agfpg] tkm{ nlIft lyof]
eGg] b] lvG5 . t/ lj8Dagf Û g] kfn c+u|] hsf] k|ToIf pklgj] z gePsf] eP
klg / c+u|] hn] ef/ t 5f] 8] / uO;s] sf] eP klg / f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo kZrft
lzIff If] qdf ug{ vf] lhPsf] ljsf;df cfˆgf] ljlzi6 / fli6«o Pjd\ j} 1flgs
k4lt lng'sf] ;§f d] sfn] s} gd"gfsf] gSsn u/ ] – g] kfnsf zf;sx¿n] .
hf] zf;sx¿sf] cb"/ blz{tf dfq xf] Og ls zf;sx¿sf] s'lT;t dg;fo klg
lyof] / h;sf] df/ df g] kfnsf] l;Ëf] lzIff k4lt clxn] ;Dd klg kl/ / x] sf]
5 .
k~rfotsfnel/ k~rfot / / fhtGqk|lt akmfbf/ x¿ pTkfbg ug] { d"n
nIosf ;fy lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ lgb] {lzt ul/ Psf] lyof] . ljZj / hgtfnfO{
cfFvfdf 5f/ f] xfNgsf nflu k|fljlws lzIffnox¿ vf] lnPsf] eP tfklg
Tof] …la/ fnf] afGg] sfdÚ eGbf a9L ;fljt ePg / k] ml/ klg a] nfotdf
jf;' zdf{

em} + ljBfyL{x¿sf] af} l4s Ifdtf phfu/ ug] { k|lqmof aGg ;s] g . ax'bnsf]
k'gM:yfkgf / clxn] kl5Nnf] cjlwdf nf] stGqsf] :yfkgf eO;Sbf klg
zAbhfnsf] v] neGbf a9L lzIff k|0ffnLn] kl/ jt{gsf] kf6f] b] Vg kfPsf]
5} g . hgd'vL / j} 1flgs lzIff k4ltsf] l8Ë xfFSg] x¿n] ;Qf rnfpg
yfn] sf] klg b'O{ bzseGbf a9L eO;Sof] . t/ , lzIffsf] xfnt eg] cem} ?U0f
l:yltdf 5 . o; af/ ] df / fhgLlts bnx¿df r] t lsg cfpFb} g < hjfkm k|i6
5– pgLx¿ lzIfsnfO{ lzIfseGbf klg a9L pgLx¿sf] / fhgLlts xltof/ sf
¿kdf kl/ rfng ug{ rfxG5g\ .
ljut #)–#% jif{b] lv b] vf kg{ yfn] sf] / xfn emg pu| ¿kdf ljsf;
eO/ x] sf] csf] { 8/ nfUbf] kIf xf] – ;/ sf/ L :s"n / lghL :s"naLrsf] b"/ L .
wgf9\o / x'g] –vfg] x¿sf 5f] / f5f] / L lghL :s"ndf k9\5g\ / :jfefljs ¿kdf
pkNnf] bhf{sf ljBfyL{sf ¿kdf cj;/ k|fKt ub{5g\ eg] u/ La, lgd'vf /
ljkGg ju{sf hgtfsf 5f] / f5f] / L ;/ sf/ L :s"ndf k9\5g\ .
lghL :s"nsf ljBfyL{x¿n] lzIffdf cu'jf x'g] cj;/ k|fKt ul/ / x] sf 5g\
-ut jif{sf] P;=Pn=;L= sf] glthf cg';f/ lghL :s"nsf (#=@% k|ltzt
k/ LIffyL{ pQL0f{ eP, h;dWo] clwsf+z ljlzi6 >] 0fL / k|yd >] 0fLdf pQL0f{
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

eP_ eg] ;/ sf/ L :s"nsf ljBfyL{x¿n] k5f} 6] bhf{df / xg' kg] { afWotf 5
-P;=Pn=;L=df ;/ sf/ L :s"nsf hDdf @*=!( k|ltzt dfq k/ LIffyL{x¿
pQL0f{ eP, h;dWo] klg clwsf+z bf] ;|f] of t] ;|f] >] 0fLdf dfq pQL0f{ eP_ .
o;/ L xfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLn] hgtfsf aLrdf lje] bk"0f{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf
u/ ] sf] 5 / ljBfyL{x¿sf aLr ;De|fGt ju{ / lgd'vf ju{ u/ L k|i6 b'O{ ju{sf]
l;h{gf ul/ / x] sf] 5 . lghL :s"nsf pTkfbgx¿n] pRr lzIffdf hfg s'g}
cK7Øf/ f] em] Ng' kb} {g eg] ;/ sf/ L :s"nsf clwsf+z ljBfyL{sf nflu pRr
lzIff eg] sf] …cfsfzsf] kmn cfFvf t/ L d/ Ú eg] h:tf] 5 .
To;} u/ L, / f] huf/ Lsf cj;/ x¿df klg lghL :s"nsf pTkfbg cufl8
5g\ eg] ;/ sf/ L :s"naf6 lzIff cfh{g u/ ] sfx¿ k5fl8 k/ L Pp6f lgoldt
b'irqmdf kFml;/ x] sf 5g\ . otf a] nfotdf klg lghL :s"nx¿ gePsf xf] Ogg\ .
t/ , oxfF lghL :s"n / ;/ sf/ L :s"nsf ljBfyL{x¿sf aLrdf xfd|f] h:tf] 7"nf]
vf8n 5} g . lsgeg] oxfFsf ;/ sf/ L :s"nx¿ u'0f:t/ ;Fu ;Demf} tf ub} {gg\ .
oxfFsf ;/ sf/ L :s"nsf lzIfsx¿ / fhgLltsf xltof/ aGb} gg\ . k] zfut xs
lxtsf nflu ;+ul7t 5g\, t/ ljBfyL{sf] eljio;Fu v] naf8 ub} { / fhgLlt
ub} {gg\ . csf{lt/ cf} krfl/ s lzIffsf] dfu{af6 cufl8 a9\g ?lr g/ fVg] :s"n]
ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu j} slNks dfu{sf] klg Joj:yf 5 eGg] s'/ fsf] ;6Ls
pbfx/ 0f t k|f] km] ;/ 6f} dfh"sf] ;kmntfsf] syf g} xf] .
dflysf ljleGg ;Gbe{ tkm{ ;f] r k'¥ofO{ v'Ng' kg] {x¿sf] r] t v'n] b] lv
d'n'ssf] lzIff k|0ffnLn] sf] N6] km] g{ kfpFYof] ls < u'0f:t/ Lo lzIffsf] ck] Iff
k"/ f x'g ;SYof] ls <
jf;' zdf{

lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ M
a'emfO{, lzIf0f ljlw / hf“r k|lqmof
u'
0f:t/ Lo lzIff s] nfO{ eGg] < cyf{t\ lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL a'emfO
s] xf] < To;} df kf7Øqmd th'{df, l;sfO p2] Zox¿sf] lgwf{/ 0f,
kf7Øk':tsx¿sf] n] vg, k|sfzg / k|of] u, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] rog, lzIf0f
ljlwsf] 5gf] 6 Pjd\ k|of] u tyf l;sfO k/ LIf0f ljlwx¿ lgwf{/ 0f ug] { sfd e/
kb{5 . kf7Øk':tsdf n] lvPsf kf7Ø ;fdu|Lx¿ d'vfu| x'g'nfO{ u'0f:t/ sf]
dfkb08 dfGg] jt{dfg k4lt g} d"n ¿kdf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ df x|f; Nofpg /
a] lylt Nofpg lhDd] jf/ 5 . …3f] slGt ljBfÚ k|sf/ fGt/ df …rf] / lGt k/ LIffÚdf
¿kfGt/ 0f eO/ x] sf] oyfy{ v'Nnf uf] Ko eO;s] sf] 5 . k/ LIffdf ljBfyL{n]
kf7Øk':tss} ;fdu|L x'ax' n] Vg' kg] { ePkl5 Tof] 3f] s] / n] v] sf] xf] ;\ jf rf] / ] /
n] v] sf] xf] ;\, 5'6Øfpg] s'g} cfwf/ xF'b} g . olb k/ LIff k|0ffnL ljBfyL{x¿sf]
l;h{gfTds n] vfOdf cfwfl/ t x'Fbf] xf] t hfFrdf rf] g] { cj:yf g} cfpFb} g .
k/ LIffdf dfq xf] Og, l;sfO k|lqmofdf klg ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;h{gzLn e"ldsf
;dfj] z x'g] xf] eg] l;sfO ;xh, rfvk"0f{, :d/ 0fLo, lbuf] / p2] Zod"ns aGg
hfg] s'/ fdf b'O{dt gxf] nf . ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;h{gzLntf k|foM z"Go / xg] lzIf0f
ljlwn] ljBfyL{nfO{ l;Sg d2t ug'{sf] ;f6f] pgLx¿sf lglDt l;sfO k|lqmof
g} af] lemnf] aGg] cg'e"lt zfob cfhsf lzIfsx¿nfO{ klg cfk"m ljBfyL{
x'Fbf ePs} lyof] xf] nf . ta lzIfsx¿ o; tkm{ lsg ;f] Rb} gg\ < cWofkg
sfo{nfO{ cfk"ms] lGb|t agfpg'sf] ;f6f] ljBfyL{s] lGb|t u/ fO{ p2] Zod"ns agfpg
lsg rf;f] lb+b} gg\ < hjfkm k|i6 5 – pgLx¿n] s] jn hflu/ vfPsf 5g\,
Pp6f 9'Sssf] hflu/ .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

s] xL jif{ klxn] d} n] Pp6f n] v k9] sf] lyPF / Tof] n] v vu] Gb| ;+u|f} nfsf]
lyof] eGg] nfUb} 5 clxn] . dfkm ug'{xf] nf, dnfO{ Tof] n] vsf] zLif{s / k|sflzt
ePsf] klqsf klg oltv] / ofb cfO/ x] sf] 5} g . t/ , n] vsf] ljifoj:t'
lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL lyof] eGg] s'/ f eg] ;Demgfdf 5 . ;f] n] vdf
n] vsn] df} h'bf lzIff k|0ffnLleq u'0f:t/ sf] a'emfOnfO{ ts{k"0f{ ljZn] if0f /
lrqsf] ;d] t k|of] u u/ L dhf;Fu bgs xfg] sf lyP . dnfO{ Tof] lrq clxn]
klg ofb 5 . lrqdf 6fO{ ;lxtsf] :s"n 8«] ;df lk7Ø"Fdf :s"n Aofu af] s] sf]
Pp6f ljBfyL{ 5 . p;sf] vf] n] sf] vKk/ leq lzIfsn] 1fg vGofO/ x] sf 5g\ /
ljBfyL{ Tof] 1fgnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} 5flb/ x] sf] 5 . …Pp6f lrqn] xhf/ zAbn]
eGbf a9L atfO/ x] sf] x'G5Ú eg] em} + Tof] lrqn] lzIff ;DaGwL a'emfO, lzIf0f
ljlw / k/ LIff k|0ffnL ;DaGwL ;du| k4ltnfO{ k|i6ØfPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{ eg] sf
1fgsf lx;fan] vfnL efF8f x'g\ / Tof] efF8f eg{ lzIfsn] 1fg vGofpg'
k5{ eGg] unt dfGotfdf g] kfnsf] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL a'emfO cBflk
cNdln/ x] sf] s'/ f tLtf] oyfy{ xf] . t/ , lzIffljb\b] lv lnP/ lzIfs;Dd
s;} n] klg la;{g gx'g] s'/ f s] xf] eg] …;a} l;Sg rfxG5g\ t/ sf] xL klg
l;sfOg rfxFb} g .Ú of] s'/ f aRrfx¿df klg nfu" x'G5 / x/ ] s ljBfyL{ l;Sg
rfxG5 . t/ , af] emsf] ¿kdf xf] OgÙ ;xh k|lqmofsf ¿kdf . lzIffsf 1fg,
;Lk / Jojxf/ tLgj6} txsf p2] Zo xfl;n ug{ of] :jfefljs ;TonfO{
:jLsf/ u/ L lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ nfO{ a'‰g ;s] l;Ëf] lzIff k|0ffnL ;xL lbzf
tkm{ pGd'v x'g kfpFYof] .
lzIff g} ljsf;sf] d] ?b08 xf] eGg] s'/ fdf kSs} klg dtleGgtf xf] cf] Og .
cy{zf:qdf ;g\ !((* sf] gf] a] n k'/ :sf/ ljh] tf 8f= cdTo{ ;] gn] d'n'ssf]
ljsf;sf nflu ;a} eGbf k|d'v cfwf/ eg] sf] lzIff g} xf] eGg] s'/ fdf hf] 8
lb+b} lzIffdf / fHosf] nufgL a9fpg' kg] { / fo lbPsf 5g\ . 8f= cdTo{ ;] gn]
hf] 8 lbPsf] lzIff kSs} klg u'0f:t/ Lo lzIff g} xf] . u'0f:t/ Lo lzIff cyf{t\
ljBfyL{x¿ 1fg xfl;n ug{, ;Lk cfh{g ug{ / Tof] 1fg Pjd\ ;LknfO{
Jojxf/ df ptfg{ ;Ifd x'g' . 3f] Sg', s07:y kfg'{ / To;nfO{ cf] sNg' dfq
u'0f:t/ xf] Og eGg] rrf{ dfly g} ul/ ;lsPsf] 5 . To;f] eP OF6f agfPh:tf]
;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6} ;fFrf] df 9fNg vf] Hg' slt 7Ls xf] < l;Sg] / l;sfpg]
ljlw ljBfyL{s] lGb|t x'g cfjZos 5 gls lzIfss] lGb|t .
jf;' zdf{

lzIfsnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ 1ftf / ljBfyL{nfO{ eg'{ kg] { vfnL efF8f] sf] ¿kdf dfgL
k7gkf7g ug] {÷u/ fpg] ;f] r g} q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . 1fg / ;Lk cfh{g ug{sf nflu
ljBfyL{x¿sf] cf–cfˆg} ult, tf} / tl/ sf, rfv, dgf] lj1fg / pTk|] / 0ff x'G5
eGg] s'/ fnfO{ ;aeGbf klxnf :jLsf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 / To;kl5 dgg u/ L
To;nfO{ Jojxf/ df ptfg{ cfjZos 5 . olb l;Sg] jftfj/ 0f l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg]
xf] eg] hf] sf] xL klg k"/ f dgn] l;Sg cu|;/ x'G5 . k/ Gt' l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{
;xh / ljBfyL{ ldqjt\ agfpg' :jod\df Pp6f r'gf} ltk"0f{ sfo{ klg xf] .
of] ;"Id ¿kdf lzIfssf] lzIf0f sf} zn;Fu ;DalGwt b] lvP tfklg a[xb\
¿kdf kf7Øqmd th'{df, kf7Øk':ts / ;fdu|Lsf] tof/ L, l;sfO p2] Zox¿sf]
lgwf{/ 0f, lzIf0f ljlw Pjd\ tf} / tl/ sfsf] 5gf] 6 tyf ;xL k/ LIff ljlwsf]
k|fjwfgh:tf l;sfO–rqmsf x/ ] s tx;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . To;f] x'Fbf sIff
sf] 7fdf lzIfsn] cfk"mn] hfg] sf] cf] sNg' / u[xsfo{x¿sf] ef/ L ljBfyL{nfO{
af] sfpg'n] dfq lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ nfO{ sbflk ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sb} g .
afns] lGb|t cyf{t\ ljBfyL{d} qL kf7Øqmd th{'df, lzIf0f ljlw tyf hfFr
k|lqmofsf] ;d'lrt ;+of] hg g} lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug] { cfwf/ xf] . d
oxfF ljBfyL{d} qL cyf{t\ afns] lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwsf b'O{j6f pbfx/ 0f k|:t't
ub} {5' . o:tf y'k|} ljlwx¿ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] pbfx/ 0f ef/ t pl8;fsf]
xf] . ;g\ !((^ df ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;DaGwL Pp6f tflnddf ;xefuL
x'g pl8;fsf] e'jg] Zj/ glhs / x] sf] tflnd s] Gb| l;4fy{ u|fd (Siddharth
Village) df hfg] cj;/ kfPsf] lyPF . tflndsf] l;nl;nfdf Ps lbg
k|lzIfsx¿n] xfdLnfO{ gf/ L r] tgf ;dfhn] u/ ] sf sfdsf] cjnf] sgsf nflu
Pp6f ufpFdf lnP/ uP . ToxfF gf/ L r] tgf ;dfhsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;~rflnt
!^ j6f dWo] Pp6f k|fOd/ L :s"nsf lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsx¿;Fu
xfdLnfO{ e] 63f6 / cGt/ lqmof u/ fOPsf] lyof] . xfd|f] e|d0fsf] k"j{lgwf{l/ t
sfo{qmd cg';f/ lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf tof/ kf/ ] sf z} lIfs
;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|bz{gL hfFbfhfFb} cjnf] sg ug{ kfOof] . cfZro{hgs ¿kdf
;f] k|bz{gLsf] af/ ] df atfpg] sfd lzIfsn] gu/ L k|fOd/ L :s"nsf tL ;–;fgf
afnaflnsfx¿n] u/ ] sf lyP .
;f] :s"ndf klxnf] jif{df egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu k|of] u ul/ Psf]
Pp6f ljlw oxfF pNn] v ub{5' . ;Gyfn ;d'bfosf] Tof] ufpFsf aRrfx¿
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

k/ Dk/ fut ¿kdf ufpF glhs} sf] vf] nL -kfgL hDg] ;fgf] vf] nf_ df uO{
df5fsf] aN5L yfk] / lbg latfpg] ub{y] / To;} df / dfpFy] . pgLx¿ :s"n
hfg'eGbf aN5L yfKg hfg dg k/ fpg] uy] { . of t pgLx¿ :s"n egf{ g}
x'Fb} gy] of t aLr} df 5f8\by] . afn;'ne ;f] xL lbgr°of{nfO{ Pp6f lzIf0f
ljlwsf ¿kdf ljsf; / cjnDag ul/ Psf] / x] 5 . kf] lnlygsf] k|of] u u/ L
:s"n k|fË0fdf Pp6f kf] v/ L tof/ ul/ Psf] / x] 5 . n] ldg] zg ul/ Psf] sfuhsf
df5fx¿ y't'gf] df kmnfdsf] k] k/ lSnk 6fF;] / kf] v/ Ldf / flv+bf] / x] 5 . aN5Ldf
x'ssf] ;§f r'Das / fv] / aRrfx¿nfO{ Ps–Ps j6f lbOG5 . tL x/ ] s df5fdf
cIf/ / cÍx¿ n] lvPsf x'G5g\ . aRrfx¿ / dfpFb} aN5L v] N5g\ / cfk"mn]
aN5Ldf kf/ ] sf] df5fdf n] lvPsf cIf/ / cÍ l;Sb} hfG5g\ . of] ljlw olt
cfslif{t ;fljt eof] ls aRrfx¿ vf] nLlt/ hfg] xf] Og ls s'g} sf/ 0fjz
:s"n hfg gkfP afa'–cfdf;Fu emu8f u5{g\, ?G5g\ eg] / cleefjsx¿n]
atfP .
bf] ;|f] pbfx/ 0f g] kfns} xf] . nlntk'/ , kf6g9f] sfsf] / ftf] aËnf :s"n
afns] lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwsf nflu gfd rn] sf] :s"n xf] . afns] lGb|t lzIf0f
ljlw ;DaGwL 1fg / ;Lk ;fj{hlgs :s"nx¿df x:tfGt/ 0f ug] { p2] Zosf]
/ ftf] aËnfsf] Pp6f kl/ of] hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k4ltdf ;xof] u ug] {
sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ;g\ @)!) df ;f] :s"nsL lgb] {zs 8f= zfGtf bLlIft;Fu
s] xL lbg ;Fu} sfd ug] { cj;/ ldn] sf] lyof] . uf] i7Ldf cGt/ lqmofsf
qmddf afns] lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwsf af/ ] df pbfx/ 0f k] z ug{ d} n] cg'/ f] w
u/ ] + . Oltxf;sf] kf7sf nflu pxfFn] k|:t't ug'{ePsf] pbfx/ 0f o:tf] 5 M
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIfs–lzlIfsfn] kf6g :SjfP/ lnP/ hfG5g\ . ToxfF :ynut
¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s[i0f dlGb/ x] b} { To;sf] lrq sf] g{ nufOG5 . Tof] lrq
sf] l/ ;s] kl5 cf–cfk"mn] b] v] sf] dlGb/ sf] ljz] iftfx¿ n] Vg nufOG5 .
sIff sf] 7fdf kms] {/ cfO{ ljBfyL{x¿n] n] v] sf dlGb/ sf ljz] iftfx¿
k|:t't ug{ nufO{ 5nkmn rnfOG5 . kf7 TolQd} 6'lËb} g . ;f] dlGb/ sf]
Oltxf; s] xf] < o;sf] P] ltxfl;s dxTj s] 5

5nkmndf lzIfsn] ylklbG5g\ . o:tf] lzIf0f ljlwn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lqmo dfq
u/ fpFb] } g . ;Fu;Fu} rfvk"0f{ klg agfpF5 / ljBfyL{x¿df l;h{gzLntf Pjd\
k|lt:kwf{Tds cWoogzLntf klg ljsf; ub{5 .
o:tf afns] lGb|t lzIf0f ljlw ;a} ljifo / kf7x¿df ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
cfjZostf s] jn lzIfssf] ;f] r / hfFu/ sf] xf] . lzIfsx¿n] u|fdL0f
ljsf;sf Ps l;4fGtsf/ Pjd\ lzIffljb\ 8f= jfO{= ;L= h] D;\ o] gsf] egfO
dfq dgg / nfu" ul/ lbP eg] klg lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ df XjfQ} ;'wf/ x'GYof] .
æltdLn] h] hfg] sf 5f} , To;af6 z'? gu/ . hgtfn] -ljBfyL{sf] ;Gbe{df
ljBfyL{n] –n] vs_ h] hfg] sf 5g\, To;af6 z'? u/ .Æ of] egfO;Fu pl8;f /
/ ftf] aËnfsf dflysf pbfx/ 0fx¿sf] tfbfDotf k|i6 b] Vg ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

lzIff / cleefjs
Pp6f lszf] / sf] syfaf6 n] vfO z'? ug{ dg nfUof] . syf o:tf] 5 M Pp6f
;d'b|sf] 5] pdf Pp6f ufpF lyof] . Tof] ufpFsf] Pp6f lszf] / x/ ] s lbg Ps
306f ;d'b|sf] lsgf/ df uP/ pleGYof] . x/ ] s k6s ;d'b|sf] 5fn cfO{ kms] {/
hfFbf au/ df s] xL df5fx¿ 5f] l8Gy] / 56\k6fpg yfNy] . Tof] lszf] / cfk"mn]
EofP;Dd df5fx¿ l6k] / ;d'b|sf] kfgLdf lkmtf{ ˆofFlslbGYof] . p;sf] o:tf]
sfo{nfO{ s] xL lbgb] lv ufpFsf Ps a'h|'un] x] b} { cfO/ x] sf lyP . Ps lbg
pgnfO{ v;v; nfUof] / lszf] / sf] 5] pdf uP/ ;f] w] – æafa" Û d ltdLnfO{ ;w} +
oxL ;dodf oxfF pleP/ 5fnn] lsgf/ df 5f] 8] sf df5f l6k] / ;d'b|df ˆofFs] sf]
b] V5' . lsg o:tf] u/ ] sf] ltdLn]

cleefjsx¿ klg of] syfsf] kf7k|lt uDeL/ x'g plQs} h?/ L 5 .
o; n] vdf d} n] rrf{ ug{ rfx] sf] klg lzIffdf cleefjssf] e"ldsfsf]
;Gbe{df xf] . of] w|'j;To s'/ f xf] ls kl/ jf/ klxnf] kf7zfnf xf] / cleefjs
klxnf] u'? x'g\ . cleefjssf] e"ldsfn] cfˆgf afnaRrfsf] z}lIfs k|ultdf lgs}
7"nf] dfg] / fVb5 . afa'–cfdfn] cfˆgf aRrfsf] kf7 tof/ L ug{ k'¥ofpg ;Sg]
;xof]u / lbg;Sg] dfu{bz{gb]lv lnP/ :s"ndf kfg{;Sg] k|efj cf} ;+ul7t k|of;
u/ ] sf] v08df gLltut txdf x'g;Sg] k|efjsf y'k|} pbfx/ 0f 5g\ .
z'?jft\ d] / f] cfˆg} 5f] 6f] syfaf6 u5'{ . d] / f lktf :j= b'uf{k|;fb Gof} kfg]
…kf7zfn] afh] Ú sf] gfdn] klg lrlgg' x'GYof] . sf/ 0f, pxfFn] Ps ;dodf
kf7zfnf :yfkgf u/ ] / rnfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ;fwf/ 0f ;fIf/ x'g'eGbf a9L d] / f
af;Fu cf} krfl/ s lzIffsf] s'g} l8u|L lyPg . t/ , cfˆgf] o'jfj:yfdf ef/ tsf]
cf;fddf hfFbf af ToxfFsf] lzIffaf6 k|efljt x'g'sf ;fy} :jfWoogaf6
cf;fdL / c+u|] hL lnlkdf klg ;fIf/ x'g'ePsf] lyof] . :s"n egf{ x'g' k"j{ d] / f
afn] g} dnfO{ sv/ f, ;+Vof, c+u|] hL lnlk / s] P s s] PrP v egL g] kfnL
gfdx¿ c+u|] hL lnlkdf n] Vg l;sfpg' ePsf] lyof] . o;/ L :s"n egf{ x'g'
cufl8 g} d cfwf/ e"t ¿kn] ;fIf/ eO;s] sf] lyPF . dnfO{ cem} klg ;Demgf
5, pxfF slt ;/ n tl/ sfn] ljleGg ;fdu|L / pbfx/ 0f lb+b} l;sfpg' x'GYof] .
af/ Lsf sfGnfdf x'Fbf klg w'nf] , df6fsf 8Nnf / 3fF;sf TofGb|fnfO{ z} lIfs
;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of] u ub} { l;sfpg' x'GYof] / ljleGg h8La'6Lx¿sf af/ ] df klg
atfpg' x'GYof] . To;a] nf afn] l;sfpg' ePsf] cfwf/ e"t 1fgsf sf/ 0fn] ;w} +
dnfO{ k9fOdf cufl8 / fVg d2t k'¥ofof] / cBflk k'¥ofO/ x] sf] 5 . d cfk"m
lzIfs eO{ sfd ubf{ klg afn] ckgfpg' ePsf s} of} + tf} / tl/ sf d} n] ckgfPF .
d s] s'/ fdf ljZj:t 5' eg] , aRrfx¿sf] lzIffsf nflu k9] –n] v] sf
cleefjsn] dfq xf] OgÙ c?n] klg k|efjsf/ L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
o;sf nflu cleefjsx¿ ;r] t / hfu?s x'g eg] cfjZos 5 .
cleefjsx¿df ;r] tgf / hfu/ 0f ePdf 3/ df dfq xf] Og, ljBfno:t/ df /
gLltut txdf ;d] t k|efj kfg{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/ fsf] b'O{j6f b[i6fGt k] z ub{5' .
klxnf] pbfx/ 0f g] kfns} xf] . s'/ f dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] 5ltjg uflj;sf]
Pp6f k|f=lj=sf] xf] . ;f] k|f=lj=df k|wfgcWofks ;lxt # hgf lzIfssf]
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

aGbL lyof] . jf:tf gug] { cleefjs, ljBfno hfg Tolt dg gug] { ljBfyL{x¿
/ hflu/ krfpg] ;f] r ePsf lzIfs ePsf] pQm ljBfnodf k7gkf7g s]
s:tf] x'GYof] xf] nf eg] / ;lhn} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] jftfj/ 0fdf yk
nHhf:kb s'/ f s] lyof] eg] , # hgf lzIfsdWo] ! hgf kfn} kfnf] !% lbgnfO{
3/ hfGy] t/ kms] {/ cfPkl5 dhf;Fu xflh/ 7f] Sy] . ljBfnodf b} lgs @ hgf
dfq lzIfs x'Gy] , t/ xflh/ L eg] tLg} hgfsf] . g s;} sf] lj/ f] w, g st} sf]
cj/ f] w . o;} u/ L aiff} {+ rNb} uof] . t/ , ha cleefjsx¿ ;r] t eP, ha
pgLx¿n] lzIffsf] dxTj dx;"; u/ ] / ha pgLx¿ hfu?s ePÙ ta Ps lbg
;Nnfx u/ ] / ufpFel/ sf ;a} cleefjs :s"ndf uP / tLg} hgf lzIfsnfO{
ToxfF pkl:yt x'g dfu u/ ] . Ps hgf lzIfs eg] cfˆgf] kfnf] df 3/ uPsf
lyP / pkl:yt x'g ;s] gg\ . cleefjsx¿n] :s"nnfO{ tfnfaGbL u/ ] / #
lbgleq afFsL Ps hgf lzIfs klg pkl:yt x'g' kg] { u/ L Dofb tf] s] . ;f]
s'/ fsf] hfgsf/ L lnlvt ¿kdf lzIff sfof{nonfO{ klg u/ fP . lzIfsx¿ /
lzIff sfof{nosf xflsdx¿sf] kl;gf 5'6Øf] / bf} 8fbf} 8 dlRrof] . geGb} #
lbgleq tLg} hgf lzIfs / lzIff sfof{nosf k|ltlglw ;d] t cleefjssf
cl3lNt/ pkl:yt x'g cfOk'u] . cleefjsx¿n] lzIfsnfO{ u'0f:t/ Lo k7g
kf7gsf nflu sfuh u/ fP / ca pk/ fGt cleefjsx¿sf] lgu/ fgL x'g] / ;§f
lzIfssf] Joj:yf gu/ L 5'§Ldf klg hfg gkfOg] lgod afFw] . lzIfsx¿n]
klg cfˆgf] uNtL dx;"; u/ ] / capk|fGt lbnf] Hofgn] k9fpg] k|ltj4tf
JoSt u/ ] . o:tf] kl/ jlt{t cj:yfdf sfdljz] ifn] dnfO{ ;f] :s"nsf] e|d0f
ug] { cj;/ ldn] sf] lyof] . lzIfs Pjd\ cleefjsx¿sf] ;+o'Qm e] nfdf
cGt/ lqmof ug] { qmddf lzIfsx¿n] gofF ;f] r / sfo{sf af/ ] df k|i6 kfb} { eg] –
æklxnf h;f] ubf{ klg rNYof] . clxn] xfdLnfO{ klg uNtL dx;"; ePsf]
5 . ca xfdL ;fFRr} g} k|ltj4tfsf ;fy ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gsf] :t/ dfly
p7fpg nfuL kg] {5f} + . o; ljBfnonfO{ af] l8{Ë :s"n ;/ x agfpg] xfd|f] nIo
5 .Æ lzIfsx¿n] o;f] elg/ xFbf pgLx¿df cfTdljZjf; emlNsGYof] eg]
cleefjsx¿df klg pgLx¿k|lt ljZjf; b] lvGYof] .
bf] ;|f] pbfx/ 0f ef/ t pl8;fsf] xf] . cl3Nnf] n] vdf d} n] afns] lGb|t
lzIf0f ljlwsf] pbfx/ 0f lbg] qmddf gf/ L r] tgf ;dfhn] cfˆgf] Joj:yfkgdf
!^ j6f k|fOd/ L :s"nx¿ ;kmntfk"j{s ;~rfng u/ ] sf] k|;Ë sf] 6ØfPsf]
jf;' zdf{

lyPF . o;/ L ;kmntfk"j{s olt w] / } j6f :s"n ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;|f] t
…s'g} 8f] g/ af6 k|fKt x'G5 ls

;8sx¿ hfd eP, e'jg] Zj/ hfd eof] . pgLx¿sf jl/ kl/ kqsf/ x¿sf]
3'OFrf] nfUof] / ldl8ofsf Sofd] / fx¿ kNofs / lklns rlDsg yfn] . :jb] zL
Pjd\ ljb] zL ;dy{sx¿ klg wgf{:yndf pkl:yt x'g k'u] . Tof] ;fgf] ufpFsf]
vfg] kfgLsf] Pp6f Xof08kfOksf] d'2f ufpFeGbf dfly p7] / / fHo:t/ , / fli6«o:t/
/ cGt/ f{li6«o:t/ ;Dd k'Uof] . ;/ sf/ g pgLx¿nfO{ x6fpg ;SYof] , g aGb'sn]
e'6\g ;SYof] . / fHo ;/ sf/ sf lglDt of] Pp6f cToGt nHhf:kb / 8f8'sf]
kfgLdf 8'a] / dg] { eg] h:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf eof] . tL dlxnfx¿sf] dfu k"/ f ug'{
afx] s ;/ sf/ sf cl3lNt/ csf] { ljsNk lyPg . pgLx¿sf] dfu t'?Gt k"/ f ug] {
kq / fHo ;/ sf/ n] lbof] / tL dlxnfx¿ zflGtk"j{s cf–cfˆgf] 3/ tkm{ nfu] .
Ps xKtfleq ufpFdf Xof08kfOk h8fg eof] . To;kl5 l:yltdf kl/ jt{g
cfof] . / fHo ;/ sf/ n] gf/ L r] tgf ;dfhsf kqx¿nfO{ jf:tf ug{ yfNof] /
k|fyldstfsf ;fy x] g{ yfNof] . pgLx¿sf] af] nL ;'Gg yfNof] . bf] ;|f] r/ 0fdf
pgLx¿n] cfˆgf aRrfx¿sf nflu ufpFd} k|fOd/ L :s"nsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng
ug{sf nflu cleofg rnfP . pgLx¿sf] sfdaf6 ;/ sf/ klg k|efljt eof]
/ plrt dfGotf ;lxt pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof] u ug{ cu|;/ x'g yfNof] . kl5Nnf]
cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf] dfunfO{ k"/ f ug{ dfq cu|;/ x'g yfn] g, clkt' ;/ sf/ sf]
cfufdL jif{sf] of] hgf tyf sfo{qmddf ;dfj] z ug{ tkfO{+x¿sf of] hgf s] –s]
x'g\ eg] / / fHo ;/ sf/ n] pgLx¿nfO{ clu|d kq n] v] / of] hgfx¿ dfUg] kl/ kf6L
g} a;fof] . o;/ L Pskl5 csf] { ub} { gf/ L r] tgf ;dfh !^ j6f cfˆg} gd"gfsf
:s"nx¿sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{ ;kmn eof] .
dsjfgk'/ 5ltjg / pl8;fsf] ;kmntfsf] syfn] k|i6 s] ;+s] t ub{5
eg] lzIffdf kl/ jt{g Nofpg ;fdflhs cfGbf] ngsf] h?/ t 5 . kmut
/ fhgLlts :jfy{df dfq kl/ rflnt x'g'eGbf l;Ëf] kl/ kf6Ldf bafa l;h{gf
ug{;Sg] zlStsf ¿kdf ;+ul7t / kl/ rflnt x'g;Sg] xf] eg] ;/ sf/ /
/ fhgLlts bnx¿n] hgtfnfO{ e'mSofO/ xg ;Sg] 5} gg\ . To;} n] , :t/ Lo
lzIffsf nflu ;fdflhs cfGbf] ngsf] ;f] r ljsf; ug'{ kg] { cfjZostf
/ x] sf] tkm{ cf} +Nofpg rfxG5' .
jf;' zdf{

u/ ] t x'“bf] / x] 5 lg Û
Ps lbg Psflaxfg} Pp6f ;dfrf/ k9] / dg g} k|k'mNn eof] . s'/ f *
h'nfO{ @)!$sf] xf] . gful/ s Go"hsf] …cleefjs rf;f] n] :s"n
cAanÚ zLif{ssf] cgnfOg ;dfrf/ ljZn] if0f k9] kl5 dg o;/ L ub\ub\ ePsf]
lyof] . gful/ s Go"hnfO{ cGtd{gb] lv wGojfb . n] v kl9;s] kl5 d cgfofz
PSn} u'Gu'gfpg k'u] 5'=== …u/] t x'Fbf] / x] 5 lg ÛÚ awfO{ tL :s"nx¿nfO{ .
;fw'jfb tL :s"nsf lhDd] jf/ k|wfgcWofks, ldx] gtL lzIfs tyf ;lqmo
cleefjsx¿nfO{ .
o; cl3sf d] / f n] vgLdf d} n] lzIfs / cleefjssf] e"ldsfsf af/ ] df
rrf{ ub} { pbfx/ 0fx¿ k] z u/ ] sf] lyPF . gful/ s Go"hsf] ;f] ;dfrf/ ljZn] if0f
;f] xL d] ;f] df yk pbfx/ 0f xf] . ;f] n] vn] Pp6f uDeL/ k|Zg p7fpFb} ljifo
k|j] z u/ ] sf] 5M …pkTosfsf s/ La 8] 9 bh{g ;/ sf/ L :s"n s'g} dxËf lghL
:s"neGbf sd 5} gg\ . k|df0f xf] – o;kflnsf] P;=Pn=;L= glthf . b] z} el/
;/ sf/ L :s"nsf] glthf vl:s/ x] sf / ;of} +n] z"Go kl/ 0ffd NofPsf a] nf
oL ljBfno aif] {gL s;/ L ztk|ltzt ljBfyL{ / fd|f] >] 0fLdf pQL0f{ u/ fpg
;kmn 5g\ t

{
sd{rf/ Lx¿ Pp6} JolQmn] b'O{ ljk/ L t k|s[ltsf] e"ldsfdf Ps} ;fy ;+nUg x'Fbf
:jfy{sf] åGå (conflict of interest) sf] lzsf/ ag] sf 5g\ – cfd hgtf .
Pp6f e"ldsfn] dfu ub{5, kIfkft/ lxt t6:ytf / csf] {n] bnut :jfy{sf]
kIfkftk"0f{ e"ldsf . oL b'a} Ps} ;fy hfg} ;Sb} gg\ / n} hfg vf] Hbfsf] uDeL/
b'ikl/ 0ffd xf] – d'n'ssf] eb|uf] n / a] lyltk"0f{ cj:yf . / fhgLlts k] zf ug] {
xf] eg] hflu/ 5f] 8\g' k¥of] jf hflu/ ug] { xf] eg] / fhgLlts k] zf 5f] 8\g' k¥of] .
b'a} xftdf n•" lnO{ :jfb cfk"mn] lng] / To;sf] k|xf/ n] hgtfnfO{ lynlynf]
kfg] { sfd ca aGb ul/ g' k5{ . of] cGofok"0f{ 5, of] snÍk"0f{ 5 .
hglxtdf t6:y e"ldsf ;DaGwL Pp6f ;sf/ fTds ;f]rsf] csf] { b[i6fGt
k]z ug{ rfxG5' . s'/ f] ;g\ !((* sf] xf] . ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] Pp6f uflj;df
sfo{gLlts of]hgf th' {df ;DaGwL % lbg] sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf] ;Gbe{ xf] . uf]i7Lsf
ultljlwaf6 ;xefuLx¿sf] ;f]rdf kl/ jt{g cfO{ / fhgLlts k"jf{u|x / lvrnf]af6
aflx/ lg:s]/ ljjfb/ lxt 9Ën] ;xdltsf cfwf/ df ufpF ljsf;sf cfjZostfx¿
lgSof} {n ug{ / k|fyldstfx¿ lgwf{/ 0f ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP pgLx¿ . lzIff klxnf]
k|fyldstfdf k/ ]sf] lyof] / ;f]xL adf]lhd uflj;sf] ;|f]t ljlgof]hg ePsf] lyof],
lagf ljjfb . uf]i7Lsf] clGtd lbg ;xefuLx¿df ;xL of]hgfx¿ th' {df ug{ ;lsof]
eGg] ;Gtf]if lyof] . uf]i7Lsf] ;dfkg ;df/ f]xdf Ps hgf ;xefuL hf] e"=k"= ef/ tLo uf]vf{
;}lgs / tTsfnLg uflj; ;b:o lyP, pgn] af]n]sf] s'/ f dnfO{ cem} ofb 5 – æcu/
kGw| aL; jif{ klxn] g} o:tf] uf]i7L cfOlbPsf] eP xfn;Dd s'5 ul/ ;lsg] / x]5 . v}/
ca eg] xfdL s'5 u5f} + . ;fyLx¿ Û xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] e"ldsf s] xf] eGg] 1fg k:of] ca .
ufpF ljsf;sf] r'gfj glhs} cfpFb}5 . r'gfjdf 3fdjfnfn] 3fdd}, ?vjfnfn] ?vd},
xnf]jfnfn] xnf]d} ef]6 xfnDnf . sf]O{ aft 5}g . n]lsg ha ha ufpFdf lzIffsf]
s'/ f] cfpF5, ;a}n] Ps} dtn] :s"ndf 5fk xfGg' k5{ / ha ha vfg]kfgLsf] s'/ f]
cfpF5, wf/ fdf 5fk xfGg' k5{ x} . clg dfq} xfd|f] ufpF pFef] nfUg] / x] 5 .Æ s:tf]
sk6/ lxt / t6:y cleJolQm Û
csf] { Pp6f rfvnfUbf] syf klg kl:sg dg nfUof] . s'/ f, / f} tx6 lhNnfsf]
xf] . ToxfF klg lhNnfsf] sfo{gLlts of] hgf th'{df ;DaGwL % lbg] sfo{zfnf
uf] i7L x'Fb} lyof] . d] / f ;xsdL{ ldq 1fgL lg/ f} nf / d uf] i7Lsf] ;xhsfo{ ub} {
lyof} + . uf] i7Lsf] t] ;|f] lbg . ;q ;~rfngsf] d] / f] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 ;xsdL{
ldqnfO{ ;xhsfo{sf] lhDdf nufP/ d xfjf vfg Psl5g aflx/ lgl:sPF .
d] / f] kl5–kl5 s'g} Ps kf6L{sf lhNnf cWoIf klg aflx/ lgl:sP . d;Fu
jf;' zdf{

ukmufkm z'? ub} { pgn] eg] – ætkfO{+x¿n] uf] i7Ldf h;/ L ljifox¿nfO{ cufl8
a9fpFb} x'g'x'G5 . Tof] c;fWo} / fd|f] 5 . To;/ L a9\g ;s] t slt x'GYof] slt .
t/ a'‰g'eof] ===of] / f} tx6 lhNnf xf] . oxfF hlt k|of; u/ ] klg s] xL x'g] jfnf
5} g .Æ d} n] pgnfO{ cfZj:t kfg{ vf] Hb} eg] +– æo;/ L lg/ fz gx'g' xf] ;\ . k|of;
ub} { hfFbf cjZo x'G5 . uf] i7Ln] h] –h] lgisif{ lgsfNb} 5, ltgLx¿ / f} tx6
lhNnfsf] j:t'ut oyfy{;Ddt\ 5} gg\ /

;xof] un] ha ljsf;sf sfdx¿ x'G5g\, ta lhlj;sf kbflwsf/ Lx¿n] klg
/ fhgLlts k"jf{u|x/ lxt 9Ën] oyf] lrt hz ;a} nfO{ lbg] ;+:sf/ klg ljsf;
x'g'kb{5 g ls cfk"mn] dfq hz lnO{ / fhgLlts :jfy{ eFhfpg] .Æ d} n] s'/ f
yk] +– æslxn] g slxn] , s;} g s;} n] , sxL+ g sxL+af6 t ;sf/ fTds ;f] r /
;sf/ fTds sfo{sf] yfngL ug} { k¥of] lg . xf] Og /

;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0f
ljsf;sf] Ps cf} hf/
(Social Remittance : A Tool for Development)
…;]
tf] kf6LÚ l8lh6n klqsfsf] !$ h'nfO{ @)!$ sf] cÍdf d] / f ldq
ljgf] b rfkfufO{+sf] …>d cfk|jf;gM¿kfGt/ 0f sfo{sf] vfFrf] (Labour
migration : need for transformative initiatives)Ú zLif{ssf] ljZn] if0ffTds n] v
k9\g] cj;/ ldNof] . n] vs rfkfufO{+ xfn ci6«] lnog g] zgn o'lgel;{6Laf6
…h] 08/ , dfOu|] zg P08 l8enKd] G6Ú ljifodf kLPr8L ub} {5g\ . n] vsn] cfˆgf]
n] vdf d"ntM b'O{j6f d'2fnfO{ p7fPsf 5g\ . klxnf] , cfk|jf;L g] kfnLx¿sf]
lzIff, ;Lk tyf bIftf / bf] ;|f], ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0f (social remittance)
sf] d'2f . u'0f:t/ Lo Pjd\ hLjgf] kof] uL lzIffsf af/ ] df d} n] d] / f o; cl3sf
n] vx¿df w] / yf] / rrf{ ul/ ;s] s} 5' . cfhsf] d] / f] n] vfOdf klg ;f] ljifodf
yk rrf{ ub} {5' . t/ , d'Vo ¿kdf bf] ;|f] d'2f cyf{t\ ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fsf]
ljifodf rrf{ ug{ rfxG 5' .
;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fsf] cjwf/ 0ff Pp6f gofF cjwf/ 0ff xf] . tyflk
clxn] of] k|f1 / cg';Gwftfx¿sf nflu dfq xf] Og ls ljsf;ljb\, of] hgfsf/
Pjd\ ;/ sf/ sf lglDt klg rf;f] / u|fXo aGb} uO/ x] sf] 5 . cem cfhsf]
e"d08nLs/ 0f / j} b] lzs / f] huf/ Lsf nflu tLa| cGtb] {zLo cfjfudgsf]
kl/ k|] Iodf t emg of] yk rf;f] sf] ljifo ag] sf] 5 .
u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnL -Pgcf/ Pg_ ;DaGwL o; cl3sf] n] vdf d} n] ljb] zdf
cflh{t wg, 1fg / ;Lksf] d'n'sleq nufgL ug] { pko'Qm jftfj/ 0fsf] l;h{gf
u/ L Pgcf/ Pgx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug'{ kg] { / cfjZostf cg';f/ gLlt, lgod
/ sfg"gsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;/ sf/ ;sf/ fTds x'g' kg] { d'2f p7fPsf] lyPF .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

o; ;Gbe{df Wofg k'¥ofpg r'Sg gx'g] cfhsf] ljZj oyfy{ s] xf] eg] ,
cNkljsl;tb] lv ljsl;t / fi6«x¿ ;a} n] 8fo:kf] / f ;d'bfonfO{ d'n'ssf]
t/ SsLsf nflu Ps pmhf{zLn ;Dkbfsf ¿kdf lng yfn] sf 5g\ / kl/ rfng
ug] { gLlt cjnDag ug{ yfn] sf 5g\ .
c:yfoL jf :yfoL ¿kdf nfvf} +sf] ;+Vofdf cfk|jf;gdf / x] sf g] kfnLx¿n]
klg ljb] zdf u/ ] sf] sdfO 3/ df k7fpg] qmd d'n'ss} cy{tGqsf] cfwf/
alg;s] sf] 5 . o;/ L j} b] lzs / f] huf/ Laf6 x'g] cyf] {kfh{g / To;nfO{ 3/
k7fpg] qmd g] kfndf lbgfg'lbg a9\bf] 5 . cfˆgf] pQm n] vdf ljgf] b rfkfufO{+
n] V5g\– æj} b] lzs / f] huf/ Laf6 @)!@÷@)!# df $ va{ #) ca{ ?k} ofF -$
ca{ * s/ f] 8 cd] l/ sL 8n/ _ cf} krfl/ s dfWodaf6 lelqof] , hf] / fli6«o
pTkfbgsf] Ps rf} yfO{ xf] .Æ pgL cufl8 n] V5g\– æljZj a} +ssf cg';f/
!((% sf] $@ k|ltztaf6 @))( df @% k|ltztdf g] kfnsf] u/ LaL emfg{df
of] Ps k|d'v cfwf/ ag] sf] 5 .Æ cy{tGqsf] Ps d'Vo cfwf/ ag] sf] j} b] lzs
d'b|f cfh{g ug] { cfk|jf;L g] kfnLx¿åf/ f ljb] zdf / xFbf u} / df} lb|s cfh{g
klg ul/ / x] sf x'G5g\ eGg] tYonfO{ klg la;{g x'Gg . To:tf] u}/ df}lb|s cfh{g
;+:s[lt, ljrf/ , 1fg, ;Lk / Jojxf/ sf ¿kdf ePsf] x'G5 / To:tf] cfh{g klg
cfk|jf;Lx¿n] :jb]z leœofO/ x]sf x'G5g\ . oxL u}/ df}lb|s ;fdflhs cfh{gnfO{
:jb]z leœofpg] k|lqmofnfO{ ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fsf] ;+1f lbOPsf] 5 .
Ps b] zaf6 csf] { b] zdf hfFbf cfk|jf;Ln] cfk"m uPsf] gofF ynf] af6
dfq ;fdflhs cfh{g ug] { xf] Ogg\ . clkt' cfˆgf] hGdynf] df cfh{g ePsf
;fdflhs ;DklQ klg ;fy} lnP/ uPsf x'G5g\ / p; tkm{ klg ltgsf] k|efj k5{
g} . / , cflh{t ;fdflhs ;DklQx¿ ;sf/ fTds Pjd\ gsf/ fTds b'a} k|s[ltsf
x'G5g\ . To;}n], ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fsf] s'/ f ubf{ cfuGt's Pjd\ / }yfg] b'a}
;d'bfodf ;sf/ fTds Pjd\ gsf/ fTds b'a}vfn] k|efj kg{;Sg] tYonfO{ e'Ng
ldNb}g . tyflk oxfF d}n] p7fpg rfx]sf] ;jfn eg] cfk|jf;Lx¿ dfk{mt cfˆgf]
hGde"lddf hfg÷cfpg ;Sg] ;sf/ fTds / cem vf;u/ L d'n'ssf] ljsf; /
hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu ;d'Tkfbs x'g] 1fg, ;Lk / Jojxf/ sf af/ ]df xf] .
;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0f ;DaGwL cjwf/ 0ffsf] Oltxf; vf] Hb} hfFbf of]
;dfhzf:qsf cjwf/ 0ffx¿dWo] gofF / kl5Nnf] k':tfsf] cjwf/ 0ff ePsf]
jf;' zdf{

kfpg ;lsG5 . ;j{k|yd ;dfhzf:qL k] UuL n] le6\n] ;g\ !((* df of] zAbsf]
k|of] u u/ ] sf] / To;kl5 pgn] ;g\ @))! df cfˆgf] k':ts …lb 6«flGhzgn
len] h;{ (The Transitional Villagers)Ú df of] cjwf/ 0ffsf] kl/ efiff u/ ] sf]
e] l6G5 . pgL n] lV5g\– æcfk|jf;Lx¿ k} ;f dfq xf] Og, ;f] eGbf a9L 3/
k7fpF5g\ (...migrants send home more than money) .Æ k} ;feGbf a9Ldf kg] {
s'/ fx¿nfO{ k|f] k] m;/ k] UuLn] dfGotf, Jojxf/ , klxrfg / ;fdflhs ;DklQ
(norms, practices, identities and social capital) u/ L rf/ k|sf/ df 5'6ØfPsL
l5g\ . oL rf/ dWo] oxfF d] / f] rf;f] sf] ljifo ;fdflhs ;DklQ xf] , h;n]
cflh{t 1fg, ;Lk, Jojxf/ / ;+:yfut Pjd\ JolQmut ;Dks{, ;DaGw /
;~hfnnfO{ a'emfpF5 . g] kfn / ljb] lzPsf g] kfnLx¿sf] ;Gbe{df k|f1 Pjd\
cg';Gwftfx¿n] o;sf af/ ] df cWoog u/ L df} h'bf l:ylt / ;Defjgfx¿sf
af/ ] df phfu/ ug{ cfjZos 5 . ldq ljgf] b rfkfufO{+n] Pp6f kfOnf rfNg
vf] h] sf] b] lvG5 pgsf] n] vaf6 . ldqnfO{ ;fw'jfb tyf cg';Gwfgsf]
;kmntfsf nflu clu|d z'esfdgf Û
;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fsf] cjwf/ 0ff / To;af6 ;fdflhs ljsf;df kg] {
k|efjsf af/ ] df y'k|} cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ljZn] if0fx¿ ul/ Psf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
xfd|f] b] zsf] kl/ k|] Iodf o;nfO{ a'‰g / b] z ljsf;df o;sf] ;dof] lrt pkof] u
ug{ tL cWoog ljZn] if0fsf lgrf] 8x¿ sfd nfUg] x'g;Sg] ePsfn] oxfF s] xL
b[i6fGt / fVg] r] i6f u/ ] sf] 5' . o; cjwf/ 0ffsL JofVofsf/ k|f] km] ;/ k] UuL
n] le6\n] cfˆgf] …;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0f – ljsf;sf] Ps cf} hf/ ¿kL ;+:s[lt
(Social Remittances – Culture as a Development Tool)Ú zLif{ssf] n] vdf
n] v] sL l5g\– æ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0f Ps Go"g pkof] u ePsf] ljsf;sf] ;|f] t
xf] , h;nfO{ ;fdflhs–cfly{s pGgogsf nflu p2] Zod"ns 9Ën] k|of] u ug{
;lsG5 .Æ ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0f cGtu{t ;"rgf, 1fg / ;Lksf] k|jfxaf6
ljsf;df 6] jf k'Ug] s'/ f pgL atfpFl5g\ . o:tf] ;|f] taf6 g] kfnn] klg ;'ljrfl/ t
/ ;'lgof] lht kmfObf lng ;S5 / To;sf nflu gLlt / jftfj/ 0f tof/ ug'{ kb{5
eGg] s'/ f oxfF atfO/ xg' gknf{ . cem g] kfnsf] jt{dfg / fhg} lts ;+qmd0fsf]
cj:yfdf t of] emg a9L cfjZos 5 . ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df / x]/ cfh{g u/ ]sf]
cg'ej / 1fg tyf ;Lkn] ;fg} eP klg 7"nf] dfg] / fVb5 . To;f] x' Fbf u}/ cfjf;Lo
g]kfnLx¿nfO{ x]g] { / fhgLlts txsf] b[li6laGb'df kl/ jt{g ug{ cfjZos 5 .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

kF"hL nufgL ug] { s'/ fnfO{ dfq dxTj lbg] ;f] rdf kl/ dfh{g cfjZos
b] lvG5 . h:tf] ls, cy{zf:qL ljho] Gb| / fj / ;dfhzf:qL dfOsn pnss\n]
@))& df s'g} Ps ;Gbe{sf] n] vdf o:tf] n] v] sf 5g\– æcy{zf:q dfq
;Dk"0f{ syf xf] Og . ljsf; sfo{sf] ;a} kIfdf ;+:s[ltsf] k|jfx x'G5 – r'gf} lt
/ cj;/ sf] ¿kdf . cfk|jf;Lx¿n] ljrf/ , Jojxf/ , / cfˆgf cg'ejsf
syfx¿ klg ;fydf af] s] sf x'G5g\===.Æ
To:t} , o"/ f] k] nL kl/ ifb\sf] pQ/ –blIf0f s] Gb|n] @))^ df k|sflzt u/ ] sf]
o"/ f] kdf / x] sf clk|msL 8fo:kf] / fsf] ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0f M g] b/ Nof08\; /
kf] r'{unsf] k|;Ë cWoog (Social Remittance of the African Diasporas in
Europe : Netherlands and Portugal Case Studies) k|ltj] bgn] ljrf/ , sfo{z} nL,
dgl:ylt, ljZj b[li6sf] 0f, dfGotf / k|j[lQ, Jojxf/ , 1fg, cg'ej / ;LknfO{
;fdflhs cfh{gsf ¿kdf kl/ eflift u/ ] sf] 5 . ;f] k|ltj] bgn] cf} +NofPsf] 5
ls, To:tf ;fdflhs cfh{g cf} krfl/ s lzIff / tflndx¿sf ;fy} sfo{ynf] df
k] zfut sfo{af6 ;d] t k|fKt x'g] ub{5 . sfo{ynf] af6 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ej dfq
xf] Og ls s'zn sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;DaGwL d"No, dfGotf / cfr/ 0fx¿ klg xfl;n
x'g] ub{5 . o:tf ;fdflhs ;DklQx¿sf] cfh{gfGt/ 0fdf cfk|jf;Lx¿n]
;] t'sf] sfd ug] { / cGtb] {zLo Pjd\ cGtd{xfb] zLo ;+3–;+u7g / g] 6js{x¿
dfk{mt cfh{gfGt/ 0f x'g] u/ ] sf] tYo tk{m klg ;f] k|ltj] bgn] cf} +NofPsf] 5 .
o;/ L o:tf uxg cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 b] lvPsf lgrf] 8x¿af6 lzIff lnO{
ljZjsf ljleGg s'gfdf 5l/ P/ / x] sf g] kfnLx¿nfO{ / fi6«lgdf{0fsf] sfddf
;xefuL u/ fpg ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fsf] ;b'kof] u ug] { Wo] o agfpg
;Sg' kSs} klg / fi6«sf] lxtdf x'g] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df oxfF pNn] v ug} { kg] {
Pp6f cWoogsf] lgisif{ s] xf] eg] …olb / fHon] ;fdflhs Pjd\ cfly{s
;'wf/ nfu" ug{ c;kmn eof] eg] cfk|jf;g / cfh{gfGt/ 0fn] / fi6«JofkL
lbuf] ljsf;df of] ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sb} g .Ú of] lgisif{ ;+o'Qm / fi6« ;+3sf]
;fdflhs ljsf; cg';Gwfg ;+:yfsf nflu x] Og 8] xf; (Hein de Haas)
åf/ f @))& df ul/ Psf] cWoogsf] xf] .
j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L / cGo cfk|jf;g ;DaGwL g] kfnsf] jt{dfg l:yltnfO{
x] bf{ w] / } h;f] j} b] lzs / f] huf/ Ldf hfg] x¿ cbIf sfdbf/ sf] ¿kdf / x] sf]
b] lvG5 . hqf] efF8f] lnP/ ;d'b|df uof] , Tolt g} dfq p3fpg ;lsG5 eg] h:t}
jf;' zdf{

hlt 1fg / ;Lk lnP/ uPsf] x'G5, ylkg] To;} df xf] . cbIf hgzlQm hfFbf
yf] / } dfq ylkG5 eg] bIf / pRr bIfx¿df ylkg] 1fg / ;Lk klg ;f] xL
cg';f/ pRr:t/ sf] g} x'G5 . To;f] x'Fbf ;/ sf/ n] bIf / pRr bIf hgzlQmsf]
j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg ;f] r ljsf; ug{;Sg' kb{5 . h:tf] ls,
lkmlnlkG;n] o:tf] ;f] r !(&) sf] bzsb] lv g} ljsf; u/ ] / To;af6 nfe
lnO/ x] sf] b] lvG5 . To;} n] ljZj >d ahf/ sf] dfu cg';f/ bIf Pjd\ pRr
bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug] { bL3{sfnLg ;f] r, gLlt / of] hgf tof/ u/ L u'0f:t/ Lo
lzIffdf nufgL a9fpg ;s] e"d08nLs/ 0faf6 / fi6«n] / fd|f] nfe lng ;Sb5 .
cbIf hgzlQmsf] ;§f bIf / pRr bIf hgzlQmsf] j} b] lzs / f] huf/ Laf6
;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fdf dfq clea[l4 x'g] xf] Og ls cfo cfh{g g} a9L x'g]
eO{ cfly{s cfh{gfGt/ 0fdf ;d] t ;sf/ fTds k|efj kg] { s'/ f :jtM l;4 5 .
o; tkm{ klg gLlt lgdf{tfx?sf] Wofg hfcf] ;\ .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

{
cfGtl/ s ;fdflhs
cfh{gfGt/ 0f / u|fdL0f ljsf;
o
; cl3 d} n] cGt/ f{li6«o ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0f (Social Remittances)
sf] af/ ] df rrf{ u/ ] sf] lyPF . km] l/ klg ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fs} ljifodf
n] Vb} 5' . t/ , o;k6s cfGtl/ s cyf{t\ / fli6«o / :yfgLo ;Gbe{df . s'/ fsf]
yfngL s'g} Ps cj;/ df Pp6f b'u{d kxf8L ufpFsf Ps a[4 ls;fgn] eg] sf
egfOaf6 u/ f} +h:tf] nfUof] . ufpFdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 ls 5} g eGg] k|Zgsf]
hjfkmdf pgn] eg]sf lyP– æv} d s] egf} + < eGg g} ufx|f] 5 . ljsf; ePsf]
5 egf} + ls 5}g egf} + . klxnf d sldh–;'?jfn nufpg] uy] + . clxn] kfOG6–z6{
nufpF5' . t/ , d]/ f] yfKnfsf] gfDnf] eg] x6]sf] 5}g .Æ cxf Û yf]/ } zAbdf slt ;6Ls
lrq0f– ufpFsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts cj:yfsf] . klx/ gdf
cfPsf] k] m/ abnn] k/ Dk/ fdfly gofF zx/ L ;+:s[ltsf] cltqmd0f bzf{pF5 eg]
yfKnfsf] gfDnf] n] si6s/ cfly{s hLjgnfO{ k|i6 ;Í] t ub{5 . lagf of] hgf
o;/ L zx/ af6 ufpFdf ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts s'/ fx¿ ;lhn} k'lu/ x] sf] b] Vg
;lsG5 . t/ , ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kdf cg'Tkfbs s'/ fx¿ a9L . o;} u/ L
;sf/ fTds Pjd\ ;d'Tkfbs s'/ fx¿ klg t zx/ af6 ufpF;Dd k'¥ofpg ;lsPnf
lg rfx] df < To;f] t k'Ub} gk'u] sf] eg] xf] Og, cln–cln k'lu/ x] sf klg 5g\ .
k/ Gt' h] hlt k'u] sf] 5, Tolt sfkmL eg] 5} g . / fi6«lgdf{0fsf] cleofgsf ¿kdf
oTg ug{ h?/ L 5Ù Pp6f nx/ Nofpg cfjZos 5 .
ufpFsf o'jf / pTkfbgzLn hgzlSt ufpFaf6 zx/ lt/ hfg] / zx/ x¿af6
/ fhwfgL cf] Ol/ g] Pjd\ b] zaf6 ljb] z tk{m nfUg] qmd lbgfg'lbg al9/ x] sf] 5 .
k9] –n] v] sf hlt zx/ / / fhwfgLdf y'lk|g] tyf kfP;Dd ljb] lzg yfn] kl5
jf;' zdf{

ufpFx¿ s;sf] e/ df dfly p7\g] < of] k|jfxnfO{ pN6f] aufpg cfjZos 5 ls
5} g xf] nf < 5 eg] To:tf] ug{ ;Dej 5 < To;} u/ L, / fhwfgLaf6 df] km;nsf
zx/ lt/ / zx/ x¿af6 ufpFlt/ ;f] r, 1fg / hfFu/ ;lxt hfgsf nflu lglZrt
gLlt, sfo{qmd / of] hgf x'g cfjZos 5 . o; ;Gbe{df Psfw P] ltxfl;s
36gfqmdx¿ oxfF / fVb} 5' .
Pp6f ;Gbe{ / fli6«o ljsf; ;] jf sfo{qmdsf] xf] -o;sf] 5f] 6s/ L / f=lj=;] =
eGbf w] / } nfO{ ;Demg / a'‰g ;lhnf] xf] nf_ h;nfO{ @)#%÷#^ sf] ljBfyL{
cfGbf] ngsf] lgx'Fdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] vf/ ] h u¥of] . o;/ L Pp6f
/ fd|f] sfo{qmd yfngL x'Fbfx'Fb} t'xfOof] . sfo{qmd cg';f/ :gftsf] Q/ txdf
cWoog/ t\ x/ ] s ljBfyL{n] Ps jif{;Dd ufpFdf uP/ a:g' kYof] { / ;f] ufpFsf]
:s"ndf k9fpg'sf ;fy} :yfgLo ljsf;sf nflu sfd ug'{ kb{Yof] . Tof]
:gftsf] Q/ txsf] k9fOsf] clgjfo{ lx:;f lyof] / x/ ] s ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf]
kb:yfkg (placement) sf] cGtdf cfk"mn] u/ ] sf sfd / pknlJw ;lxt
ufpFsf] ;fËf] kfËf] ljj/ 0f (village profile) a'emfpg' kYof] {, hf] cfkm} +df Pp6f
k"0ff{Ísf] ljifo x'g] uYof] { . / f=lj=;] = cGtu{tsf] len] h k|f] kmfOndf pQL0f{
geP cfk"mn] k9] sf] l8u|L lng kfOGgYof] . len] h k|f] kmfOn :gftsf] Q/ txsf]
y] l;;h:t} clgjfo{ / dxTjk"0f{ lyof] .
To;a] nf d ufpFsf] :s"ndf lzIfs lyPF / d] / f] :s"ndf klg / f=lj=;] =
ljBfyL{x¿ cfPsf lyP . dnfO{ ;Demgf 5– tL / f=lj=;] = ljBfyL{x¿n]
:s"ndf k9fpg'sf ;fy} ufpFsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;|f] t kl/ rfng ug{ ljleGg
lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo ub{y] / hgtfdf r] tgf clej[l4 ug] { sfddf klg ;lqmo
x'Gy] . o; sfo{qmdaf6 ;fgf] ltgf] ¿kdf eP klg lgs} / fd|f kl/ 0ffdx¿ b] vf
kg{ yfn] sf lyP . Tolt dfq xf] Og, tL ljBfyL{ eg] sf efjL sd{rf/ L, k|zf;s,
k|fWofks / cg';Gwftf lyP / kmls{P/ hfFbf :jfefljs ¿kdf ufpFsf b'Mv,
si6 / ;d:ofx¿ ;r] t dgl:yltsf ;fy cfk"m;Fu af] s] / hfGy] . h;sf]
b"/ ufdL k|efj kg{ hfGYof] eGg] s'/ fdf ljjfb gxf] nf g} . o;/ L of] Pp6f
cfGtl/ s ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fsf] / fd|f] cEof; lyof] , hf] ;fdflhs
cfh{gfGt/ 0fsf] cjwf/ 0ff hGdg'eGbf b'O{ bzs klxn] b] lv g} g] kfndf
cEof; x'g yfln;s] sf] lyof] . t/ , Tof] a] nf d'n'ssf] b'ef{Uo lyof] –
k~rfotL / fhgLlt, h;n] cfˆgf] / fhgLlts :jfy{k"lt{ gx'g] / hgtfdf
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

hfu/ 0f Nofpg ;xof] u k'¥ofpg] b] v] / / f=lj=;] = sfo{qmdnfO{ vf/ ] h u/ fO{
ljBfyL{x¿n] Ps jif{ ufpFdf a:g' kg] { k|fjwfg x6fP/ s'g} Ps ufpFsf]
len] h k|f] kmfOn dfq a'emfpFbf k'Ug] u/ L a] cy{sf] agfOlbof] . o;/ L d'n'ssf
nflu b"/ ufdL dxTjsf] x'g] Pp6f / fd|f] sfo{qmd / fi6« / hgtflj/ f] wL / fhfsf]
k~rfotL s'zf;gsf] sf] kefhgsf] lzsf/ aGof] .
k~rfotLsfnsf] csf] { la;{g gldNg] b[i6fGt xf] – ufpF kms{ / fli6«o
cleofg, hf] / fd|f] efjgfnfO{ b'?kof] u u/ L unt p2] Zon] NofOPsf] / fhgLlts
sfo{qmd lyof] . olb o;nfO{ u} / / fhgLlts p2] Zon] ;fdflhs ljsf;sf lglDt
;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fsf] Wo] o agfO{ ;~rfng ug] { xf] eg] / fi6«lgdf{0fsf nflu
uxg dxTjsf] Ps k|efjsf/ L cf} hf/ aGg ;Sb5 . t/ , lj8Dagf s] xf] eg]
k~rfotnfO{ ˆofFs] / / fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;/ sf/ rnfpg yfn] sf] c9fO{ bzs
lalt;Sbf klg / / fhtGqnfO{ ;d] t ˆofFs] / zf;g;Qfsf] afu8f] / ;Dk"0f{
¿kdf / fhgLlts bnx¿n] cfˆgf] xftdf lnPsf] Ps bzs k'Ug nfUbf klg
g t / f=lj=;] = sfo{qmdsf] k'gM:yfkgf tkm{ s;} n] ;f] Rof] jf ;f] Rg cfjZos
7fGof] , g t ;xL p2] Zon] s'g} / fli6«o cleofg g} ;~rfng eof] . …ufpF kms{Ú
t k~rfotsf] …k] jf zAbÚ eO{ g} xfNof] . / fhgLlts bnx¿n] lsg kf] k|of] u
uy] { / < zAb;Fus} PnhL{ xf] eg] c? g} zAbsf] k|of] u u/ ] / } eP klg t
hglxtsf/ L cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 lg . t/ v} o; tkm{ Wofg
uPsf] < g] kfnsf] / fhgLlts j[Qdf ;f] rsf] v8] / L k/ ] s} xf] t <
x'g t dgdf] xg clwsf/ L g] t[Tjsf] ;/ sf/ n] …cfˆgf] ufpF cfk} +m agfpFÚ
sfo{qmd nfu" u/ ] / o:tf] cleofgsf] emNsf] lbPsf] lyof] / To;n] b] ze/
s'gfsfKrf;Dd ljsf;–lgdf{0fsf] Pp6f t/ Ë NofPsf] klg lyof] . Ps
uflj;sf nflu tLg nfv ?k} ofF ah] 6sf] ;f] sfo{qmdn] :yfgLo hg;d'bfodf
ck"j{ pT;fx / cfTdlg0f{osf] k|jfx Nofof] , h;n] ubf{ tLg nfv ?k} ofFsf]
ah] 6n] bz–kGw| nfv ?k} ofF a/ fa/ sf] sfd ePsf syfx¿ ;'Gg–k9\g kfOPsf]
lyof] . t/ , g] kfnsf] b'ef{Uo g} xf] – / fhgLlts k"jf{u|x . / fd|f] sfdsf] klg
sb/ ug{ g;Sg] / lg/ Gt/ tf lbg klg sGh':ofOF ug] { Û of] nx/ w] / } lbg
l6Sg kfPg . dgdf] xg clwsf/ Lsf] ;/ sf/ 9n] kl5 ;Qf?9 ePsf] g] kfnL
sf+u|] ;sf] ;/ sf/ n] uflj;sf] jflif{s ah] 6nfO{ tLg nfvaf6 kfFr nfvdf t
psfNof] , t/ Pdfn] åf/ f k|of] udf NofOPsf] zAb;Fu l;lS;sf] dfg] / jf lrl9P/
jf;' zdf{

sfo{qmdsf] gfd} km] l/ lbof] – …cfˆgf] ufpF cfkm} + agfpFÚsf] ;§fdf …ufpF ljsf;
sfo{qmdÚ / fv] / . clxn] ;f] ah] 6 a9] / bz nfv k'u] sf] 5 eGg] ;'G5' . k/ Gt'
Tof] Pp6f ah] 6df cfwfl/ t sfo{qmd dfq lyPg . Tof] t Pp6f nx/ lyof] Ù
Pp6f cleofgsf] ¿kdf b] lvPsf] lyof] . To:tf] nx/ g kfFr nfv] ah] 6n]
Nofof] , g bz nfvn] g} Nofpg ;s] sf] 5 . …cfˆgf] ufpF cfkm} + agfpFÚsf]
efjgfdf cGtlg{lxt nx/ bz nfv ?k} ofFn] Nofpg ;Sg] s'/ f klg xf] Og .
t/ , nx/ NofP klg jf ah] 6 a9fP klg of] ;Fu ;DalGwt uDeL/ cfnf] Ro
kIf rflx+ s] xf] eg] sfo{qmdsf] ah] 6 dfq uof] ufpF–ufpFdfÙ To;sf] oyf] lrt
pkof] usf nflu ;fdflhs ;Lk / 1fg uPg . o:tf] tLtf] oyfy{sf] cg'ej
uflj;x¿;Fu sfd ubf{v] l/ of] k+lQmsf/ nfO{ ePsf] xf] . To;p;n] ufpF–ufpF
k'Ug] o:tf] cfly{s ;|f] t rfx] Tof] uflj; / lhlj;sf] xf] ;\, rfx] x/ ] s ;ef;b\
nfO{ lbOg] Ps s/ f] 8sf] ah] 6sf] xf] ;\Ù Tof] s] jn / fhgLlts nfe lng]
b'/ fzoo'Qm x'g' ePg . clkt' ;fdflhs ;Lk / 1fg ;lxtsf] cleofgsf
¿kdf n} hfg ;s] sf] v08df eg] u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] tfNrf g} v'Ng] lyof] .
u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] Pp6f ultnf] cf} hf/ sf ¿kdf kl/ jt{gsf] nx/ Nofpg
;Sg] cfGtl/ s ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fsf] Ps csf] { pbfx/ 0f xf] – b} n] v :s"n
k|f] h] S6 . nlntk'/ , kf6g9f] sfl:yt / ftf] aËnf :s"nn] cfk"mn] cfh{g u/ ] sf]
afns] lGb|t k7gkf7g ;DaGwL 1fg / ;Lk b} n] vsf ;a} ;/ sf/ L :s"nx¿df
k'¥ofpg of] k|f] h] S6 ;~rfng ul/ Psf] kfOG5 . sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ;g\ @)!)
df nlntk'/ df / ftf] aËnf l6d / b} n] v;Dd} k'uL k|f] h] S6sf clws[tx¿
/ cGo ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx¿;Fu klg cGt/ lqmof ug] { cj;/ ldn] sf] lyof] of]
k+lQmsf/ nfO{ . o:tf] nfUYof] ===of] Pp6f k|f] h] S6 xf] Og, Pp6f cleofg xf] .
/ ftf] aËnfn] Pp6f lhNnfdf u/ ] em} + cGo gfd rn] sf lghL :s"nx¿n] klg
1fg / ;Lk b'u{d e] usf ;/ sf/ L :s"nx¿df x:tfGt/ 0f ug{ Ps–Ps lhNnf
;dfltlbP slt x'GYof] . ;/ sf/ n] klg o; d] ;f] df ;f] r agfP/ gLltut txdf
sfd ul/ lbP x'GYof] lg .
To:t} , dxËf :s"ndf hfg g;Sg] tNnf] ju{sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;:tf] df
:t/ Lo lzIff lbg] u/ L ;dtf :s"nsf] cleofg rnfPsf pQd ;~h] nsf]
sfd ;fx|} k|z+;gLo Pjd\ cg's/ 0fLo 5 . sf7df8f} +, hf] / kf6Laf6 z'? u/ ] sf
pgL xfn !( lhNnfdf k'lu;s] eGg] ;dfrf/ klg k9\g kfPF xfn;fn} . of]
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

cfGtl/ s ;fdflhs cfh{gfGt/ 0fsf] csf] { ;6Ls pbfx/ 0f xf] . s] xL jif{
cl3 ;~h] n;Fusf] Ps–8] 9 306fsf] k|ToIf s'/ fsfgLdf of] k+lQmsf/ n] pgsf]
;kgf;Fu cjut x'g] cj;/ kfPsf] lyof] . t/ , kl5 pgn] d/ 0ff;Gg x'g] u/ L
r'6fO vfP eGg] va/ cfof] . d :tJw ePF . pQd ;~h] nx¿n] k|f] T;fxg
kfpg' kg] { xf] ls u'08fubL{sf] lzsf/ aGg' kg] { xf] < u'08f kfNg] / ltgsf nflu
;tL hfg] ;+:sf/ df / dfpg yfn] sf / fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ o; tkm{ ;f] Rg rfv
xf] nf s] < 5 eg] pg} af] n'g\ .
jf;' zdf{

gof“ zlSt ls / fhgLlts
OdfGbf/ Lsf] vf“rf] <
lxhf] cfh d'n'sdf gofF zlStsf] vfFrf] 5 eGg] gofF xNnLvNnL dlRrg
yfn] sf] 5 . / fhgLltsdL{b] lv kqsf/ / ;fdflhs cleoGtf;Ddn]
o; laifodf n] v] sf] k9\g kfpg yflnPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df a'‰g g;s] sf]
s'/ f s] xf] eg] , To:tf] gofF zlSt eg] sf] rflx+ s] xf] < s'g} gofF / fhgLlts
kf6L{ xf] ls < xf] eg] s:tf] vfnsf] < To:tf] gofF kf6L{sf] bfz{lgs cfwf/ s]
x'g] xf] < k] ml/ klg df} h'bf kf6L{x¿s} bz{g / ljrf/ dWo] s'g} Ps l;4fGt jf
ljrf/ g} cËfNg] xf] eg] To:tf] gofF zlSt gofF x'G5 g} s;/ L < s] xfn;Dd
of] hutdf gePsf] ;j{yf gofF bz{g jf ljrf/ lnP/ gofF zlStsf] hGd x'g
;Dej 5 < olb bz{g jf ljrf/ h] ;'s} eP klg gofF zlStsf] ¿kdf gofF
kf6L{ vf] Ng] s'/ f u/ ] sf] xf] eg] To:tf] gofF zlStsf] e"ldsf xfnsf kf6L{x¿sf]
eGbf leGg x'g] dfksx¿ s] –s] x'g\ <
xfdLnfO{ yfxf ePs} s'/ f xf] ls, @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtdf sf+u|] ; gofF
zlSt lyof] . @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/ jt{g;Fu} Pdfn] gofF zlStsf] ¿kdf pbfof] .
clg @)^# ;fnsf] kl/ jt{g ;Fu;Fu} -P_dfcf] jfbL gofF zlStsf] ¿kdf b]vf
k¥of] . To;kl5 klg y'k| } kf6L{x¿ Ps jf csf] { axfgfdf v'ln;s]sf 5g\, hgtf
;fd' cfO;s]sf 5g\ . ca tL ;a}eGbf k[ys gofF zlStsf] rfxgf knfpg'sf]
tfls{s cfwf/ s] < a'‰g ufx|f] kg] { s'/ f rflx+ of] xf] . clxn] gofF elgPsf] ;f]
zlSt s] xL ;do kZrft\ k'/ fgf] x'g] g} 5 . bnLo / fhgLltsf] yfngL ePsf]
^% aif{ lalt;Sbf klg hgtfsf nflu ;w} + …df5f df5f Eofu'tf] Ú g} eO/ xg'
/ gofF zlStsf] v] tL ug] { ;f] rsf] k'g/ fj[lQ eO/ xg' t lj8Dagfk"0f{ 5Fb} 5 .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

d'n's / hgtfk|ltsf] ;f] r / Jojxf/ c?eGbf o:tf] gofF zlStsf] km/ s t/
;xL x'g] 5 egL k|Tofe"lt lbg] s'g} cfwf/ x¿ klg 5g\ ls < ;fy} , o:tf] gofF
zlStdf ;+nUg x'g] x¿ ;j{yf gofF cg'xf/ x¿ x'g] 5g\ jf df} h'bf bnx¿leqs}
dWo] af6 x'g] 5g\ < olb df} h'bf bnx¿leq} af6 5flgPsfx¿ ;+nUg x'g] s'/ f xf]
eg] s'g} Ps bnleqaf6 dfq} jf ;a} bnleqaf6 5flgPsfx¿ kg] {5g\ < gofF
cg'xf/ x¿ klg ldl;G5g\ ls < t/ , ;a} nfO{ 1ft ePsf] s'/ f s] xf] eg] Pp6}
ljrf/ af] s] sf elgPsf df} h'bf bnx¿leq t Psdgf ;f] r 5} g . ta To:tf]
lvr8L kf6L{ emg\ slt If0feË'/ ;flat xf] nf, Tof] clxn] g} a'‰g sl7g
5} g . s'g} Pp6f dfq kf6L{leqaf6 o:tf] gofF zlStsf] pbo x'g] cfzf xf] eg]
Tof] klg ;Dej b] lv+b} g . syd\sbflrt To:tf] eOxfNof] eg] klg Tof] …jNnf
3/ sf] g/ ] kNnf 3/ df ;/ ] Ú eGbf cyf] {s s] xL x'g] jfnf 5} g / gofF hfdf nufP/
gofF gf} 6ÍL ug] { eGbf a9L x'g] jfnf 5} g .
o; ;Gbe{df Ps hgf a[4 ls;fgn] d'n'ssf] l:yltk|lt Jo+Uo k|xf/ ub} {
s'g} Ps cj;/ df eg] sf oL zAbx¿ cToGt dd{:kzL{ 5g\— æg] kfnnfO{ zfGt,
pGgt / ;DkGg agfpg Pp6f sfd ug'{ knf{h:tf] 5 . Tof] s] eg] , ;aeGbf
klxnf g] kfnnfO{ pN6ØfP/ 6S6SofO{ ;a} nfO{ emfg] { clg ;'N6ØfP/ c;n–
c;n hlt dfq l6k] / lkmtf{ xfNg] .Æ sfz Û tL a[4 ls;fgn] eg] h:tf] ug{
;ls+bf] xf] t=== . t/ klg emf/ ] / tn} 5f] l8lbPh:tf] x'g] u/ L lgsDdf, e|i6, b'i6
/ :jfyL{x¿nfO{ lsgf/ f nufpFb} hfg] tkm{ gofF hfu/ 0f Nofpg eg] cfjZos
5 / hf] ug{ klg ;lsG5 .
…gofF zlStÚ lgdf{0f ug] { tk{m OR5's eP/ kqsfl/ tf If] q / gful/ s ;dfhsf
s] xL cu'jfx¿ klg u'Hu'hfPsf] b] lvG5, pgLx¿sf sltko cleJolQmx¿df .
o; af/ ] df l6Kk0fL ug{ dg nfu] sf] s'/ f s] xf] eg] , cfˆgf] df} h'bf sfd
5f] 8] / / fhgLltnfO{ g} d"n sfd agfpg ;s] t xf] gqeg] …g xfF;sf] rfn
g s'v'/ fsf] rfnÚ x'g hfg] 5 . ufF7L s'/ f s] xf] eg] / fhgLlt, / fhgLlts
bn / / fhgLltsdL{x¿sf af/ ]df af]Ng', n]Vg' jf 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug' { Pp6f s'/ f xf]
/ / fhgLlts} hl6n k|lqmofleq k;]/ g]t[Tj ug{ ' csf] { s'/ f xf] . hf] ;f]r]h:tf]
l;wf (straight forward) kSs} 5}g . bafa ;d"xsf] ¿kdf gful/ s ;dfh /
kqsfl/ tf If]qsf cu'jf jf cleoGtfsf] e"ldsf hlt ;zSt x'g ;S5, k|ToIf
/ fhgLltsdL{sf ¿kdf Tolt ;zSt gx'g ;S5 . a? / fhgLltnfO{ hgd'vL dfu{df
jf;' zdf{

8f]¥ofpg k|efjsf/ L bafa ;d"xx¿sf] vfFrf] eg] lgs} v6\s]sf] ljifo xf] .
Pskl5 csf] { gofF kf6L{x¿ v'Ng' clxn] sf] / fhg} lts lgsDdfkgsf]
ljsNk x'Fb} xf] Og . lgsDdfkgdf cNdln/ x] sf] / :jfy{sf] bnbndf kmFl;/ x] sf]
/ fhgLltnfO{ hgtfsf] kIfdf ;f] ‰ofpg' rflx+ ;dosf] dfu xf] eGg] dnfO{
nfUb5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg If] qaf6 cf–cfˆgf] a'tfn] EofP;Dd bafa
l;h{gf ug{ gnfuL gx'g] a] nf eO{ g} ;s] sf] 5 . o:tf] bafa l;h{gf ug{sf
nflu / fhgLlts k"jf{u|x k|] l/ t geO{ t6:y bafa ;d"xsf ¿kdf lqmofzLn
ePdf dfq ;Dej x'g] 5 eGg] s'/ f csf] { ;To xf] .
To;} n] , vfFrf] gofF / fhgLlts zlStsf] x'Fb} xf] Og . vfFrf] gofF ;f] r / sfo{sf]
xf] . vfFrf] / fhgLlts k|ltj4tfsf] xf] , b] z / hgtfk|ltsf] pQ/ bfloTjsf] xf]
Pjd\ hgd'vL gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] xf] . vfFrf] / fhgLlts OdfGbf/ Lsf] xf] .
oL ;a} s'/ fx¿nfO{ kfvf nufP/ gofF / fhgLlts zlStsf] s'/ f ug{' eg] sf]
km] l/ klg hgtfnfO{ c? s] xL jif{ jf bzs cNdNofpg] s'/ f ug'{ dfq} xf] .
g] kfnL hgtfn] slxn] ;Dd / fhgLlts zlStx¿nfO{ hfFr] / al;/ xg' kg] { < gofF
elgPsf] n] klg s] xL gunf{ clg km] l/ csf] { gofF zlStsf] pbosf] cfz u/ ] /
s'g'{ kg] { < of] t ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgeGbf klg csf] { ;d:ofsf] cfXjfg dfq
xf] . a? x/ ] s kf6L{leq s] xL u/ f} + eGg] ;f] r / pT;fx ePsf JolQmx¿ kSs}
5g\ . ltgn] cf–cfˆgf] kf6L{leq} a;] / gofF ;f] rsf] ;~rf/ ug] { cleofg yfNg
rflx+ a? vfFrf] 5 . h;n] kf6L{leq / aflx/ klg t/ Ë Nofcf] ;\ .
cfGbf] ng÷;+3if{÷qmflGtsf a] nfsf g] tfx¿sf] lbdfudf gjlgdf{0fsf]
;f] r / 1fg l5g{ ufx|f] dfq xf] Og, c;Dejk|foM 5 eGg] s'/ f pgLx¿sf]
Jojxf/ af6 5n{Ë eO;s] sf] 5 . pgLx¿ …ebf} df cfFvf k'm6] sf l8ËfÚh:tf]
cfGbf] ng÷;+3if{÷qmflGtsfnLg dfgl;stfeGbf dfly p7\g ;s] s} b] lv+b} gg\ .
clkt' pgLx¿ To;a] nfsf] cfˆgf] of] ubfgnfO{ cfhLjg eFhfO/ fVg] ;f] rsf
;fy s';L{eGbf cyf] {s gb] Vg] b[li6bf] ifn] u|:t b] lvG5g\ . ;a} kf6L{sf klxnf]
k':tfsf g] tfx¿ csd{0o ;flat eO{ g} ;s] . To;} n] klg xf] nf, gofF / fhgLlts
zlStsf] s'/ f p7\g yfn] sf] . gofF pmhf{, gofF ;f] r / gofF b[li6 af] s] sf o'jf
k':tfn] / fhgLltsf] afu8f] / ;DxfNg ca cfjZos eO;Sof] . To;sf] nflu
;a} kf6L{leqsf l;h{gfTds ;f] r ePsf o'jf k':tfn] cf–cfˆgf] kf6L{df
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

g] t[Tj x:tfGt/ 0fsf nflu cGtMkf6L{ cfGbf] ng ug{ h?/ L 5, g ls gofF kf6L{
vf] Ng] jf gofF zlSt agfpg] tkm{ ;f] Rg .
lxhf] cfh km] l/ Psyl/ / fhgLlts zlStx¿ / fhg} lts ;xdltsf cfwf/ df
;+ljwfg aGg' kg] {, g ls ;+ljwfg;efsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtsf] cfwf/ df eGg]
/ 8fsf] dRrfpg yfn] sf 5g\ . xf] Og=== of] s:tf] vfnsf] nf] stGq jf
u0ftGq xf] < / fi6«sf] 9's'6Laf6 Toqf] ;DklQ l;WofP/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj
eof] / Toqfljlw ;ef;b\x¿nfO{ kfNg] sfd eO/ x] sf] 5 . ca ltgn] ug'{
kg] { sfdnfO{ k"/ } cjd"Nog ub} { k] ml/ d'n'sdf / Stkft dRrfpg] wDsL lbg'
s] vfnsf] / fhgLlt xf] < ca t hgtfn] / fxt kfpg' kg] { a] nf ePg / <
d'n'ssf] t/ SsLsf nflu ¿k/ ] vf sf] g] { a] nf ePg / < o:tf] cy{xLg efF8e} nf]
ug] { ;f] rn] b] znfO{ emg\ / ;ftndf w;fpg] afx] s csf] { kl/ 0ffd lbg] jfnf
5} g . b] z / hgtfnfO{ nx8Lx¿sf] h'jfsf] vfn slxn] ;Dd agfO/ xg] xf]
< hgtfn] r'g] / k7fPsfx¿n] ;+ljwfg agfpg gkfpg] xf] eg] ltgsf] s'g}
cy{ g} ePg lg . To;nfO{ eË ul/ lbP/ ;a} bnsf k|ltlglw / fv] / k~rfotL
z} nLdf Ps ;+ljwfg cfof] u agfOlbP eOxfNof] lg . lsg u0ftGq÷nf] stGq
/ / fhgLlts :kwf{sf] l8Ë xfFSb} gf} 6ÍL ug'{ <
hgtf / b] zk|lt OdfGbf/ L b] vfpg / nf] stflGqs cfr/ 0f k|bz{g ug{;Sg'
k¥of] / fhgLlts bnx¿n] . b] znfO{ laWj+zsf/ L xf] Og, l;h{gfTds cf}
;sf/ fTds ;f] rsf] cfjZostf 5 . / fhg} lts OdfGbf/ Lsf] vfFrf] 5,
g ls :jfy{sf] cf8df / fhgLltsf] ckJofVof . w] / } l9nf x'g' cl3 g}
;a} df r] t k;f] ;\ .
jf;' zdf{

gof“ zlStsf] v] tL
/ g/ ] Gb| df] bL
8f=
afa'/ fd e§/ fO{n] km] l/ Psk6s gofF zlStsf] af/ ] df af] n] 5g\ . nfU5,
pgL sl:;P/ } gofF zlStsf] v] tL ug{ nfuLk/ ] sf 5g\ . O6x/ Ldf
j} slNks ljrf/ d~rn] cfof] hgf u/ ] sf] gofF zlSt ;DaGwL ax; sfo{qmddf
pgsf cleJolStx¿af6 of] s'/ f k|i6 x'G5 . gofF zlStsf] v] tL 8f= e§/ fO{sf]
cEo:t k] zf xf] , s'g} gofF s'/ f pgn] u/ ] sf xf] Ogg\ eGg] s'/ f pgsf] / fhgLlts
hLjgnfO{ hfGg] hf] sf] xLnfO{ yfxf ePs} ljifo xf] . t/ uha s] 5 eg] ,
ha–ha pgnfO{ / fhgLlts xf/ xftnfuL x'G5 ta–ta pgL gofF zlStsf] v] tL
ug{ sl:;G5g\ . To;} sf] kl5Nnf] kl/ b[Zo xf] – ut r'gfjdf Pdfcf] jfbLsf]
zd{gfs xf/ kl5 pgsf] gofF zlStsf] …a|Dxf:qÚsf] k'gM k|xf/ sf] / 0fgLlt .
pgnfO{ nfu] sf] xf] nf ls x/ ] s k6s pgsf] of] a|Dxf:qn] pgnfO{ / fhg} lts
kmfObf u/ fpg] 5 . Tof] pgsf] e|d dfq xf] eGg] pgn] a] n} df a'em] pgnfO{ klg
dgsf] zflGt ldNg ;xh x'g] lyof] / hgtfnfO{ klg gofF zlStsf] af/ ] df a'‰g
6fpsf] b'vfO/ xg' kg] { lyPg .
…gfRg hfGb} g cfFug 6] F9f] Ú eg] sf] oxL xf] . k|fKt pknlJwx¿sf] ;+/ If0f ub} {
To;dfly gjlgdf{0fsf] sfd yfNg 5f] 8] / gofF zlStsf] k|k~rk"0f{ s'/ f] ub} { b] z
/ hgtfnfO{ e'mSofO/ xg] v] n v] Ng' g t / fhgLltsf] dd{ xf] , g t hglxtsf/ L
sd{ . kf6L{leq efua08f gldn] s} sf/ 0f c9fO{ s/ f] 8 g] kfnL hgtfsf] kQf
ˆofFs] / afa'/ fdn] k|r08nfO{ ysf{pg vf] h] sf x'g\ jf pg} ;Fusf] ldlneutdf
gofF rfn rn] sf x'g\, clxn] g} eGg ufx|f] 5 . jf:tjdf …afa'/ fdx¿Ú Pp6f
k|j[lQsf] ¿kdf b] lvPsf 5g\, hf] s] jn afa'/ fd;Fu dfq 5} g . of] k|j[lQ ;a}
bnx¿df x'ls{/ x] sf] 5 eGg] s'/ f dgUu] b] Vg ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

hgtfsf] ;+3if{åf/ f k|fKt nf] stflGqs k|0ffnL / aflx/ b] lvPsf gofF
cj;/ x¿sf] nfe lng ;s] dfq d'n'sn] t/ SsL ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] s'/ f
/ fhgLltsf] ;fdfGo 1fg xf] . / fhgLlts l:y/ tf / nf] stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/ 0fsf
nflu ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f d'n'ssf] HjnGt cfjZostf xf] . o:tf] P] ltxfl;s
lhDd] jf/ Lsf] sfddf klg of] jf Tof] axfgfdf av] 8fafhL v8f ug] { k|j[lQ
d'n'ssf] csf] { b'ef{Uo alg/ x] s} 5 . o:tf] k|j[lQnfO{ ;dfKt ul/ g' kb{5 /
b] z / hgtfk|ltsf] OdfGbf/ L b] vfpg' kb{5 – ;a} / fhgLlts bnx¿n] . k|fKt
nf] stflGqs pknlJwx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut u/ L / fhgLlts l:y/ tf ;'lglZrt ug{
cfjZos 5 / Tof] sfd rfF8f] eGbf rfF8f] ;+ljwfg agfP/ dfq ;Dej x'G5
eGg] s'/ fdf kSs} klg b'O{dt xf] cf] Og . o:tf] uDeL/ / fli6«o dxTjsf] ;jfndf
klg xnf] c8\sfpg' kg] { lbUbz{g s'g rflx+ / fhgLlts bz{gn] u/ ] sf] 5 <
ef/ tLo k|wfgdGqL g/ ] Gb| df] bLsf] ut jif{ ePsf] k|wfgdGqLsf] x} l;otsf]
klxnf] g] kfn e|d0fn] g] kfndf Pp6f t/ Ë l;h{gf u¥of] . ;dfrf/ x¿, ;dfrf/
ljZn] if0fx¿, dtdtfGt/ x¿ / ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿df df] bL e|d0fsf ufyf cf}
df] bLdGqsf :t'ltufgb] lv lnP/ ef/ t k|ltsf] k'/ fg} z} nLsf] z+sf–pkz+sfsf
l56fx¿ 5tf5'Nn kf] lvPsf b] lvP . t/ ;To s'/ f s] xf] eg] , g t df] bLnfO{
cyf{t\ lbNnLnfO{ ;fi6fË b08jt\ u/ ] / / fi6«sf] ljsf; x'G5 g t ;w} + el/
ef/ tLo lj:tf/ jfbsf] xfpFu'hL b] vfO{ hgtfsf] lbdfu e'6] / jf g t cfhsf]
e"d08nLs/ 0fsf] ljZj kl/ j] znfO{ pk] Iff u/ L cfk"mnfO{ cnu ynu / fVb}
cGwf] / fi6«jfbsf] dfnf hk] / . olt ;fdfGo 1fg klg / fhgLltdf ljBfjfl/ lw
g} lbg ldNg] u/ L hfGg] g] tfx¿sf] vKk/ leq lsg gl5/ ] sf] xf] nf <
g] kfn e|d0fsf a] nf g/ ] Gb| df] bLn] af] n] sf s'/ fx¿sf cfwf/ df g] kfnL
hgdfg; kfFr lsQfdf afFl8Psf] efg x'G5, To;kl5sf k|ltlqmofx¿ x] bf{ .
klxnf] lsQfdf ;dy{g, bf] ;|f] df cfnf] rgfTds ;dy{g, t] ;|f] df z+sf–pkz+sf,
rf} yf] df lj/ f] wL dfgl;stf / kfFrf} + lsQfdf t6:ytf kb{5g\ . nfU5, klxnf]
lsQfdf ;a} eGbf w] / } 5g\ / ltgn] d'Qms07n] df] bLsf] k|z+;f u/ ] sf 5g\ .
cfnf] rgfTds ;dy{sx¿ bf] ;|f] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf / x] sf] k|tLt x'G5 . o; lsQfleq
klg b'O{ yl/ sf ;f] r / x] sf] kfOG5 . klxnf] df ;dy{g / cfnf] rgf b'a} df] bL
/ ef/ tLo kIfnfO{ ug] {x¿ 5g\ . bf] ;|f] k|sf/ df df] bLsf ljsf; ;DaGwL
b[li6sf] 0fx¿sf] ;dy{g / cfnf] rgf rflx+ g] kfnsf / fhgLlts bnx¿ Pjd\
ltgsf g] tfx¿sf] cb"/ blz{tf cf} cIfdtfsf] . t] ;|f] lsQfdf / x] sf z+sfn'x¿
jf;' zdf{

klg k|z:t} b] lvPsf 5g\ . dL7f s'/ f u/ ] / kl5 sfd eg] ug] { x'g\ ls xf] Ogg\ .
To;} n] , kv{ / x] / sf] dgl:yltdf logLx¿ / x] sf] b] lvG5 . lj/ f] wLx¿sf] lsQfdf
/ xg] x¿n] ef/ t k|ltsf] lxh} b] lvsf] k"jf{u|xL dfgl;stfdf cfwfl/ t eO{ df] bLn]
h] af] n] klg / h] u/ ] klg To;leq sk6k"0f{ :jfy{ n's] sf] b] v] sf x'g ;S5g\ .
lj/ f] w u/ ] / } cfˆgf] af} l4s Pjd\ / fhg} lts u'hf/ f rnfpg] x¿sf af/ ] df w] / }
6Lsfl6Kk0fL ul/ / xg'sf] s'g} t's 5} g . t6:yx¿ a'em] / jf ga'em] / t6:y 5g\ .
df] bLsf] egfOk|lt sf] s'g lsQfdf 5 eGg] s'/ f 7"nf] xf] Og . / fi6«sf] lxt /
hgtfsf] enfO rflx+ 7"nf] s'/ f xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 .
df] bL e|d0fsf ;Gbe{df g] kfn ;/ sf/ / g] tfx¿sf] cfnf] Ro kIfsf] ca
rrf{ u/ f} + . g] kfn ;/ sf/ sf] ;a} eGbf uDeL/ sdhf] / L s] b] lvof] eg] , p;n]
kof{Kt u[xsfo{ ug{ ;s] sf] b] lvPg . / fli6«o lxtsf d'2fx¿ s] –s] x'g\ <
ltgnfO{ s;/ L ;zSt ¿kdf k|:t't ug] { < oL s'/ fx¿df ;/ sf/ n] / fd|f] tof/ L
u/ ] sf] b] lvPg . / fhgLlts bnx¿n] klg ;/ sf/ nfO{ oL s'/ fdf ;3fPsf]
jf 3R3RofPsf] b] lvPg . ptf, df] bL eg] / fd|} tof/ L / k|i6 Ph] 08fsf ;fy
cfPsf] b] lvof] . g] kfn ;/ sf/ / / fhgLlts bnx¿n] df] bLsf] e|d0f k"j{ oy] i6
u[xsfo{ ug{ g;s] sf] jf gu/ ] sf] eP klg ca ubf{ eof] . ;lhnf] s] eof] eg] ,
df] bLn] g} sxfF–sxfF / s'g–s'g s'/ fdf u[xsfo{ ug'{ kg] { xf] – k|i6 kfl/ lbP .
;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;Daf] wg ub} { df] bLn] lbPsf cleJolSt x] bf{ g] kfnnfO{
x] k] sf] b] lvPg . a? plrt ;Ddfg JoSt ug{ cfˆgf] jfs\s'zntfsf] e/ k"/
pkof] u u/ ] sf] b] lvof] . lxdfn, kxf8, t/ fO{, a'4 / g] kfnL jL/ tfsf] klxrfg
;lxtsf] g] kfnsf] / fli6«o Pstf / ;fj{ef} ldstfk|lt oyf] lrt ;Ddfg JoSt
ug{ pgL r's] gg\ . pgn] / fhg} lts s'/ f cToGt yf] / } u/ ] / w] / } h;f] g] kfnsf]
t/ SsLsf nflu ljsf;sf cfjZostfx¿ / g] kfnsf] Ifdtfsf af/ ] df s'/ f
u/ ] . g] kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu u'?dGqsf ¿kdf / fhdfu{, ;"rgf k|ljlw /
hnljB't (Highway, I-way, Transway – HIT) nfO{ / f] rs 9Ën] ;"qa4 u/ L
;'emfP . pgn] JoSt u/ ] sf ljrf/ / b[li6sf] 0fx¿nfO{ o;/ L a'Fbfut ¿kdf
dha'g lvRbf a'‰gnfO{ ;lhnf] knf{ .
!= pgn] g] kfnsf] ;+3Lo nf] stflGqs u0ftGqk|lt cfˆgf] ;dy{g hgfP .
lgdf{0ffwLg g] kfnsf] ;+ljwfg tf] 8\g] xf] Og, hf] 8\g] ;+lxtf x'g' kb{5Ù o;n]
lxdfn, kxf8 / t/ fO{nfO{ Pstfdf afFWg ;Sg' kb{5 g ls cfk;df ljeflht
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

ug] { cf} hf/ eg] / ldqjt\ ;Nnfx lbP . g] kfnsf] / fli6«o d'2fdf ef/ tn]
s'g} x:tIf] k gug] { / ;f] g] kfnn] g} lg0f{o ug'{ kg] { ;Nnfx klg lbP .
g] kfnsf] / fli6«o Pstfdf hf] 8 lbP . dw] zjfbL g] tfx¿;Fusf] e] 6df klg pgn]
If] qLotfjfbL Pjd\ ;fDk|bflos / fhgLltsf] kIfdf ef/ t g/ x] sf] hjfkm lbP/
g] kfnsf] ef} uf] lns cIf'00ftf / hftLo Pstfo'St ;+3Lotfsf] kIfdf ;Nnfx
lbPsf] b] lvof] .
@= ;"qa4 ¿kdf elgPsf oftfoft, ;"rgf k|ljlw / hnljB't afx] s
klg g] kfnsf] ljsf;sf ;Defjgfo'Qm cGo If] qx¿sf af/ ] df ;d] t pgn]
v'nf ;Nnfx lbP . pgn] pNn] v u/ ] sf To:tf ;Defjgfsf cGo If] qx¿df
ko{6g / To;sf] ef/ tLo ahf/ , h} ljs s[lif pkh / To;sf] ljZj ahf/ ,
jg:klthGo h} ljs ljljwtf / h8La'6Lsf] k|j4{g cflb x'g\ . pgn] lzIffdf
;d] t g] kfnn] km8\sf] dfg'{ kg] { ;'emfj lbg la;] {gg\ / j} 1flgs lzIffnfO{ a9fjf
lbg cfjZos ePsf] tkm{ ;+s] t u/ ] . pgn] k|i6 zAbdf g] kfnnfO{ l8lh6n
;+;f/ df k|j] z u/ L To;af6 nfe lng cfXjfg u/ ] . o;/ L pgn] g] kfnsf]
;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf] lbzf tkm{ ;+s] t ub} { To;sf nflu Ps ;xof] uL aGg tTk/
/ x] sf] hfgsf/ L ;d] t lbP .
olb df] bLn] g] kfn k|ltsf] kl5Nnf] ef/ tLo b[li6sf] 0f af] n] sf x'g\ / pgsf]
of] b] vfpg] bfFt dfq xf] Og eg] g] kfn / ef/ tsf aLr gofF prfOdf ldqjt\
;DaGw km:6fpg] cfwf/ x¿ pgsf cleJolStx¿df b] lvP . h;sf] nfe lng
g] kfn ;/ sf/ / / fhgLlts bnx¿ uDeL/ x'g h?/ L 5 .
;g\ @))@ sf] u'h/ ft bËfdf cf/ f] lkt / kl5 ;kmfO kfPsf ljjflbt
/ fhg] tf eP tfklg pgsf] cfly{s / 0fgLltn] u'h/ ftsf] t/ SsLdf kfPsf]
;kmntfsf] k|z+;f ul/ Psf] kfOG5 . o;/ L gofF ;f] rsf ;fy ef/ tLo / fhgLltdf
Ps / fli6«o g] tfsf ¿kdf pbfPsf g/ ] Gb| df] bL gofF zlSt jf gofF kf6L{sf]
v] tL u/ ] / pbfPsf xf] Ogg\ . df} h'bf kf6L{leq} af6 pbfPsf x'g\ eGg] x] Ssf gofF
zlStsf] v] tL ug] { cleofgdf nfu] sf jf nfUg rfxg] …afa'/ fdx¿ÚnfO{ eOlbP
slt ;fy{s / fhgLlt x'GYof] xf] nf . To;} n] d'n'ssf] t/ SsLsf nflu gofF
zlStsf] v] tLsf] ca s'g} t's 5} gÙ s'g} ljZj;gLo cfwf/ 5} g eGg] tYonfO{
;a} n] dx;"; ug{ cfjZos 5 . gofF zlStsf] s'/ f u/ ] / hgtfnfO{ c? s] xL
bzs cNdNofpg] / fhgLlt ug'{sf] s'g} cf} lrTo 5} g .
jf;' zdf{

;femf lxn] hfqfn]
lbPsf] ;Gb] z
lj
B'tLo ;~rf/–hfnf] nfO{ wGojfb Û lj=;+= @)&! sf] ;+v'jf;ef
lhNnfsf] r} gk'/ df ePsf] lxn] hfqfsf] dHhfsf] lel8of] lSnk
ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWoddf x] g{ kfPF . ;f] lel8of] lSnkn] dnfO{ ;do ofqf
(Time Travel) u/ fpFb} d] / f] afNosfn / o'jfj:yfsf k|f/ lDes lbgx¿df klg
k'¥ofof] . o; n] vdf d} n] hfqf kj{x¿ / r} gk'/ sf] o; jif{sf] lxn] hfqfsf]
;]/ f] km] / f] df rrf{ ug] { hdsf] { u/ ] sf] 5' .
s'/ fsf] yfngL u/ f} + – r} gk'/ sf] zAblrq0faf6 . dsfn'sf] sfvdf / x] sf]
Ps / d0fLo k'/ fgf] kxf8L a:tLsf] gfd xf] – r} gk'/ . P] ltxfl;ssfndf
ltAat;Fusf] Jofkfl/ s gfsf, ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfsf] k"j{ ;b/ d'sfd, s/ La–
s/ La c+u|] hLsf] P; (S) cIf/ sf] cfsf/ sf] ;'Gb/ kxf8L ahf/ Ù l;/ fgb] lv
k'5f/ ;Dd rKn] 6L 9'Ëf la5ØfOPsf] ahf/ sf ;kmf cfFugx¿Ù afg] Zj/ , c?0fyfg,
b'O{a/ ] , vnËfsf] ag, u9L8fF8f, bf/ ] uf} +8fsf] rf} tf/ f] , d] h/ kf6L, Eofu't] 9'Ëf] ,
l;4sfnL cflb r} gk'/ sf] klxrfg;Fu hf] l8Psf ljz] iftfx¿ x'g\ . v/ fË,
xflQ;'F8] , nf] xfsf] 6, rfkfe"O{+, vflDnË, Nofl/ Ë, afg] Zj/ , lqz'n] , 7fF6L ufpF,
bËfnL ufpF, vqL ufpF, kFmnf6] , cfDaf] 6] , e~HofË vs{, kf} 8] n ufpF, 8fFuL ufpF,
uf] nf ufpF -/ fO6/ ufpF_, hf] zL ufpF, k'/ fgf] r} gk'/ , xfËn'Ë, tLgvf] k|] , / ftdf6] ,
l;4kf] v/ L, l;4sfnL, s] / faf/ L cflb r} gk'/ ahf/ ;Fu hf] l8Psf / ;lGgs6df
/ x] sf ufpF a:tLx¿ x'g\ . blIf0f tkm{sf] lkn'jf vf] nf kfl/ sf cfFvLe"O{+,
d"nufpF, zlgZr/ ] , dflDnË, lt/ lt/ ] , k"j{ tk{msf lkn'jf vf] nf kfl/ sf tfFkmf] s,
dfbL d"nvs{, dfbL / fd] gL, af3f / n] sfnL ufpF–a:tLx¿ atf;] , dod, g"g9fsL,
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

;] / f] k] m/ f] leq kg] { ufpF–a:tLsf gfdx¿ x'g\ .
lrTnfËÙ pQ/ tk{msf] lxjfF
vf] nf kfl/ sf jfgf, l;a'cf,
:ofa'g, cr{n] , lnËlnË,
kmfk'Ë cflb ufp–a:tLsf
gfdx¿ klg r} gk'/ sf] gfd;Fu
hf] l8g cfpF5g\ . To:t} ,
;ef pQ/ sf t'lDnË6f/ ,
rGbgk'/ , vfFbaf/ L ahf/ ,
;] vf, dfg] e~HofË, w'k',
afx|la;] / klZrd tk{m c?0f
kfl/ sf s'n'Ë, g] kfn] 8fF8f,
lbËnf, kmflnsf] 6, r/ DaL
/ h/ fof] 6f/ klg r} gk'/ sf]
r} gk'/ ahf/ / ;] / f] k] m/ f] sf pko{'Qm ufpF–a:tLx¿df ljleGg hft–hfltn]
a;f] af; u/ ] sf 5g\ eg] ljleGg efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt / rf8kj{x¿n] tL
hfthfltx¿ ;d[4 5g\ . g] jf/ , zfSo, tfd|fsf/ , a|fXd0f, If] qL, ljZjsdf{,
kl/ of/ , rd{sf/ , tfdfË, du/ , / fO{, lnDa", u'?Ë, z] kf{ cflb hfthfltx¿ oL
ufpF a:tLsf afl;Gbf x'g\ . g] kfnL, g] jf/ L, tfdfË, z] kf{, / fO{ / lnDa" efiff oxfF
af] lng] efiffx¿ x'g\ . o; If] qsf du/ / u'?Ësf] klg cf–cfˆgf] efiff xf] nf, t/
d} n] pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] efiff af] n] sf] ;'g] sf] 5'Og . tL ljleGg hfthfltx¿sf
cf–cfˆg} wd{, k/ Dk/ f / rf8kj{x¿ 5g\ . jif} {el/ ljleGg rf8kj{x¿ dgfOg]
ul/ G5 . a} zfv k"l0f{dfdf kg] { a'4 hoGtL, bxL–lrp/ f vfg] c;f/ sf] kGw|,
n'tf] KofFSg] ;fpg] ;+qmflGt, ufO{ hfqf / lxn] hfqfsf kj{x¿, s[i0f hGdfi6dL,
dlxnfx¿sf] kj{ tLh, bz} +–ltxf/ , ;taLp 5g] { kj{, ls/ fFtx¿sf] kj{ pef} +nL
/ pwf} +nL -;fs] nf_Ù tfdfË, z] kf{ / u'?Ëx¿sf] kj{ Nxf] ;f/ , df3] ;+qmflGt,
kmfu' k"l0f{df / r} t] bz} + -/ fdgjdL_ cflb rf8kj{x¿n] ;d[4 5 of] If] q .
o;/ L ljleGg hfthflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt, k/ Dk/ f / rf8kj{x¿sf] ;+ud ag] /
d':s'/ fO/ x] sf] b] Vg ;lsG5 r} gk'/ nfO{ .
o; If] qdf a;f] af; ug] { ;a} hfthfltn] pko'{Qm rf8kj{x¿ / ltgdf
jf;' zdf{

{
cfwfl/ t d] nf–hfqfx¿ ;femf ¿kdf dgfpg] oxfFsf] k/ Dk/ f / xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
a'4 hoGtL r}gk'/ ahf/ sf a'4dfuL{ zfSo ;d'bfon] dfq dgfpg] ub} {gg\ . clkt'
cGo ;a} ;d'bfosf dflg;sf nflu klg of] plQs} dxTjk"0f{, pNnf;do / ckgTj
´lNsg] wfld{s kj{sf] ¿kdf / x]sf] 5 . dnfO{ ;Demgf 5, d :s"n] ljBfyL{ 5Fbf
xfdL a'4sf ;Gb]z n]lvPsf Kn]sf8{ / a'4 laxf/ sf] em08f af]s]/ nfda4 eO{
ahf/ kl/ qmdf uYof} + / a'4 laxf/ df k'uL bLk k|HHjng / a'4 ehg ;lsPkl5
cg] s dgf] / ~hgfTds Pjd\ k|lt:kwf{Tds lqmofsnfkx¿df ;l/ s x'GYof} + .
To:t} , / fO{x¿sf] kj{ GjfuL klg ;femf kj{ ag] sf] 5 o; If] qdf .
g] jf/ ;d'bfosf] kj{sf ¿kdf kl/ lrt ufO{hfqfdf b'O{–tLg lbg;Dd ;a}
hflt ;d'bfosf dflg;sf] 7"nf] eL8 nfUg] ub{5 . lbge/ ufO{hfqfsf] / dfOnf]
x] / L / fte/ 6'Fl8v] n, ljBfnosf k|fË0f / d"n af6fx¿df lnDa" ;d'bfosf
o'jf–o'jtLx¿n] xftdf xft ;dfO{ ljlzi6 nosf] uLt ufpFb} wfggfr u/ ] sf]
b[Zo cem} klg cfFvf cl3lNt/ emNemnL cfO/ x] 5 . ufO{hfqfsf] ef] lnkN6
dgfOg] lxn] hfqfdf uf] ? gf/ ] sf] Ù xnL, afp;] / / f] kf/ x¿sf] clego ub} {
wfg / f] kfOFsf] emfFsL k|:t't x'g] x'Fbf of] ls;fgx¿sf] ;femf kj{ x'g] ub{5 .
hfthflt / wd{sf] s'g} e] b / xFb} g . To:t} , bz} +df nfUg] l;4sfnLsf] d] nf,
afnf rt'b{zLsf] ;taLp 5g] { lbg nfUg] afg] Zj/ sf] d] nf / cem vf;u/ L
afg] Zj/ sf] 8fF8f] df 8f] sfsf 8f] sf ;'Gtnf n8fpg] d] nf, afn] Zj/ u'kmfdf nfUg]
d] nf, kmfu' k"l0f{dfsf] lkRsf/ L / / Ëkj{sf] / dfOnf] Pjd\ / fdgjdLdf nfUg] / fd] gL
d] nf To:tf pNn] Vo d] nf–
kj{x¿ x'g\, h;df ;a}
hfthflt / ;d'bfon]
pT;fxk"j{s efu lng]
ub{5g\ . t'lDnË6f/ sf]
dgsfdgfdf nfUg] d] nfdf
ufOg] …jfl/ hd'gf kfl/
hd'gf, hd'gfsf] k] mb} df
dgsfdgfÚ eGg] uLt t
b] z} el/ nf] slk|o ag] sf]
oyfy{ ;a} nfO{ 1ft ePs}
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

s'/ f xf] .
o;/ L ljleGg hfthflt / efiff–;+:s[ltsf] wgL r} gk'/ ahf/ / o;sf]
;] / f] k] m/ f] df cfof] hgf x'g] ;a} kj{, d] nf / hfqfx¿ ;femf k/ Dk/ fsf ¿kdf
cEof; x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . Pp6f ax';f+:s[lts ;dfhdf of] o:tf] Pp6f
;sf/ fTds s8L xf] Ù h;n] ;fdflhs Pstf, ;b\efj / ;xcl:tTjnfO{
dha't agfpg] ub{5 . ToxL d] ;f] df lj=;+= @)&! sf] lxn] hfqfsf] lel8of]
lSnk x] bf{ ;fdflhs PstfnfO{ cem dha't agfpg ;femf kj{sf ¿kdf
dgfOPsf] kfPF . lel8of] df b] lvPsf b[Zox¿nfO{ zAbdf o;/ L lrq0f ubf{
a'‰g ;lhnf] xf] nf . ;a} eGbf klxnf nfv] gfr b] lvG5 eg] To;kl5 qmdzM
cf–cfˆgf] e] ife"iff / afhfufhf ;lxt g] jf/ , tfdfË, z] kf{, / fO{, du/ , a|fXd0f–
If] qL / lnDa" ;d'bfosf uLt, ehg Pjd\ gfrx¿ b] Vg kfOG5 . lel8of]
lSnk ;ls+bf ;xefuLx¿sf] n:s/ ;lsPsf] x'Fb} g . To;} n] lel8of] lSnkdf
;dfj] z x'g 5'6] sf cGo ;xefuLx¿ klg xf] nfg\ eg] / cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf of] hfqf÷d] nfsf] k[i7e"ld s'g} vf; ;d'bfo;Fu
ufFl;Psf] x'g ;S5 . t/ , o;n] ;fdflhs ¿k wf/ 0f ul/ ;s] sf] / o; If] qsf
;a} hg;d'bfosf] ;femf kj{sf ¿kdf ljsl;t eO;s] sf] oyfy{nfO{ s;} n]
klg gsfg{ ;Sb} g . To;dfly ;femf kj{sf ¿kdf ul/ Psf] Jojl:yt cfof] hgf
t cem ;dfhnfO{ Pstfa4 ug{ / ;a} hfthflt / ;d'bfoaLr cfk;L
;Ddfg, ;b\efj, eft[Tj / ;xcl:tTjnfO{ dha't agfpg cf} Pstfsf] ;Gb] z
k|jfx ug{ Pp6f sf] z] 9'Ëfsf] ¿kdf / x] sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
;f+:s[lts ax'ntf ePsf] ;dfhdf o:tf kj{–d] nfx¿ ;femf w/ f] x/ sf
¿kdf ljsf; ePsf 5g\ . of] r} gk'/ If] qsf] dfq xf] Og ls ;+;f/ df hxfF–hxfF
ljleGg hfthflt / ;d'bfo Ps ;fy a:5g\, / xG5g\Ù ToxfF–ToxfF Pstfsf]
;"qwf/ aGg] u/ ] sf] kfOG5 . r} gk'/ sf] of] ;femf lxn] hfqfsf] cfof] hgnfO{
n08gsf] gl6Ëlxn sflg{en;Fu t'ngf u/ ] / x] g{ ;lsG5 . x/ ] s jif{ cui6sf]
clGtd ;ftf tLg lbg;Dd dgfOg] n08gsf] gl6Ëlxn sflg{en o:t} Pp6f
;femf kj{sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . a] nfot / cem vf;u/ L n08g
zx/ Pp6f ax';f+:s[lts b] z jf zx/ xf] . oxfF ;+;f/ sf k|foM ;a} efunfO{
k|ltlglwTj ug] { dflg; a;f] af; ub{5g\ . :jfefljs ¿kdf oxfF ljleGg wd{,
;+:s[lt / hfqf, d] nf, kj{x¿sf] cl:tTj 5 . tyflk gl6Ëlxn sflg{ensf]
jf;' zdf{

;femfkgn] ;d'bfoaLrdf ;fdLKotf, ;b\efj / Pstf sfod ug{ dxTjk"0f{
of] ubfg k'¥ofPsf] tYonfO{ ;a} kIfaf6 dx;"; ul/ Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf] Oltxf;
vf] Hb} hfFbf afy{nf] Do" / ;fpbjfs d] nfh:tf :6«L6 k] ml:6enx¿ !*cf} +
ztfJbLdf lyP eGg] k9\g kfOP tfklg ;g\ !(^) sf] bzssf] dWob] lv dfq
gl6Ëlxn sflg{ensf] cfof] hgf x'g yfn] sf] b] lvG5 . d"n ¿kdf Sof/ ] laog
dxs cfpg] of] kj{df kl5Nnf] cjlwdf / } yfg] nufot cGo ;d'bfosf] klg
;xeflutf a9\g yfn] sf] 5 . x/ ] s jif{ bz nfvsf] xf/ fxf/ Ldf dflg;sf]
pkl:ylt x'g yfn] sf] of] kj{ ljZjs} 7"nf kj{x¿ dWo] df kb{5 . o:tf]
hfqf÷d] nfsf] ;f+:s[lts dfq xf] Og, cfly{s dxTj ;d] t x'g] s'/ f gl6Ëlxn
sflg{en–@))@ n] a] nfotL cy{tGqdf cg'dflgt (=# s/ f] 8 :6ln{Ë kfp08
a/ fa/ sf] of] ubfg u/ ] sf] tYofÍ n08g l8enKd] G6 Ph] G;Lsf] k|ltj] bg–@))#
n] pNn] v u/ ] af6 k|i6 x'G5 .
n08gsf] gl6Ëlxn sflg{en / r} gk'/ sf hfqf÷kj{x¿sf aLrdf Ps
dxTjk"0f{ ;dfgtf kfpg ;lsG5 . Tof] s] xf] eg] , oL b'a} 7fpFsf hfqf÷kj{x¿n]
ljleGg ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ldsf hg;d'bfonfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf cfslif{t ub{5g\ /
Ps} ynf] df ljleGg ;f+:s[lts emfFsLsf] k|bz{gL ug] { cj;/ k|bfg ub{5g\ .
ljleGg ;d'bfox¿ aLrsf] o:tf] ;fdLKotfn] ;fdflhs ;b\efj / Pstfsf]
clej[l4 ug] { ub{5 . dfly j0f{g ul/ Psf] r} gk'/ sf] ;femf lxn] hfqfn] s]
dxTjk"0f{ ;Gb] z lbPsf] 5 eg] , g] kfnL hgtf hftLo, wfld{s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts
ljljwtfo'Qm eP tfklg Pstf, ;b\efj / ;xcl:tTjsf] hLjg k4ltnfO{
?rfpF5g\Ù hflt, wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf gfddf ljefhgsf/ L cl:tTjdf xf] Og .
t;y{ hfthflt, wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] gfddf ljefhgsf/ L / fhgLltsf] s'g} eljio
5} g . o:tf] ljefhgsf/ L / fhgLltnfO{ dfWod agfP/ cfˆgf] b'gf] ;f] ‰ofpg
kNs] sf / cjgltsf] dlt ePsf / fhgLlts bnx¿sf] klg s'g} eljio 5} g
eGg] k|i6 ;Gb] z o;n] lbPsf] 5 .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

gu/ kflnsf / ljsf;sf
dfkb08x¿
lj=
;+= @)&! df ;/ sf/ n] gu/ kflnsfx¿ yKg] qmddf r}gk'/ gu/ kflnsf
klg Pp6f k/ ]5 . of] ;dfrf/ k9]/ Ps} ;fy v'zL / k|Zgsf nx/ x¿
bf}l8P dgdf . v'zL o; cy{df ePF ls, d]/ f] hGdynf] ] ca ufpFaf6 gu/ df
plSnP5 . kfFrj6f ufpF ljsf; If]qx¿ ufe]/ agfOPsf] Pp6f gu/ kflnsfn]
ca l;Ë} r}gk'/ 8fF8f]nfO{ Pp6} 5ftfd'lg NofP5 . ca PsLs[t ¿kdf l;Ë} r}gk'/
8fF8f]sf] ljsf;sf] lrq sf]g{ / k|ultkydf nlDsg ;lhnf] x'g] eP5 . d]/ f] dgdf
bf}l8Psf] v'zLsf] nx/ nfO{ r'gf}lt lb+b} ljleGg k|Zgx¿ klg ;Fu;Fu} bf}l8P .
oL k|Zgx¿ s] jn r} gk'/ gu/ kflnsfsf] xsdf dfq xf] Og, ;a} gj3f] lift
gu/ kflnsfsf] xsdf klg plQs} nfu" x'G5g\ . dgdf bf} l8Psf k|Zgx¿ o:tf
5g\ — uflj;af6 gu/ kflnsf ePkl5 hgtfnfO{ s] s:tf] km/ s k5{ <
hLjg:t/ df s'g} ;'wf/ cfpF5 ls < hgtfsf] cfozlSt a9\5 ls a9\b} g
< ?U0f cj:yfdf / x] sf] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ df ;'wf/ cfpF5 < hg:jf:Yosf]
cj:yfdf km/ s knf{, gknf{ < ls;fgx¿n] cfˆgf] s[lif pkhsf] ;xL d"No
/ ahf/ e] 6\nfg\ < ;8s, ljB't, l;+rfO{ / ;~rf/ h:tf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; /
:t/ f] Gglt gu/ kflnsLo dfkb08x¿ cg'¿k xf] nfg\ t < cflb OToflb .
gu/ f] Gd'v r} gk'/ n] eb|k'/ gu/ Lsf] pbf;Lg syfaf6 kf7 l;Sg' kb{5 eGg]
dnfO{ nfUb5 . / , To:tf] pbf;Lgtf gbf] xf] l/ of] ;\ elgsg ;r] t oTgx¿ ul/ g
cfjZos 5 . Ps ;dosf] ef/ t;Fusf] Ps k|d'v Jofkfl/ s gfsf / x] sf]
eb|k'/ gu/ Lsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s rxnkxnsf af/ ] df b] Vg gkfP klg ;'g] sf]
eg] 5' . To:tf] u'Nhf/ gu/ kl5 ;'Sof] / latf{df] 8–sfFs/ le§f hf] l8P/ v'n] sf]
jf;' zdf{

k"j{–klZrd / fhdfu{sf sf/ 0fn] ;'Sof] eg] / bf] if nufP/ lrQ a'emfP – eb|k'/
gu/ jf;Ln] . s] t / fhdfu{s} sf/ 0fn] eb|k'/ gu/ ;'s] sf] xf] t < dnfO{ nfU5,
xf] Og . ;f] rsf] l;+rg x'g g;s] / ;'s] sf] xf] eb|k'/ . cu|ult lng] ljrf/ sf]
v8] / L k/ ] / ;'s] sf] xf] eb|k'/ . eb|k'/ gu/ kflnsfsf] d d] o/ jf pkd] o/ jf
;b:o x'F eg] / vf] Sb} df dfq eb|k'/ cufl8 a9\g ;Sb} g . d eb|k'/ gu/ jf;L
x'F jf d oxfFsf] a'l4hLjL x'F jf / fhgLltsdL{ x'F jf kqsf/ x'F jf o:t} cGo
wfs nfP/ dfq} eb|k'/ sf] u'Nhf/ kmls{g] jfnf 5} g . To;} u/ L, unulnof hf] 8\g]
d] rL k'nsf] lgdf{0f afx] s csf] { ljsNk 5} g eGg] afnx7sf] / f] bgn] dfq
aGb} g – eb|k'/ .
eb|k'/ gu/ Lsf Jofkfl/ s, cf} Bf] lus, ef} uf] lns, P] ltxfl;s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts
ljz] iftfx¿ klg t xf] nfg\ lg . lsrsaw h:tf kf} / fl0fs÷P] ltxfl;s s'/ fx¿nfO{
eb|k'/ n] pkof] u ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . o:tf ljleGg ljlzi6 cfsif{0fx¿sf] ljsf;
jf k'gl;{h{gf ug{ ;s] df eb|k'/ sf] e|d0f ug] {x¿sf] ;+Vof kSs} klg a9\g] 5 .
ha dflg;sf] cfjfudgdf a[l4 x'G5, ta :jfefljs ¿kdf rxnkxn
a9\g] 5 . To;f] ePdf eb|k'/ sf] Jofkfl/ s ultljlw a9\g yfNg] 5 / unulnof
hf] 8\g] d] rL k'nsf] lgdf{0fn] eb|k'/ jf;Lsf] ;kgf dfq k"/ f geP/ / fi6«sf nflu
;d] t cfsif{s cfod"ns of] hgf aGg hfG5 .
eb|k'/ n] ;sf/ fTds kf7 l;Sg ldNg] n08gsf] Ps k'g/ f] bLodfg gu/ L
plnrsf af/ ] df yf] / } rrf{ ug{ rfxG5' . plnr Pp6f ax'hftLo Pjd\
ax';f+:s[lts gu/ L xf] , eb|k'/ h:t} . :yfgLo lgsfo / f] on a/ f] ckm\ lu|lgrsf]
;b/ d'sfd xf] – plnr ahf/ . of] gu/ L y] D;\ gbLsf] lsgf/ df cjl:yt 5 .
y] D;\ gbL dfgj kf} / vaf6 lgld{t Pp6f ljzfn gbL xf] , hf] ;d'b|;Fu hf] l8Psf]
5 . of] gbLdf 7"n7"nf kfgLhxfhb] lv gf} sf ljxf/ sf ;–;fgf 8'Ëfx¿ klg
k|z:t} b] Vg kfOG5 . n08g dxfgu/ Lsf] blIf0f–k"jL{ s'gf] df kg] { plnrnfO{
;8såf/ f y] D;\ kfl/ sf] ;] G6«n n08g;Fu hf] 8\g] Pp6f ;'?Ë dfu{ (Tunnel)
/ Pp6f km] / L (Ferry) dfq 5g\, h'g cfhsf] 6«flkmssf nflu kof{Kt 5} gg\ .
To;} n] , yk Pp6f ;'?Ë dfu{ / Pp6f k'n lgdf{0fsf nflu lu|lgr sfplG;nn]
;/ sf/ nfO{ bafa lbg cleofg ;~rfng (Campaigning) ul/ / x] sf] 5 .
d o; gu/ Ldf cfP/ a:g yfn] sf] gf} jif{ hlt eof] . d oxfF cfpFbf
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

tfsfsf] -;g\ @))^_ / cfhsf] plnrdf w] / } km/ s 5 . n08gleqs} Ps
gu/ L eP klg / ljlzi6 P] ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld eP klg cf] em] ndf k/ ] sf] h:tf]
nfUYof] of] ahf/ Ù ljsf; lgdf{0fdf kl5 k/ ] sf] h:tf] nfUYof] . t/ lat] sf *–!)
jif{df oxfF y'k|} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx¿ ePsf 5g\ . gu/ sf] s] Gb|df / x] sf]
kfs{nfO{ ;'wf/ u/ L afn qmL8f:yn / Ps a8] dfsf] ;fj{hlgs 6] lnlehg
;lxt nf] enfUbf] agfOPsf] 5 . ;8s / rf] sx¿df ul/ Psf] Jofks ;'wf/ n]
Pp6f ;kmf gu/ sf] klxrfg lng yfn] sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf gofF nufgLnfO{
cfsif{0f ug{ sfplG;n ;kmn ePsf] 5 / 6] :sf] cf} l6s] DofS;\ h:tf 7"nf
r] g ;'k/ dfs] {6x¿ oxL cjlwdf v'n] sf 5g\ .
ck/ fw lgoGq0f / zflGt ;'/ Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu klg dgUu] sfdx¿
eO/ x] sf 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/ L t gd"gfsf nflu oxfF k|:t't ul/ Psf] lrqn]
g} k|i6 kfb{5 . To:t} , jif] {gL cfof] hgf ul/ g] ljleGg kj{–d] nfx¿ / ePsf
k"jf{wf/ x¿sf] k'gof] {hgf u/ L
cfsif{0f j[l4 ul/ Psf] 5 .
o;/ L gofF cfsif{0fsf ¿kdf
k'glj{sf; ul/ Psf] sfdsf]
pbfx/ 0f xf] – gy{ lu|lgrdf
ePsf] cf] 6' Pl/ gf (O2
Arena), hf] klxnf ldn] lgod
8f] dsf] gfdn] lrlgGYof] /
Pp6f c;kmn of] hgfsf]
¿kdf lnOGYof] . xfn oxfF
s] j'nsf/ klg yk ul/ Psf]
5, hf] y] D;\ gbLnfO{ kf/ ub{5Ù hf] Pp6f / fd|f] cfsif{0f ag] sf] 5 . o;/ L
plnr / o;sf] cf;kf;sf If] qx¿sf] k'glj{sf; (Regeneration) sf] sfdn]
plnr Ps k'g/ f] bLodfg gu/ Lsf] ¿kdf cufl8 al9/ x] sf] 5 . clxn] of]
gu/ Ldf cfsif{0fsf] j[l4 o;/ L ePsf] 5 ls, ljut Ps–8] 9 jif{ otf oxfF 3/
lsGg] x¿sf] ;+Vof XjfQ} a9] sf] kfOG5 / 3/ sf] d"No o; cjlwdf %) b] lv
^) k|ltzt;Dd a9\g uPsf] 5 . ;+/ rgf, ;'ljwf / cfsif{0fx¿sf] k'glj{sf;
/ zflGt ;'Joj:yfsf] clej[l4 g} To:tf cGtlg{lxt sf/ 0fx¿ x'g\, h;n] ubf{
jf;' zdf{

n08gleqsf] Ps cfsif{s gu/ Lsf] ¿kdf plnrsf] k'g/ f] bo x'g yfn] sf] xf] .
plnrsf] k'g/ f] bo eP em} + eb|k'/ sf] klg k'g/ f] bosf] ;Defjgf gePsf]
xf] Og . t/ , of] cfkm} + x'g] s'/ f xf] Og . ;f] rn] l;+rg ug{ ;Sg' k¥of] , hfFu/ /
kf} / vsf] nufgL ug'{ k¥of] Ù lsrsaw h:tf kf} / fl0fs÷P] ltxfl;s :ynx¿nfO{
ko{6sLo cfsif{0fsf ¿kdf k'glj{sf; ug'{ k¥of] . ck/ fw lgoGq0f / zflGt
;'/ Iffsf] l:yltdf Jofks ;'wf/ u/ L eb|k'/ n] klg cfk"mnfO{ Ps gd"gf gu/ Lsf
¿kdf ljsf; ub} { k'/ fgf] u'Nhf/ / / f} gs kmsf{pg ;S5 . lrqdf b] lvPsf]
plnr gu/ Ldf ck/ fw lgoGq0f ;DaGwL k|:t'lt em} + eb|k'/ gu/ L;Fu klg
ck/ fw lgoGq0f ;DaGwL ;uf} / j k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] s'g} cf+s8f jf eP–u/ ] sf
s'g} gd"gfof] Uo sfo{ 5g\ < olb 5g\ eg] ltgnfO{ o;} u/ L hfgsf/ Ld"ns
9Ën] k|:t't ug'{ k¥of] . t/ , d} n] t pN6} s] ;'g] sf] 5' eg] zflGt–;'/ Iffsf
nflu vl6Psf k|x/ L clws[t cfk} +m t:s/ L lgoGq0fsf gfddf sdfpwGbfdf
nfu] sf 5g\ / ] Û gu/ df zflGt–;'/ Iff :yflkt ug{eGbf t:s/ x¿;Fusf] ltgsf]
a;p7n] gu/ sf] zflGt–;'/ Iff Pjd\ t:s/ L lgoGq0fdf r'gf} lt v8f ePsf] 5
/ ] . eb|k'/ sf s] xL slyt enfb\dL / e|i6 7'6] g] tfx¿sf] cf8e/ f] ;fdf zflGt–
;'/ IffnfO{ v] nfpFb} To:tf e|i6 k|x/ L clws[tx¿n] …sfn] –sfn] ldn] / vfpmF
efn] Ú rl/ tfy{ ul/ / x] sf 5g\ eGg] ;'g] sf] 5' . k|x/ L clws[t cfpF5g\, hfG5g\Ù
t/ gu/ sf] zflGt–;'/ Iff t gu/ jf;Lsf] cfwf/ e"t cfjZostf xf] . t;y{,
t:s/ sf dltof/ / / fhZjdf/ f To:tf e|i6 k|x/ Lx¿nfO{ va/ bf/ L ub} { af] qm]
enfb\dL / csd{0o 7'6] g] tfx¿nfO{ ;d] t lg:t] h kfb} { gu/ sf] zflGt–;'/ Iff
sfod ug{ cleofg rnfpg cfjZos 5 – eb|k'/ sf ;r] t gful/ sx¿n] .
dfgj kf} / vn] n08gsf] ljzfn y] D;\ gbL lgdf{0f x'g ;Sb5 eg] eb|k'/
gu/ kflnsfn] klg b] plgof / xFl8of vf] nfnfO{ 7"nf] agfpg g;s] klg gf} sf
ljxf/ ug{ ldNg] u/ L gofF cfsif{0fsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ t ;Snf lg < latf{df] 8
/ sfFs/ le§fsf] sf/ 0fn] eb|k'/ 5fofFdf k¥of] eGg] lg/ fzfhgs dgl:yltnfO{
k/ f:t ug{;Sg' kb{5, eb|k'/ gu/ af;Ln] . Pp6f 9f] sf aGb eP klg c? ;of} +
9f] sfx¿ v'Nn} x'G5g\ eGg] ;fdfGo 1fgnfO{ dgg ug{ cfjZos 5 . ;w} + el/
aGb 9f] sfnfO{ dfq} x] / ] / v] b dfGb} v'Nnf 9f] sfx¿ tkm{ cfFvf k'¥ofpg la;{g
x'Gg eGg] tYonfO{ dg dl:tisdf ptfg{ cfjZos x'G5 .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

plnr / eb|k'/ em} + r} gk'/ klg Oltxf;sf] Ps sfnv08df cf] em] ndf
k/ ] sf] Pp6f ;'Gb/ gu/ L xf] . lhNnfsf] ;b/ d'sfd vfFbaf/ L ;fl/ Pkl5 ljut
rf/ –kfFr bzsb] lv dl0f x/ fPsf] ;k{ em} + nfl6of] – r} gk'/ . eb|k'/ af;Ln]
unulnof hf] 8\g] d]rL k'ndf dfq 3t x]/ ] em} + r}gk'/ af;Ln] klg ;b/ d'sfdsf] Psf]xf]/ f]
/ 6 nufO/ x] / ;Defjgfsf cGo v'Nnf 9f]sfx¿ tkm{ b[li6 k'¥ofpg lal;{P . ca
clxn] cfP/ r}gk'/ gu/ kflnsf x'g] eP5 . o;af6 r}gk'/ af;L v'zL x'g' :jfefljs
5 . k|ultsf af6fx¿ v'Nnfg\ eg]/ cfzf ug' { :jfefljs x'G5 . t/ , k|Zg s] xf] eg]
gu/ kflnsf aGb}df ljsf;sf 9f]sfx¿ :jtM v'N5g\ t < gu/ kflnsfsf ljsf;sf
dfkb08x¿ s]–s] x'g\ < ca gu/ kflnsf ePkl5 cfDaf]6] jf ltgvf]k| ] jf vflDnËdf
Pp6f sRrL 3/ agfpg klg gS;fkf;sf] 3grSs/ df hgtfn] ;f:tL v]Kg'kg] { xf]
ls < jf, ;du| ljsf;sf] u'?of]hgf agfP/ r}gk'/ gu/ kflnsf cufl8 a9\g] xf] .
eb|k'/ n] dfq xf]Og, r}gk'/ n] klg plnrsf] k'g/ f]bosf] syfaf6 lzIff lng' kb{5
eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 . ljsf;sf ;a} ;Defjgfx¿df b[li6 k'¥ofpg ;Sg' kb{5 .
ef}lts ;+/ rgfut ljsf; dfq xf]OgÙ lzIff, ko{6g / cfly{s t/ SsLsf nflu
oy]i6 cj;/ x¿sf] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
ut jif{ r} gk'/ k'Ubf cfk"mn] klxn] 5f] 8] sf] r} gk'/ eGbf y'k|} kl/ jt{gx¿
ePsf] kfPF . ;sf/ fTds / gsf/ fTds b'a} vfn] kl/ jt{gx¿ b] v] + . ;sf/ fTds
kl/ jt{g b] lvPsf s'/ fx¿df ;8s oftfoft, ljB't / ;~rf/ sf] ljsf; lyP .
gsf/ fTds kl/ jt{gdf rKn] 6L 9'Ëf la5ØfPsf] ahf/ sf] ;'Gb/ cfFugaf6 uf8L
s'bfpg v'6\lsnfx¿ dfl;Psf] kfPF . ;f} Gbo{ df;] / eP klg cfFugd} uf8L
s'bfpg' kg] { s:tf] vfnsf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/ 0ff xf] of] < r} gk'/ sf] klxrfg;Fu
ufFl;Psf] bf/ ] uf} +8fsf] rf} tf/ f] sf] afpGg v'6\lsnf klg ;a} dfl;P5 . b] v] /
b'Mv nfUof] . Ps hgf bftfn] dlGb/ lgdf{0fsf nflu glhs} hUufbfg
ul/ ;s] sf] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg To;nfO{ 5f8] / 6'Fl8v] nnfO{ ;fF3'/ f] kfb} { dlGb/ agfpg
yflnP5 . dlGb/ agfpg' g/ fd|f] sfd xf] Og . t/ , To;nfO{ ;xL 7fpFdf agfpg'
kYof] { eGg] dfq d] / f] dg;fo xf] . ;8ssf] ;'ljwf;Fu} 6«ssf 6«s ;fdfg
cfpF5g\, vGofpF5g\Ù t/ w] / } h;f] l/ Q} kms{G5g\ . tL 6«sx¿nfO{ e/ ] / lkmtf{
k7fpg ;s] k} ;fsf] PstkmL{ alxu{dgnfO{ / f] Sg ;lsGYof] / hgtfsf] cfly{s
l:ylt dha't x'g ;SYof] . cn} +rLn] cf+lzs ¿kdf tL 6«s e/ ] sf] t 5, t/
cn} +rL dfq kof{Kt 5} g – hgtfnfO{ u/ LaLaf6 d'lSt lbnfpg . gj3f] lift r} gk'/
gu/ kflnsfn] o; tkm{ a] n} df Wofg b] cf] ;\ . ko{6g ljsf; h:tf ljsf;sf
jf;' zdf{

s'/ f xf] Og, sfdsf] vf“rf]
…g] tfx¿ s'/ f u5{g\, sfd ub} {gg\Ú – ;To syg .
of]
syg sf7df8f} +, rfjlxnsf …g] kfnL u'un AjfO{Úsf gfdn] rlr{t $
aifL{o afns cflbTo bxfnsf] xf] . lx+88'n ug{ / af] Ng g;Sg] oL
slxNo} :s"n guPsf / n]Vg–k9\g gl;s]sf afnsn] e"t, jt{dfg / eljiosf
af/ ]df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm sfuhdf n]v]/ lbPsf] b[Zosf] ;u/ dfyf
6]lnlehgsf] t];|f] cfFvf sfo{qmdn] tof/ kf/ ]sf] lel8of] lSnk x]g] { cj;/ ldn]sf]
lyof] . ;f] lel8of] lSnkdf cnf}lss af}l4s Ifdtf ePsf elgPsf oL afnsn]
…g]kfndf nf]8z]l8Ë slxn] x6\5

g] tfx¿sf] csd{0otfsf] g} kl/ 0ffd xf] of] . o; ;Gbe{df d} n] k6s–k6s
p7fPsf] ;jfn oxfF Psk6s k] ml/ p7fpF5' . Tof] s] xf] eg] , xfn g] kfnsf
;a} / fhgLlts bnsf] g] t[Tj txdf / x] sf g] tfx¿ sfd ug{ g;Sg] k+u' ;fljt
eO;s] sf 5g\ . tL t s] jn nf] stGq k|flKtsf lglDt cfk"mx¿n] lbPsf]
of] ubfgnfO{ cfhLjg ehfO/ fVg] / kfl/ tf] lifssf ¿kdf s';L{df 6fFl;O/ xg]
/ f] uL dfgl;stfn] u|l;t 5g\ .
g] kfndf cfwf/ e"t / fhg} lts n8fO{+ ;lsPsf] xf] Og / < ;+3Lo nf] stflGqs÷
u0ftflGqs zf;sLo :j¿ksf] / fhg} lts k|0ffnL] :yfkgf eO;s] sf] 5 eg]
;+ljwfg agfpg] s'/ fdf vf] Fr] yfk] / k|fKt pknlJwx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/ 0f lsdfy{
x'g ;Sb} g eGg] s'/ f :jo+l;4 tYo s'/ f xf] . o;sf nflu s'g} HofldtLo jf
ul0ftLo k'i6ØfO{+sf] h?/ t kb} {g . sltj6f k|fGt agfpg] , s] cfwf/ df agfpg] ,
;+;b sltj6f agfpg] , s] –s] gfd lbg] eGg] h:tf s'/ fx¿ k|fljlws s'/ fx¿
x'g\ . To;} df ca klg lvrnf] eO/ xg' b] z tyf hgtfsf] b'ef{Uo xf] / o:tf]
b'ef{Uosf sf/ 0f c? sf] xL xf] Ogg\, / fhgLlts bn / ltgsf g] tfx¿ g} x'g\ .
rf/ jif] { afns cflbTo bxfnn] em} + kbsf nf] eL, lgsDdf / xnf] c8\sfpg]
rl/ qsf ;a} g] tf hltnfO{ dgaf6 avf{:t u/ L k|lta4, hgd'vL / l;h{gzLn
Pjd\ pmhf{zLn / fhg} lts k+lQmn] bx|f] v'§f 6] Sg cfjZos 5 .
ca eg] / fi6«n] t/ SsLsf] dfu{ klxNofpg dfgl;s pmhf{ vkt ug'{ kg] {
a] nf xf] . g] kfn;Fu olt w] / } ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ ls tLdWo] s] xLnfO{ dfq} klg
pkof] u ug{;Sg] xf] eg] ;d'Ggt g] kfnsf] kl/ sNkgf w] / } k/ sf] lrq xf] Og .
cGo ljleGg If] qsf af/ ] df d} n] o; cl3 w] / yf] / rrf{ ul/ ;s] sf] 5' . o;
n] vdf eg] g] kfndf ko{6g ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿sf af/ ] df ;+lIfKt rrf{ ug] {
hdsf] { ub{5' .
g] kfndf xfn;Dd klg d"ntM dfp06] lgol/ Ë, 6«] lsË, ¥oflˆ6Ë h:tf
k/ Dk/ fut If] qx¿nfO{ dfq ko{6gsf cfsif{0fsf ¿kdf k|j4{g / dfs] {l6Ë ug] {
k|j[lQ (Trend) sfod} 5 . gofF ;Defjgf / gofF ;f] rsf nflu vf;} cWoog,
cg';Gwfg / lrGtg–dgg ePsf] b] lv+b} g . h:tf] ls, cfhsf] ef} ltsjfbL
hLjgz} nLsf sf/ 0f ljsl;t jf ljsf;zLn b] zsf dflg;n] cfˆgf] Jo:t
hLjgaf6 5'§L (Break) lnP/ dfgl;s zflGtsf nflu s] xL lbg jf xKtf
jf;' zdf{

JotLt ug{ k|fs[lts Pjd\ ;fdflhs ¿kdf zfGt / / d0fLo 7fpFx¿sf] vf] hL
ug] { qmd lbgfg'lbg a9\bf] 5 . o;sf nflu kf} / fl0fs sfndf Clifd'lgx¿sf]
tkf] e"ld / x] sf] g] kfnsf 8fF8f / y'DsLx¿, lxdfn / kj{tdfnfsf ;'Gb/ zLtn
xfjfkfgL Pjd\ kfvf–kv] / f / kxf8 cf} t/ fO{sf ag–pBfg cf} gbL–t6x¿eGbf
pTs[i6 :yfg sxfF g} vf] Hg' knf{ / < vfFrf] s] jn cfsif{0fsf ¿kdf ltgsf]
ljsf;sf] xf] , cfjZos k"jf{wf/ x¿sf] ljsf;sf] xf] . elg/ xg k/ f] Og ls,
aGb–x8tfnh:tf s'/ fn] ko{6sx¿sf] lgwf{l/ t e|d0f tflnsfnfO{ c;/ kfb{5
/ To:tf] 7fpFdf e|d0f ug{ ko{6sx¿ ?lr / fVb} gg\ . ctM ca klg / fhgLltsf]
gfddf aGb–x8tfnh:tf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cfof] hg ug'{ eg] sf] d'n'snfO{
cufl8 a9\gaf6 / f] Sg' g} xf] . d'n'ssf] ljsf;kydf afwf–Jojwfg v8f ug] {
o:tf] u} / lhDd] jf/ efF8tGqnfO{ Oltxf;n] Ifdf ug] {jfnf 5} g . zflGt–;'/ Iffsf]
;'lglZrttf ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu k"j{zt{ g} xf] .
ut h'nfO{df ef/ tsf k|wfgdGqL g/ ] Gb| df] bLn] g] kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{
;Daf] wg ug] { qmddf ef/ tLo ahf/ nfO{ Wofgdf / fv] / g] kfnn] ko{6g pBf] unfO{
k|j4{g ug] { xf] eg] dgUu] nfe lng ;Sg] ;'emfj lbPsf lyP . df] bLn] o;
k|;+udf af] ln/ xFbf d eg] xl/ a} / fuL bxfnnfO{ emNemnL ;lDem/ x] sf] lyPF .
d} n] pgnfO{ ;Demg'sf] sf/ 0f ko{6g ;DaGwL pgsf] r} gk'/ If] qsf] :yfgLo Pp6f
kl/ sNkgf xf] . em§ ;'Gbf sf] / f sNkgfh:tf] nfUg] pgsf] ljrf/ c;Dej /
oyfy{df ptfg{ g;lsg] eg] lyPg / 5} g klg .
cfheGbf bz–afx| jif{ cufl8sf] s'/ f xf] . Pslbg crfgs xl/ a} / fuL
bxfn sf7df8f} +df d] / f] sfo{sIfdf cfOk'u] . pgL To;tfsf ;+v'jf;ef
lhNnfdf hgdfg;df leh] sf Ps pbLodfg o'jf g] tf lyP . pgn] 7f8} v'§f
dnfO{ …Pp6f k|f] kf] hn n] lvb] pm t bfh'Ú eg] / cg'/ f] w u/ ] . k|f] kf] hn n] Vg d] / f]
snd rNg] ePsfn] g} pgL d;Fu cfPsf lyP . s] sf] nflu s:tf] k|f] kf] hn
rflxof]

klg aHg / f] lsg] 5 / d"lt{ klg ef] lnkN6 ;"of] {bo geP;Ddsf nflu ;'Tg] 5 .
olt ug{ ;lsof] eg] ef/ tsf] tNnf] 5] pb] lvsf ko{6sx¿ ;f] xf] l/ P/ r} gk'/
tk{m pSng] 5g\ . clg sltj6f xf] 6n v'Ng] 5g\, slt / f] huf/ L l;h{gf x'g] 5g\
/ r} gk'/ If] qsf] cfly{s ultljlw s;/ L km/ s kg] {5 eg] / cfkm} + k|i6 5 .Ú
lgs} dxTjfsf+IfL nfUg] pgsf] Tof] ;f] r c;Dej eg] lyPg . xfn ;fFufdf
ag] sf] lzjhLsf] ljzfn d"lt{ / To;n] cfGtl/ s Pjd\ afXo ko{6sx¿nfO{
cfsif{0f ul/ / x] sf] oyfy{n] o;nfO{ klg Ps ;DefJo k|f] h] S6sf ¿kdf g}
k'li6 ub{5 . pgn] cg'/ f] w u/ ] cg';f/ b'O{–rf/ lbg nufP/ d} n] Pp6f k|f] kf] hn
n] v] / pgnfO{ lbPF . pgn] Tof] k|f] kf] hn s] u/ ] , dnfO{ yfxf 5} g . pgL;Fu e] 6] /
To;sf af/ ] df s'/ f ug{ kfPsf] 5'Og . t/ , rf/ jif{ hlt cl3 d r} gk'/ hfFbf
pgn] eg] h:tf] afg] Zj/ sf] yfKnfdf afF;'/ L ahfpg] !$ lkm6 cUnf] t s] , !$
O~rsf] d"lt{ klg :yfkgf ul/ Psf] kfOg . tL rf/ jif] { afns cflbTo bxfnn]
eg] em} + s'/ f eof] , sfd ePg .
ut cui6sf] clGtd ;ftfdf xf] ln8] 6"/ df PD:68{d hfg] cj;/ ldn] sf]
lyof] . g] b/ Nof08\;sf] / fhwfgL PD:68{dnfO{ gx/ / k'nx¿sf] zx/ (City of
Canals and Bridges) eg] / klg lrlgG5 . ;f] zx/ el/ !%) eGbf a9L gx/ x¿
/ ;8sx¿sf nflu gx/ dfly ag] sf s/ La !%)) k'nx¿sf] cfsif{s hfnf]
5 . ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf kg] { s/ La $)) jif{ k"j{ agfOPsf oL gx/ x¿df
5'§L dgfpg] ko{6sx¿sf nflu s] gn q'mhx¿ / fd|f cfsif{0fx¿ x'g\ . d} n]
of] k|;ËnfO{ dfgj kf} / vaf6 o:tf gjl;h{gfx¿ ;Dej 5g\ eGg] b[i6fGt k] z
ug{ sf] 6ØfPsf] x'F . xfdLsxfF klg o:tf cg] sg\ ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ . h:tf] ls
sf7df8f} + pkTosfleq aUg] afudtL, lai0f'dtL, OR5'dtL h:tf gbLgfnfx¿
5g\, h;nfO{ ko{6g cfsif{0fsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ug] { tkm{ ;f] Rg / sfd ug{
cfjZos 5 . kmf] xf] / L / b'u{Gwdo sf7df8f} +df cfpg ko{6sx¿n] lsg kf]
?rfpFnfg\ / < yfxf gkfP/ Psk6s cfOxfn] klg ltgsf] wf/ 0ff s:tf] aGnf
/ ltgn] c? ;DefJo ko{6sx¿nfO{ s:tf] ;'emfj b] nfg\ < ;xh} cg'dfg
nufpg ;lsG5 .
sf7df8f} + pkTosfleqsf oL gbLgfnfx¿nfO{ 9n ldl;gaf6 / f] sL ;kmf /
:jR5 agfpg ;lsG5 / dfgj kf} / våf/ f gf} sf laxf/ ug{ ldNg] ¿kdf ljsf;
jf;' zdf{

ug{ klg ;lsG5 . afudtLnfO{ uf] s0f{b] lv rf] ef/ ;Dd ulx/ f] / km/ flsnf] agfP/
o:tf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;Dej 5 eg] / elg/ xg h?/ t gxf] nf . To;} u/ L,
pkTosfleqsf cGo ;fgf gbLgfnfx¿nfO{ klg kxf8sf] km] bb] lv lgsf;;Dd
o;/ L g} ljsf; ug{ g;lsg] xf] Og . olt ug{ ;s] ko{6sLo cfsif{0f slt
j[l4 x'Fbf] xf] , ;xh} cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu tfTg rflx+ ;/ sf/
tfTg' k¥of] . o:tf] of] hgfdf sfd ug] { xf] eg] zfob ;/ sf/ nfO{ ;xof] uL ldq
/ fi6«x¿af6 ;|f] t k|fKt ug{ klg sl7g gknf{ g} .
ljleGg :jod\;] jL ;d"xåf/ f afudtL ;kmfO{ cleofgsf ;dfrf/ x¿ a] nf
avtdf k9\g kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf sfo{x¿ lgZro g} ;/ fxgLo sfd x'g\ . o:tf
sfo{n] Psflt/ hgtfsf] dgf] efjgfnfO{ k|i6ØfpF5g\ eg] csf{lt/ hgr] tgf
clej[l4 ug{ dxTjk"0f{ of] ubfg k'¥ofpFb5g\ . t/ , o:tf k6s] / :jod\;] jL
sfo{ dfq afudtL / cGo gbLgfnf Pjd\ sf7df8f} + pkTosfnfO{ ;kmf / :jR5
/ fVg kSs} kof{Kt 5} gg\ . of] sfd t / fHon] ug'{ kg] { bfloTjleq kg'{ kg] { xf] .
;/ sf/ / / fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;f] rdf e/ kg] { s'/ f xf] . To;} n] a? g] tfx¿sf]
;f] rnfO{ :jR5 agfpg ltgsf] lbdfusf] ;kmfO ug{ rflx+ a9L h?/ L b] lvG5 .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

e|i6frf/ sf] bnbn
n08gaf6 k|sflzt x'g] Ps / fli6«o b} lgssf] @)!$ ;] K6] Da/ # tfl/ vsf]
cÍdf e|i6frf/ sf sf/ 0f ljZjsf ljkGg / fi6«x¿n] jflif{s * l6«lnog
-*) va{_ :6ln{Ë kfp08 a/ fa/ sf] / fhZj u'dfpg' kl/ / x] sf] tYofÍ ;lxtsf]
Pp6f ;+lIfKt ;dfrf/ k9\g kfOPsf] lyof] . ;f] ;+lIfKt ;dfrf/ sf cg';f/ e|i6
g]tf / Jofkf/ Lx¿n] s/ sf] 5nL ug] { / ;DklQ n'sfpg] sfo{åf/ f o:tf] ljzfn
cfsf/ sf] e|i6frf/ ePsf] pNn]v u/ ]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lj/ f]wL ;+:yf jfg (ONE)
sf] l/ kf]6{sf] xjfnf lb+b} ;f] ;dfrf/ df n]lvPsf] 5– æolb s/ 5nLnfO{ dfq / f]Sg]
xf] eg] klg #^ nfv d[To'nfO{ aif] {gL / f] syfd ug{ ;lsGYof] .Æ
e|i6frf/ sf] of] / sd t s] jn s/ sf] 5nL / ;DklQ n'sfpg] sfo{;Fu dfq
;Lldt 5 . 3';vf] / L, cj} w sldzgvf] / L, ah] 6df ul/ Psf] lxgfldgf, lgdf{0f
7] s] bf/ x¿af6 lgDg u'0f:t/ sf] sfd u/ L ePsf] 3f] 6fnf, pkef] Uo ;fdu|Ldf
ePsf] ldnfj6 h:tf e|i6frf/ sf ;a} kIfsf] lx;fa ;d] t hf] 8\g] xf] eg]
cf+s8f slt eofjx xf] nf < cGo b] zsf] s] s'/ f, cfˆg} b] zleq e|i6frf/ Ps
;+:s[ltsf] ¿kdf JofKt ePsf] tYo huhfx] / 5 . :s"n] ljBfyL{ 5Fbf ;d'b|sf]
5fn uGg] sfddf klg 3'; vfPsf] syf ;'g] sf] lyPF . kl5, o'jfsfndf ufO{
sf08, un} +rf sf08, hxfh v/ L b sf08 cflb cflbsf syfn] cvaf/ sf
kfgfx¿ el/ Psf] klg kl9Ps} xf] . sf] zL, u08sL, dxfsfnL / s0ff{nL
a] lrPsf] tYo klg g] kfnsf] Oltxf;df bh{ ePsf 5g\ . t/ fO{df s'g} Pp6f
dfnbf/ k|f] h] S6sf] xflsdn] sfuhdf df5fkf] v/ L vg] / ah] 6 ‰jfd\ kf/ ] sf] /
To;kl5 cfpg] xflsdn] vGb} gvlgPsf] , t/ sfuhdf b] lvPsf] ;f] kf] v/ L
cg'ko'Qm ePsf] sfuhL tf/ tDo ldnfO{ sfuhd} k'g] { sfd u/ L csf] { Psk6s
k] ml/ / sd x;'/ ] sf] syf klg ;'lgPs} xf] Û
jf;' zdf{

ljkGg / fi6«x¿sf] e|i6frf/ sf] pko'{Qm cf+s8f b] v] kl5 cfˆg} d'n'ssf]
xfnt rflx+ s] 5 t eGg] lh1f;f hfUg' :jfefljs} xf] . To;} n] g] kfndf
e|i6frf/ sf] l:ylt af/ ] vf] hL ug{ OG6/ g] 6leq l5/ ] + . OG6/ g] 6df vf] hL ug{
l5/ ] kl5 ;j{k|yd k] mnf kf/ ] +– lb lxdfnogsf] @)!# l8;] Da/ # df / flvPsf]
Ps ;+lIfKt ;dfrf/ ljZn] if0f, h;sf] zLif{s 5– …g] kfn cem} klg clt
e|i6 b] zx¿ dWo] dfÚ . 6«fG;kf/ ] G;L OG6/ g] zgnsf] e|i6frf/ af] ws ;"rs
(Corruptions Perception Index – CPI) @)!# sf] k|ltj] bgnfO{ pNn] v ub} { ;f]
;dfrf/ ljZn] if0fdf n] lvPsf] 5 – !&& j6f b] zx¿ dWo] g] kfn !!^ cf} +
:yfgsf] e|i6 b] zdf kb{5, h;df ! ;a} eGbf / fd|f] / !&& ;a} eGbf vQd xf] .
To:t} , ljleGg ;LkLcfOx¿sf cfwf/ df ) b] lv !)) sf] :s] ndf g] kfnsf]
k|fKtfÍ #! 5 . h;df ) ;a} eGbf e|i6 / !)) ;a} eGbf :jR5 xf] . %) eGbf
sd k|fKtfÍ x'g] b] z clt e|i6sf] ;"rLdf kg] { s'/ f klg ;f] k|ltj] bgnfO{ cfwf/
dfGb} pQm ;+lIfKt ;dfrf/ ljZn] if0fn] hgfPsf] 5 .
;f] k|ltj] bgsf cg';f/ ;g\ @)!@ sf] t'ngfdf @)!# df g] kfnsf]
e|i6frf/ sf] ;"rsdf s] xL ;'wf/ ePsf] b] lvG5 . @)!@ df !&^ b] zdWo]
g] kfn !#( cf} + :yfgsf] vQd e|i6 b] z lyof] eg] k|fKtfÍ klg @& dfq
lyof] . t/ , !)) ?k} ofFsf] 7fpFdf (^ ?k} ofF dfq vfg yfn] 5g\ e|i6x¿n]
eg] / ;Gtf] if ug{ ldNnf / < o:tf] lemgf] ;'wf/ sf sf/ 0fx¿ dWo] df clVtof/
b'?kof] u cg';Gwfg cfof] usf] ;lqmotf Pp6f sf/ 0fsf ¿kdf pNn] v 5 .
s] t clVtof/ n] :ofaf;L g} kfpg] u/ L sfd yfn] sf] xf] t < o;sf] hjfkm
k] m;a'sdf k] mnf k/ ] sf] sf6'{lgi6 jf;' lIflthsf] Pp6f sf6'{glrqn] / fd|} ;Fu lbPsf]
5 . pSt sf6'{glrqn] clVtof/ sf] cfFvfdf s] xL lgDg:t/ sf sd{rf/ Lx¿
k/ ] sf eP klg g] tf, dGqL, ;lrj / cGo pRrkb:y e|i6 sd{rf/ LnfO{ b] Vg
clVtof/ n] OGsf/ u/ ] sf] tYo tkm{ cf} +NofPsf] 5 .
g] tf / pRrkb:y sd{rf/ Lx¿nfO{ 5'g] cfF6 5 t clVtof/ ;Fu < TolQs}
xf] nf . kf6L{ / g] tfnfO{ t] n nufP/ clVtof/ sf xflsd ag] sf JolStn] ltg}
g] tfx¿ tk{m clVtof/ sf] nf7f] lsg kf] t] :of{pFy] / < a? pN6} ltgsf] arfjdf
cg] s s;/ t unf{g\ . gq eg] Pl;ofs} e|i6 dlxnfsf ¿kdf lxl;nf odLsf]
rrf{ x'Fbf klg clVtof/ n] pgnfO{ sf/ jfxLsf] bfo/ fdf lsg NofPg < 5f] 6f]
cjlwdf ljZjs} ljnf;L g] tfsf ¿kdf abgfd ePsf k|r08nfO{ pgL;Fu
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

To:tf] cs't ;DklQ sxfFaf6 cfof] egL clVtof/ n] lsg 5fgaLg / sf/ jfxL
u/ ] sf] 5} g < cfˆg} kf6L{n] e|i6 eg] / v'nf d~raf6 pb\3f] if ul/ Psf afdb] j
uf} td pkk|wfg Pjd\ u[xdGqL aGbf clVtof/ s] hf] vfgf x] / ] / al;/ x] sf] 5
< k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf] O/ fnfsf] vf6d'lgaf6 s'lGg slt nfv xf] , rf] / L eof]
/ ] eg] / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf dfWoddf cfof] . ;DklQsf gfddf # j6f dfq
df] afOn kmf] g ePsf] 3f] if0ff ug] { ;Gt elgPsf k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf] O/ fnf;Fu
vf6d'lgaf6} nfvf} + ?k} ofF rf] / L x'g ldNg] u/ L gub sxfFaf6 cfof] xf] nf <
vf6d'lg afx] s ;'/ lIft 7fpFdf slt xf] nf pgsf] < s] clVtof/ ;Fu lxDdt
5 o;nfO{ vf] tNg < oL o:tf pbfx/ 0fhGo k|Zgx¿ x'g\, h;n] e|i6frf/ sf]
bnbnaf6 d'n'snfO{ aflx/ lgsfNg dfu{lgb] {lzt ub{5g\ . o:tf cGo s} of} +
k|Zgx¿ xf] nfg\, h;sf] hjfkmdf g} g] kfnaf6 e|i6frf/ lgd"{ng ug] { sfo{sf]
;kmntf lge{/ ub{5 .
g] kfndf e|i6frf/ sf] cj:yf cWoog ug{ OG6/ g] 6leq l5bf{ km] nf k/ ] sf]
csf] { ;fdu|L xf] – 6«fG;kf/ ] G;L OG6/ g] zgn g] kfnsf] j] ek] hdf k|sflzt Ps
n] v, h;sf] zLif{s 5 – …g] kfndf e|i6frf/ Ps ljZn] if0fM s] of] ;fdflhs
¿kdf :jLsfo{ alg/ x] sf] 5

lzIff / efjL sfo{x¿ ;DaGwL k|ltj] bg, Unf] an P8\efO;\ g] 6js{ (GAN) sf]
g] kfndf e|i6frf/ sf] ;+lIfKt lrq zLif{ssf] n] v cflb x'g\ . ljleGg cfwf/ df
ljZn] if0f ul/ Psf eP klg oL ;a} n] / fhg} lts lgsDdfkgnfO{ g} g] kfndf
e|i6frf/ df} nfpg'sf] d"n sf/ 0f dfg] sf 5g\ eg] lghL If] q, ;/ sf/ L ;+oGq /
/ fhg} lts j[Q – tLgj6} If] q e|i6frf/ df lnKt ePsf] tYo tk{m cf} +NofPsf
5g\ . o;/ L e|i6frf/ sf] bnbndf kmFl;/ x] sf] g] kfnnfO{ ;f] bnbnaf6 aflx/
lgsfNg s:tf] , s;/ L / slt sfd ug'{ knf{ / sxfF–sxfFaf6 k|xf/ ug'{ knf{,
;lhn} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
s] t g] kfndf e|i6frf/ ;fdflhs ¿kdf :jLsfo{ alg/ x] s} xf] t

flx+ ;fdfGo c•fdf . pgLx¿ b'a} sf] tna :s] n / ;'ljwf Pp6} xf] . t/ ,
klxnf] n] bz–kGw| jif{sf] cjlwdf dgUu] wg cfh{g u/ L sf7df8f} +df Ps eJo
dxn ;d] t 78ØfP -cGt klg xf] nfg\, yfxf 5} g_ / 5f] / f–5f] / LnfO{ klg dxËf
:s"ndf k9fP eg] bf] ;|f] nfO{ u'hf/ f wfGg g} d'lZsn lyof] / 5f] / f–5f] / LnfO{
;fwf/ 0f af] l8{Ë :s"ndf k9fpg klg ufx|f] lyof] . sf7df8f} +df 3/ agfpg]
t s'/ } 5f8f} + . t/ , cfZro{hgs s'/ f s] eg] , cfkmGt / Oi6ldqx¿n] cyf{t\
;dfhn] bf] ;|f] clws[tnfO{ sdfO ug{ g;Sg] x'ltxf/ fsf] ku/ L u'yfO{ cfnf] rgf
u/ ] sf] d] / } sfgn] ;'g] sf x'g\ . pBf] u–Jofkf/ sf] If] qdf klg cg'lrt d'gfkmfvf] / L
/ s/ 5nL, 3'; Pjd\ sldzg h:tf cg] sg\ e|i6 ultljlw JofKt 5g\ .
/ fhgLltdf …u'08f/ fhÚ ;+:s[ltsf] ks8 / x] sf] tYo t ;~ho zfx, afns[i0f
9'Ë] n, z'e/ fd a:g] t / kl5Nnf] b[Zodf r/ L k|s/ 0fx¿n] g} k'li6 ub{5g\ .
;dfhsf] x/ ] s If] qdf ;+:s[lts} ¿kdf h/ f uf8] sf] e|i6frf/ nfO{ g] kfnaf6
lgd"{ng ug{ n/ t/ f] sfdn] ;Dej x'g] 5fF6 b] lv+b} g . Ps} k6s / fhgLlts
z'4Ls/ 0f, ;'zf;g / ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] n8fO{ gn8L gx'g] cj:yf 5 .
o;sf nflu Jofks hgr] tgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;r] t / OdfGbf/ -s'g} / fhgLlts
k"jf{u|x gaf] s] sf] t6:y_ gful/ s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgs} ;zSt 9Ën]
cfGbf] ngsf ¿kdf ulx¥ofpg h?/ L 5 . ;fy} , x/ ] s / fhgLlts bnleq
/ x] sf OdfGbf/ , hfu?s / s[t;ÍlNkt o'jf / fhgLltsdL{x¿n] o; ;jfndf
Ps} :yfgdf pleg / cf–cfˆgf e|i6 g] tfx¿nfO{ klg l7Ë'/ f 7f] Sg kl5 kg'{
x'Gg . o;} u/ L, ljZje/ 5l/ P/ / x] sf g] kfnLx¿n] klg e|i6frf/ sf lj?4
bafa l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;/ L ;a} lt/ af6 sfd x'g ;s] df dfq g] kfnnfO{
e|i6frf/ sf] bnbnaf6 aflx/ lgsfNg ;lsPnf .
jf;' zdf{

:s6\Nof08sf] hgdt ;+u|xn]
lbPsf] ;Gb] z
;
g\ @)!$ sf] ;] K6] Da/ !* sf lbg ;+o'Qm clw/ fHo (UK) sf nflu
:d/ 0fLo Ps P] ltxfl;s lbg ag] sf] 5 . To; lbg #^ nfveGbf a9L
:sl6;\ dtbftfn] …:s6\Nof08 Pp6f :jtGq b] z aGg] jf #)) aif{eGbf k'/ fgf]
Oltxf;nfO{ lg/ Gt/ tf lb+b} o's] s} em08fd'lg / xL u|] 6 la|6] gd} / xg] Ú eGg] ljifodf
dtbfg u/ ] . s"n dtbftfdWo] %%=# k|ltztn] :jtGqtfsf] ljkIfdf dtbfg
u/ L o's] d} / xg] u/ L lg0f{o lbP . :s6\Nof08sf hgtfn] cfˆgf] dtflwsf/
k|of] u u/ L cfˆgf] lg0f{o lbP . pgLx¿n] lg0f{o ;xL u/ ] jf u/ ] gg\, of] pgLx¿s}
s'/ f xf] . d oxfF ;f] lg0f{osf af/ ] df l6Kk0fL ug{ nflu/ x] sf] 5'Og . d] / f]
rf;f] sf] ljifo eg] sf] of] l;Ëf] k|lqmof / o;sf] lg0f{on] lbPsf] ;Gb] z /
o;af6 g] kfn / g] kfnL hgtfn] l;Sg' kg] { kf7x¿sf af/ ] df xf] .
a] nfotsf] Oltxf; kN6fP/ x] bf{, Pp6f PsLs[t b] z aGgsf nflu o;n] cGo
b] zx¿n] em} + ljleGg P] ltxfl;s 36gfrqmx¿ kf/ ub} { cfPsf] b] lvG5 .
Oltxf; cg';f/ OZjL ;Dat\sf] klxnf] ztfJbLdf / f] dgx¿n] a] nfotnfO{
cfˆgf] ;fd|fHodf lng ;s] sf eP klg :s6\Nof08dfly eg] ljho k|fKt ug{
;s] gg\ . / f] dgx¿sf] kfnfdf :jtGq / x] sf] :s6\Nof08 PËnf] –:ofS;gsf]
kfnfdf klg cfhsf] :s6\Nof08sf] w] / } h;f] e"efu :jtGq / x] sf] lyof] .
cf7f} + ztfJbLdf efOlsËx¿n] OËNof08 / :s6\Nof08sf] k"jL{ efu cfˆgf]
clwgdf lnO{ a;f] af; ug{ yfn] sf] eP tfklg a] nfotsf] pQ/ L e"efu / fhf
s] g] y dfsclNkgåf/ f zfl;t PsLs[t / fHo lyof] , h;nfO{ :s6\Nof08 eGg
yflnof] . P3f/ f} + ztfJbLdf gf] df{g zf;sx¿n] OËNof08sf] zf;g ln+bf
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

;d] t :s6\Nof08nfO{ lnPgg\ . kGw|f} + ztfJbLsf] cGTo;Dd OËNof08sf
/ fhfx¿n] j] N;\, :s6\Nof08 / cfo/ Nof08;Fu n8fO{+ ul/ / x] sf] eP tfklg /
cfo/ Nof08sf] s] xL e"efu cfˆgf] clwgdf lng ;s] , j] N;\nfO{ a] nfotdf
ufEg ;s] Ù t/ :s6\Nof08dfly ljho k|fKt ug{ ;s] gg\ .
Oltxf;df Ps :jtGq b] z / lx/ xg ;s] sf] :s6\Nof08 c7f/ f} + ztfJbLsf]
z'?jft\df cfP/ eg] u|] 6 la|6] gsf] ¿kdf OËNof08;Fu PsLs[t ePsf] Oltxf;
5 . ;g\ !&)& df :sl6;\ ;+;bn] PsLs/ 0fsf] ;Demf} tf kfl/ t u/ ] kl5 :s6\
Nof08 cf} krfl/ s ¿kdf ;+o'Qm clw/ fHo a] nfotsf] Ps c+z ag] sf] lyof] .
To; otf #)) jif{eGbf a9L ;dob] lv :s6\Nof08 OËNof08 / j] N;\;Fu} Pp6}
/ fli6«o em08fd'lg Pp6} PsLs[t b] zsf] ¿kdf / x] sf] lyof] . ;+o'St clw/ fHodf
/ xFbf :s6\Nof08 Ps clwg:y clwsf/ laxLg e"efusf ¿kdf / x] sf] lyPg .
clkt' PsLs/ 0f kZrft\ OËNof08, j] N;\ / :s6\Nof08n] u|] 6 la|6] gsf nflu
a] nfotL ;fd|fHosf] ¿kdf g] t[Tj u/ ] / b] zleq klg Ps} eO{ / fhgLlts Pjd\
cfly{s ultljlw u/ ] . To; otf a] nfotsf] / fli6«o / fhgLltdf :sl6;\x¿n]
g] t[Tj u/ ] sf y'k|} pbfx/ 0f 5g\ . ;a} eGbf kl5Nnf] pbfx/ 0fsf ¿kdf lng' kbf{
a] nfotL k|wfgdGqLx¿ 6f] gL An] o/ / uf] 8f] {g a|fpgnfO{ lng ;lsG5, hf]
b'a} hgf :sl6;\ x'g\ . PsLs/ 0fkl5sf] #)) jif{sf] Oltxf;df :s6\Nof08
a] nfotsf] cljefHo lx:;fsf] ¿kdf / x] sf] b] lvP tfklg of] Ps :jtGq
b] z aGg' kb{5 eGg] Pp6f dt eg] :s6\Nof08sf] / fhgLltdf / lx/ x] sf]
lyof] , hf] a] nfavtdf cleJoSt x'g] ub{Yof] . kl5Nnf] cj:yfdf o:tf]
k[ystfjfbL dtsf] g] t[Tj :s6\Nof08sf tTsfnLg axfnjfnf d'VodGqL
Pn] S;\ ;fndf] 08n] u/ ] sf lyP . ut !* ;] K6] Da/ @)!$ sf lbg hgdt
;+u|x ;DkGg eof] / hgtfsf] ax'dtn] :s6\Nof08 a] nfotaf6 gcnlUug]
lg0f{o lbof] .
:sl6;\ hgtfn] o:tf] lg0f{o lsg u/ ] , To;sf] sf/ 0f pgLx¿;Fu} xf] nf .
dtbfgsf nflu g] kfndf h:tf] cjfl~5t k|efj kfg{ ;lsg] c;r] t hgtf
xf] Ogg\ :sl6;\x¿ . hgdt ;+u|xsf] 3f] if0ff ePkl5 dtbfg ;DkGg geP;Dd
dtbftfx¿nfO{ cjfl~5t ¿kdf k|efj kfg] { / fhgLlts ultljlw ePsf] klg
kfOPg . cnlUug] / gcnlUug] x¿n] cf–cfˆgf] kIfdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug] {eGbf
a9L s'g} pQ] hgfTds Pjd\ lx+;fTds lqmofsnfk / czflGtsf] s'g} egs
jf;' zdf{

ePg . g aGb, g x8tfn, g t s'g} em8k, g lx+;f . hgdt ;+u|xsf] k|lqmof
Pp6f k|hftflGqs cEof;sf ¿kdf zflGtk"0f{ ;DkGg eof] / o;sf] lg0f{onfO{
;a} n] xflb{stfk"j{s :jLsf/ u/ ] . k|hftGqsf] hggL dflgg] a] nfotn] km] l/
Psk6s k|hftflGqs cEof;sf] gd"gf k] z u¥of] .
:s6\Nof08 ;d] t ;dfj] z eO{ ;+o'St clw/ fHo a] nfotsf] PsLs/ 0f
-;g\ !&)&df_ ePsf] ^) jif{kl5 -;g\ !&^*df_ g] kfnsf] PsLs/ 0f ePsf]
lyof] . PsLs/ 0f cl3 sf7df8f} + pkTosf / k"j{ Pjd\ klZrdsf ;–;fgf / fHo
;d] tsf] Oltxf;nfO{ x] bf{, a] nfotsf] em} + clxn] sf] g] kfnsf] e"–efudf klg
ljleGg 7fpFaf6 cfO{ ljleGg / hf} 6f jf ;fdGtx¿n] ;–;fgf e"–efudf / fh
u/ ] sf] b] lvG5 . PsLs/ 0f k"j{ tL / fHox¿ ljleGg ;dodf Psn] csf] {af6
sAhfdf lnPsf] Oltxf;n] atfpF5 . To;sf/ 0f PsLs/ 0fkl5 dfq g] kfn
Pp6f b] z jf / fi6«sf] ¿kdf pbfPsf] jf :yflkt ePsf] tYo :jod\ k|i6 5 .
g] kfn PsLs/ 0f x'Fbf ;dfj] z ePsf ljleGg e"–efux¿df ljleGg hfthfltsf]
a;f] af; ePsfn] PsLs[t g] kfnnfO{ k[YjLgf/ fo0f zfxn] rf/ hft 5QL;
j0f{sf] ;femf k"mnaf/ L eg] sf lyP . Oltxf;sf] Tof] sfnv08df k[YjLgf/ fo0f
zfxn] tL ;–;fgf / fHox¿nfO{ ldnfP/ Pp6f PsLs[t / fi6«sf] lgdf{0f ug'{
cfjZos lyof] jf lyPg eg] / ca cfP/ ljjfbsf] ljifo aGg ;Sb} g .
ljZjsf ;a} b] zx¿sf] Oltxf; k|foM o:t} 5, / fi6«lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf .
PsLs[t g] kfnsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] klg c9fO{ ;o aif{ eO;s] sf] 5 . To; otf
;fdflhs cGt3'{ng eO{ Pp6} ;femf / fli6«o klxrfg alg;s] sf] 5 – g] kfn
/ g] kfnL . @% ;] K6] Da/ @)!$ sf] ;] tf] kf6L l8lh6n klqsfdf lbn lgzfgL
du/ n] …g] kfn rf/ hft 5QL; j0f{sf] k"mnaf/ L xf] Og, Pp6f hftsf] k"mnaf/ L
xf] . Tof] xf] g] kfnL hfltsf] .Ú eg] em} + ca cfP/ hftLo klxrfgsf cfwf/ df
k] ml/ e'/ ] –6fs'/ ] / fHosf] kl/ sNkgf ug'{ eg] sf] cfˆg} v'§fdf a~r/ f] xfGg' ;/ x
xf] . cfˆgf] pSt n] vdf lbn lgzfgL du/ n] V5g\– …of] o'udf cfˆgf] klxrfg
hf] ufpg cfˆg} gfdsf] / fHo dfUg' d"v{tf xf] .Ú pgn] cufl8 n] v] sf 5g\–
…o'u ;'xfpFbf] ;dfh lgdf{0fsf lglDt cf–cfˆgf] 7fpFaf6 kxn u/ f} + . cfˆgf]
hftsf] / fHodf / fhf aGg] sf] lzz gu/ f} + .Ú
cfh hftLo cfwf/ df / fhgLlt ug] { / g] kfnL hgtfnfO{ ljeflht
ug] { h'g v] n eO/ x] sf] 5, Tof] g] kfn / g] kfnL hgtfsf] lxtdf k6Ss}
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

5} g . d"nk|jfxsf] / fhgLltdf hghfltx¿nfO{ pk] Iff ul/ Psfn] hftLo jf
If] qLotfjfbL / fhgLltsf] cfjZostf ePsf] xf] t xf] Og < t/ , oyfy{ To:tf]
k6Ss} 5} g . / fli6«o / fhgLltsf] g] t[Tj txdf ljleGg hfthflt / If] qsf
JolStx¿ k'u] sf 5g\ / k'lu/ x] sf 5g\ . axfnjfnf / fi6«klt / pk/ fi6«klt t/ fO{
If] qsf 5g\ . pkk|wfgdGqLåo dWo] Ps g] jf/ ;d'bfosf 5g\ / pgL g] kfnL
sf+u|] ;sf dxfdGqL klg x'g\ . e"k" k|wfgdGqL dl/ rdfgl;+x klg g] jf/ lyP .
o;} u/ L / fO{, lnDa", u'?Ë, du/ , tfdfË, z] kf{, ysfnL, g] jf/ , afx'g, If] qL,
blnt, yf¿, cGo t/ fO{jf;L cflb hfthflt / ;d'bfoaf6 dGqL ag] s} 5g\,
kf6L{x¿sf] g] t[Tjdf k'u] s} 5g\ . czf] s / fO{ Pdfn] sf pkfWoIf lyP . lsg
hftLo kf6L{ vf] Ng k'u] , pg} nfO{ yfxf xf] nf / s] n5f/ kf6f] nufP – Tof]
klg pg} nfO{ yfxf xf] nf . hghfltsf / fdaxfb'/ yfkf dfcf] jfbLsf g] tf x'g\
/ / fli6«o / fhgLltdf x} l;ot / fVb5g\, g ls hftLo jf If] qLo x} l;ot . oL
s'/ fx¿af6 s] s'/ f :ki6 x'G5 eg] g] kfnL ;dfhsf] cu|ultsf] afws eg] sf]
d"n ¿kdf hftLo / If] qLo ;jfn xf] Og . clkt' ;a} hfthflt / If] qsf u/ La,
zf] lift, kLl8t Pjd\ ckx] lnt ju{sf] d'lSt / pTyfg rflx+ ;dosf] dfu xf] .
To;} n] hftLo xf] Og, juL{o ;jfn rflx+ g] kfnL / fhgLltsf] k|d'v d'2f xf] .
dfly rrf{ ul/ P em} + g] kfnL / fhgLltsf] k|d'v d'2f juL{o rl/ qsf] ePsf]
/ g] kfnL ;dfh ax'ntfsf aLr Pstfsf] ;+:s[ltdf lgs} cl3 al9;s] sf]
x'gfn] hftLotf jf If] qLotfsf] d'2fdf cfwfl/ t ;+3Lo ;+/ rgf g] kfnsf
nflu clxts/ dfq xf] Og ls o;n] ljv08g / ljgfznfO{ lgDTofpg] 5 .
;+3LotfnfO{ a'emfpg hftLotf jf If] qLotfsf] unt ljrf/ sf] k|jfx ePsf
sf/ 0fn] g} ;Ls] / fpth:tf s'tTjx¿ v'n] cfd b] vf kg{ yfln;s] – g] kfnL
/ fhgLltsf] wldnf] kfgLdf df5f dfg{ . o:tf p208 / cltjfbLx¿nfO{ 7] ufg
nufpg] Pp6} dfq c:q eg] sf] / fli6«o d"nk|jfxsf] / fhgLltnfO{ ;'b[9 /
;+:yfut ug'{ g} xf] . If] qLotfjfbL, hftLotfjfbL Pjd\ ljv08gjfbL / fhgLlt
hgtfsf] lxtdf 5} g eGg] s'/ fsf] x] Ssf / fhgLltsf gofF–k'/ fgf v] nf8Lx¿nfO{
eOlbP b] z / hgtfn] rfF8} / fxt kfpg ;Sy] . nf] stGq / fhgLltsf] b] vfpg]
bfFt dfq x'g' x'Fb} g, of] t / fhgLlts ;+:sf/ aGg ;Sg' kb{5 .
:s6\Nof08df h:tf] cxd\ dxTjsf] P] ltxfl;s / fhgLlts d'2fdf dtbfg
x'g] xf] eg] g] kfndf zflGt–;'/ Iffsf] cj:yf s:tf] x'GYof] xf] nf < ut
jf;' zdf{

;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjdf ePsf lgGbgLo st'{tx¿ g] kfnL hgdfg;df cem}
tfh} 5g\ . To;otf klg / fhgLltsf] gfddf eP÷ul/ Psf pkb|jx¿åf/ f g] kfnL
hgtfn] ;f:tL kfO/ x] s} 5g\ . sxfF slxn] s;n] aGb u5{, e] p kfO;Sg' 5} g .
s] t g] kfnL hgtfn] zflGtsf] ;f; k] mg{ ca gkfpg] g} xf] t < xf] , g] kfn
;+qmd0fsfnaf6 u'lh|/ x] sf] 5 . t/ , o;f] eGb} df hgtfnfO{ ;tfO/ xg' k5{ eGg]
cy{ nfU5 / < k|fKt pknlJwx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ub} { cufl8 a9\g' g} / fhgLltsf]
Wo] o xf] Og / <
:s6\Nof08sf] hgdt ;+u|xsf] k|lqmof / kl/ 0ffdn] lbPsf] Pp6} ;Gb] z
s] xf] eg] , d'n's ha k|hftflGqs k4ltdf 5 eg] / fhg} lts d'2fx¿nfO{
zflGtk"0f{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmofåf/ f g} l5gf] kmfgf] ug{ ;lsG5 . g] kfndf s:tf]
zf;sLo k|0ffnL nfu" ug] { eGg] ljifosf] 6'Ëf] nufpg] sfd ;+ljwfgn] ug] {5
/ To:tf] ;+ljwfg agfpg eg] / ag] sf] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ cfˆgf] sfd ug{
lbg' kb{5 . s'g} klg axfgfdf av] 8f v8f u/ ] / ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfdnfO{
;+ljwfg;ef aflx/ pl56Øfpg' ePg . olt ;/ n lzIff g] tfx¿n] u|x0f ul/ lbP
g] kfnsf] klg lbg lkmg] { lyof] .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

kmNg ghfGg] vGo" g] tfx¿
;
g\ @)!$ sf] cS6f] a/ df d} n] cfˆgf] k] m;a'sdf b'O{j6f kmf] 6f] x¿ / fv] sf]
lyPF . tL dWo] klxnf] b'O{j6f kmf] 6f] x¿sf] sf] nfh agfP/ / fv] sf] lyPF
eg] bf] ;|f] Pp6f dfq kmf] 6f] lyof] . c?sf] km] ;a's / OG6/ g] 6 ;dfrf/ ;fO6df
k] mnf k/ ] sf tL t:jL/ x¿ g] kfnsf] jt{dfg / fhg} lts lvrnf] nfO{ lrq0f ug{
sfkmL ePsf] kfPF / d} n] klg tfg] / / flvlbPF – d] / f k] m;a'ssf ldqx¿n] klg
x] ?g\ eg] / . elgG5 lg …xhf/ zAbdf j0f{g ug{ g;lsg] s'/ f Pp6f t:jL/ n]
af] N5Ú . o; n] vdf d ltg} t:jL/ x¿sf ] jl/ kl/ kl/ qmdf ug] { hdsf] { ub} {5' .
t:jL/ g+= !M km/ s cfkm} + 5'6ØfpF—
of] Pp6f sf] nfh xf] , b'O{j6f kmf] 6f] sf] . b'O{dWo] Pp6f k] m;a'saf6 / csf] {
OG6/ g] 6 ;dfrf/ ;fO6af6 tfg] / sf] nfh agfPF / zLif{s lbPF – …km/ s cfk} +m
5'6\ofpFÚ . sf] nfhdf ;dfj] z b'O{ kmf] 6f] n] g] kfn / ef/ tsf k|wfgdGqLx¿
qmdzM ;'zLn sf] O/ fnf / g/ ] Gb| df] bLsf] ;+o'St / fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efdf efu
lng cd] l/ sf hfFbfsf] e|d0f;Fu tfNn's / fVby] . Pp6fdf ef/ tsf k|wfgdGqL
g/ ] Gb| df] bLsf] cd] l/ sfdf u} / cfjf;Lo ef/ tLox¿;Fusf] e] 63f6sf] b[Zo 5 .
csf] {df g] kfnsf k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf] O/ fnfsf] cd] l/ sfaf6 kmls{g] qmddf
a] lNhoddf u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnLx¿;Fusf] e] 63f6sf] b[Zo 5 .
oL b'O{ g] tfx¿sf] e] 63f6sf t:jL/ x¿ aLr ljlzi6 km/ s s] 5 t

:jfefljs ¿kdf dgdf k|Zg plAhG5 – b] zsf] k|wfgdGqL;Fu e] 6\bf b] zsf]
em08f af] Sg] xf] jf kf6L{sf] <
lar/ f ;'zLn bf Û b] zsf] k|wfgdGqL eP/ klg k|wfgdGqL x'g kfPgg\ .
sf+u|] ;Lhgn] pgnfO{ sf+u|] ;L g] tfeGbf dfly p7\g} lbPgg\ / ;fÍ] lts ¿kdf
k|wfgdGqLaf6} avf{:t ul/ lbP . a] OHht} u/ ] sf+u|] ;Lx¿n] ;'zLn bfsf] .
xf] Og, sf+u|] ;Lx¿ ;'zLn sf] O / fnfsf lxt} ifL x'g\ jf lj/ f] wL

ef/ tsf k|wfgdGqL g/ ] Gb| df] bL klg t ef/ tLo hgtf kf6L{sf g] tf x'g\ .
efhkfsf] klg cfˆgf] em08f cjZo g} 5 . ta pgnfO{ lsg efhkfsf]
em08fn] zf] efodfg x'g k/ ] g < pgL rflx+ lsg / fli6«o em08fsf] aLrdf 5g\
< b'O{ g] tf aLrsf] km/ s eg] sf] oxL xf] . ef/ tsf k|wfgdGqL b]zsf g]tf,
g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL kf6L{sf g]tf . slt bl/ b| ;f]r xf]nf – ;'zLn sf]O/ fnf /
pgsf xg'dfgx¿sf] < c?n] s] eGnfg\ eGg] z/ d klg gnfu]sf] Û hut} xF;fP
logLx¿n] . g]kfnsf / fhgLlts bn / g]tfx¿sf] dlt g;'lw|g] g} eof] . g]kfnL
sf+u| ]; dfq xf]Og, g]kfnsf c? ;a} kf6L{sf] dlt p:t} 5 eGg] s'/ f huhfx]/ 5 .
s'g} lbg c? kf6L{sf g]tfsf] klg o:t} kmf]6f] e]§fPF eg] rrf{ u?Fnf .
t:jL/ g+= @M vGo"n] kmNg ghfg] / k] mbdf kmn] sf] eG5g\, s] ;fFRr} xf] t <
k] mb / sf08el/ n6/ Dd kmn] sf] vGo"h:tf] b] lvg] a[Ifsf] kmf] 6f] s;} n] z] o/
ubf{ d] / f] km] ;a's k] hdf klg 6'Kn'Ss cfOk'Uof] . kmf] 6f] b] Vg] lalQs} …vGo"n]
kmNg ghfg] / k] mbdf kmn] sf] Ú eGg] ufpF3/ df k|rlnt egfO emNofF:; ofb cfof] .
;Fu;Fu} g] kfnsf / fhgLlts bnx¿ / ltgsf g] tf sfo{stf{x¿sf] ultljlwsf]
lrq klg lbdfudf cfof] . g] kfndf kf6L{x¿ klg n6/ Dd} kmn] sf 5g\, kmn
kmn] em} + . slt bh{g x'g\, slt ulg;fWo] 5} g . n6/ Dd kmn] sf dfq} xf] Ogg\
ls vGo"F em} + km] b} df kmn] sf 5g\,
kmNg ghfg] / . xfFuflaFuf;Dd
k'Ug] , k'mNg] clg kmNg] t w} o{ g}
5} g . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f, zf;sLo
:j¿ksf] j} 1flgs lgwf{/ 0f /
nf] stGqnfO{ k'mNg kmNg glbg]
l96 c8fg ln+b} n'5fr'F8L
ul/ / x] 5g\ . / fhgLlts,
;fdflhs / cfly{s t/ SsLsf]
k|lqmofut axfjnfO{ g} 5] s] /
cj?4 kf/ ] sf 5g\, ;'gsf] zL
y'lgPh:tf] . s'g a] nf hd] sf]
tfn k'm6] / tx;gx; x'g] xf] ,
yfxf 5} g . ;a} nfO{ ;a} yf] s
jf;' zdf{

k] mb} df rflxPsf] 5 . cyf{t\, …tft} vfpF hnL d?FÚ eg] em} + Û
;'lGgP/ df] 6fPsf] cfsf/ nfO{ hgfb] zn] v'DRofOlbPkl5 ;f] hgfb] znfO{
:jLsf/ u/ L cfTd;dLIff ug'{sf] ;§f dfcf] jfbLx¿n] cg] sg\ lat08f
dRrfO/ x] sf] b[Zo d'n'ssf] b'ef{Uok"0f{ lgolt alg/ x] sf] 5 . hftLotfjfbL /
If] qLotfjfbL av] 8fsf] aLhf/ f] k0f ug] { klg ltg} x'g\ eGg] ;a} nfO{ yfxf ePs}
s'/ f xf] . o;af6 ltgdf o'u;fk] If j} 1flgs b[li6sf] 0f / b"/ blz{tf / x] g5 eGg]
;fljt x'G5 . cfˆgf] kIfdf / x] sf] ax'dt hgtfnfO{ ;xL g] t[Tj u/ ] / y] Ug
g;Sg] gfnfos 7xl/ Psf Pdfn] / sf+u|] ; ;a} eGbf a9L lhDd] jf/ 5g\ –
/ fhgLltsf] kfgL wldNofpg . jf:tjdf 7"nf elgPsf oL tLgj6} kf6L{x¿sf]
cNkb[li6sf] pkh x'g\ – hftLotfjfbL / If] qLotfjfbL kf6L{x¿, hf] wldnf]
kfgLdf df5f dfg] { k|oTg ul/ / x] sf 5g\ .
;fgf elgPsf hftLo / If] qLo kf6L{x¿sf] cNkb[li6 / cNka'l4sf] klg
s'/ f u/ L;fWo] 5} g . tL s'g} / fhgLlts bz{gaf6 eGbf klg ;+sL0f{ :jfy{åf/ f
k|] l/ t / fhgLlt ul/ / x] sf 5g\ eGg] k|i6 b] lvG5 – pgLx¿sf] ultljlwaf6 . gq
eg] k|b] z / ;+3Lotfsf] ;jfnnfO{ / fli6«o b[li6sf] 0faf6 x] g] { lyP . g] kfnsf] d"n
;d:of eg] sf] h'g;'s} hft, wd{ / If] qsf] eP klg ;femf ¿kdf / x] sf] u/ LaL,
;fdflhs lje] b / juL{o zf] if0f, bdg / pTkL8g xf] . s'g} klg hftljz] ifsf]
zf;g k|0ffnL / / fhg} lts x} sd 5} g ca g] kfndf . Tof] r/ 0fsf] n8fO{+
g] kfnL hgtfn] lhlt;s] / ;+3Lo nf] stflGqs u0ftGq g] kfnsf] :yfkgf
ul/ ;s] . To;} n] , k] ml/ klg hftLo jf If] qLo gf/ fsf cfwf/ df / fhgLlt
ug'{ eg] sf] ;donfO{ pN6f] kmsf{pg vf] Hg' dfq xf] . cf–cfˆgf] sfdt jf
df} hfsf] d'lvof ag] / ltg} zf] lift kLl8t hgtfnfO{ zf;g ug] { b':jKg dfq
xf] . xf] Og eg] , :jzf;g / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ sf] unt JofVof u/ L
hftLo jf If] qLo ljå] if k} mnfpg] / fhgLlt ltgn] ub} {g lyP xf] nfg\ . hals
h'g;'s} hft jf If] qsf] eP klg cfd hgtf eg] hftLo jf If] qLo ;b\efj,
Pstf / zflGtsf] kIfdf 5g\ . xf] , g] kfnL ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] k|lqmofdf
hftLo lje] b, juL{o zf] if0f / If] qLo c;Gt'ngnfO{ ;dfKt ug] { tk{m a9\gsf
nflu y'k|} sfd ug{ afFsL g} 5g\ . t/ / fli6«o Pstf, hftLo ;b\efj / If] qLo
cv08tfdf cfFr cfpg] u/ L xf] Og . To;} n] k|b] zx¿sf] ljefhg, ;+3Lotf
/ zf;g k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ubf{ hgd'vL Pjd\ j} 1flgs b[li6 cjnDag ug{
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

cfjZos 5 . zf;sLo :j¿k / ;+3Lotfsf] k|Zgdf kl5 5'§} n] vdf rrf{ ug] {
u/ L xfnnfO{ o; af/ ] sf] rrf{nfO{ oxL+ la;fpg rfxG5' .
;+3Lo nf] stflGqs u0ftGq g] kfn ;xL dfg] df s;/ L ;+:yfut x'g] xf] nf
< ;a} n] a'l4 / ljj] s ld;fpg' kg] { a] nf xf] clxn] . / fhtGqsf] pGd"ng
ePsf] klg & jif{eGbf a9L eO;Sof] . To; otf …Eofu'tfsf] wfgL{Ú slxNo}
gk'u] em} + a'?s–a'?s plk|mP/ ;fgf–7"nf ;a} kf6L{n] d'n'snfO{ cufl8 g} a9\g
lbO/ x] sf 5} gg\ – ;+ljwfg agfpg] s'/ fdf Ps jf csf] { av] 8f v8f u/ ] / .
;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] , vf] +r] yfKg' g} g] kfnL / fhgLltsf] d"n rl/ q ag] sf] 5 .
;+ljwfg agfP/ k|fKt pknlJwx¿nfO{ :yflkt ul/ ;s] kl5 sxL+ st} …/ fF6f] Ú
/ xg uP ldnfpFb} hfg ;Sg] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgd} / fVg g;lsg] xf] Og . g] kfnsf]
tTsfnLg d'2f u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{ xf] Og / < sfo{gLlt / / 0fgLltsf]
cGt/ nfO{ lsg b] Vg ;Sb} gg\ / ËfGwf] kgsf / f] uL g] tfx¿ < To;} n] sfdgf u/ f} +
– ;dod} a'l4 lkm/ f] ;\, kmNg ghfg] / k] mbdf kmNg vf] Hg] xfd|f vGo" g] tfx¿sf] .
jf;' zdf{

zf;sLo :j¿k
/ ;+3Lotfsf] k|Zg
;
g\ @))* sf] d] @* sf lbg ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|yd a} 7sn] g] kfndf
/ fhtGqsf] cGTo / ;+3Lo nf] stflGqs u0ftGqsf] 3f] if0ff u/ ];Fu}
g] kfn u0ftflGqs b] z ag] sf] 5 / Oltxf;sf] gofF cWofo z'? ePsf] 5 . gofF
u0ftflGqs g] kfnsf] zf;sLo :j¿k ;+3Lotfdf cfwfl/ t x'g] s'/ fsf] / fhg} lts
cfwf/ klg ;f] xL 3f] if0ffn] k|bfg u/ ] sf] 5 . g] kfnsf] o:tf] P] ltxfl;s lg0f{o
/ 3f] if0ffnfO{ ljZje/ af6 ldq/ fi6«x¿n] ;dy{g u/ ] / g] kfnsf] gofF / fhgLlts
Joj:yfn] cGt/ f{li6«o dfGotf k|fKt u¥of] . To; otf gofF g] kfnsf] zf;sLo
:j¿k / ;+3Lotfsf] k|Zgdf y'k|} 5nkmn, ax;, rrf{–kl/ rrf{ / jfbljjfbx¿
ePsf 5g\ / ;f] qmd cBflk hf/ L 5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eO{ ;+ljwfg;efn]
hf/ L gu/ ];Dd 5nkmn / ljjfbx¿ rln/ xg] 5g\ . t/ , u0ftGq g] kfnsf]
:yfkgf ePkl5 dfq ;+3Lotf / zf;sLo :j¿ksf af/ ] df 5nkmn ePsf]
xf] Og . clkt' ;ft ;fnsf] qmflGtb] lv g} of] / fhgLlts Ph] 08f / xFb} cfPsf]
ljifo xf] . ljutdf / fhgLlts bnx¿n] o;nfO{ ks8\b} ÷5f] 8\b} u/ ] sf eP
tfklg ;g\ @))^ sf] nf] stflGqs cfGbf] ngsf] ;kmntfkl5 of] Ph] 08fn] d"t{
¿k lnPsf] xf] .
g] kfnsf] zf;sLo :j¿k / ;++3Lotfsf] k|Zgdf P] ltxfl;s ;Gbe{x¿,
jt{dfg ax;x¿ / g] kfnsf] e"–/ fhg} lts cj:yfx¿sf] tYok/ s n] vfhf] vfn]
dfq g] kfnsf] lxtdf ;xL lg0f{o lng d2t k'Ug] 5 . t;y{, ;j{k|yd d / fHo
;+/ rgf / zf;sLo :j¿kx?sf] tLg k|d'v k|sf/ sf af/ ] df ;+lIfKt rrf{ ug{
rfxG5' . tL tLg k|sf/ x'g\ – PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnL (unitary system),
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL (federal system) / dxf;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL (confederal
system) . PsfTds zf;g k4ltdf / fHosf ;a} clwsf/ x¿ s] Gb|df / x] sf]
x'G5 . k|zf;lgs sfo{sf nflu :yfgLo jf tNnf OsfO{ jf lgsfox¿sf]
Joj:yf ug] { ul/ G5 / s] Gb|åf/ f k|Tofof] lht clwsf/ x¿ dfq tL tNnf
lgsfo jf OsfO{x¿n] k|of] u ug{ kfpFb5g\ . PsfTds / fHosf] :j¿kleq klg
ljs] Gb|Ls/ 0f / lgIf] k0fsf cjwf/ 0ffx¿ gcfPsf xf] Ogg\ . tyflk PsfTds
k4ltdf s] Gb| alnof] x'G5 / :yfgLo lgsfox¿ sdhf] / . h:tf] ls, xfn;Dd
g] kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yf PsfTds k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/ t 5 .
;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf s] Gb|Lo ;/ sf/ / k|fb] lzs ;/ sf/ sf] Joj:yf
ul/ Psf] x'G5, hxfF s] Gb| / k|b] zsf aLr clwsf/ x¿sf] afF8kmfF8 ul/ G5 .
o:tf] afF8kmfF8n] k|b] zx¿nfO{ sltko ;jfndf :jlg0f{osf] clwsf/ k|fKt
x'G5 . o:tf] :jlg0f{osf] clwsf/ sf] k|of] u k|fb] lzs ljwfosLo lgsfosf]
Joj:yfåf/ f ug] { ul/ G5 . xfn ljZjsf ljleGg b] zdf ljleGg 9fFrfsf ;+3Lo
zf;g k|0ffnL nfu" ePsf] kfOG5 . pNn] v ug} { kbf{ ef/ t, kfls:tfg, cd] l/ sf,
Sofg8f, a] lNhod, gfOh] l/ of, blIf0f clk|msf cflbsf] gfd lng ;lsG5 . t/ ,
oL b] zx¿sf] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf aLr sltko cfwf/ df leGgtf / x] sf
5g\ . o;af6 ;+3Lotfsf] s'g} Pp6} vfn] dfq :j¿k x'g h?/ L 5} g eGg] k'li6
x'G5 / ;DalGwt b] zn] cfˆgf] ljlzi6 e"–/ fhgLlts cj:yfsf cfwf/ df
;+3Lotf / zf;sLo k|0ffnL cËfNg ;Sb5 . g] kfnn] klg PsfTdsaf6 ;+3Lo
zf;g k|0ffnLdf hfgsf nflu cfˆgf] ljlzi6 ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts Pjd\
e"–/ fhg} lts cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg ;Sb5 / dfGg' klg kb{5 .
dxf;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf klg s] Gb|Lo ;/ sf/ / / fHo ;/ sf/ x¿ x'G5g\ .
t/ , ;+3Lo zf;g k4lteGbf leGg dxf;+3Lo k4ltdf / fHox¿ :jtGq
b] zsf ¿kdf clwsf/ ;DkGg x'G5g\ eg] s] Gb|Lo ;/ sf/ Go"g clwsf/ o'Qm
sdhf] / x'G5 . vf;df s] Gb|Lo ;/ sf/ Pp6f ;dGjosf/ L lgsfosf ¿kdf
dfq x'G5, :jtGq / fHox¿sf] ;+o'St df] rf{h:tf] . / , o;sf] k|d'v e"ldsf
eg] sf] dxf;+3df cfj4 :jtGq / fHox¿sf aLrdf ;dGjo ug'{ dfq x'G5 .
ljz] iftM j} b] lzs dfldnfdf / cGt/ f{Ho ;femf ;jfnx¿df . jt{dfg ljZjdf
of] :j¿ksf] zf;g k|0ffnLsf] pbfx/ 0f 5} g eg] klg x'G5 . oBlk a] lNhod
/ Sofg8fsf] zf;g k4ltnfO{ sltko lnvtx¿df dxf;+3Lo k4lt egL
jf;' zdf{

pNn] v ul/ Psf] kfOP tfklg oyfy{df x] bf{ oL b'a} b] zdf ;+3Lo zf;g k4lt
ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . dxf;+3Lo zf;sLo 9fFrf z'?jft\df ;+o'St / fHo
cd] l/ sfdf lyof] eg] kl5 ;+3Lo k4ltdf ¿kfGt/ 0f eO{ dxf;+3Lo :j¿k
o;sf] Oltxf; alg;s] sf] 5 .
;+3Lo zf;g k4ltsf] Oltxf; vf] Hb} hfFbf o;sf] yfngL c7f/ f} + ztfJbLsf]
pQ/ f4{df cd] l/ sfaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !&&^ df cd] l/ sfdf a] nfotL
pklgj] zx¿n] :jtGqtfsf] 3f] if0ff u/ ] / :jtGq / fHox¿sf] dxf;+3 v8f u/ ] .
;a} / fhgLlts Pjd\ cfly{s clwsf/ x¿ n08gdf s] lGb|t / x] sf] a] nfotL
PsfTds zf;g k4lt lj?4sf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k tL :jtGq / fHox¿n] cd] l/ sL
dxf;+3sf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/ ] . ;f] ;+ljwfgn] k|foM ;a} clwsf/ / fHox¿df
lgxLt u¥of] / s] xL k|Tofof] lht clwsf/ x¿ dfq s] Gb|Lo ;/ sf/ nfO{ k|bfg
u¥of] . o;/ L k|Tofof] lht clwsf/ x¿df o'4 ;DaGwL clwsf/ , / fHox¿sf
aLr / j} b] lzs Jofkf/ lgoldt ug] { cf} s/ c;'nL Pjd\ vr{sf] clwsf/
lyP . To; otf ;+j} wflgs ljsf;sf qmddf cd] l/ sL s] Gb|Lo ;/ sf/ /
/ fHo ;/ sf/ x¿sf] clwsf/ lg?k0fsf nflu y'k|} cbfntL d'2fx¿, sfg"gL
JofVof;Fu} sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0f x'Fb} ;+o'St / fHo cd] l/ sf dxf;+3Lo :j¿kaf6
cfhsf] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf cfOk'u] sf] xf] . To:tf d'2fx¿ dWo] Ps
rlr{t d'2f xf] – ;g\ !*!( sf] d] / L Nof08 / fHosf lj?4 h] D;\ DofSs'nf] rsf]
d'2f . d] / LNof08 / fHon] a} +s ckm o'gfO6] 8 :6] 6\;\nfO{ nufPsf] s/ ;DaGwL
of] d'2fsf ;DaGwdf ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] u/ ] sf] k} m;nfn] / fHox¿eGbf / fli6«o
;/ sf/ sf] pRrtf x'g] s'/ fnfO{ sfg"gL ¿kdf :yflkt u¥of] .
cd] l/ sfaf6 yfngL ePsf] ;+3Lo zf;sLo :j¿k cfh ljZjsf y'k|}
b] zn] cËfn] sf 5g\ . t/ , ;+3Lotfsf] 9fFrfdf b] zx¿ aLr leGgtf / x] sf]
b] Vg ;lsG5, hf] cf–cfˆgf] ljlzi6tfdf cfwfl/ t 5g\ . tyflk ;a} sf] Pp6}
;femf oyfy{ s] 5 eg] , tL dWo] clwsf+z b] z klxn] a] nfotL jf cGo
;fd|fHosf] pklgj] z / x] sf lyP . pklgj] zjfb lj?4sf] n8fO{+df ;Fu} n8] sf
k|b] zx¿ :jtGq ePkl5 PsLs[t eO{ ;+3Lo / fHo ;+/ rgfdf uPsf] jf ef/ t /
kfls:tfg h:tf b] zx¿ klg a] nfotL pklgj] zaf6 :jtGq ePkl5 ;+3Lotfdf
uPsf] tYo tL b] zx¿sf] Oltxf;n] atfpF5 . oxfFlg/ k|Zgx¿ :jfefljs
¿kdf pAhG5g\ . s] PsfTdseGbf ;+3Lo zf;g k4lt d'n'ssf] t/ SsLsf
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

nflu / fd|f] xf] < s] PsfTds zf;g k4lteGbf ;+3Lo zf;g k4ltn] :yfgLo
d'2fx¿nfO{ / fd|f] ;Fu ;Daf] wg ug{ ;S5 <
pko'{Qm b'O{ k|Zgsf] hjfkm xr'jf / dgf] ut l6Kk0fLx¿n] lb+b} gg\ . / fd|} ;Fu
cg';Gwfg / ljZn] if0f ug'{ kg] { x'G5 . cfˆgf] cfly{s, / fhg} lts, ;fdflhs
Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ;jfnx¿sf cfwf/ df g] kfnn] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf hfg]
lg0f{o ul/ ;s] sf] 5 . To;} n] o:tf] k4lt cËfNg' g] kfnsf] nflu ;xL xf]
jf xf] Og eg] / ts{ ug'{sf] ca s'g} t's 5} g . k/ Gt', s:tf] ;+/ rgf g] kfn /
g] kfnL hgtfsf] bL3{sfnLg lxtdf x'G5 elgsg ;xL dfg] df ;+3Lo ;+/ rgfsf]
lg0f{o lng rflx+ cfjZos 5 . of] Ps P] ltxfl;s Pjd\ / fhg} lts r'gf} lt klg
xf] . o:tf] lg0f{o ln+bf g] kfnsf] PsLs/ 0f k"j{sf] dfgl;stfdf k'u] / xf] Og ls
xfnsf] nf] stflGqs u0ftGqsf] dfgl;stfdf / x] / lng' kb{5 . To;} n] jt{dfg
g] kfnsf] ljlzi6 ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts Pjd\ e"–/ fhg} lts cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/
lng' kb{5 .
g] kfnsf] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/ fO{;Fu cf–cfˆg} ljlzi6 k|fs[lts ;|f] tx¿
5g\ / tL Pscsf{sf k"/ s klg x'g\ . oL tLgj6} If] qsf hgtfn] tLgj6}
If] qsf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] nfe lng kfpg' kb{5 / ;f] xL cg';f/ / fHosf]
k'gM;+/ rgf ul/ g' kb{5 . csf{lt/ , b'O{ 7"nf b] zsf] aLrdf / x] sf] Pp6f ;fgf]
b] z lxdfn, kxf8 / t/ fO{sf cnu–cnu / fHosf ¿kdf 5'l§g uPdf b] z
sdhf] / aGg] 5 . hxfF;Dd …dw] zÚ / …dw] zL hgtfÚ pk] lIft 5g\ eGg] ;jfn 5,
ljsf;sf ;"rsx¿sf cfwf/ df lxdfnL / kxf8L >[Înfsf sltko If] qx¿
/ hgtf klg plQs} pk] lIft 5g\ . ljkGg ju{sf …dw] zLÚ jf hghftLo hgtf
em} + ljkGg ju{sf …v;Ú hfltsf hgtf klg plQs} pk] lIft, kLl8t / u/ La
5g\ . ;De|fGt ju{sf v;x¿sf] ;fgf] lx:;fn] em} + ;De|fGt ju{sf …dw] zLÚ
/ hghfltsf] ;fgf] lx:;fn] d'n'ssf] x/ ] s cj;/ af6 dgUu] nfe lnPsf
5g\ . o;/ L v; jf hghflt / t/ fO{, lxdfn jf kxf8 ;a} lt/ sf wgL ju{n]
/ fhgLlts k4ltaf6 lnO/ x] sf] nfe Ps} gf;] 5 eg] ljkGg ju{sf] kL8f klg
;dfg 5g\ . t;y{, s'g} vf; hft jf hfltx¿ / vf; ef} uf] lns If] qdfly dfq
/ fhg} lts jf zf;sLo lje] b ePsf] b] Vg' cj} 1flgs / tYo;Fu d] n gvfg]
b[li6sf] 0f xf] . g] kfndf ljBdfg c;dfgtf / lje] bnfO{ x] g] { / a'‰g] tYo;+ut /
j} 1flgs b[li6sf] 0f eg] sf] juL{o b[li6sf] 0f g} xf] . juL{o b[li6sf] 0fn] ;fdflhs,
jf;' zdf{

{
+
;f+:s[lts, eflifs, wfld{s, n} lËs, hftLo, / fhgLlts, cfly{s Pjd\ If] qLo
;a} kIfsf] ljZn] if0f / ;d:of klxrfg ug{ oy] i6 cfwf/ lbG5 . tyflk oL
;a} kIfnfO{ xn ug] { Pp6} dfq pkfo jf dfWod kof{Kt gx'g] ePsfn] g}
cnu–cnu j:t'l:yltdf :yfgLo :j–lg0f{osf] clwsf/ sf cfwf/ df / fHosf]
k'gM;+/ rgf ug] { x] t'n] g] kfndf ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf hfg' kg] { P] ltxfl;s
/ fhgLlts cfjZostf dx;"; ul/ Psf] xf] .
g] kfndf ljBdfg ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, hftLo / If] qLo lje] b
tyf c;Gt'ng juL{o ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfs} cjoj x'g\ . oL ;jfnx¿nfO{ ;xL
¿kdf ;Daf] wg ug{ ;a} eGbf a9L cfjZos s'/ f eg] sf] / fhg} lts k|ltj4tf
xf] / / fHosf] pQ/ bfloTj xf] . cfh;Ddsf] g] kfnsf] Oltxf; x] bf{ / fHon] oL
d'2fx¿nfO{ oyf] lrt ;Daf] wg ug{ ;s] g jf u/ ] g . To;} n] vf; hflt, ;d'bfo
/ If] qsf hgtfn] / fHoåf/ f cfk"mx¿ pk] lIft Pjd\ ckx] lnt ePsf] dx;"; u/ L
If] qLo / hftLo klxrfgsf cfwf/ df k|fb] lzs ;+/ rgfsf] dfu ug{ k'u] sf x'g\ .
t/ , If] qLo / hftLo klxrfgsf cfwf/ df dfq k|b] zx¿sf] lgwf{/ 0f u/ L / fHosf]
k'gM;+/ rgf u/ ] / hgtfsf ;du| ljsf;sf] cfjZostf ;Daf] wg x'g ;Sb} g .
a? pN6} o;n] hgtfnfO{ Pscfk;af6 cnuynu u/ L ;du| ljsf;sf]
k|jfxnfO{ g} k|lts"n c;/ kfb{5 . To;f] x'Fbf g] kfn / g] kfnLsf] lxtdf ;+3Lo
zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/ 0f ubf{ ;du| ljsf;sf] cfwf/ / ;fdflhs lje] bsf]
cGTo ug] { cfwf/ df ul/ g' kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] ljlzi6tfdf cfwfl/ t eO{ s]Gb| / :yfgLo:t/ df clwsf/ sf] afF8kmfF8
ug{ s]Gb|Lo, k|fb]lzs / pkk|fb]lzs u/ L tLg txsf] zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/ 0f ug'
a9L Jofjxfl/ s / hgd'vL x'g] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] e"–/ fhg}lts cj:yf, eflifs
Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ax'ntf / / fhg}lts d'2fx¿sf] ;d]t cfwf/ df hDdf tLgj6f
:jzfl;t / Pp6f s]Gb|zfl;t ;d]t u/ L rf/ k|b]zx¿ tyf x/ ]s k|b]z cGtu{t
:yfgLo cfjZostf cg';f/ sf] ;+Vofdf pkk|b]zx¿ agfpg' a9L Jofjxfl/ s
xf]nf . :jzfl;t k|b]zx¿df lxdfn, kxf8 / t/ fO{ ;d]t ;dflji6 sf]zL k|b]z,
u08s k|b]z / s0ff{nL k|b]z u/ L tLg k|b]zx¿ / s]Gb|zfl;t k|b]zdf sf7df8f}
pkTosfnfO{ / fhwfgL k|b]z agfpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . oL k|b]zx¿ ;du| ljsf;sf
d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ a9L k|efjsf/ L x'g]5g\ eg] ;f+:s[lts, eflifs / hftLo
d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ k|To]s k|b]z cGtu{t pkk|b]zsf] Joj:yf u/ L clwsf/
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

lgIf]k0f ug{ ;lsG5 . s]Gb|, k|b]z / pkk|b]z u/ L tLg txsf] / fHo ;+/ rgfdf x/ ]s
txsf] sfo{If]q / clwsf/ sf] JofVof ;+ljwfgdf k|i6 ¿kdf ul/ g' kb{5 . clwsf/
afF8kmfF8sf s]xL pbfx/ 0fx¿ d oxfF / fVb}5' —
!= s] Gb| M / Iff, j} b] lzs dfldnf, / fhZj / df} lb|s lgodg
@= k|b] z M k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;|f] t Joj:yfkg tyf ;fdflhs
Gofo / nf] s sNof0fsf/ L sfo{x¿
#= pkk|b] z M efiff, ;+:s[lt tyf hftLo klxrfg / pTyfg Pjd\ :yfgLo
ljsf; .
s] Gb|Lo ;+/ rgfdf ljwflosf ;+;b, ;Nnfxsf/ ;ef, ;+3Lo ;/ sf/ /
ljleGg dGqfnox¿ Pjd\ ;+3Lo k|zf;lgs, Goflos tyf ;'/ Iff lgsfox¿
/ xg] 5g\ . ljwflosf ;+;bsf] lgdf{0f b] ze/ af6 k|ToIf lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6
x'g] 5 / ljwflosf ;+;bn] ;+3Lo ;/ sf/ sf] u7g ax'dtLo k|lqmofaf6 ug] {5 .
k|fb] lzs Pjd\ pkk|fb] lzs lxtdf ;+3Lo ;/ sf/ nfO{ ;'emfj lbg ;+;bsf]
dflyNnf] ;bgsf ¿kdf Ps ;Nnfxsf/ ;efsf] Joj:yf ug] { / ;f] sf] u7g
k|b] z / pkk|b] zx¿af6 dgf] gog ug] { Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+3Lo sfg"gx¿sf]
lgdf{0f s] Gb|Lo ljwflosf ;+;bn] ug] {5 .
k|fb]lzs ;+/ rgfdf Ps k|fb]lzs ;+;b, k|fb]lzs ;/ sf/ / dGqfnox¿ tyf
k|fb]lzs k|zf;lgs, Goflos / ;'/ Iff lgsfox¿ / xg] 5g\ . k|fb]lzs ;+;bsf] u7g
k|b]zel/ af6 aflnu dtflwsf/ sf cfwf/ df cfjlws lgjf{rgåf/ f x'g]5 / k|fb]lzs
;+;bn] k|fb]lzs ;/ sf/ sf] u7g ax'dtLo cfwf/ df ug] {5 . k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ leq
nfu" x'g]u/ L k|fb]lzs gLlt–lgodx¿ agfpg ;Sg] :jlg0f{osf] clwsf/ k|fb]lzs
;+;bnfO{ x'g]5 . k|b]zx¿ aLrdf gLlt–lgodx¿df leGgtf x'g ;Sg]5 .
pkk|fb] lzs ;+/ rgfdf k|b] zåf/ f lgIf] lkt clwsf/ x¿ k|of] u ug{;Sg] u/ L
Ps kl/ ifb\ / Ps sfo{sfl/ 0fL ;ldlt / xg] 5 . pkk|fb] lzs kl/ ifb\n] lgIf] lkt
If] qflwsf/ leqsf ljifox¿df gLlt–lgodx? th{'df u/ L nfu" ug] {5 . k|zf;lgs
sfdsf nflu k|fb] lzs ;/ sf/ sf lgsfox¿sf :yfgLo zfvfx¿ / xg] 5g\ .
pkk|b] zx¿sf] ;+Vof k|b] zx¿sf aLr km/ s kg{ ;Sg] 5 . pkk|b] zx¿sf]
gfdfs/ 0f ;DalGwt pkk|b] zsf] klxnf] kl/ ifb\ a} 7sn] ug] {u/ L clwsf/ lgIf] k0f
ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
jf;' zdf{

k|r08 efif0f / lul/ hfafa"
lj=
;+= @)&! cflZjg #! ut] -tb\g';f/ @)!$ cS6f] a/ !&_ sf
lbg 6'Fl8v] n v'nfd~rdf @@ bnn] cfd;ef u/ ] 5g\Ù cgnfOg
ld l8ofdf va/ k9\g kfOof] . x'g t To;sf] cl3Nn} lbg cyf{t\ !^ tfl/ vsf]
Psflaxfg} k] m;a's x] b} { ubf{ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 xf] Og ls / fhgLlts bnx¿sf]
;xdltdf ;+ljwfg hf/ L x'g' kb{5 eg] / sf+u|] ;–Pdfn] nfO{ bafa lbg ;f]
cfd;ef x'Fb} 5 eGg] ;dfrf/ b] v] / cgfof; Pp6f g] kfnL pvfg ofb cfPsf]
lyof] / d] / f] k] m;a's :6f6;df n] v] sf] lyPF– …efn'sf] dg vGo"dflyÚ . /, of]
n] v n] Vg a:bf csf] { Pp6f pvfg klg ofb cfO/ x] sf] 5– …sfd s'/ f] Psflt/ ,
s'Dnf] af] sL l7dLlt/ Ú .
k|r08sf] g] t[Tjdf @@ bnn] u/ ] sf] pSt bafa;efdf @@ ;o dfq ;xefuL
lyPÙ klxn] sf h'n'; / cfd;efx¿df em} + 6«flkmsnfO{ s'g} c;/ u/ ]sf] lyPg eg]/
;f] ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL k|ltlqmofx¿ klg k9\g kfPsf] lyPF . ;f] h'n'; / ;efdf @@
;o dfq ;xefuL lyP ls w]/ jf yf]/ lyP eGg] d]/ f] clxn]sf] rf;f]sf] ljifo
xf]Og . d]/ f] rf;f]sf] ljifo eg]sf] pSt slyt bafa h'n'; / ;efsf] cf}lrTo,
pko' {Qm b'O{ pvfg / ;f] ;efdf k|r08sf] efif0fsf clek|fo rflx+ x'g\ .
s'/ fsf] yfngL pSt h'n'; / ;efsf] cf} lrToaf6 u/ f} + . g] kfnsf] / fhgLlts
oyfy{ cfGbf] ngs} r/ 0fdf 5 jf ¿kfGt/ 0fsf] r/ 0fdf 5 < olb g] kfnsf]
ljutsf cfGbf] ngx¿af6 pknlJw xfl;n ePsf] 5} g, tL cfGbf] ngx¿
lgisif{xLg :ylut ePsf lyP / cem} xfdL ;8s cfGbf] ngs} r/ 0fdf 5f} + eg]
;+ljwfg;ef, ;/ sf/ / k|ltkIf Pjd\ ljleGg gfdsf ;ldltx¿sf] gf} 6ÍL lsg
ug'{ < t/ oyfy{ eg] cs} { 5 . ;a} / fhgLlts zlStx¿sf] ;femf cfGbf] ngsf]
pknlJw:j¿k / fhtGqfTds ;fdGtL ;Qf 9n] / u0ftflGqs g] kfnsf] :yfkgf
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

ePsf] klg Ps bzs x'g cfFl6;Sof] . t/ , g t ;+ljwfg aGg ;s] sf] 5, g
t ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnL ;+:yfut x'g ;s] sf] 5 . of] P] ltxfl;s
sfo{ ;8saf6 xf] Og ls ;+ljwfg;efh:tf] / fHo ;+oGqaf6 g} ;DkGg x'g' kg] {
xf] eGg] s'/ f / fhgLlt zf:qleqsf] ;fdfGo 1fg xf] Og / <
ha b] zsf] cu|ultsf nflu kl/ jt{gsf/ L zlStn] / fHosf] g] t[Tj ;Dxfn] sf
5g\ / ltg} kl/ jt{gsf/ L zlStx¿sf] ;xeflutfaf6 ul7t ;+ljwfg;ef jf ;+;b
/ ;/ sf/ sf] sfFwdf lhDd] jf/ L 5 eg] k] ml/ klg ;8s cfGbf] ngs} / fhgLlt
ul/ / xg'sf] s'g} cf} lrTo 5} g . Tof] t ca s] jn / fhgLltsf] gfddf ;dosf]
aaf{bL dfq xf] Ù hgtfnfO{ e'ne'n} ofdf / fVg] jf lbUe|ldt ug] { b'ir] i6f dfq
xf] jf 7"nf] cfsf/ b] vfpg] Eofu'tf z} nL dfq xf] . 7"nf] cfsf/ sf] b] vfpg
k'mNbf k'mNb} Eofu'tf] cfk} +m k'm6] / d/ ] sf] syf :d/ 0f ug{ k|r08 k|j[lQnfO{ cfu|x
ug} { knf{h:tf] 5 . …sfd s'/ f] Psflt/ , s'Dnf] af] sL l7dLlt/ Ú eg] sf] oxL
xf] . sfd s'/ f] ;+ljwfg;eflt/ , h'n'; lnO{ v'nfd~rlt/ . dnfO{ pvfg ofb
cfpg'sf] sf/ 0f g} oxL xf] .
s] t g] kfnsf] / fhgLlt ;8s / v'nfd~reGbf j/ lt/ ÷k/ lt/ hfg ;Sb} g
t < …efn'sf] dg vGo"dflyÚ eg] h:tf] bnx¿;Fu h'n'; / ;efeGbf cyf] {s
;f ] Rg] dg gePs} xf] t < / fhgLlt v'nfd~r / ;8slt/ dfq} cNdln/ x] sf]
k|i6} b] lvG5 . ToxfFeGbf cufl8 a9\g klg ;s] g / ToxfFeGbf dfly p7\g klg
;s] g . hgtfdf bnx¿ k|ltsf] ljt[i0ff / / fhgLlt k|ltsf] lg/ fzfsf] sf/ 0f
klg oxL xf] . u0ftGqsf nflu hgtfn] h'g pT;fx / alnbfgL efjgf b] vfPsf
lyP / cfGbf] ngdf ;xefuL ePsf lyP, s] oxL lbg b] Vgsf nflu xf] <
l;+xb/ af/ df / fh ug] { / v'nfd~r wfpg] ;a} bnn] hgtfnfO{ hjfkm lbg'k5{ .
cfh @@ bnsf gfddf k|r08x¿ h'g gf} 6ÍL ub} {5g\, To;f] ug{ ltgnfO{
hgtfn] clwsf/ lbPs} 5} gg\ . clkt' hglxtsf nflu lhDd] jf/ / fhgLltsf]
ck] Iff u/ ] sf 5g\ – hgtfn] . @@ bnsf] RofFv] yfk] / lhnf] hf] ufpg]
jf RofFv] alNemxfn] df …df/ f{Ú eg] / 3f] qmf] lrl/ g] u/ L s/ fpg] Pdfcf] jfbLsf]
h'jfgLltnfO{ ;a} n] a'em] s} xf] . olb k|r08x¿nfO{ b] z / hgtfk|lt ;fFRr} g}
OdfGbf/ 5f} + eGg] nfU5 eg] RofFv] sf] e"ldsfdf xf] Og ls / fhgLltsf] …vfnÚdf
…vfn] Ús} e"ldsfdf v] Ng'xf] ;\ g eg] / ;'emfj kf] lbg dg nfUof] . / fhgLltsf]
d"n …vfnÚ ;+ljwfg;efdf tkfO{+x¿ ;d] tn] g} hdfPsf] xf] Og / <
jf;' zdf{

k|r08x¿sf / f] +8fOF / afnx7sf nflu eg] / l;h{gf ul/ Psf] ;+j} wflgs–
/ fhgLlts ;Dafb tyf ;xdlt ;ldltsf] k6s–k6s Dofb yk ug{ dfq
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ePsf] t kSs} klg xf] Og xf] nf . t} klg ;ldltaf6
rfF8f] eGbf rfF8f] b] z / hgtfsf] lxtdf / fhg} lts ;xdlt sfod eO{ d'n'ssf]
/ fhgLlt cufl8 a9\nf ls eg] / hgtf cfzfn] x] l/ / x] sf lyP . t/ , kv{g'
/ x] g'{sf] klg Pp6f xb x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df Ps cj;/ df ;efd'v ;'jf;
g] Dafªn] …g] tfx¿ ;xdlt h'6fpgsf nflu dËnu|x / rGb|df afx] s ;a}
:yfg k'lu;s] Ú eg] / u/ ] sf] s6fIf dggof] Uo 5 . olb ;xdltdf cfpg
l;+xb/ af/ b] lv lnP/ kf6L{ sfof{nox¿, g] tfx¿sf lghL cfjf;x¿, tf/ ]
xf] 6nx¿ / l/ ;f] 6{x¿df gh'/ ] s} xf] eg] ;efd'vn] eg] em} + j} slNks
:yfgx¿sf] cj;/ klg g] tfx¿nfO{ lbg] kf] xf] ls t . o:tf] j} slNks
:yfgdf d+unu|x / rGb|nf] seGbf k"j{ g] tfx¿nfO{ Ps xjfO{ cj;/
lbg' knf{ ls . To:tf] xjfO{ cj;/ sf ¿kdf Psk6s g] tfx¿nfO{ Pp6f
x] lnsf] K6/ df / fvL g] kfnsf] k"j{b] lv klZrd;Dd / lxdfnb] lv t/ fO{;Ddsf]
p8fg eb} { g] kfnsf] dfglrq, e"uf] n / Oltxf;sf] cjnf] sg ub} { ldl6Ë
ubf{ kf] ;xdltsf] ;fOt h'5{ ls t < ljrf/ ugf] {;\ x} g] tfu0f Û
ca v'nfd~rsf] bafa;efdf k|r08 sd/ ] 8n] 7f] s] sf] efif0f af/ ]
klg Psk6s lrGtg u/ f} + . s] eg] t k|r08n] cfˆgf] …k|r08Ú efif0fdf <
;dfrf/ df k9\g kfP cg';f/ pgn] eg] 5g\– …lul/ hfafa"sf] 6fpsf] af6 / ut
aUbfsf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] , Tof] klg :d/ 0f u/ fpg rfxG5'Ú . pgsf] of]
cleJolStaf6 pgn] cfˆgf] l96nfO{ k'li6 ug{ lul/ hfafa"sf] d[tfTdfnfO{
k'sf/ ] 5g\ eGg] 5n{Ë x'G5 . zxLbx¿sf] zxfbtnfO{ lal;{P5g\ / c? ;a} sf]
5ftL / 6fpsf] af6 au] sf] / utnfO{ b] v] g5g\ . s] jn lul/ hfsf] 6fpsf] af6
au] sf] / ut dfq b] v] 5g\ pgn] . s'/ f o;} xf] nf . k|r08 Ps rt'/ JolSt x'g\
eGg] ;a} nfO{ yfxf ePs} s'/ f xf] . To;} n] lul/ hfsf] gfd lnP/ rt'¥ofOFk"j{s
sf+u|] ;Lx¿nfO{ efjgfTds b'ik|efj kfg] { sfd (emotional blackmailing) u/ ] sf
xf] nfg\ . tf ls sf+u|] ;Lx¿ pgsf] b'ik|efjdf k/ L pgsf] l96\ofOFnfO{ ;dy{g
ug{ cfpg\ . To;kl5 klg pgn] k6s–k6s lul/ hf sf] O/ fnfsf] d[tfTdfnfO{
k'sf/ ] sf ;dfrf/ x¿ k9\g kfO/ lxPsf] 5 .
hgtfsf] Pstfdf vnn k'¥ofpg] / hgtfaLr hftLotf Pjd\ If] qLotfsf]
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

{
ljå] if k} mnfpg] pgsf ljrf/ , c8fg / slyt bafa tYo;+ut / hglxtsf/ L
5} gg\ eGg] s'/ f pgn] efjgfTds b'ik|efj kfg] { r] i6f ub} { lul/ hfsf] d[tfTdfnfO{
u'xfg'{n] g} k|i6 kfb{5 . wGo xf] g] tfhL Û k|r08 olt rfF8} j} rfl/ s ¿kdf
o;/ L :vlnt xf] nfg\ eg] / t d} n] sNkgf klg u/ ] sf] lyOgF . nf] stflGqs
cfGbf] ng kl5 b'nfaf6 k'mQ aflx/ lgl:sP/ af] Nbf z'?df t k|r08 Ps bdbf/
g] tf / x] 5g\, s] xL u5{g\ ls eGg] nfu] sf] lyof] . t/ , Tof] s] jn d] / f] e|d / x] 5 .
;dfrf/ cg';f/ cfˆgf] …bdbf/ Ú efif0f 7f] Sg] qmddf k|r08n] eg] 5g\– …d
@@ bnsf] klg g] tf x'F, dw] zLsf] klg g] tf x'F, cflbjf;L–hghfltsf] klg g] tf
x'F, dhb"/ sf] klg g] tf x'F, ls;fgsf] klg g] tf x'FÚ, cflb OToflb . pgsf] of]
af] nL 7ØfSs} lul/ hf sf] O/ fnfsf] af] nL;Fu ldNg uof] x} . lul/ hfafa" klg
ls;fgnfO{ e] 6\bf d klxn] ls;fg g} lyPF eGy]Ù dhb"/ nfO{ e]6\bf dhb"/ } lyPF
eGy] . x' Fbf–x' Fbf lqms]6/ x¿;Fu e]6\bf d klg agf/ ;sf] uNnLdf lqms]6 v]Ng] uy] + /
lqms]6/ g} lyPF eGg;Dd klg EofPsf lyP . lul/ hfs} af]nLsf] ;Ssn adf]lhdsf]
gSsn b'?:t b]lvof] k|r08sf] af]nLdf klg . Sof j}rfl/ s tfnd]nÙ Sof ;f]rsf]
Ps?ktf . wGg–wGg lul/ hf / k|r08 b'a}n] qmdzM d klg klxnf dlxnf g} lyPF
/ d dlxnfsf] klg g]tf x' F rflx+ egL xfn]g5g\ . h] xf];\, lul/ hfafa";Fusf] ;f]r
/ z}nLsf] Ps?ktf, lgs6tf / P]Soj4tf ePs} sf/ 0fn] xf]nfÙ zfob k|r08
sd/ ]8n] lul/ hfafa"sf] d[tfTdfnfO{ k'sf/ ]sf . o; dfg]df rflx+ k|r08n] bnut
cx+sf/ / ;+sL0f{tfnfO{ Tofu]5g\ eg]/ dfGg} knf{ .
…hlt nfdf] 8f] / L af6] klg ufF7f] Pp6} Ú eg] em} + ufF7L s'/ f eg] sf] zf] lift,
kLl8t, ckx] lnt, ljkGg / lk5l8Psf hgtfsf] pTyfg / k|ultsf nflu / fHo
/ / fhgLltsf] bfloTjnfO{ s] Gb|ljGb'df / fVg' g} xf] . To;sf nflu g t bnut
;+sL0f{ :jfy{n] 5] s] af/ nufpg kfpF5 jf ;S5, g t g] tfsf cx+sf/ n] . of]
;TonfO{ g] tfn] a] n} df dgg u/ L s'Dnf] af] s] / l7dLlt/ xf] Og ls sfd s'/ f] lt/ }
nflulbPb] lv / efn'n] cfˆgf] dg s] jn vlgpFdfly nufP/ 3t x] / ] h:tf]
v'nfd~rdf dfq 3t x] / ] / / fhgLlt ug'{sf] ;§f cln km/ flsnf] bfo/ fdf
;f] r] / ul/ lbPb] lv g] kfnL hgtfn] klg ;'v / zflGtsf] ;f; k] mg{ kfpg] lyP .
cGoyf oL a] df} ;dsf] / fu cnfKg] bafajfnfx¿nfO{ g} bafa lbg hgtfsf]
;zSt bafa l;h{gf geO{ gxf] nf h:tf] 5, g] tfx¿sf tfn b] Vbf .
jf;' zdf{

lvlTvt] / ;f] wk'5]
lj
hos'df/ kf08] n] pgsf] cfTdj[QfGt …v';LÚ df 6] lnlehgsf xf:o
snfsf/ nfO{ …lvlTvt] Ú / xf:o sfo{qmdnfO{ …lvlTvt] sfo{qmdÚ
eg] / n] v] 5g\ . To; s'/ faf6 xf:o snfsf/ bLks/ fh lu/ Ln] cfˆgf]
cfTd;Ddfgdf 7] ; k'u] sf] dx;"; u/ ] 5g\ / pgnfO{ lrQ b'v] 5 . pgsf] kfnf]
klg ljhos'df/ nfO{ …;f] wk'5] Ú sf] ljz] if0f le/ fO{ OF6sf] abnf OF6 eg] em} +
zAbjf0fsf] abnf zAbjf0fn] 7f] s] 5g\ . b'a} nfO{ k|o'Qm ljz] if0fx¿ lghx¿sf]
cf–cfˆgf] k] zfut kIf;Fu tfNn's / fV5g\ g ls ltgsf] lghL hLjg;Fu .
d} n] xfn;Dd ljhos'df/ sf] …v';LÚ k9\g] cj;/ t kfPsf] 5'Og . t/ ,
pgn] cfˆgf] k] m;a'sdf ;f] k':ts ;DaGwL l6Kk0fL xf] jf k':tss} Ps ;fgf]
c+z xf] , / fv] sf / x] 5g\ / k9\g kfPsf] lyPF . h;df pgsf] k|0fo k|;Ë, pgsL
cwf{lËgL / pgn] l/ Dkf] r] af6 1fg k|fKt u/ ] sf k|;Ëx¿ dfq jl0f{t 5g\ .
…v';LÚ df ljhos'df/ kf08] n] …lvlTvt] Ú sf] k|of] u lsg, s;/ L / s'g cy{df
u/ ] sf 5g\ egL yfxf kfpg k':ts g} k9\g' kg] { x'G5 / ldn] df k9\g] g}
5' . Tolt~h] n;DdnfO{ bLks/ fh lu/ Lsf] lrQ b'vfO{ ;DaGwL l6Kk0fLnfO{
g} cfwf/ dfg] / s'/ f ku] {Ng vf] Hb} 5' . lu/ Ln] cfˆgf] l6Kk0fL k] m;a'sdf
/ fv] 5g\ . d] / f k] m;a'ssf ldqdWo] s;} n] z] o/ ul/ lbgfn] d] / f] df klg
cfOk'Uof] / k9\g kfPF . l6Kk0fLdf lu/ L n] V5g\– …ljhos'df/ hLn] cfˆgf]
lstfa v';Ldf n] v] sf 5g\ / ] 6] lnlehg lvlTvt] -xf:o_ sfo{qmdx¿n]
el/ P, of] b] z To:tf] b] z xf] hxfF gfoseGbf lvlTvt] x¿ -xf:o snfsf/ _
rlr{t eP eg] / lrGtf JoSt ug'{ eP5=== ljr/ f ljhohL===.Ú cfˆgf]
l6Kk0fLdf cln tn uP/ lu/ L ljho s'df/ nfO{ k|Zg u5{g\– …tkfO{+nfO{
klg s;} n] ;f] wk'5] sfo{qmd rnfP eGof] eg] s] x'G5

lu/ LhL lrQ gb'vfpgf] ;\ . jf:tjdf ljhohLn] eg] h:t} of] b] z
lvlTvt] do g} 5 . km/ s olQ xf] ls ljhohLn] b'O{ k|sf/ sf lvlTvt] x¿
dWo] Ps k|sf/ sf lvlTvt] nfO{ dfq b] v] 5g\ . ljhos'df/ n] b] v] sf klxnf]
k|sf/ sf lvlTvt] x¿df tkfO{+x¿h:tf k|ltefx¿ k5{g\, hf] hghfu/ 0fsf lglDt
clego, ;+uLt, snf / ;flxTosf dfWodåf/ f cys k|of; ul/ / x] sf 5g\ .
ljhohLn] gb] v] sf jf gn] v] sf bf] ;|f] k|sf/ sf lvlTvt] x¿ / fhgLlts bn,
;+;b / ;/ sf/ df e/ df/ 5g\Ù hf] hgtfnfO{ 9fFl6/ xgsf lglDt ;+ljwfg;efsf]
/ Ëd~r, 6'Fl8v] nsf] v'nfd~r, kqklqsf, / ] l8of] / 6] lnlehgdf cGtjf{tf{,
;ef ;Dd] ng Pjd\ uf] i7L, cGt/ lqmofh:tf sfo{qmdx¿df efif0fflbsf
dfWodåf/ f cys k|of; ul/ / x] sf 5g\ . klxnf] k|sf/ sf lvlTvt] x¿n]
hgtf hufO/ x] 5g\, bf] ;|f] k|sf/ sf lvlTvt] x¿n] hgtf 7lu/ x] 5g\ .
ljhohL tkfO{+n] olb bf] ;|f] k|sf/ sf lvlTvt] b] Vg g;Sg'ePsf] jf b] v] /
klg gh/ cGbfh ug'{ePsf] xf] eg] uNtL u/ ] s} xf] . of] s'/ fnfO{ :jLsfg{
/ …v';LÚsf] ;+zf] lwt bf] ;|f] ;+:s/ 0f lgsfNg] tof/ L ug{ tkfO{+nfO{ ;'emfj
lbpF ls eGg] nfUof] . x'g t tkfO{+n] g} s] xL ;do klxnf sxL+ st}
n] v] sf] k9] h:tf] nfU5 . ;HhgnfO{ grflxg] / d"v{n] glng] lrh eg] sf]
;'emfj xf] . o; lx;fan] t ;'emfj lbg gldNg] xf] . t/ klg d} n] tkfO{+nfO{
;'emfj lbg] cfF6 u/ ] + . s[kof o;nfO{ cGoyf cy{df glng' xf] nf .
ca bf] ;|f] k|sf/ sf lvlTvt] x¿sf af/ ] df clnslt rrf{ u/ f} + . s] xL
;do cl3 b] zsf axfnjfnf k|wfg lvlTvt] n] a] lNhoddf cfˆgf s] xL
xg'dfgx¿sf aLrdf kf6L{sf] em08fn] zf] efodfg x'Fb} hut x;fPsf] 36gf
tfh} 5 . Ps e"k" k|wfg lvlTvt] xf5Ø"F u/ ] / pkrf/ sf nflu cd] l/ sf uO{
b'lgofnfO{ cfˆgf] lvlTvt] k|ltef b] vfO/ x] sf] 36gf klg tfh} xf] . To:t} ,
csf{ e"k" k|wfg lvlTvt] n] ;8s k|bz{g sfo{qmdsf nflu cfˆgf] g] t[Tjdf
df] rf{ agfP/ tof/ L u/ ] sf] klg va/ cfPs} 5 . tNnf–tNnf txx¿df
g] t[Tj ;Dxfln/ x] sf / ;xefuL eO/ x] sf lvlTvt] x¿sf] t u0fgf u/ L ;fWo]
5} g . / fli6«o / Ëd~r ;+ljwfg;efdf ^)! lvlTvt] x¿ hDdf eP/ cfˆgf]
clegosnf b] vfO/ x] sf] klg x] l/ Ps} 5 . dfkm ug'{xf] nf – e"nr"s lng] lbg] .
ljhohL, tkfO{+n] s] xL egs kfpg' ePsf] 5 ls < ;+ljwfg;efsf ^)! dWo]
^)! g} …lvlTvt] Ú x'g\ jf ltgLx¿dWo] sf] xL …;f] wk'5] Ú klg 5g\ . of] kQf
jf;' zdf{

nufP/ kf7snfO{ kl:sg] lhDdf tkfO{+s} xf] h:tf] nfU5 . lsgeg] lu/ LhLsf
cg';f/ tkfO{+ ;f] wk'5] lsQfdf kg'{x'G5 / cfˆgf] lsQfdf sxfF–sxfF s] slt
snfsf/ x¿ 5g\ elgsg cfsng ug] { k|d'v lhDd] jf/ L lsQfjfns} xf] .
Pp6f bz{ssf] x} l;otn] k/ af6 x] bf{ ;f] wk'5] x¿sf] eGbf lvlTvt] x¿sf]
g} kNnf ux|f} + ePsf] b] lvG5 . htftt} lvlTvt] g} lvlTvt] dfq b] lvG5g\ .
lvlTvt] x¿sf] / fd|} af] nafnf / x} sd rn] sf] 5 . Psfw b] lvPsf
;f] wk'5] x¿nfO{ klg lvlTvt] x¿n] / fd|} ;Fu 7] ufg nufOlbg ;S5g\ . Pp6f
lxDdtjfnf k'ln;sf] pRr cf] xf] bfdf k'u] sf] ;f] wk'5] nfO{ ;f] wk'5 u/ ] s} sf/ 0f
u[x dGqfnodf bfbflu/ L rnfO/ x] sf jl/ i7 lvlTvt] n] / fd|} ;Fu 7] ufg nufO{
lbP . s;} sf] afpsf] tfut 5 t tL lvlTvt] nfO{ / f] Sg] < pgsf] dftxtdf / x] /
pgnfO{ ;fFem–laxfg ;nfd 7f] Sb} rfs8L ug'{ t stf xf] stf, pN6} pg} sf]
l3r3fr sfo{qmdnfO{ g} c;/ kfg] {u/ L ;f] wk'5 ug{ yfn] kl5 lsg kf] ;xGy] /
< To} klg cfd;~rf/ sf] dfWoddf pgs} dltof/ sf cl3lNt/ . nu] / s'gfdf
yGSofOlbPkl5 606} vnf;\ . g / Xof] afF;, g aHof] afF;'/ L .
;dosf] ToxL ;] / f] km] / f] df Pp6f ;dfrf/ k9\g kfOof] . Pdfcf] jfbLsf
k'iksdn bfxfn …k|r08Úsf] cWoIftfdf Pp6f df] rf{ ag] 5– ;+ljwfg aGg
glbg] Û ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg hf/ L u/ ] df ;8s ;+3if{ ug] { / ] pgLx¿n] Û oL
csf{yl/ lvlTvt] sf] sfo{qmd b] v] / klg slt xf:g' < Pp6f dL7f] k|x;gsf]
cfof] hgf ub} { / x] 5g\ . ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfd ;+ljwfg;efsf] xf] Og / ] .
;+ljwfg;ef aflx/ } / fhgLlts ;xdlt vf] lhg' k5{ / ] . ax'dtsf] anldRofO{
u/ ] / ;+ljwfg hf/ L ePdf pgLx¿nfO{ cdfGo x'g] / ;+ljwfg hnfpg] s'/ f
u/ ] 5g\ . sf] xL lxDdtjfnf ;f] wk'5] 5 – oL lvlTvt] ;Fu ;f] wk'5 ug{;Sg]
< ljhos'df/ x¿;Fu kof{Kt k|Zgx¿ xf] nfg\ lognfO{ ;f] wk'5 ug{ < cyf{t\
kof{Kt ;f] wk'5] x¿ 5g\ oL ;a} ;Fu ;f] wk'5 u/ L Eofpg < h;/ L / fli6«o,
If] qLo / :yfgLo:t/ df htftt} bf] ;|f] k|sf/ sf lvlTvt] x¿sf] laulauL 5,
To;} u/ L 7fpF–7fpFd} ltgnfO{ ;f] wk'5 ug{ kof{Kt ;f] wk'5] x¿ klg x'g cfjZos
b] lvG5 . To;} n] ljhohL, ca tkfO{+n] g} sDd/ s:g' knf{h:tf] 5 – tkfO{+sf]
lsQfjfnx¿sf] ;+Vof a9fpg . rf] s, uNnL / ;8sb] lv / fhgLlts bn,
;+ljwfg;ef, ;/ sf/ / k|zf;lgs ;+oGq ;a} lt/ ;f] wk'5] x¿ kof{Kt ;+Vofdf
t} gfy ug'{kg] { g} eof] , tf ls 7fpF– 7fpFd} oL bf] ;|f] k|sf/ sf hut} x;fpg]
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

lvlTvt] x¿nfO{ ;f] wk'5 ug{ ;lsof] ;\ . ls s;f] ljhohL <
bLks/ fh lu/ Ln] cfˆgf] k] m;a's l6Kk0fLdf pNn] v u/ ] cg';f/ ljho
s'df/ n] …v';LÚ df lrGtf JoSt u/ ] sf 5g\ / ] …of] b] z To:tf] b] z xf] , hxfF
gfoseGbf lvlTvt] x¿ -xf:o snfsf/ _ rlr{t ePÚ eg] / . d eg] oxL+g] /
låljwfdf kl/ / x] sf] 5', gfos sf] x'g\ / lvlTvt] sf] x'g\ eGg] 5'6Øfpg g;s] / .
kf08] hLn] a'‰gnfO{ d2t ug{ ;S5g\ ls < j} B, bfxfn, sf] O/ fnf, cf] nL,
uf} td, l;+x, yfkf, uR5bf/ / cGo y'k|} –y'k|} y/ ePsf kfqx¿ Hff] b] zsf]
/ fhg} lts d~rdf lj/ fhdfg 5g\Ù tL lvlTvt] jf gfos jf vngfos s]
x'g\ < xfdL ;j{;fwf/ 0fn] b] Vbf t tL gfossf] h:tf] :jfË kf5{g\, t/
vngfossf] h:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g\ / lvlTvt] n] h;/ L x;fpF5g\ . ca
tkfO{+ g} eGgf] ;\ kf08] hL Û oL ax'cfoflds k|ltefsf wgLx¿nfO{ s'g}
Ps dfq ljz] if0f le/ fP/ lognfO{ cGofo ug{ ldN5 t < ;a} kfqx¿ oL
;a} k|ltefsf cfwf/ df rlr{t} 5g\ . ta tkfO{+h:tf] Ps al/ i7 ;f] wk'5] n]
ljrf/ } gu/ L gfoseGbf lvlTvt] rlr{t eP eg] / xr'jf l6Kk0fL ug{ ldN5
/ < lu/ LhLn] pNn] v u/ ] em} + g} tkfO{+n] n] Vg' ePsf] xf] eg] …v';LÚsf]
;+zf] lwt ;+:s/ 0f lgsfNg tkfO{+ tof/ x'g'eof] eg] g} lu/ LhLx¿sf] b'v] sf]
lrQdf dNxd nfUnf .
jf;' zdf{

plrt sbd p7fP5g\
o'jfx¿n]
;'
g;/ Lsf o'jf tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] plrt sbd p7fP5g\ . w] / } ;dokl5
Pp6f cfznfUbf] / fhgLlts kxn ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ k9\g kfOof] .
g] tfx¿sf u} / lhDd] jf/ / j} ofsf sf/ 0fn] lynlynf] ePsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf
oL o'jfsf] sbdn] yf] / } eP klg / fxt lbPsf] 5 . ;'g;/ Lsf oL cfFl6nf
o'jfx¿nfO{ ;fw'jfb Û
ut jif{ gf] e] Da/ sf] Ps ;dfrf/ cg';f/ ;Qfdf / x] sf / k|ltkIfdf
/ x] sf ljleGg / fhgLlts bnx¿;Fu ;Dj4 ;'g;/ Lsf o'jf tyf ljBfyL{
;+u7gx¿n] tf] lsPsf] ;doleq ;+ljwfg hf/ L u/ L d'n'snfO{ cu|ultdf
8f] ¥ofpg g] tfx¿nfO{ bafa lbg] p2] Zosf ;fy Pp6f ;+o'St ;+oGq u7g
u/ ] 5g\ . t/ , g] kfnsf] b'ef{Uok"0f{ lgolt g} xf] ls o:tf / fd|f sfdx¿ t'xfOG5g\
/ oL o'jfx¿n] klg p2] Zo cg'?k cf–cfˆgf bnx¿nfO{ k|efjL bafa
lbg ;s] gg\ zfob . To;} n] , tf] lsPsf] ;dodf ;+ljwfg aGg ;s] g /
;+ljwfg hf/ L ug{ tf] lsPsf] ;do 3ls{of] . tyflk o:tf / fd|f sfdx¿n]
b"/ ufdL k|efj 5f] 8\g ;S5g\ / tL o'jfx¿sf] sbd klg ;'g;/ Ldf dfq /
Pp6f ;Lldt ;do;Ldfsf nflu dfq / xg] 5} g . clkt' eljiosf nflu
/ fli6«o:t/ df ;Gb] z lbg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . dnfO{ rf0fSosf] Pp6f egfO
ofb cfO/ x] sf] 5 . pgn] eg] sf lyP– …k"mnsf] dxs xfjf au] sf] lbzftk{m
dfq k} mnG5, hals JolStx¿sf] c;n sfdsf] ;'jf;gf x/ ] s lbzfdf
k} mnG5 .Ú cjZod] j o:tf] c;n sfdsf] k|efj ;a} lt/ kg] {5 .
;'g;/ Lsf o'jfx¿n] o:tf] sbd lsg p7fpg' k¥of] t < d'n'ssf] eljio
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

hgtfsf] lxtsf] s;Ldf 3f] 6] / x] bf{ 5n{Ë s] b] lvG5 eg] , o:tf] sbd rfNg
cfjZos lyof] . g] tfx¿ k+u' dfq xf] Og, u} / lhDd] jf/ klg ;fljt eO/ x] sf
5g\ . s';L{ / ;QflnK;fdf lgln{Kt eP/ s'/ f sy'g{ afx] s ltgn] cyf] {s
b] Vbf klg b] v] gg\ / hfGbf klg hfg] gg\ . t/ lj8Dagf Û ltg} sf] xfnLd'xfnL
rln/ x] sf] 5 / fhgLltdf Û ltgnfO{ s;n] tx nufpg ;Snfg\ t < lgZro g}
ltg} sf sfo{stf{n] tx nufpg ;S5g\ . vf;u/ L o'jf k':tfsf sfo{stf{n]
o;} u/ L ;sf/ fTds sbd p7fpFb} uP eg] g] kfnL / fhgLltsf] a] lyltnfO{
dd{t u/ L 7Ls7fs kfg{ ;Sg] 5g\ eGg] s'/ fsf] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 . lsgeg]
8fF8fsf 3fd x'Fb} uPsf g] tfx¿n] jt{dfg dfq b] Vg ;S5g\ eg] o'jfx¿n]
jt{dfg / eljio b'a} b] Vg ;S5g\ . o;} n] o'jfx¿n] / fhgLltsf] nufd
cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lng cu|;/ x'g cfjZos 5 eg] / d} n] d] / f n] vx¿df
k6s–k6s s'/ f p7fO/ x] sf] x'F .
g] kfnL / fhgLltsf] kl5Nnf] kl/ b[ZonfO{ x] g] { xf] eg] d'n's cToGt
u} / lhDd] jf/ / fhgLltsf] lzsf/ alg/ x] sf] / ;Í6f] Gd'v cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/ x] sf]
b] Vg ;lsG5 . ;dfh kl/ jt{gsf lxdfotL d"nwf/ sf / fhgLlts bnx¿
Ps} 7fpFdf bx|f] ;Fu pleg' kg] {df 5'b| :jfy{x¿sf] av] 8f lemsL cfk;df b"/ L
a9fpFb} uPsf b] lvG5g\ . cgfjZos w|'jLs/ 0f / cfk;L ltSttf a9\b} 5 .
/ fhgLlts cj:yf wldnf] / t/ n 5 . o:tf] t/ n cj:yfaf6 nfe p7fpg
h'g;'s} s'gfaf6 h'g;'s} tTjx¿n] klg 6fpsf] p7fpg / rnv] n ug{
;S5 eGg] s'/ fsf] af] w g] tfx¿nfO{ lsg eO/ x] sf] 5} g – a'‰g ufx|f]
eO/ x] sf] 5 . b] zsf] cl:dtfdfly v] naf8 ub} { cltjfbL zlStx¿sf]
rnv] n eO/ x] sf] 5 . Psyl/ cltjfbLx¿ hftLo jf If] qLo / fHosf]
gfddf d'n'snfO{ @$) jif{ cyf{t\ g] kfn PsLs/ 0fk"j{sf] cj:yfdf
6'qmf–6'qmf kfg{ rflx/ x] sf 5g\ eg] csf{yl/ cltjfbLx¿ lxGb" / fi6«sf
gfddf e/ v/ } dfq kmflnPsf] / fhtGqsf] k'gM:yfkgf ug{ rflx/ x] sf 5g\ .
o:tf] cj:yfdf d"nwf/ sf / fhgLlts bnx¿ ;d] t cfk;df b"/ L a9fpFb}
ltg} cltjfbLx¿nfO{ alnof] agfO/ x] sf dfq xf] Og, cfk} +m ;d] t ;+nUg x'g
yfn] sf 5g\ . d oxfF oL k|;Ëx¿df clnslt rrf{ ug{ rfxG5' .
;j{k|yd rrf{ u/ f} + – lxGb"jfbL / fhfjfbL zlStsf] rnv] nsf ;DaGwdf .
;Qfaf6 ˆofFlsPsf k"j{/ fhf 1fg] Gb|nfO{ k] ml/ / fhf aGg] / ;Qfef] u ug] { nfnrf
jf;' zdf{

x'g' cgf} 7f] xf] Og . o:tf] nfnrf hfx] / ub} { pgL ef/ tsf lxGb"jfbL g] tfx¿nfO{
rfxfb} { lx+l8/ x] sf] va/ klg cfPsf] xf] . pgsf o:tf ultljlwk|lt ;hu t
x'g' kb{5, t/ To;nfO{ cgf} 7f] dfGg eg] ;ls+b} g . pgsf ef6d08nL / fk|kfn]
o; d] ;f] df rnv] n ug{ vf] Hg' klg :jfefljs} xf] . lsgeg] ltgsf] k[i7e"ld
/ / fhg} lts bfo/ f To:t} g} 5 . tfHh'a nfUg] s'/ f rflx+ s] xf] eg] , g] kfnL
sf+u|] ;sf] Ps lx:;f tL ultljlwx¿df ;+nUg x'g yfn] sf] 5 . o; lsQfsf]
o:tf] ;+nUgtf eg] a9L g} vt/ gfs 5 . o;nfO{ / f] Sgsf nflu g] kfnL sf+u|] ;
tof/ / ;Ifd x'g cfjZos 5 . xf] Og eg] , nf] stflGqs u0ftGq rfxg] o'jf
sfo{stf{x¿n] cfˆgf g] tfx¿nfO{ bafa lbg ca l9nf ug'{ x'Gg . …/ ft / Xof]
cu|fv knfof] Ú eg] h:tf] o; dfdnfdf l9nfO ePdf / fhfjfbL k|ltudgsf/ L
zlSt emg\–emg\ alnof] x'Fb} hfg] ;Defjgf 68\sf/ f] 5 .
olb cfˆgf g] tf tyf sfo{stf{ o;/ L v'n] cfd ¿kdf lxGb" / fi6«sf gfddf
/ fhtGqsf] kIfdf nfu] / s;/ t ub} {/ xg] / sf+u|] ; eg] ltgnfO{ yrfg'{sf] abnf
s;n] s] x] / ] h:tf] 6'n'6'n' x] / L dfq / xG5 eg] nf] stflGqs u0ftGqk|lt
sf+u|] ;sf] lgi7fdfly g} zÍf pTkGg x'g ;S5 . To;p;n] Psflt/ g] kfnL
sf+u|] ; :jod\ ;hu x'g cfjZos 5 eg] csf{lt/ afdkGyL zlStx¿ klg ca
cfk;df tnjf/ rnfpg 5f] 8] / Ps} 7fpFdf pleO{ sf+u|] ;nfO{ ;d] t va/ bf/ L
ub} { u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ u0ftflGqs ;+ljwfg hf/ L ug{kl§ h'l6xfNg
;don] dfu ub} {5 . olb ;dodf ;+ljwfg hf/ L x'g g;s] / b] zsf] t/ n
/ fhgLlts cj:yfsf] kmfObf p7fpFb} k|ltudgsf/ L zlStx¿ ;kmn eP eg]
To;sf nflu sf+u|] ;, Pdfn] / Pdfcf] jfbL g} lhDd] jf/ 7xl/ g] 5g\ . xfnsf]
k|d'v / fhgLlts d'2f eg] sf] ;+:yfut u0ftGqsf] k|Tofe"lt g} xf] .
csf{yl/ cltjfbLx¿ klxrfgsf gfddf hftLo ljå] ifnfO{ a9fjf lbO/ x] sf
5g\ . g] kfn PsLs/ 0f ePb] lv g} g] kfnsf] zf;g k4ltnfO{ x] bf{ ;a} n]
5n{Ë b] Vg;Sg] tYo s] xf] eg] , hftLo cfwf/ sf] xf] Og ls ;fdGtL k|yfsf]
/ fhtGqfTds zfxj+zLo jf / f0ffj+zLo zf;sx¿n] PstGqLo zf;g ub} {
cfPsf x'g\, g ls s'g} Ps hft jf hfltn] c? hft jf hfltdfly zf;g
u/ ] sf lyP . a? zfx jf / f0ff zf;sx¿sf] cTofrf/ ;a} hfthfltsf lgd'vf
hgtfn] plQs} ef] Ub} cfPsf x'g\ . To;} n] rfx] / f0fftGq ˆofFSg xf] ;\ jf rfx]
k~rfot ˆofFSg xf] ;\ jf / fhtGq g} ˆofFSg xf] ;\, g] kfnL hgtfn] u/ ] sf ;a}
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

qmflGt, ;+3if{ / cfGbf] ngx¿df ;a} hfthfltsf g] kfnLx¿n] ;femf n8fOFsf
¿kdf n8] / ;kmntfx¿ k|fKt u/ ] . Oltxf;sf] o:tf] csf6Ø ;TonfO{ b] Vg
g;Sg' jf b] v] / klg tf] 8d/ f] 8 ub} { hftLo jf If] qLo / fHox¿sf] dfu ug'{
eg] sf] g] kfnL hgtfnfO{ unt lbzftk{m 8f] ¥ofpg rfxg' g} xf] . of] t vf] nfsf]
tnlt/ / x] sf] afv|fsf] kf7f] nfO{ af3n] …kfgL t} +n] gwldNofP klg t] / f] k'vf{n]
wldNofPsf] lyof] Ú egL lgx'F vf] h] / vfPsf] gLlt syfh:t} g} xf] .
hftLotfjfbL cfGbf] ngsf] g] t[Tj ul/ / x] sf kß/ Tg t'nfw/ n] Ps cj;/ df
…xfdLn] hftLo klxrfgsf cfwf/ df k|b] zsf] dfu u/ ] sf xf} +, hftLo k|b] z
xf] OgÚ eg] / af] n] 5g\ . hftLo klxrfgsf cfwf/ df eg] klg Tof] oyfy{df
hftLo cfwf/ df g} x'g] 5 eGg] ;fdfGo1fg pgsf] lbdfudf gl5/ ] sf] xf] jf
cGoyf :jfy{n] zAbsf] v] nåf/ f b] z, hgtf / / fhgLltnfO{ lbUe|ldt ug{
vf] h] sf x'g\, a'‰g sl7g 5 . s'g} Ps ;do o:tf] lyof] , h'g a] nf g] kfnL
/ fhgLltdf u0f] zdfg l;+x / dbg e08f/ Lkl5 kß/ Tg t'nfw/ ;a} n] dfg] sf
g] tf lyP . g] kfnsf oL tLg g] tfx¿sf s'/ f hgtfn] kTofpFy] . c? b'O{
g] tfsf] o:tf] 5ljdf slxNo} bfu nfu] g / lbj+ut klg eO;s] . t/ , kß/ Tgn]
eg] cfˆgf] Tof] 5lj u'dfP / / fhgLlts hLjgsf] pQ/ f4{df cfP/ pgL / f] uL
ljrf/ sf] k|bz{g ub} { hgtfnfO{ hftLo åGåsf nflu pS;fpg] lgs[i6 sfd ug{
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . kß/ Tg em} + ljrf/ af6 ktLt x' Fb} d"nwf/ sf] / fhgLlt 5f]8]/ unt
/ fhgLlts af6f] ;dfTg] cGo sltko / fhg]tfx¿ hftLo cltjfb jf wfld{s
cltjfbsf] cf>o lng k'u]sf pbfx/ 0fx¿ k}bf x'g' d'n'ssf] b'ef{Uo xf] .
c? t c?, Pdfcf] jfbLh:tf] d"nwf/ sf] kf6L{n] klg hftLotf / If] qLotfsf]
b'O{ a} zfvL 6] s] / / fhgLlt ug{yfNg' eg] sf] lj8Dagf g} xf] . k|r08 / pgsf]
kf6L{n] s] s'/ f af] w ug{ h?/ L 5 eg] , olb o:tf] cb"/ bzL{ / If0feË'/
/ fhg} lts s;/ t g;Rofpg] xf] eg] Tof] lbg w] / } 6f9f x'g] 5} g, ha Pdfcf] jfbL
eGg] kf6L{ klg lyof] eg] / Oltxf;sf] kfgfdf dfq pNn] v xf] ;\ . k|r08x¿nfO{
d] / f] of] ts{ jflxoft nfUg ;S5 . k|r08n] eGg ;Snfg\– hgtf d] / f] kIfdf
5g\ . To;} n] / f] Nkfsf hgtf u'xfg{ k'u] sf xf] nfg\ . dfgf} +, / f] NkfnL hgtf
pgsf ljo/ ;{ r] s x'g\ / hltv] / dg nfU5, Toltv] / pgL eFhfpg ;S5g\ .
s6';To s] xf] eg] , Pdfcf] jfbLleq} dt} Sotf 5} g . To;} n] …;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]
sfdnfO{ a] jf:tfÚ ub} { pgn] u/ ] sf] / f] Nkf e|d0fk|lt c? g] tf a] v'z b] lvP .
jf;' zdf{

h;sf] egs pgsf] cg'kl:yltd} ePsf] 8f= afa'/ fd e§/ fO{ / gf/ fo0fsfhL
>] i7sf] ;+o'St kqsf/ ;Dd] ngdf k|r08sf cleJolStx¿nfO{ …af6f] df s;n]
s] eg] eGg] lt/ ghfcf} +Ú eGb} …xfdL bf] ;|f] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{
k|ltj4 5f} +Ú eGg] pgLx¿sf] egfOn] lbG5 .
d'n'ssf] / fhgLlts cj:yf t/ n / wldnf] / x] sf] jt{dfg kl/ l:yltdf
lhDd] jf/ / fhgLlts zlStx¿ g} Ps jf csf] { axfgfdf a/ flng yfNg] xf] eg]
d'n'ssf] b'u{lt lglZrt 5 . To;} n] , a/ flng] kf] Osf] syf eGg] nf] ssyfn]
lbPsf] ;Gb] z em} + a/ flng] cfˆgf g] tfx¿nfO{ 7Ls 7fpFdf NofP/ pEofpg
;'g;/ Lsf o'jf tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] p7fPsf] ;+o'St sbdsf] P] ltxfl;s ;Gb] zsf]
ljlzi6 dxTj 5 . ;'g;/ Laf6 k} mnFb} uO{ o:tf] o'jf hfu/ 0f b] ze/ df b] lvof]
eg] cjZo klg g] kfnL / fhgLltn] ;xL af6f] ks8\g ;Sg] 5 eGg] cfzf ug{
;lsG5 . To;} n] , ;'g;/ Lsf o'jf tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] p7fPsf] ;+o'St sbdsf]
d d'Sts07n] k|z+;f ug{ rfxG5' .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

ehgd08nL ;+:s[lt Pjd\
l;lS;sf] dfGg] k|j[lQ
…cf
ˆgf] ¿k b] vL–b] vL cfk} +m k5'{ bËÚ eGg] uLt w] /} k6s ;'g] sf] xf] .
do'/ cfˆgf] gfr b] v] / cfk} m / dfpF5 eGg] egfO klg ;'g] s} xf] .
cfˆgf] hjfgLsf] ¿kdf cfk} m bË kg] { of] uLt / do'/ cfk} m / dfpg] of] egfOsf]
cy{df tflTjs ;dfgtf 5 eGg] s'/ f cfk} mdf k|i6 5 . ;+uLt, snf, ;flxTo
/ pvfgx¿n] ;dfhsf] lrq0f ug] { x'gfn] log} uLt / egfOsf] cy{df 3f] lTn+b}
of] n] vdf cfˆg} ;fdflhs kl/ j] zdf ljr/ 0f ug{ dg nfu] sf] 5 .
;dfhsf x/ ] s kIfnfO{ lgofNbf ;a} 7fpFdf ehgd08nL ;+:s[ltn] 8] / f
hdfPsf] k|i6 b] lvG5 . rfx] / fhgLlt xf];\ rfx] ;flxTo, ;+uLt / snfsf] If]q
xf];\ jf wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/ Dk/ fsf] If]q xf];\Ù ;a}lt/ ehgd08nL ;+:s[lt df}nfpFbf]
g} b]lvG5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og, s'g} ehgd08nLdf ePsfx¿n] cfˆgf] d08nLdf
gePsfx¿nfO{ l;lS;sf] dfGg] k|j[lQ klg TolQs} 68\sf/ f] 5 . o:tf] ;+:s[lt /
k|j[lQsf] pb\ud:yn eg]s} wd{sf gfdsf] lqmofsnfk ePsfn] wfld{s ;Dk|bfox¿df
b]lvg' Tolt crDdnfUbf] x' Fb}g . t/ , lxhf]cfh o:tf s'/ f / fhgLltsdL{x¿df
;a}eGbf a9L / x]sf] kfOG5 eg] ;flxTosdL{ / n]vsx¿df klg dgUu] x'ls{/ x]sf]
b]Vg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf x/ ]s / fhgLlts bnleq o:tf] ehgd08nLo u'6jflbtf
sxfF–sxfF, s;–s;sf] g] t[Tjdf 5 eGg] s'/ fsf] hfgsf/ L ;a} nfO{ ePs} 5 .
o:tf u'6ut r'l/ k'm/ L dfq xf] Og, Ps u'6n] csf] { u'6nfO{ / Ps bnn] csf] {
bnnfO{ ;xg ug{ g;Sg] k|j[lQ kl5Nnf lbgx¿df emg\–emg\ km:6fO/ x] sf]
5ØfË} b] lvG5 . o;/ L / fhgLlts bn tyf g] tfx¿ l;Ë} b] znfO{ c;lxi0f'tfsf]
;+:sf/ sf nflu bfO/ x] sf 5g\ eGg' cTo'lSt gxf] nf .
jf;' zdf{

;dfhsf] bk{0fsf ¿kdf dflgPsf] / lgikIf ¿kdf ;dfhsf] lr/ kmf/ ug'{kg] {
bfloTj ePsf] ;flxlTos If] q / ;flxTosdL{x¿df ;d] t o:tf] k|j[lQ b] lvg'
b'MvnfUbf] s'/ f xf] , tyflk oyfy{ o:t} b] lvG5 . ljleGg kqklqsf, cgnfOg
va/ ;fO6x¿ / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf dfWodx¿df cfPsf ;flxlTos ultljlw
;DaGwL ;dfrf/ x¿, l6Kk0fLx¿ / ljZn] if0ffTds n] vx¿ x] bf{ cnu–cnu
;flxlTos ehgd08nLx¿sf] ;–;fgf hdftx¿df eP–ul/ Psf ljj/ 0fx¿
5/ ki6 k9\g kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf hdftx¿sf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿df k|foM x/ ] s
k6s Ps} cg'xf/ bf] xf] l/ Psf kfOG5g\, hxfF cf–cfˆg} / cfk"mn] k'h] sf] s'g}
…k|e'Ú eP cfˆgf] k|e'sf] ehg / :t'lt ufPsf] ;dfrf/ cfO/ x] sf 5g\ . o:tf
ehg] z} nLsf 8'u'/ ] ;flxlTos d08nLx¿n] Ps'G6f ;+:yf vf] n] sf jf sAhfdf
lnPsf klg b] lvG5g\ . h;sf sfo{qmdx¿df pgLx¿ cfˆgf] d08nL aflx/ sf
;flxTosdL{x¿nfO{ af] nfpg] ub} {gg\ . rfx] tL ;flxTosdL{x¿ :yfgLo:t/ d}
/ x] sf x'g\ jf ;flxTo If] qdf :yflkt JolStTj g} lsg gx'g\ . / , cfk"m cfk} mdf
dfly pNn] lvt uLt / do'/ sf] gfr em} + cfTd/ ltdf / dfpF5g\ . crDdnfUbf]
s'/ f t s] 5 eg] , sltko :yflkt n] vs Pjd\ ;flxTo, ;+uLt / snfsdL{x¿
klg o:tf] ehgd08nL agfP/ / dfO/ x] sf b] lvG5g\ Û
o;/ L d o; ljifodf 3f] lTn+b} lyPF / cfˆgf] lrGtgnfO{ zAbx¿df ptfb} {
lyPF . P] gdf} sfdf eb|k'/ , emfkfaf6 k|sflzt x'g] gf} nf] cfjfh ;fKtflxssf]
@)!$ gf] e] Da/ # sf] c+sdf ehgd08nL ;+:s[lt / l;lS;sf] dfGg] k|j[lQnfO{
dh} ;Fu bgs lbP/ n] v] sf] gs'n sfhLsf] n] v k9\g] cj;/ ldNof] . eb|k'/ –
rGb|u9Lsf] ;] / f] km] / f] df 5ØfK5ØfKtL b] lvg] o;vfn] ultljlwnfO{ cf} +NofpFb}
pgL n] V5g\–…====== ;f] ;df/ f] x -

o; ;Gbe{df gs'n sfhLnfO{ d eGg rfxG5'– gs'nhL Û tkfO{+n] xfd|f]
;dfhdf h/ f] uf8] sf] ehgd08nL ;+:s[lt / c?nfO{ l;lS;sf] dfGg] k|j[lQnfO{
phfu/ ub} { n] Vg'ePsf] df ;fw'jfb . t/ , $% jif{kl5 dfq tkfO{+nfO{ ;lDemP
eg] / lrQ gb'vfpgf] ;\ . l9n} eP klg ;lDemP5g\ . tkfO{+;Fu l;lS;sf]
dfGg] x¿ cln nlrnf] aGg yfn] sf x'g\ ls eGg] ;+s] t xf] of] . oyfy{ s]
xf] eg] , tkfO{+n] pNn] v ug{ rfxg'ePsf] cd's ;+:yf dfq xf] Og, ld l8ofdf
cfPsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf cfwf/ df rGb|u9Lsf c? JolSt JolStTjx¿ klg
cfTdk|z+;fsf nflu cfˆgf] d08nL lnP/ rnv] n ul/ / x] sf e] l6G5g\ .
o:tf] ;+:s[lt / k|j[lQ rGb|u9L, eb|k'/ emfkfsf] ;] / f] km] / f] df dfq xf] OgÙ
clkt' l;Ë} b] zel/ / k|jf;df klg 5Øf:5Øf:tL 5g\ . …adf{ uP sd{
;Fu} Ú eg] em} + hxfF–hxfF xfdL g] kfnL 5f} +, ToxfF–ToxfF ehgd08nL ;+:s[lQ
/ l;lS;sf] dfGg] k|j[lQ xfdL;Fu 5Fb} 5 . o;} ljifonfO{ s6fIf ub} { d} n]
…d] / f] afgL d;Fu} Ú zLif{ssf] sljtf sf] g{ klg k'u] +, hf] d] / f] sljtf ;+u|x
…y] D;\sf] lsgf/ fdf sf] zLsf] ;DemgfÚ df ;+u|lxt 5 .
d otf a] nfotsf] Ps–b'O{ pbfx/ 0f / fVg rfxG5' . klxnf] k|;Ë ;flxlTos
;+:yf / ultljlw;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . oxfF a] nfotdf g] kfnL ;flxTosf]
ljsf;sf nflu eg] / vf] lnPsf] Ps cGt/ f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] zfvf / x] 5 .
b'O{–tLg jif{ cufl8sf] s'/ f xf] . ;f] ;+:yfn] ;flxlTos ;Dd] ng ub} {5 eGg]
s'/ fsf] ;'OFsf] kfP/ -lgDtf] kfP/ xf] Og_ d klg cfˆgf] / rgf Rofk] / ;f] Wb}
vf] Hb} ;Dd] ng :yndf k'u] + . ToxfF ehgd08nLsf] r'l/ k'm/ L ;fFRr} g} x] g{nfos
lyof] . Tof] ;Dd] ngdf d} n] / fd|} ;Fu lrg] sf b'O{–rf/ cg'xf/ x¿sf] xfnLd'xfnL
lyof] . …lagf lgDtf] sf] Ú dnfO{ ToxfF b] v] / ltgn] l;lS;sf] dfGb} cldnf]
cg'xf/ nufPsf] d} n] k|i6} b] v] + . olt yfxf eO;s] kl5 d} n] pgLx¿;Fu d] / f]
/ rgfsf af/ ] df lhls/ } ul/ g / ltgn] klg ;f] w] gg\ . sfo{qmd z'? eof] , ltgn]
cf–cfˆgf / rgf jfrg u/ ] , dGtJox¿ / fVb} Psn] csf{nfO{ g] kfnL ;flxTosf
dxfg x:tLsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/ ] , cfk"m cfk"mnfO{ bf] ;Nnf cf] 9fP / clegGbg
u/ ] . d sfo{qmd g;lsP;Dd ltgsf r'l/ k'm/ L cjnf] sg ub} { / x] + . To; otf
d} n] ;f] ;+:yfsf] s'g} ultljlwsf] ;'OFsf] kfpg ;s] sf] 5'Og . a? pN6} ToxfF
r'l/ k'm/ L ug] { s] xL cg'xf/ x¿ ldn] / 5'§} csf] { ehgd08nL agfP/ ehg ufpg
yfn] sf] ;dfrf/ rflx+ obfsbf ld l8ofdf b] Vb} 5' . ptf s] s'/ f gldn] / ltgn]
jf;' zdf{

gofF d08nL vf] n] sf x'g\ eGg] af/ ] df eg] dnfO{ s] xL cQf] kQf] 5} g . t/ , km] nf
k/ ] hlt ltgsf ultljlw ;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿ k9\bf eg] cfk"m afx] s c?nfO{
l;lS;sf] dfGg] afgL ltg\df oyfjt\ / x] sf] 5ØfË} b] lvG5 .
bf] ;|f] nHhf:kb k|;Ë u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnL ;+3, a] nfotsf] xf] . of] ;+3
a] nfotdf b'O{j6f 5g\ eGbf crDd dfGg' kb} {g . sf/ 0f pxL xf] – ehgd08nL
;+:s[lt / c?nfO{ l;lS;sf] dfGg] k|j[lQÙ cfk"meGbf c?nfO{ ;xL gb] Vg]
;f] r . sf+u|] ;, Pdfn] , Pdfcf] jfbL, / fk|kf, dw] zjfbL kf6L{x¿, hftLo kf6L{ /
;+u7gx¿ ;a} k'm6] / lr/ flr/ f x'g ldN5 eg] ltgsf em08f af] s] / xfnLd'xfnL
ug{ vf] Hg] x¿sf nflu Pgcf/ Pg ;+3 k'm6\g lsg ldNb} g

ts{ s'ts{x¿sf] /}
+bfnf]
;fdflhs ;~hfn / cGo cgnfOg ld l8ofn] ubf{ lxhf] cfh n] vsLo
;xeflutf o;/ L al9/ x] sf] 5 ls k9\g ?lr / fVg] kf7sx¿sf nflu
x/ ] s lbg gofF–gofF ljrf/ x¿sf] af9L g} cfO/ x] sf] 5 . ;fgf] k|ltlqmofb] lv
lnP/ ;d;fdlos ;Gbe{x¿sf] ljZn] if0f, ;} 4flGts ljj] rgf / pQ] hs ts{–
s'ts{x¿ ;d] t ljrf/ sf ¿kdf ld l8ofdf cfO/ x] sf 5g\ . ljrf/ k|jfx x'g'
/ fd|f] xf] . t/ , n] Vg kfPF eGb} df h] kfof] Tof] n] Vg' / fd|f] xf] t < cr] n
;a} vfn] ld l8ofdf u/ ]/ 5/ ki6 cfO/ x] sf ;fdu|Lx¿df / fd|f ts{ klg 5g\,
s'ts{ klg 5g\Ù dof{lbt klg 5g\, cdof{lbt klg 5g\Ù lzi6 klg 5g\,
clzi6 klg 5g\Ù ZnLn klg 5g\, cZnLn klg 5g\Ù ;+of] hgsf/ L klg 5g\,
ljv08gsf/ L klg 5g\ / l;h{gzLn klg 5g\, ljWj+zsf/ L klg 5g\ . ;+lIfKtdf
eGg' kbf{, n] vg If] qdf cr] n ts{–s'ts{x¿sf] /} +bfnf] eO/ x] sf] b] Vg ;lsG5 .
ts{k"0f{ ljrf/ x¿n] ;To 7Dofpg d2t u5{g\ eg] ljrf/ sf gfddf kf] lvPsf
s'ts{x¿n] eg] ;dfhnfO{ Ps xb;Dd lbUe|ldt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . To;} n] oxfF
d} n] ;d:ofs] lGb|t ts{k"0f{ ljrf/ / ljrf/ sf gfdsf] s'ts{x¿sf af/ ] df rrf{
ug{sf nflu b'O{j6f n] vnfO{ cfwf/ lnPsf] 5' .
g] kfnsf] ;d;fdlos ;Gbe{x¿df b'O{j6f n] v ljxfg} k9\g kfPF . of]
@)!$ gf] e] Da/ !^ sf lbgsf] s'/ f xf] . klxnf] , clVtof/ sf ultljlwx¿sf
;DaGwdf / fd|} ;Fu bgs lbP/ n] v] sf] vu] Gb| ;+u|f} nfsf] …clVtof/ sf] lkmNdL
s/ fdtÚ zLif{ssf] rf] l6nf] n] v O{sflGtk'/ 86 sddf k9\g kfPF . bf] ;|f] ,
;] tf] kf6L l8lh6n klqsfdf k|sflzt lzjk|sfzsf] …g] kfnL d"nsf cgful/ s
g] kfnLsf] csd{Ú zLif{ssf] n] v klg k9\g kfPF . vu] Gb| ;+u|f} nf Ps l;4x:t
jl/ i7 g] kfnL n] vs x'g\ eGg] s'/ f ;a} nfO{ yfxf ePs} xf] . pgsf] n] vgz} nL
jf;' zdf{

f] l6nf] , wfl/ nf] / 5'Rrf] x'g] ub{5 . cyf{t\, pgL 5'Rrf n] vsx¿sf] lsQfdf
kb{5g\ . pgL kf7sx¿sf] lwt dg] { u/ L / nlIft kfqx¿sf] k] 6sf r'gf{ dg] {u/ L
n] Vb5g\ . o; n] vdf klg pgn] o;} u/ L n] v] sf 5g\ .
…jfb] jfb] hfot] tTjjf] wMÚ eg] em} + ljrf/ x¿ cfpg' kb{5, ljrf/ sf kIf
jf ljkIfdf ts{x¿ ul/ g' kb{5, ax; 5nkmnx¿ x'g' kb{5 / ;fdflhs ¿kdf
u|fXo tyf ;dfhsf nflu lxts/ ljrf/ x¿ :yflkt x'g' kb{5 eGg] d] / f]
dfGotf xf] . d] / f] cfklQ s] jn n] Vg] gfddf s'ljrf/ / s'ts{x¿sf] v] tL ug] {
s'/ f;Fu xf] , hf] n] vsLo wd{ xf] Og . To;} n] , vu] Gb| ;+u|f} nfsf] pSt n] vsf]
k|;Ëaf6 s'/ fnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb} 5' . ljifosf] r'/ f] cf} +NofpFb} ;+u|f} nf n] V5g\–
…/ fHo dflyb] lv tn;Dd ;jf{Ë e|i6 5 .Ú of] pgsf] ;6Ls ts{ xf] , h;åf/ f
pgn] yf] / } zAbdf g] kfnsf] l;Ëf] / fHo ;+oGq s;/ L e|i6frf/ df r'n'{Dd 8'a] sf]
5 / e|i6frf/ s;/ L ;+:yfut ePsf] 5 eGg] :ki6 lrq ptf/ ] sf 5g\ . / fHo
;+oGqdf e|i6frf/ ;+:yfut ¿kdf dha't ePsf sf/ 0fn] g} 6«fG;kf/ ] G;L
OG6/ g] zgnsf] l/ kf] 6{n] g] kfnnfO{ clte|i6 d'n'sx¿sf] ;"rLdf / fv] sf] xf] .
o; af/ ] df d} n] o; cl3sf] …e|i6frf/ sf] bnbnÚ zLif{ssf] n] vdf n] lv;s] sf]
x'gfn] ;f] xL s'/ f k] ml/ bf] xf] ¥ofpg rfxGg . tyflk vu] Gb| ;+u|f} nfn] e|i6frf/ nfO{
bgs lb+b} n] Vg] qmddf k|:t't u/ ] sf s'ts{x¿sf af/ ] df rrf{ ug{ rfxG5' .
wf/ fsf] ld6/ sf] k|;Ëdf tLg ;o ?lkofF 3'; VjfPsf] Ps e|i6 JolStsf]
¿kdf cfk} +mnfO{ pbfx/ 0fsf ¿kdf pEofpFb} ;+u|f} nfn] n] v] sf 5g\– …/ , dnfO{
ca ;/ sf/ L lah'nL c•f hfg] ‰ofpnf] cfOnfUof 5 .Ú d} n] a'‰g g;s] sf]
s'/ f s] xf] eg] , wf/ fsf] ld6/ lah'nL c•fn] slxn] b] lv x] g{ yfn] 5 <
o;/ L vu] Gb| ;+u|f} nf cfˆg} s'ts{df lrlKnP/ oxfFg] / 8ª\/ Ë k5fl/ g k'u] sf
5g\ . ;+u|f} nfh:tf] lbUuh n] vsn] ;To lrq0f ug] { gfddf s'ts{ lsg
ld;fpg' k/ ] sf] xf] nf < s] pgnfO{ n] lv;s] kl5 cfk"mn] s] n] v] + eGg] s'/ fsf]
x] Ssf / xFb} g < olt dfq xf] Og, ;f] n] vdf pgn] csf] { s'ts{ klg k:s] sf
5g\ . pgL n] V5g\– …of] b] zdf k9\g' / k|df0fkq lng'sf] d"n ceLi6 ;/ sf/ L
hflu/ vfg' x'G5 . / , ;/ sf/ L hflu/ vfg'sf] clek|fo b'O{ gDa/ L h'lStn]
6] a'nd'lgaf6 k} ;f w'Tg' / b'lgofFnfO{ 7fF6–afF6, bDe–bk{ / zfg–zf] v b] vfpg'
/ 7fn" klN6g' x'G5 .Ú cw{;To / k"jf{u|xdf cfwfl/ t s'ts{ xf] of] pgsf] .
;a} nfO{ PsfDo b] Vg] b[li6bf] if pgdf / x] 5 . pgL hlQsf af} l4s ljZn] ifsn]
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

xr'jfsf e/ df o;/ L s'ts{ unf{g\ eg] / d} n] ;f] r] sf] klg lyOg . xf] , pgn]
eg] h:tf] k|j[lQ w] / } df b] lvG5, t/ ;a} df xf] Og . ;a} nfO{ Pp6} 3fgdf xfn] /
e'6\g vf] Hg' vu] Gb| ;+u|f} nfsf] n] vsLo wd{nfO{ g;'xfpg] s'/ f xf] . To;} n]
d} n] pgsf] cleJolStnfO{ cw{;To eg] sf] x'F . o;/ L n] vsx¿n] h] kfof]
ToxL n] Vb} hfg] xf] eg] kf7sx¿df e|d l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . To;} n] , vu] Gb|
;+u|f} nfh:tf :yflkt jl/ i7 n] vsx¿nfO{ n] Vgsf nflu s[kof s'ts{x¿sf]
;xf/ f glnOlbgf] ;\ eg] / cg'/ f] w ug{ dg nfUof] . cfu] pgLx¿s} dhL{ .
:yflkt n] vsx¿sf] t of] xfnt 5 eg] n] vg If] qdf k|j] z u/ ] sf
gofF sndx¿sf] t emg\ s] ult xf] nf < d'vel/ s'/ f cfpF5g\ clg ts{
/ s'ts{x¿ 3f] n3fn kf/ ] / 7f] lsxfN5g\, bfofF–afofF ljrf/ } gul/ sg . o:t}
ts{–s'ts{x¿sf] / } +bfnf] kfb} { n] lvPsf] lzjk|sfzsf] n] vsf] rrf{ u/ f} + ca .
o; cl3 d} n] slxNo} k9\g gkfPsf n] vssf] gfd xf] , lzjk|sfz . o;} n]
d] / f nflu pgL gofF n] vs x'g\ . pgn] cfˆgf] n] v …g] kfnL d"nsf cgful/ s
g] kfnLsf] csd{Ú zLif{ssf] n] vdf tYok/ s ;6Ls ts{ klg k] z u/ ] sf 5g\ /
dgf] ut xfjfbf/ L s'ts{ klg k] z u/ ] sf 5g\ .
pgsf] ;f] n] v g] kfnsf] / fhgLltdf u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnLx¿sf] ;+nUgtfsf
jl/ kl/ ljr/ 0f u/ ] sf] 5 . vf;u/ L ljleGg / fhgLlts bnx¿sf k|jf;
zfvfsf ultljlwx¿sf ;DaGwdf pgn] cfklQ hgfPsf 5g\ . of] pgsf]
tYok/ s ts{ xf] . ljb] zdf g] kfnsf / fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] g} zfvf vf] n] /
kf6L{ut cf} krfl/ s ultljlw ugf{n] otf / x] sf ;fgf] hg;+Vofsf g] kfnL aLr
ljefhg, kf6L{ut ljå] if, xfgfyfk / To;sf] s'k|efjaf6 hftLo ;b\efj /
;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿df b] lvPsf ljs[ltx¿nfO{ pgn] cf} +NofPsf 5g\ . o:tf
ljs[ltx¿ lbg k|ltlbg a9\b} 5g\ . of] ;fFRr} g} lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] / n] vsn]
kf6L{ clwj] zg ;DaGwL b;Lk|df0f k] z ub} { o:tf ultljlwx¿ d'n'ssf nflu
klg / ljb] zL gful/ stf lnPsf g] kfnLx¿sf nflu klg clxts/ 5 eGg]
ts{ / fv] sf 5g\ . pgL n] V5g\– …ljb] zdf ;d] t xfdL g] kfnL sDo'lgi6, sf+u|] ;,
/ fhfjfbL, dw] zjfbL, lxdfnjfbL, kxf8jfbL, cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt
;d"x eP/ a;] sf 5f} + . afFl8Psf 5f} + . efFl8Psf 5f} + . kmfFl8Psf 5f} + .Ú of]
oyfy{ lrq0f xf] . n] vs lzjk|sfzn] ;zSt ¿kdf ts{ k|:t't ub} { p7fpg}
kg] { of] d'2f p7fPsf 5g\ . t/ === …t/ Ún] s'/ f] nfG5 cln k/ . pgn] ts{
jf;' zdf{

dfq xf] Og, s'ts{ klg u/ ] sf 5g\ . zfob cfˆgf] k|:t'ltnfO{ ;zSt agfpg
pgn] o:tf s'ts{x¿ ld;fPsf xf] nfg\ . hals k|:t't d'2fdf pgsf ts{x¿
g} sfkmL lyP eg] s'ts{ lsg ld;fpg'k¥of] < pN6} pgsf s'ts{x¿n] pgsf]
k|:t'ltnfO{ g} xNsf / sd ljZj;gLo agfPsf 5g\ . ;f/ df eGg' kbf{, pgsf]
n] vdf tLgj6f s'ts{x¿ ;dfj] z 5g\ .
klxnf] , ljb] zdf a:g] g] kfnLx¿df gful/ s / cgful/ s b'a} yl/ nfO{ Ps}
3fgdf xfn] / e'6] sf 5g\ eg] g] kfn hfFbf le;f lnP/ hfg' kg] { s'/ fsf] s'ts{
k] z ub} { cgful/ s g] kfnLnfO{ cGo ljb] zL gful/ s;Fu t'ngf ug{ k'u] sf
dfq xf] Ogg\ ef/ tLo gful/ seGbf tNnf] :t/ df / fVg ;d] t pgL lxlRsrfPsf
5} gg\ . pgL n] V5g\– …g] kfnsf] gful/ stf Toflu;s] kl5 xfd|f] sfg"gL x} l;ot
Ps ef/ tLo gful/ s a/ fa/ klg 5} g .=== ef/ tLo gful/ snfO{ g] kfn k|j] zsf
nflu le;f cfjZos kb} {g, t/ xfdLnfO{ le;f lagf k|j] z ldNb} g .Ú slt
bl/ b| ;f] r Û
bf] ;|f], ljb] zL gful/ stf g} lnPsf] eP klg / ;+;f/ df hxfF;'s} / x] –a;] sf]
eP klg g] kfn;Fusf] efjgfTds ;DaGw / g] kfnsf] lylt÷a] lyltk|lt Ps
g] kfnLsf] rf;f] x'g] g} ;lu{s nufjnfO{ 7f8} c:jLsf/ ub} { ;a} s'/ fnfO{
Ps} 7fpFdf 3f] n3fn kfb} { cfˆgf] s'/ fnfO{ k'li6 ug] { pgn] s'r] i6f u/ ] sf
5g\ . pbfx/ 0f:j¿k pgsf oL zAbx¿nfO{ s] nfpF — …xfdL ljb] zdf a;] /
g] kfndf o:tf] / p:tf] x'g'k5{ eg] / s'ln{/ x] sf 5f} + . wd{, ;+ljwfg / ;+3Lotf
h:tf ;+j] bgzLn ljifodf hyfefjL n] Vg] –af] Ng] ul/ / x] sf 5f} + .=== ;fdflhs
k/ Dk/ f / ;b\efjnfO{ / lQe/ Vofn gu/ L hfthflt / efiffefifLsf s'/ fnfO{
lnP/ pR5[ª\vn zAb / z} nLdf ljleGg ;f] l;on ld l8ofdf lgn{Hh ¿kn]
cleJoSt eO/ x]sf 5f} + .Ú o;/ L cr]n ;fdflhs ;~hfndf kf]lvPsf cdof{lbt
l6Kk0fLx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ g] kfnsf] eljio;Fu hf] l8Psf d'2fx¿df JoSt
;du| ljrf/ x¿nfO{ cfIf] k nufpg] pgsf] s'ts{nfO{ k|z+;f ug{ ;lsGg .
t] ;|f] , cfˆgf] csf] { s'ts{ pgn] o;/ L k:s] sf 5g\— …af/ fs cf] afdf
g] kfnL sf+u|] ;sf] ;efklt, Enflbld/ k'l6g g] skf Pdfn] sf] , lsd hf] Ë pg
Pdfcf] jfbL÷dfcf] jfbLsf] cWoIf eP eg] crDd dfGg] ls gdfGg]

xNnfpg ;S5 .Ú pgnfO{ Pp6f k|Zg ;f] Wg dg nfu] sf] 5 . lzjk|sfzhL,
s] t p;f] eP olb cd] l/ sL gful/ s g} eO;s] sf x'g\ eg] klg lzjk|sfz /
cd] l/ sL gful/ s af/ fs cf] afdf tyf olb / l;og gful/ s g} eO;s] sf x'g\
eg] klg 8f= pk] Gb| dxtf] / / l;og gful/ s Enflbld/ k'l6gsf] g] kfn;Fusf]
;fOgf] ;DaGw p:t} xf] t < xf] Og===o:tf] s'ts{ lbg;s] sf] s;/ L <
oxfF rrf{ ul/ Psf b'O{ n] vx¿ t pbfx/ 0f dfq x'g\ . o:tf ts{–s'ts{x¿
ldl;P/ cfpg] ljrf/ , ljZn] if0f / va/ x¿sf] cf] O/ f] nfu] sf] b] lvG5– lbglbg}
jf l5gl5g} . s'g ;xL, s'g unt– 5'6Øfpg g} kf7sx¿nfO{ ufx|f] kg] { cj:yf
5 . o;p;n] b"w / kfgL 5'6Øfpg;Sg] xfF;sf] Ifdtf kf7sx¿n] ljsf; ug'{
kg] { cfjZostf b] lv+b} 5Ù ts{ s'g, s'ts{ s'g eg] / 5'6Øfpg . xf] Og eg] , p;}
t / fhgLlts efF8e} nf] åf/ f kLl8t ePsf hgtfnfO{ o:tf ts{–s'ts{x¿sf]
/ } +bfnf] n] yk lynlynf] kfg] {5Ù / ge'Nn kfg] {5 . / , s] hftLsf] Gofgf] eg] h:tf]
k9\bfv] l/ Ifl0fs ¿kdf tLvf] h:tf] nfu] klg o:tf s'ts{x¿n] cGttf] uTjf
d'n'ssf] eljionfO{ gsf/ fTds c;/ kfg] {5g\ . n] Vg a:bf n] vsx¿n]
;f] lrlbP / fd|f] x'GYof] .
jf;' zdf{

e'ml;nf 8sf/ x¿n]
b'u{Gwdo ePsf] g] kfnL / fhgLlt
kß/ Tg t'nfw/ n] k] ml/ c? e'ml;nf 8sf/ 5f] 8] 5g\ – / fhgLltnfO{
b'u{Gwdo agfpFb} . sf7df8f} + 6'8] df k|sflzt pgsf] Pp6f cGt/ jftf{df
pgn] 5f] 8] sf e'ml;nf 8sf/ x¿ bª\bª\lt uGxfpF5g\ . j} rfl/ s v'/ fssf ¿kdf
chL0f{ x'g] u/ L v} s]–s] vfP s'lGg clg o;/ L 8sfg{ k'u] . cGt/ jftf{df pgL
eG5g\– …@)^@÷)^# kl5s} s'/ f u/ f} + . nf]stGq elgof], u0ftGq elgof] . clg
;ftj6f k|wfgdGqL eP, ;a} Pp6} ;d'bfosf . of] s'g} Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/ xf] < h;–
h;n] ;/ sf/ sf] g] t[Tj u/ ], s] tL kf6L{x¿df k|wfgdGqL x'g] of] Uotfsf] a|fXd0f
afx] s c? ;d'bfosf g] tf 5} gg\

g] t[Tj u/ ] sf lyP . h'g kf6L{x¿n] cfGbf] ngsf] g] t[Tj u/ ] , ltg} kf6L{x¿n]
cfGbf] ngsf] ;kmntf kZrft\ ;Qfsf] afu8f] / ;DxfNg' :jfefljs} xf] . kf6L{sf]
g] t[Tjdf afx'g 5 ls If] qL, hghflt 5 ls blnt / dlxnf 5 ls k'?if eGg]
ljifo kf6L{x¿sf] cfGtl/ s d'2f xf] Ù / fli6«o / fhgLltsf] d'2f eg] xf] Og . bnLo
/ fhgLlts kl/ kf6Ldf s'g} ljrf/ jf l;4fGtsf cfwf/ df / fli6«o / fhgLlts
p2] Zo af] s] sf bnx¿ aG5g\ / tL bnx¿n] l;4fGts} cfwf/ df / fhgLlt
u5{g\ g ls hftLo jf ;fDk|bflos cfwf/ df eGg] s'/ f Ps :yflkt ;To xf] Ù
g] kfndf dfq xf] Og, ;+;f/ el/ g} . bnx¿sf] g] t[Tj klg ;f+u7lgs l;4fGt
/ k|lqmof cg';f/ rog x'g] ub{5 g ls kmnfgf] hft jf ;d'bfosf] eg] / . / ,
;/ sf/ agfpg] cj;/ ldNbf hf] kf6L{sf] g] t[Tj txdf x'G5 p;} n] k|foM kf6L{sf]
k|ltlglwTj ug] { ub{5 . / fhgLltsf] o:tf] dfd'nL ;fdfGo1fg klg kß/ Tgn]
ga'em] sf t kSs} klg 5} gg\ xf] nf Û
/ fli6«o / fhgLltsf] g] t[Tj ul/ / x] sf sf+u|] ;, Pdfn] / Pdfcf] jfbL tLgj6} sf
xfnsf axfnjfnf cWoIfx¿ klg ;+of] ujz afx'g hfts'ndf hGd] sfx¿ g}
5g\ . t/ , ltgsf] / fhgLlts x} l;otsf cfwf/ df jf afx'g ePsf sf/ 0fn]
jf cGo s'g} sf/ 0fn] tL cWoIf ePsf x'g\ eGg] s'/ f kß/ TgnfO{ / fd|} ;Fu
yfxf 5 . To;f] t u} / afx'g ;d'bfoaf6 cyf{t\ g] jf/ ;d'bfosL ;xfgf k|wfg
Pdfn] sf] pkfWoIf lyOg\ / k6s–k6s ;/ sf/ df al/ i7 dGqLsf] x} l;otdf
;fd] n klg eOg\ . pgL pgsf] / fhgLlts of] ubfg / Ifdtfsf cfwf/ df ;f]
x} l;otdf k'u] sL lyOg\Ù g] jf/ jf dlxnf ePsf sf/ 0fn] Pdfn] n] pgnfO{
x} l;ot lbPsf] kSs} klg lyPg xf] nf . Pdfn] df PsLs/ 0f x'g' k"j{ pgL afd
df] rf{sL cWoIf lyOg\ . / , pgs} g] t[Tjdf @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf] ngdf
afddf] rf{ ;xefuL ePsf] lyof] . ;f] hgcfGbf] ngsf] ;kmntf:j¿k ax'bn
k'gM:yfkgf ePkl5sf] ;/ sf/ sf] g] t[Tj olb afd df] rf{n] ug{ kfPsf] eP
zfob pg} k|wfgdGqL klg x'lGyg\ xf] nf . sf+u|] ;n] ;/ sf/ sf] g] t[Tj u/ ] sf
sf/ 0fn] s[i0fk|;fb e§/ fO{ k|wfgdGqL ag] sf lyP, Tof] klg u0f] zdfg l;+xn]
k|wfgdGqL x'g grfx] / . olb u0f] zdfgn] rfx] sf] eP pg} k|wfgdGqL x'Gy] .
k~rfotsfndf klg g] jf/ ;d'bfosf dl/ rdfg l;+x k|wfgdGqL ePs} x'g\ .
u0ftGq :yfkgf eO;s] kl5s} s'/ f ug] { xf] eg] klg axfnjfnf / fi6«klt
/ pk/ fi6«klt b'a} dw] zL ;d'bfosf 5g\ . t/ , tL dw] zL ;d'bfosf ePsf
jf;' zdf{

sf/ 0fn] xf] Og ls :yflkt bnLo / fhgLlts kl/ kf6L cGtu{t ;DalGwt kf6L{
g] tfsf x} l;otn] / fi6«klt / pk/ fi6«klt ag] sf x'g\ . To:t} , u'?Ë ;d'bfosf
5qdfgl;+x u'?Ë g] kfnsf k|wfg ;] gfklt ag] s} x'g\ eg] g] jf/ ;d'bfosf
s[i0fdf] xg >] i7 ;z:q k|x/ Lsf cfOhL lyP . o:tf P] ltxfl;s tYox¿nfO{
wf] tL nfpFb} k|wfgdGqLsf] pbfx/ 0f lbP/ ha kß/ Tg o:tf] ljiffn' Zjf;
ˆofFSb5g\ eg] pgsf] lgotk|lt z+sf JoSt ug] { xf] jf pgsf] / f] uL ljrf/ k|lt
l67 hgfpg] xf] – kf7ss} lhDdf .
u0ftGq :yfkgf eO;s] kl5sf] cGo tYox¿ tk{m x] g] { xf] eg] klg kß/ Tgn]
eg] h:tf] hftLo lje] bsf] / fhgLlt kf6L{x¿df ePh:tf] b] lv+b} g . czf] s / fO{
Pdfn] sf pkfWoIf lyP / pgn] 8] u g5f] 8L Pdfn] d} / x] sf lyP eg] l9nf] –rfF8f]
pgL cWoIf klg x'Gy] xf] nfg\ / kf6L{n] ;/ sf/ agfpg] df} sf kfpFbf kf6L{ g] tfsf
x} l;otn] -hghfltsf] ePsf sf/ 0fn] xf] Og_ k|wfgdGqL klg aGy] xf] nfg\ .
ljho uR5bf/ / dxGy 7fs'/ h:tf dw] zL ;d'bfosf g] tf klg sf+u|] ;sf] al/ i7
g] tfx¿d} ulgg yfn] sf lyP / jl/ otfqmddf ltgsf] klg kfnf] cfpFYof] g}
xf] nf . ca ha / fO{, uR5bf/ / 7fs'/ x¿ hftLo jf If] qLo / fhgLltsf] ;fF3'/ f]
bfo/ fdf :jod\ ;+s'rg x'g k'Ub5g\ eg] :jfefljs ¿kdf / fli6«o / fhgLltsf]
afu8f] / ;DxfNg] x} l;otdf cfjZos kg] { ax'dt ltgn] k|fKt ug{ ;Sb} gg\ g}
/ ltgsf] k|wfgdGqL aGg] ;Defjgf klg TolQs} IfL0f aGg k'Ub5 . csf] { gfd
rn] sf] kf6L{ dfcf] jfbL xf] . dfcf] jfbLsf Ps al/ i7 g] tf / fdaxfb'/ yfkf klg
hghflts} x'g\ . ha pgLx¿ hgtfsf] dt;Fu 8/ fP/ r'gfj alxisf/ sf] gLlt
ckgfpg k'U5g\, ta pgLx¿sf] k|wfgdGqL aGg] cj;/ klg :jtM ;dfKt x'g]
g} eof] . ls jf/ , ls kf/ sf] o'4 u/ L z:qansf cfwf/ df ;Qf sJhf ug{
;Sg' k¥of] . t/ , z:qanåf/ f dfcf] jfbL kf6L{n] ;Qf sAhf ug] { ;Defjgf
klg xfnnfO{ b] lv+b} g .
To:t} , jif{dfg k'g h:tf hghfltsf JolSt Pdfcf] jfbLsf k|efjzfnL
g] tf x'g\ / kf6L{sf] zLif{ g] tfsf ¿kdf pSng] qmddf g} 5g\ h:tf] b] lvG5 .
lat] sf b'O{j6f ;/ sf/ x¿sf] g] t[Tj Pdfcf] jfbLn] ubf{ afx'g hftsf k|r08
/ e§/ fO{ k|wfgdGqL x'g'sf] ;§f hghfltsf jif{dfg k'g lsg ePgg\ eGg]
kß/ Tgsf] u'gf;f] sf] hjfkm k|r08, k'g / e§/ fO{x¿;Fu} xf] nf . kß/ Tgn] of]
u'gf;f] pgLx¿;Fu} ubf{ a9L ;fGble{s xf] nf g ls / fhgLltnfO{ k|b"lift kfb} {
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

hftLotfsf] e'ml;nf] 8sf/ 5f8] / . kß/ Tg :jod\sf] pbfx/ 0f lnpF . kß/ Tg
t'nfw/ / bdggfy 9'Ëfgf zflGt k|lqmofsf ;xhstf{ lyP . of] s'/ f pgn]
cfˆgf] cGt/ jftf{df klg pNn] v u/ ] s} 5g\ . s] pgL hghfltsf ePsfn]
pgn] o:tf] cxd\ P] ltxfl;s dxTjsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] { lhDd] jf/ L kfPsf
x'g\ t < sbflk xf] Og . pgsf] Ifdtf, k[i7e"ld / :jLsfo{ JolStTjsf
sf/ 0fn] g} pgL ;f] e"ldsfsf nflu of]Uo 7xl/ Psf lyP / To;}u/ L bdggfy
9'Ëfgf klg . pgL :jod\sf] ;Gbe{df o:tf] tYo 5Fbf5Fb} / fhg}lts lhDd]jf/ LnfO{
pgL hftLotfsf] / Ë lsg bNb}5g\ < cGt/ jftf{df pgs} d'vf/ ljGbaf6 lgl:sPsf]
csf] { crDdnfUbf] s'/ f s] 5 eg], / fhg}lts lhDd]jf/ LnfO{ hftLotfsf] cfFvfn]
x]g] { kß/ Tg ;+ljwfg;efdf dgf]lgt ug' {kg] { JolStsf ¿kdf bdggfy 9'Ëfgfsf] gfd
lnP/ :jod\ klg afx'gs} l;kmfl/ z ug{ k'u]sf 5g\ . To;}n], kß/ Tgn] p7fPsf]
hftLotfsf] d'2f agfj6L xf] , oyfy{k/ s xf] Og eGg] k|i6 x'G5 .
cfˆgf] ;f] xL cGt/ jftf{df hg;f+lVosLo tYofÍx¿sf] cg'lrt k|of] u
(manipulate) ub} { pgn] cfˆgf s'ts{x¿ k] z u/ ] sf 5g\ . unt ts{x¿sf]
;xf/ f ln+b} g] kfndf bnx¿sf] gfddf cNkdtn] l;+xb/ af/ sAhf u/ L
ax'dtdfly zf;g ul/ / x] sf] dgu9Gt] s'/ f eGg klg lxlRsrfPsf 5} gg\ . olb
o:t} xf] eg] t pgL :jod\ klg l;+xb/ af/ df / fh u/ ] s} JolSt x'g\ / pgL klg
ltg} pTkL8sx¿ dWo] sf Ps x'g\ eGg] s'/ f pgn] :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . ha
bnLo k4ltleq klg pgL hftLo / fhgLlt b] V5g\ eg] ljrf/ jf l;4fGtsf
cfwf/ df ag] sf ;a} kf6L{x¿nfO{ avf{:t u/ L hftLotf jf ;fDk|bflostfsf
cfwf/ df kf6L{x¿ agfO{ / fhgLlt u/ ] eOuof] lg . r'gfjdf k|fKt dtx¿nfO{ cfwf/
ln+b} b"lift clek|foaf6 ;Gb]z k|jfx ug{ lagf z/ d pgL eG5g\– …cNk;+Vofn]
ax';+Vos hgtfdfly zf;g / pTkL8g yf]kg] { s'/ fnfO{ nf]stGq elgPsf] 5 .Ú
nf] stGq af/ ] sf] pgsf] of] s:tf] a'emfO / kl/ efiff xf] – a'lemg;Sg' 5 .
To:t} , klxrfgsf ;Gbe{df pgn] g] zgfln6L (nationality) / OlYgl;6L
(ethnicity) nfO{ ;dcyL{ zAbsf ¿kdf JofVof ug] { sf] lzz u/ ] sf 5g\ .
g] jf/ ;d'bfoleq ljleGg hftx¿ ePsf] pbfx/ 0f lb+b} g] jf/ ;d'bfo Ps
OlYgs ;d"x xf] Og ls g] zgfln6L xf] eGg] k'li6 ug{ e/ k"/ sf] lzz u/ ] sf
5g\ . t/ , / fhgLltzf:q cGtu{tsf] Pp6f ;fdfGo1fg s] xf] eg] OlYgl;6L
Ps ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ eflifs cjwf/ 0ff xf] eg] g] zgfln6L Ps
jf;' zdf{

fhg} lts cjwf/ 0ff xf] . pgsf] cGt/ jftf{el/ pgn] u/ ] sf ljZn] if0fx¿nfO{
x] bf{ pgn] g] zgfln6L eg] tfklg oyfy{df ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ eflifs
cjwf/ 0ffs} jl/ kl/ cyf{t\ OlYgl;6Ls} jl/ kl/ pgsf ljrf/ x¿ 3'd] sf 5g\ .
ta hftLo, eflifs, k/ Dk/ fut Pjd\ u} / / fhgLlts ;fdflhs ;d'bfosf ¿kdf
/ x] sf OlYgs ;d"xx¿nfO{ / fhg} lts cjwf/ 0ffsf] g] zgfln6Lsf] cy{df
ckJofVof ug'{ lsg < of] t pgn] s'g} nfnlstfadf k9] sf] zf:qLo / 6fgsf]
h8;"qjfbL cleJolSteGbf cyf] {s s] xL xf] Og .
o;/ L g] kfnsf] / fhgLltnfO{ k|b"lift / b'u{Gwdo agfpFb} o:tf e'ml;nf
8sf/ x¿ 5f8\g kß/ Tgn] sDd/ } s;] sf] b] lvG5 . t/ , o:tf] k|b"lift / ;+qmldt
ljrf/ sf] v] tL ug] { pgL PSnf g] tf eg] xf] Ogg\ . oltv] / g] kfnsf] / fhgLltnfO{
b'O{vfn] cltjfbL ;f] rx¿n] klg la6'NofO/ x] sf 5g\ eg] d"nwf/ sf / fhgLlts
kf6L{sf g] tf tyf sfo{stf{ klg a] nf–s'a] nf o:tf e'ml;nf 8sf/ 5f] 8\g
kl5 gk/ ] sf y'k|} pbfx/ 0fx¿ ld l8ofdf k|z:t} b] lvG5g\ . l:yltnfO{
;+UNofpFb} cu|ultsf] lgsf; tkm{ pGd'v x'g' kg] {df hgdfg;nfO{ e|ldt
t'Nofpg] o:tf b'lj{rf/ x¿ k:sgfn] / fhgLlt emg} hl6n aGb} uO/ x] sf]
k|tLt x'G5 . h;n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfdnfO{ b'?x agfpg] tkm{ g}
of] ubfg k'¥ofO/ x] sf] 5 . To;f] x'Fbf b"lift ljrf/ x¿sf] v] tL u/ L d'n'snfO{
clg0f{osf] aGbL agfpg 5f] 8] / cu|ufdL lg0f{odf k'Ug'sf] ljsNk 5} g .
g] tfx¿sf] tfNrf nfu] sf] lbdfu v'Ng ;sf] ;\ .
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

;+ljwfg, ;xdlt
/ df] bLsf] rf;f]
ef
/ tsf] ;xof] udf lgld{t aL/ c:ktfnsf] 6«df ;] 06/ x:tfGt/ 0f
ug] { ;df/ f] xdf ef/ tLo k|wfgdGqL g/ ] Gb| df] bLn] af] n] sf s'/ fx¿n]
g] kfnL / fhgLltdf t/ Ë l;h{gf u¥of] . vf;u/ L, g] kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf ;DaGwdf pgn] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf h] af] n] , Tof] cfklQhgs 5 .
To;f] t ;+ljwfgsf] af/ ] df pgn] af] n] sf] of] klxnf] cj;/ lyPg . To; cl3
h'nfO{df g] kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf a] nf klg ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;Daf] wg ubf{
pgn] o; af/ ] df af] n] sf lyP . t/ , Tof] a] nf pgn] g] kfnLsf] dg lht] sf lyP
eg] o;k6s tf] 8\g k'u] . cl3Nnf] k6s ;+ljwfg agfpgsf nflu …Clif dgÚ
rflxg] tkm{ cf} +NofpFb} Pp6f c;n ldqn] lbg] ;Nnfxsf ¿kdf cfˆgf
ljrf/ x¿ / fv] sf lyP . t/ , bf] ;|f] k6s eg] df] bL k] ml/ Psf] ¿kdf k|:t't
ePsf] g] kfnL dgx¿df nfUof] . pgn] o;k6s ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf af/ ] df
b'O{j6f s'/ f u/ ] . klxnf] , ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ljnDa gug{ ;Nnfx lbP .
of] ;Nnfx ldqjt\ b] lvG5 / cfklQhgs 5} g . bf] ;|f], ;+Vofsf] andf
xf] Og ;xdltsf] cfwf/ df ;+ljwfg agfpg ;Nnfx lbP . of] ;Nnfxdf rflx+
;bfzotfsf] xf] Og ls x:tIf] ksf] uGw cfpF5 .
ef/ tsf] x:tIf] ksf/ L gLltsf] g] kfnL hgtfn] Oltxf;df ;b} j lj/ f] w ub} {
cfPsf 5g\ / ug] { klg 5g\ . ;+ljwfg s;/ L agfpg] / To;sf cGtj{:t'x¿
s] x'g] eGg] s'/ f g] kfnsf] cfGtl/ s dfdnf xf] / g] kfnn] cfk} +m ;N6fpg] 5 .
o;df s'g} klg axfgf / z} nLdf ef/ tsf] x:tIf] k g] kfnnfO{ :jLsfo{ x'g] 5} g .
df] bLsf] kl5Nnf] sygn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf av] 8fafhL ul/ / x] sf
jf;' zdf{

vf;u/ L klxrfgjfbL ;fgf–7"nf kf6L{x¿nfO{ k|f] T;flxt u/ ] sf] 5 / g] kfnsf]
/ fhgLltnfO{ yk wldnf] agfpg] sfd u/ ] sf] 5 .
g] kfnL hgtf ef/ tsf] x:tIf] ksf/ L / j} ofsf lj?4df Ps eP/ pleg] 5g\
eGg] s'/ fsf] ;Gb] z t ;f] efif0f kZrft\ g] kfnL hgtf, ;/ sf/ df / x] sf /
g/ x] sf bnsf g] tf tyf sfo{stf{, n] vs, a'l4hLjL / ljleGg k] zfsdL{x¿n]
JoSt u/ ] sf k|ltlqmofx¿af6 df] bL / ef/ tLo kIfn] yfxf kfO{ g} ;s] xf] nfg\ .
x'g t df] bLsf] ;f] efif0f kZrft\ JoQm ePsf] g] kfnLx¿sf] tLj| k|ltlqmof
/ cfklQ b] v] / ef/ tLo kIfn] df] bLsf] To:tf] unt dgzfo gePsf] eGg]
:ki6Ls/ 0f lbPsf] ;dfrf/ klg ldl8ofdf cfPsf] lyof] . t/ , To;kl5 klg
/ fhg} lts bnsf g] tfx¿nfO{ e] 6\g] qmddf df] bLn] k] ml/ ;f] xL s'/ f bf] xf] ¥ofP/
g] kfnL hgdfg;df z+sf:kb 5lj g} 5f] 8] . olb df] bLn] ldqjt\ ;bfzotfs}
¿kdf ;xdltsf] s'/ f u/ ] sf x'g\ eg] klg Tof] s'/ f k|li6g ;do nfUg] g} 5 .
ta;DdnfO{ df] bLsf] o:tf] cleJolSt z+sfsf] 3] / fdf / lx/ xg] 5 .
s;} n] ;xdlt u/ eg] / eg] klg / geg] klg bnx¿sf aLrdf ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf] ;jfndf ;xdlt x'g ;S5 ls ;Sb} g eGg] k|Zg rflx+ dxTjk"0f{ xf] .
d To;} sf] af/ ] df oxfF rrf{ ub{5' . ;j{k|yd ;xdlt eg] s} s] xf] / s:tf
;jfnx¿df s;–s;sf aLrdf ;xdlt x'g ;S5 eg] / x] / f} + . a[xb\ g] kfnL
zAbsf] zn] ;xdltsf] cy{ …s'g} sfd s'/ fdf Pp6} / fo x'g] sfd, P] sdToÚ
eg] / lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ s'g} klg ljifo jf ;jfndf Pp6} / fo jf dt
x'g' cyf{t\ cnu / fo jf cnu dt gx'g' jf ljdlt gx'g' g} ;xdlt x'g' xf] .
To;} n] Pp6} dt ePsfx¿sf aLrdf jf Pp6} dtnfO{ ;dy{g ug] {x¿sf aLrdf
;xdlt x'G5 . cfˆgf] dt jf ljrf/ 5f] 8] / csf] { dt jf ljrf/ nfO{ ;dy{g ug{
k'u] df klg ;xdlt x'g ;S5 . Psdt klg gePsf] / csf] { dtnfO{ ;dy{g klg
gu/ ] sf] cj:yfdf ;xdlt x'g} ;Sb} g . c?sf] s/ n] jf cfˆg} :jfy{n] csf] {
ljrf/ jf dtnfO{ dflglbg' ;xdlt xf] Og .
clxn] ;+3Lo nf] stflGqs u0ftGq g] kfnsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;Gbe{df
;xdltsf] s'/ f] cfPsf] 5 . To;} n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu bnx¿sf aLrdf
s'g–s'g s'/ fdf ;xdlt 5 jf x'g ;S5, s'g–s'g s'/ fdf ;xdlt x'g ufx|f]
k5{Ù / , ;xdlt x'g g;Sg] ljifodf s] ug'{ knf{ egL # j6f kIfdf oyfy{k/ s
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

ljZn] if0f u/ L dfgl;s ¿kdf tof/ x'g] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;xh
klg x'g] lyof] / rfF8} agfpg klg ;lsg] lyof] .
;j{k|yd ;xdlt ePsf] / x'g;Sg] ljifosf] rrf{ u/ f} + . ;xdlt cyf{t\
Pp6} / fo jf dt ePsf] cyf{t\ cnu dt jf ljdlt g/ x] sf] . ;a} bnsf] Pp6}
dt / x] sf] s'/ f xf] , ;+ljwfg agfpg] s'/ f . ;+ljwfg agfpg' k5{ jf kb} {g eGg]
s'/ fdf s;} sf] klg / fo aflemPsf] 5} g . gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg' k5{ eGg] df ;a}
P] sdTo 5g\ cyf{t\ ;a} sf] ;xdlt 5 . / fhtGq x6fO{ u0ftGq 3f] if0ff u/ ] s}
lbgb] lv ;+3Lo u0ftGq g] kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg' k5{ eGg] s'/ fdf ;a}
bnsf] Pp6} dt cyf{t\ ;xdlt / xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;f] xL ;xdlt cg';f/ klxnf]
;+ljwfg;efdf klg k|of; ePsf] lyof] eg] bf] ;|f] ;+ljwfg;efn] hf/ L ug] { u/ L
df3 * sf] ldlt g} tf] lsof] . t/ , / fhgLlts bnx¿sf] u} / lhDd] jf/ / j} ofsf
kl5Nnf 36gfqmdx¿n] df3 * ut] ;+ljwfg hf/ L ePg . tyflk, bnx¿ csf] {
pko'St ldltsf nflu gofF ;xdltdf k'Ug ;S5g\ . t;y{, ;+ljwfg hf/ L ul/ g]
ldlt ;xdltdf k'Ug ;lsg] ljifo xf] .
;xdlt x'g ufx|f] kl/ / x]sf s'/ fx¿ rflx+ dxTjk"0f{ ljifo x'g\ eg] log} s'/ fdf
;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof c8\ls/ x]sf] 5 . ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿k, k|b]zx¿sf] ;+Vof, klxrfg
jf ;fdYo{sf cfwf/ df k|b]zx¿sf] lgwf{/ 0f / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL o:tf ljifox¿
x'g\, h;df ;xdltdf k'Ug] ;Defjgf Psbd} IfL0f 5 . dt}Sotf gePsf cyf{t\
ljdlt / x]sf s'/ fx¿df ;xdltdf k'u jf k'U5f} + eg]/ s;}n] eG5 eg] kTofpg
;lsGg . ;Qf;Lg bnx¿ / ;Qf aflx/ / x]sf bnx¿sf aLrdf ha oL ljifox¿df
dtleGgtf / xL bnx¿ cf–cfˆgf] c8fgdf 5g\ eg] s;sf] dtdf rflx+ ;xdlt
sfod ug] { eGg] s'/ f cfpF5 . cfˆgf] dt 5f]8]/ csf{sf] dtdf ;xdlt lbg] s'/ f
TolQs} sl7g 5, hlt ls Pp6f kf6L{n] cfˆgf] kf6L{sf] l;4fGt 5f]8]/ csf] { kf6L{sf]
l;4fGtdf ;xdlt ug' { . To;f] ePsfn] ;+ljwfgsf cGtj{:t'x¿sf af/ ]df ;xdlt
vf]Hg] gfddf bnx¿ h'g s;/ t ul/ / x]sf 5g\, Tof] ;dosf] aaf{bL dfq xf] .
;xdlt x'g klg ;Sb}g / x'g]jfnf klg 5}g . ;xdltsf] k|Zg / df] bLsf] rf;f] sf
af/ ] df ljleGg ljrf/ x¿ cfPsf 5g\ . @& gf] e] Da/ @)!$ sf] gful/ s
Go"hdf / fh] Gb| yfkf n] V5g\– …===df] bLn] ;+ljwfg agfpFbf ax'dteGbf ;xdltdf
hfg' plrt s] eg]sf lyP, v'lRrË Û df] bLn] ;xdlt eg] lg Û af] nsf] sf] /;
ldl8ofdf u'l~hg yflnxfNof] .=== k/ Gt' ;xdltsf] cy{ s]

s] dfcf] jfbL / @@ bnLo df] rf{sf] dfq ;xdlt xf]

lj1fg / k|ljlwn] 5nfª dfb} {5,
xfdL sxf“ 5f} + <
lj
1fg / k|ljlwn] 5nfË dfb} {5 . crDdnfUbf gofF–gofF cfljisf/ x¿
eO/ x] sf 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg] / ef} lts
;'v–;'ljwfdf j[l4 x'g] dfq xf] Og ls ;fdflhs cGt;{DaGwx¿ / dfgj
;Eotfdf g} kl/ jt{g x'Fb} 5 . cem o;f] egf} +, dfgj ;dfh ¿kfGt/ 0f x'Fb} 5 .
o:tf cfljisf/ x¿sf] kl5Nnf s8Lsf ¿kdf b'O{ leGg ljwfsf gofF ljsf;sf]
;Gbe{df oxfF rrf{ ug{ nfu] sf] 5' . klxnf] xf] – ci6«] lnofsf] o'lgel;{6L ck\m
;fpy j] N;\sf d'6' zNo lrlsT;sx¿n] u/ ] sf] gofF ljsf; / bf] ;|f] xf] –
a] nfotsf] la|i6f] n o'lgel;{6Lsf j} 1flgsx¿n] u/ ] sf] gofF cfljisf/ .
lj1fg / k|ljlwn] df/ ] sf] Pp6f rfdTsfl/ s 5nfË xf] – d[t d'6'nfO{
k'ghL{ljt u/ L ;kmntfk"j{s k|Tof/ f] k0f ug{ ;lsg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; . o:tf]
rfdTsfl/ s k|ljlwsf] k|yd ;kmn k|of] u g] kfnL d"nsf 8f= s'd'b lwtfnn]
u/ ] sf x'g\, hf] ci6«] lnofsf] l;8\gLl:yt o'lgel;{6L ck\m ;fpy j] N;\sf] ;] G6
leG;] G6 xl:k6ndf P;f] l;o6 k|f] k] m;/ sf ¿kdf sfo{/ t\ 5g\ . ;] tf] kf6L 86
g] 6 l8lh6n klqsfsf] @$ cS6f] a/ @)!$ sf] ;dfrf/ n] Vb5– …xfn;Dd
8fS6/ x¿ dl:tis d/ ] sf] bftfsf] rln/ x] sf] d'6' dfq k|Tof/ f] k0f ug] { s'/ fdf
lge{/ ub{y] .====== t/ l;8\gLl:yt ;] G6 leG;] G6 xl:k6n / lb leS6/ rfË
sfl8{ofs l/ ;r{ OlG:6Ro"6n] ljsf; u/ ] sf] k|ljlwn] @) ldg] 6;Dd l:y/
/ lx;s] sf] d'6'nfO{ k'ghL{ljt u/ L k|Tof/ f] k0f ug{ ;Dej t'NofPsf] 5 .Ú o:tf]
gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ cg';Gwftfx¿sf] 6f] nLn] …gofF 5nfË (paradigm
shift)Ú atfPsf 5g\ eGg] pNn] v ub} { @$ cS6f] a/ s} lb uflh{ogn] n] v] sf]
jf;' zdf{

5– …of] gofF ljsf;n] yk #) k|ltzt d'6' / f] uLx¿sf] hLjg arfpg ;Sb5 .Ú
csf] { Pp6f gofF cfljisf/ n] cfh;Dd c:k[Zo / x] sf] cef} lts cfs[lt
(virtual reality) nfO{ 5f] Psf] dx;"; u/ fpg] 5 . n08gaf6 lg:sg] $ l8;] Da/
@)!$ sf] d] 6«f] / fli6«o b} lgsdf k|sflzt Ps ;+lIfKt ;dfrf/ cg';f/ la|i6f] n
o'lgel;{6Ln] ljsl;t u/ ] sf] k|ljlwn] Wjlg t/ Ëx¿sf] k|of] uåf/ f …:k[Zo
lqcfoflds cfs[lt (haptic
holograms)Ú k|;f/ 0f ub{5,
h;nfO{ xftn] 5'Fbf ef} lts
j:t' g} 5f] Psf] cg'e"lt
lbG5 . of] cfljisf/ n]
l;6L :Sofgaf6 b] lvPsf]
z/ L/ leqsf] 8Nnf] j:t'sf]
hfFr ug{ 8fS6/ x¿nfO{ ;xof] u
k'¥ofpg] 5 jf Do'lhoddf ePsf
o:tf cef} lts k|bz{gLx¿df
cjnf] sgstf{x¿n] :kz{sf]
dhf lng kfpg] 5g\ eGg]
k|ltlqmof ;f] ;dfrf/ n] lbPsf]
5 . n08gl:yt l8hfOg
:6'l8of] Olg;g (Inition) sf
k|fljlws lgb] {zs :6'cf6{ So'lk6sf] egfO pNn] v ub} { ;dfrf/ df n] lvPsf]
5– …cef} lts ;Djfbdf cfh v6\lsPsf] tTj xf] – :kz{ (Touch is a missing
element in virtual interfaces today)Ú
of] bf] ;|f] gofF k|ljlw ljsf;sf] s'/ fnfO{ rrf{ ug{sf nflu Pp6f lghL
k|;+u oxfF hf] 8\g rfxG5' . xfn Sofg8fdf / x] sL d] / L 5f] / L;Fu $ jif{b] lv
k|ToIf e] 6 ePsf] 5} g . t/ , lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{, vf;u/ L
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{, k'/ fgf] hdfgfdf h:tf] a] va/ /
lgof;|f] dfGg' kg] { cj:yf eg] cfh 5} g . x/ ] s lbg :sfOk (Skype) df s'/ f
x'G5 . t} klg 5f] / Lsf] Pp6f u'gf;f] 5– …d'v x] / ] / s'/ f t x'G5 lg, t/ s] ug'{,
xh'/ x¿nfO{ 5'g kfpFlbg .Ú ca of] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] 5f] / Lsf] ;f] u'gf;f]
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

klg sd x'G5 ls h:tf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf ljleGg ldl8ofx¿, hf]
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of] udf cu'jf / x] sf 5g\, ltgn] kSs} klg of]
k|ljlwsf] k|of] u unf{g\ . clg t d'v x] / ] / dfq xf] Og ls 5f] Psf] cg'e"lt ;lxt
s'/ f ug{ kfOG5 xf] nf eGg] cfz ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] gofF cfljisf/ n] d] / L
5f] / Lsf] dfq u'gf;f] d] 6\g] xf] Og ls :sfOk, efOa/ , k] m;6fOd h:tf cg'xf/
x] / ] / } s'/ f ug{ ldNg] lgMz'Ns ;~rf/ dfWodsf nfvf} +–s/ f] 8f} + pkef] Stfx¿sf]
cfkmGt / ;fyL;+uLx¿;Fu 5f] P/ } jftf{nfk ug] { OR5f k"/ f unf{ h:tf] 5 . ;fy} ,
:6'cf6{ So'lk6nfO{ v6\s] sf] s'/ f klg ca k"/ f xf] nfh:tf] b] lvG5 .
o:tf gofF cfljisf/ x¿n] ljsf;sf] cu|ultsf nflu s] s:tf] dfu{k|z:t
unf{g\, clxn] g} eGg ;lsGg . tfklg logn] cg] sg\ åf/ x¿ vf] Ng] 5g\
eGg] s'/ fsf] eg] ck] Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ , lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6
dfgj ;dfhnfO{ nfe gx'g] xf] eg] To:tf] cfljisf/ / ljsf;sf] :jod\
df s'g} cy{ / xFb} g eGg] s'/ f plQs} ;To xf] . To;} n] d"n ;jfn eg] sf]
lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 hgtfn] lng kfpg] / lng;Sg] nfex¿sf]
xf] . ta :jfefljs ¿kdf k|Zg p7\5– lj1fg / k|ljlwn] o;/ L 5nfË
dfb} {5M xfdL eg] sxfF 5f} +

clwst/ / fhwfgLs] lGb|t / / fhwfgL aflx/ klg zx/ s] lGb|t :jf:Yo ;] jf /
;'ljwfx¿df b'u{d ufpFsf hgtfsf] kx'Fr x'g' eg] sf] …cfsfzsf] kmn cfFvf t/ L
d/ Ú eg] h:t} 5 . ufpFdf / x] sf :jf:Yo rf} sL÷pkrf} sLx¿ Psflt/ k|fljlws
hgzlSt / cf} hf/ pks/ 0fx¿ oy] i6 gx'gfn] cfjZos ;] jf lbg ;Ifd 5} gg\
eg] csf{lt/ ltg} :jf:Yo s] Gb|x¿ klg sltko 7fpFdf t Ps–b'O{ lbgsf] k} bn
ofqfkl5 dfq e] l6G5g\ . zx/ x¿leq} klg ;/ sf/ L c:ktfnx¿sf] ;] jf–;'ljwfsf]
ckof{Kttf / lghL c:ktfnx¿sf] dxËf] z'Nssf sf/ 0f zx/ L dWod tyf
lgDg juL{o hgtfsf nflu klg kx'Fr sl7g alg/ x] sf] 5 . ;g\ !(^& l8;] Da/
# df k|ydk6s dfgj d'6'sf] ;kmn k|Tof/ f] k0f ePsf] lyof] . To:tf] ;kmntfsf]
ljZje/ rrf{ x'g'
:jfefljs lyof] /
o; s'/ fsf] rrf{
d :s"n] ljBfyL{
5Fbf d] / f] :s"n /
ufpF–3/ df klg x'g]
uYof] { .
;g\ !(&)
sf] bzsdf d] / f]
ufpF / :s"ndf
lgoldt ;flxlTos
Pjd\ ;f+uLlts
ultljlwx¿ x'g]
ub{y] / tL sfo{qmdx¿df To;a] nf pbLodfg :yfgLo o'jf ;flxTosf/ ÷snfsf/ sf
¿kdf b] lvPsf ZofdefO uf} tdn] ufpg] u/ ] sf] Pp6f uLtsf] af] n dnfO{ ce} m
;Demgf 5=== …d'6' g} k] m/ ]/ afFRg] of] o'udf d} + d/ ] + xf} / f] u} n] lg n} n} .Ú of] uLt
cfh klg plQs} ;fGble{s 5 eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 . o:tf] oyfy{sf aLrdf
hgtfsf] :jf:Yo l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg / cfw'lgs :jf:Yo ;] jf ;'ljwf
hgtfnfO{ pknJw u/ fpg sf] lhDd] jf/ x'g' kb{5 <
;+of] ujz d[t d'6'nfO{ k'ghL{ljt u/ L k|Tof/ f] k0f ug] { sfdsf] k|yd ;kmntf
Pp6f g] kfnLsf] 5f] / f] nfO{ ldn] sf] 5 . olb 8f= s'd'b lwtfn g] kfndf lyP eg]
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

pgnfO{ o:tf] ;kmntf ldNg ;SYof] xf] nf

o'jfx¿sf] csf] { Pp6f
k|z+;gLo sbd
o
; cl3 Pp6f n] vdf d} n] ljleGg / fhgLlts bnx¿;Fu cfj4
;'g;/ Lsf ljBfyL{ Pjd\ o'jfx¿n] p7fPsf] plrt sbdsf af/ ] df rrf{
u/ ] sf] lyPF . k] ml/ csf] { Pp6f dgdf zLtn 5g] { vfnsf] a] nfotdf / x] sf
g] kfnL o'jfx¿sf] k|z+;gLo sbd af/ ] ;dfrf/ k9\g kfpFbf d xif{ljef] / ePsf]
lyPF . a] nfotsf oL g] kfnL o'jfx¿ eg] s'g} / fhgLlts ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/ df
xf] Og ls ;fdflhs ¿kdf lqmofzLn 5g\ . logn] a[xb\ dxTjsf] / b"/ ufdL
k|efj 5f] 8\g] sfd u/ ] sf 5g\ . ;fw'jfb Û oL hfu?s o'jfx¿nfO{ / pgLx¿sf]
cleofgsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ÛÛ
lxdfnva/ 86 sddf !) l8;] Da/ @)!$ df k|sflzt 8Da/ s[i0f
>] i7sf] …gofF af6f] lt/ a] nfotL tGg] / LÚ zLif{ssf] n] vdf a] nfotdf / x] sf
g] kfnL o'jfx¿sf] o:tf] k|z+;gLo sbdsf] af/ ] df rrf{ ul/ Psf] 5 . n] vsn]
o'jfx¿sf] o:tf] sbdnfO{ …a] nfotdf x'ls{/ x] sf] gofF g] kfnL k':tfn] cfˆgf]
;d'bfok|ltsf] sQ{Jo klxNofPsf] 5Ú egL l6Kk0fL u/ ] sf 5g\ . ;dfrf/
cg';f/ ut ;ft dlxgfb] lv …x] lNkË o'Ú ;d"xsf ¿kdf lqmofzLn o'jfx¿n] …
af] n] / x} g, u/ ] / b] vfpg';\Ú eGg] efjgfsf ;fy c+u|] hL ghfGg] a[4–a[4fnfO{
d] l8sn r] sck, ;/ sf/ L sfddf ;xof] u / ;fdflhs ;'/ Iffb] lv 6«flkms
r] tgf;Ddsf sfddf ;xof] u ul/ / x] sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ a[4–a[4fnfO{ xKtfsf] Ps
lbg cfOtaf/ e] nf u/ ] / k} bn ofqf u/ fpg] / kfs{x¿df 3'dfpg] klg ub{5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] sfd a[4–a[4fx¿nfO{ ;xof] u k'¥ofpg;Dd dfq} klg ;Lldt 5} g .
o'jfx¿s} aLrdf klg of] ;d"x lqmofzLn 5 . nfu' cf} ifwsf] s'ntdf kmF;] sf
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

g] kfnL o'jf–o'jtLnfO{ ;'wfg] { cleofgdf klg oL o'jfx¿ lqmofzLn / x] sf]
n] vdf pNn] v ul/ Psf] 5 .
To;} u/ L , of] ;d"xn] a] nfotleq dfq} xf] Og g] kfndf klg s] xL ug{ rf;f]
u/ ] sf] tYosf] pbfx/ 0f:j¿k cfˆgf] ks] 6 vr{af6 hf] ufO{ …u/ Lasf nflu
bz} + vr{Ú zLif{sdf g] ?=^),))).– k7fO{ k'm6kfydf rf8 kv] {/ a;] sfx¿nfO{
afFl8Psf] af/ ] n] vn] pNn] v u/ ] sf] 5 . b] Vbf ;fgf] nfUg] o:tf sfdsf]
;fdflhs dxTj eg] Hofb} 7"nf] x'g] s'/ f lglj{jfb 5 .
;f] n] vsf cg';f/ !! hgf o'jfx¿ ldn] / z'? ePsf] …x] lNkË o'Ú cleofgdf
clxn] s/ La %)) hgf o'jfx¿ cfj4 eP/ ;] jf k'¥ofO/ x] sf 5g\ . uHhasf]
s'/ f s] 5 eg] , of] ;d"xdf Ps hgf ;+of] hs afx] s c? s'g} kb ljefhg
ul/ Psf] 5} g . n] vsn] cfˆgf] n] vdf ;d"xsf ;+of] hs @! jifL{o n] v/ fh
lnDa"sf oL egfOx¿ pNn]v u/ ]sf 5g\– …a]nfotdf klg g]kfnLx¿ cfˆgf] kl/ jf/ ,
hft / If]qeGbf dfly p7\g g;Sbf clxt a9]sf] b]v]/ xfdL ;lqmo ePsf xf} + .===
Dof;]hsf] e/ df klg xfdL @%–#) hgf hDdf x'G5f} + . ;d"xdf kbsf] afF8kmfF8 5}g,
kbn] g} g]kfnLx¿nfO{ lauf/ ]sf] b]v]sfn] xfdLn] ;d"xdf ;fgf]–7"nf] x'g] kb / fv]sf
5}gf} + .Ú ;+of]hssf] pQm egfOnfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} n]vsn] o;/ L l6Kk0fL u/ ]sf 5g\– …
Pgcf/ Pg nufotsf ;+:yfx¿ ;d]t / fO{, lnDa", u'?Ë, du/ , If]qL–afx'g, g]jf/ jf
k"j] {nL, klZrd], kmnfgf kf6L{h:tf efjgfn] ljeflht x'g k'Ubf a]nfotdf ;fdfGo
g]kfnLx¿sf] kL8f cf]e]mndf k/ ]sf] n]v/ fhsf] ljZn]if0f 5 . hft, If]q / kf6L{sf]
rsf] { / fhgLlt aLr ;fd'bflos lxtsf nflu ug'{ kg] { w] /} sfddf s;} sf] Wofg
guPsf] pgL atfpF5g\ .Ú ;f] xL ;d"xdf cfj4 ePsL a|'g] n o'lgel;{6Ldf
;dfhzf:qdf :gfts ul/ / x] sL @) jifL{of ld?gf du/ sf] egfO pNn] v ub} {
n] lvPsf] 5– …a] nfotsf] tGg] / L k':tf g] kfnL ;dfhk|lt lhDd] jf/ ag] sf]
pbfx/ 0f xf] – x] lNkË o' .Ú
o'jfx¿sf] of] ;d"xn] s] –s] u¥of] jf s] –s] ub} {5 eGg] k|ult ljj/ 0f
k] z ug'{ d] / f] of] n] vsf] p2] Zo xf] Og . clkt' ;d"xn] z'? u/ ] sf] cleofgdf
cGtlg{lxt efjgfn] ;dfhdf kfg] { ;sf/ fTds k|efjsf af/ ] df rrf{ ug'{
d] / f] clek|fo xf] . g] kfnleq / aflx/ klg g] kfnLx¿ dfem / fhgLlts Pjd\
;fdflhs ultljlwdf b] lvPsf] gsf/ fTdstfnfO{ of] Pp6f ultnf] hjfkm
jf;' zdf{

xf] – hfu?s tGg] / L k':tfsf] . of] k':tfn] xfn;Dd cl3Nnf] k':tfaf6 cfd
¿kdf s] kfO/ x] sf] 5 < lvrnf] , lvrftfgL, xfgfyfk, cf/ f] k–k|Tof/ f] k, hftLo
ljå] if, c;lxi0f' k|j[lQ, :jfy{, kbLo nfnr, c;xof] u, k"jf{u|x, cflb OToflb
< o:tf gsf/ fTds ;f] r, k|j[lQ / Jojxf/ x¿sf] v] nf] km8\sf] ul/ / xFbf ;Gtfg–
b/ –;GtfgnfO{ ;dfhsf lglDt clxtsf/ L ;+:s[lt x:tfGt/ 0f eO/ x] sf] x'G5
eGg] s'/ fsf] x] Ssf ;dfhsf slyt cu'jfx¿nfO{ ePsf] b] lv+b} g . To;} n]
o:tf gsf/ fTdstfsf lj?4 cleofg yfNg cfjZos lyof] / 5 . a] nfotdf
a:g] tGg] / L g] kfnLx¿n] o:tf] cfjZostfnfO{ 7DofP / Pp6f P] ltxfl;s
dxTjsf] sfd yfn] . o:tf] sfdsf] hlt k|z+zf u/ ] klg sd x'G5 .
g] kfndf ;fdflhs / fhgLlts jftfj/ 0f h] h:tf] 5, To;sf] cg'z/ 0f oxfF
a] nfotdf / x] sf] g] kfnL ;d'bfodf klg eO/ x] sf] 5 . cem rsf] { 5 eGbf klg
km/ s gknf{ . hft, wd{, If] q cf} / fhgLltsf] cfwf/ df ljeflht 5 g] kfnL
;d'bfo / Pscsf{k|lt a] nufj h:tf] k|tLt x'G5 . Pgcf/ PgP h:tf ;+:yfx¿
hft / / fhgLltsf] cfwf/ df sAhf ug] { ;f] rsf] lzsf/ ag] sf] 5 . kIf–ljkIf,
u7aGwg / k'm6 Pp6f lgoldt k|lqmof ag] sf] 5 . g] kfnsf] / fhgLltnfO{ dfy
ug] { ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] o:tf ultljlwn] ubf{ tL ;+:yfx¿sf nflu
;fd'bflos lxtsf ljifodf ;f] Rg] ;do g} sxfF < a] nfotsf tGg] / Lx¿n]
7DofP em} + o:tf ljifox¿ cf] em] ndf k/ ] sf 5g\ eGg] k|ToIf b] Vg ;lsG5 .
dnfO{ oltv] / kfFr–5 jif{ cl3 n08gsf] blIf0f–k"jL{ gu/ L Kndl:68df ePsf]
g] kfnLx¿sf] Ps ;fd'bflos e] nfsf] ;Demgf eO/ x] sf] 5 . ;f] e] nfnfO{
;Daf] wg ug] { qmddf tTsfnLg g] kfnL / fhb"tn] pgL oxfF cfpg' cl3 a] nfot
3'd] / uPsf pgsf Ps hgf ldq;Fu e] 6 x'Fbf pgsf tL ldqn] pgnfO{ o;f]
eg] sf lyP egL ;'gfPsf lyP– …a] nfotdf d] / f] afx'g, If] qL, g] jf/ , u'?Ë,
du/ , / fO{, lnDa", ysfnL, k"j] {nL, klZrd] nL, dw] zL cflb ;a} ;Fu e] 6 eof]
t/ g] kfnL;Fu e] 6 ePg .Ú / fhb"tsf tL ldqsf] o:tf] s6fIfk"0f{ egfOn]
a] nfotdf / x] sf] g] kfnL ;dfhsf] lrq0f ub{5 . oxL cj:yfnfO{ dx;"; u/ ] /
;dfhdf ;sf/ fTds kl/ jt{g Nofpg] / ;fd'bflos PstfnfO{ dha't agfpg]
dxfg p2] Zon] a] nfotsf g] kfnL tGg] / Lx¿n] …x] lNkË o'Úsf] cleofg yfn] sf]
b] lvG5 . yf] / } zAbdf eGg' kbf{, oL o'jfx¿n] ;d:ofsf] r"/ f] klxNofPsf 5g\ .
dnfO{ nfUb5 ls g] kfnL ;d'bfoleq b] lvPsf] o:tf] ;d:of a] nfotdf
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

dfq xf] Og xf] nf . ;+;f/ sf h'g–h'g d'n'sdf uP/ g] kfnLx¿ a;] sf 5g\,
tL ;a} 7fpFdf oL ;d:of b'?:t xf] nfg\ g} . …adf{ uP sd{;Fu} Ú eg] h:tf] .
ldl8ofdf 5l/ Psf ;dfrf/ x¿, ljZn] if0ffTds n] v / cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ cWoog
ubf{ klg o:tf k|j[lQ g]kfnLx¿ aLr htftt} / x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;p;n] klg
a]nfotsf o'jfx¿sf] efjgfsf] jhg lgs} uxlsnf] 5 eGgnfO{ sGh':ofOF ul/ / xg'
knf{h:tf] nfUb}g . To;}n], !! af6 z'? eO{ ;ft dlxgfsf] cjlwdf s/ La %))
sf] ;+Vofdf o'jfx¿ o; cleofgdf :jtM:k"mt{ ¿kdf ;+nUg x'g k'u]sf] cf+s8fn]
rfF8} g} of] cleofgn] Jofkstf lng]5 eGg] s'/ fsf] ;+s]t ub{5 . kljq p2]Zo,
lg:jfy{ ;]jf / lgisk6 ;+nUgtfdf cfwfl/ t b]lvPsf] of] cleofgdf xhf/ f} + o'jfx¿
;xefuL x'g]5g\ / Pp6f ;sf/ fTds kl/ jt{gsf nflu gd"gf 5fk 5f]8\g]5g\ eg]/
ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ , o'jfx¿ ;hu x'g klg TolQs} h?/ L 5 . Tof] s] eg],
:jfy{sf] v]nf]km8\sf]df ljleGg ;+3–;+:yf / dfgjLo ;+j]bgfnfO{ unt pkof]u
ug{ vlKk; ;dfh / / fhgLltsf slyt cu'jfx¿ oL o'jfx¿nfO{ Ps jf cg]s
axfgfdf cfˆgf] :jfy{sf nflu k|efjdf kfg{ rnv]n gunf{g\ eGg ;lsGg .
To:tf rnv]nx¿nfO{ ;dod} klxrfg ub} { lg:t]h ug{ klg o'jfx¿n] Wofg k'¥ofpg
;Sg' kb{5 . To:t}, clxn] cEof; ul/ Psf] kb/ lxt v's'nf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/ rgfsf]
cjwf/ 0ff / fd|f] x' Fbfx' Fb} klg ;d"x Pp6f eL8sf] ¿kdf dfq / xg;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{
dWogh/ ub} { o;sf] lbuf]kg / ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu oy] i6 Wofg lbg
cfjZos 5 . o:tf] v's'nf] ;+/ rgfsf] lg/ Gt/ tf / ;+:yfut lbuf] kgsf nflu
cjwf/ 0ffut / Jofjxfl/ s k|lqmofx¿sf] vf] hL ug{ / nfu" ug{ klg o'jfx¿n]
Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 .
a] nfotdf / x] sf g] kfnL gjo'jfx¿n] yfngL u/ ] sf] o:tf] k|z+;gLo /
b"/ ufdL ;sf/ fTds k|efj kfg{;Sg] cleofgdf cGo d'n'sx¿ / g] kfnleqs}
klg o'jfx¿ ;l/ s x'g ;s] eg] lj36glt/ pGd'v b] lvPsf] g] kfnL ;dfhsf]
Pstf, ;b\efj / ;fdLKotfnfO{ dha't kfg{ k|] l/ t ug] {5 eGg] cfzf ug{
;lsG5 . To;} n] , o'jfx¿sf] o:tf] cleofgnfO{ ;a} af6 ;fy / ;dy{gsf]
h?/ t kb{5 . t/ , oxL+lg/ Pp6f va/ bf/ L ug{ dg nfUof] . Tof] s] eg] ;fy,
;xof] u / ;dy{g ug] { gfddf cfˆgf ljrf/ / cg'ejsf k'lnGbf va/ bf/ s;} n]
klg gk7fcf} + . pgLx¿n] cfˆg} ljrf/ / cg'ejx¿af6 l;Sb} cl3 a9\g
kfpg\ . pgLx¿s} ljrf/ / sfo{nfO{ dfq ;xof] u / ;dy{g u/ f} + .
jf;' zdf{

k'hfsf] lr7\7L, afa'/ fdsf] cf“z'
/ gf/ fo0fLsf] k|Zg
g]
kfndf dlxnfdfly ePsf cTofrf/ ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ x¿ lbgx'F
ldl8ofx¿df cfO/ x] sf 5g\ . sf] xL anfTsf/ ;DaGwL x'G5g\ t sf] xL
dlxnf a] rlavg ;DaGwL / sf] xL hnfOPsf jf dfl/ Psf ;dfrf/ x'G5g\ .
cr] n o:tf 36gfx¿ a9] sf x'g\ jf ldl8of se/ ] h a9] sf] xf] , x/ ] s lbgh;f]
dlxnfdfly ePsf ljleGg cTofrf/ / lx+;fsf ;dfrf/ x¿ cfO/ x] sf 5g\ .
t/ , s'/ f s] xf] eg] ;dfrf/ df cfP klg jf gcfP klg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f,
cTofrf/ / lje]b dfgj ;dfhsf] snÍ xf]Ù l;Ë} dfgj hfltdflysf] cGofo xf] .
kl/ jf/ , ;dfh / ;[li6sf] cfwf cËn] csf] { cfwf cËnfO{ cfk"meGbf cnu 7fGg'
/ Jojxf/ ug{ ' s;/ L :jLsfo{ x'g ;Sb5 < dlxnfk|ltsf] e] befj x/ ] s lx;fan]
cGofok"0f{ dfq xf] Og, cfk/ flws ;f] r / Jojxf/ g} xf] eg] / 7f] s'jf ug{ s'g}
bz{g, l;4fGt, jfb jf lbJojf0fLsf] ;xf/ f lnO/ xg h?/ L 5} g . cfh;Dd
dlxnf lj?4 h] eO/ x] sf 5g\, h;/ L eO/ x] sf 5g\ / hxfF eO/ x] sf 5g\Ù tL
;a} ck|fs[lts, cdfgjLo / cfk/ flws ultljlw x'g\ . ltgnfO{ / f] Sg, k/ f:t
ug{ / ;dfKt ug{ h?/ L 5 .
dlxnfdflysf cGofo ljleGg ¿k / dfqfdf ePsf] kfOG5 . hf]
kl/ jf/ leq x'g] 5f] / f / 5f] / L aLrsf] lje] bb] lv lnP/ sfg"gL, ;fdflhs Pjd\
cfly{s ¿kdf / x] sf] c;dfgtf dfq geP/ c;'/ Iff, anfTsf/ , 3/ ] n' lx+;f
/ xTof;Ddsf 36gfx¿df b] lvPsf 5g\ . 5f] / LnfO{ csf{sf] 3/ sf] gf;f]
7fg] / tb\g'?k hGd] b] lv g} lje] bk"0f{ Jojxf/ / kfngkf] if0f ug] { kl/ jf/ sf]
;f] r, dfGotf / Jojxf/ ;dfhdf k|r'/ dfqfdf / x] sf] 5 . o:tf] lje] bk"0f{
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

;fdflhs dfGotf g} dlxnfdfly x'g] cGofo, cTofrf/ / lx+;fsf] k|d'v sf/ 0f
xf] eGg] s'/ fdf b'O{dt gxf] nf . dlxnfnfO{ ef] usf] ;fwg / k'?ifsf] bf;L
7fGg] k/ Dk/ fut ;fdflhs dfGotf / slyt cfw'lgs lzlIft ;dfhdf klg
dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifsf] clwg:y ;xfos 7fGg] k'?ifk|wfg ;fdflhs ;+/ rgfut
d"No–dfGotfn] dlxnf lj?4sf] lje] b, cTofrf/ / lx+;fnfO{ k'7 lbPsf 5g\ .
t;y{, dlxnf clwsf/ sf] k|Tofe"lt / cTofrf/ L Pjd\ Jolerf/ Lx¿dfly
s8f b08 ;hfosf] cEof;n] dfq l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg d2t k'Ug] 5 .
;fy} , ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf / ;+/ rgfut cldNbf] kgdf cfd"n kl/ jt{gsf]
bL3{sfnLg sfo{af6 dfq dlxnfdflysf] ;a} vfn] cTofrf/ lgd{"ng ug{
;lsg] 5 . o:tf] cfd"n kl/ jt{gsf/ L n8fOFdf dlxnfx¿sf] P] Soj4 ;+nUgtf
cfjZos x'g hfG5 – / fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;Qf :jfy{eGbf dfly p7] / .
of} ghGo sfo{nfO{ k'?ifsf] OR5fsf] ljifo 7fGg] / f] uL ;fdflhs
dgf] lj1fgsf sf/ 0fn] g} anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿ 3l6/ x] sf x'g\ . lbgx'Fh;f]
3l6/ x] sf anfTsf/ sf 36gfx¿sf] >[Înfdf k'hf af] xf] / fdfly ePsf] ;fd"lxs
anfTsf/ sf] 36gfsf] kl5Nnf] qmdn] / fhgLlts j[Qdf ;d] t ;g;gL km} nfof]
eg] Gofo k|0ffnLdf klg uDeL/ k|ZglrGx v8f u¥of] . To;f] t ;+;f/ df
hxfF;'s} cfk/ flws 36gfx¿ 36\g] ub{5g\ . t/ , k|Zg ck/ fwLx¿nfO{ lbOg]
b08 / ck/ fw Go"gLs/ 0fdf / fHon] lgjf{x ug] { e"ldsfdf uP/ cl8G5 . / fHosf]
o:tf] e"ldsf ;zSt Gofo k|0ffnLn] dfq ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sb5 . cfjZos
sfg"gx¿sf] Joj:yfdf / x] sf] sdLsf ;fy;fy} GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lStdf
/ fhgLlts/ 0fn] Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ g} sdhf] / agfpg] s'/ f xfdLn] ef] Ub} cfPsf]
s6';To xf] . k'hf af] xf] / fsf] 36gfdf lhNnf cbfntn] bf] ifLx¿nfO{ tf] s] sf]
h] n ;hfonfO{ k'g/ fj] bgn] pN6fO{ cf/ f] kLx¿nfO{ ;kmfO lbPkl5 pTkGg
l:yltn] ;g;gL km} nfof] . anfTsf/ sf] lzsf/ eO{ d[To'sf] d'vaf6 lkm/ ] sL /
s] xL ;do;Dd dfgl;s ;Gt'ng ;d] t u'dfPsL kLl8t k'hf af] xf] / fn] sfg"g
dGqL g/ xl/ cfrfo{nfO{ n] v] sL Ps v'nfkqn] Pp6f t/ Ë g} k} bf u¥of] .
pgsf] ;f] kq ;fdflhs ;~hfndf o;/ L efO/ n ag] / km} lnof] ls, Jofks
hgdt pgsf] kIfdf tof/ eof] .
k'hf af] xf] / fsf] lrLn] dGqL cfrfo{ dfq xf] Og, cGo w] / } g] tfx¿ efj's
ag] sf] ;dfrf/ ljleGg ldl8of nufot ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿df b] lvP . dGqL
jf;' zdf{

cfrfo{n] k'hfnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg] cleJolSt ;lxt lrLsf] hjfkm ldl8of
dfk{mt g} k|] lift u/ ] eg] Pdfcf] jfbL g] tf tyf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/ fd
e§/ fO{n] k'hfsf] lrL k9] / cfk"m hLjgd} klxnf] kN6 / f] Psf] cleJolSt 6\jL6
u/ ] , km] ;a's :6f6;df n]v] . oxL+lg/ k|Zg p7\5– k'hfnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg] dGqL
cfrfo{sf] cfZjf;g / lrL k9]/ / f]Psf 8f= e§/ fO{sf cfFz' dfq dlxnfdflysf]
cTofrf/ , lx+;f / cGofonfO{ x6fpg sfkmL xf]nf < k'hfn] sfg"g dGqLnfO{ lrL
lsg n]Vg' k¥of] < k'hfn] lrL n] Vg' cl3 s] g] tfx¿ g] kfnL dlxnfsf]
cj:yf af/ ] cgle1 lyP < cj;/ ldNg] lalQs} dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 a] hf] 8
cleJolSt lbg] cf} dlxnf d'lSt / ;zQmLs/ 0fsf] efif0f 7f] s] / gyfSg]
g] tf tyf / fhgLlts bnx¿ o:tf 36gfk|lt a] va/ lyP < olb lyPgg\
eg] nf] stGq :yfkgfsf] Ps bzs eO;Sg nfUbf klg lsg k|efjsf/ L
sfg"g, Gofo k|0ffnL / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/ 0fsf] sfd u/ ] gg\ < oL ;a} k|Zgsf]
;/ n hjfkm Pp6} b] lvG5 – bnLo :jfy{ / cx+sf/ sf] cfk;L lvrftfgL
afx] s bnx¿n] cGo ;fdflhs d'2fx¿nfO{ dxTj lbPs} 5} gg\ . ;fdflhs
¿kfGt/ 0fsf] s'/ f t k/ } hfj;\, d'n'snfO{ cu|ultsf] lgsf; lbg ;d] t g] tf
c;Ifd k|dfl0ft x'Fb} 5g\ .
k'hfsf] lrL k9] / cfFz' v;fNg] e§/ fO{ :jod\ k|wfgdGqL x'Fbf k'hf /
l/ xfgfx¿sf] lgolt bf] xf] l/ g glbg / dlxnf lj?4 o:tf lx+;fsf 36gf x'g
glbg / fHooGq / Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;lqmo / ;zSt kfg{kl§ lsg nfu] gg\ <
s] pgsf lglDt / pgsf] kf6L{sf lglDt dlxnf d'lSt / ;zQmLs/ 0fsf] d'2f
cf} dlxnf n8fs'x¿sf] etL{ / fhgLlts ceLi6 k"/ f ug{ dlxnfx¿sf] pkof] u
ug] { gLlt dfq} lyof] < oxL k|Zg Pdfn] / sf+u|] ;nfO{ klg hfG5 / ltgn] klg
hjfkm lbg' kb{5 . k'hf af] xf] / fsf] lrLn] pTkGg u/ ] sf] t/ Ën] ;dfhsf ;a}
tx, tKsf / lx:;fnfO{ t/ lËt u¥of] . o;} qmddf l8;] Da/ sf] clGtd ;ftfdf
O{sflGtk'/ 86 sddf gf/ fo0fL b] jsf] 6fsf] …g] tfHo", tkfO{+ sf] xf]

n] v n] Vg] , ldl8ofdf af] Ng] s'/ f cln ;'xfPg ls < a? dlxnf lx+;f sd
u/ fpg gLltut ¿kdf o:tf] sfd ug] { ;f] r] sf] 5', of] s'/ fnfO{ d d] / f] kf6L{sf]
a} 7sdf o;/ L p7fpFb} 5' eGg' kg] { x} g /

lxGbL rnlrq kLs] n]
l;h{gf u/ ] sf] t/ ·
…lxhf] d} n] lxGbL rnlrq …kLs] Ú x] /] + . wd{sf] gfddf dfgj hfltnfO{
ljeflht u/ L ;dfhdf a] lylt eO/ x] sf] oyfy{dfly rf] l6nf] k|xf/ ug{
rnlrq ;kmn ePsf] kfPF . rnlrq x] l/ ;s] kl5 d} n] w] /} klxn] k9] sf] g] kfnL
syf …wd{ lagfsf] 6fk'Ú ofb cfof] . ;f] syfdf klg s'g} wd{ gePsf] , t/ ;'v
/ zflGtk"j{s afFlr/ x] sf dflg;sf] a;f] af; ePsf] Pp6f 6fk'df ljleGg wd{sf]
k|j] z ePkl5 ;a} tx;gx; ePsf] / wd{sf] gfddf o'4 eO{ / Stkft ePsf]
syf 5 . sf] xL l;kfn' lgb] {zsn] ;f] syfdf Pp6f g] kfnL rnlrq agfPb] lv
kLs] s} hf] 8L aGg ;SYof] xf] nf .Ú
pko'{St cg'R5] b @)!$ l8;] Da/ @$ sf] d] / f] cfˆg} km] ;a's :6f6; xf] .
d} n] rnlrq x] / ] / ;f] af/ ] sf] cfˆgf] k|ltlqmof km] ;a's :6f6;df n] v] + . ;f]
rnlrqsf af/ ] df x/ ] s lbg eg] h;f] b'O{j6f ;dfrf/ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf ldl8ofdf
cfO/ x] sf 5g\ . klxnf] , kLs] n] lxGb" wd{k|ltsf] cf:yfdfly k|xf/ u/ ] sfn] of]
rnlrqsf ;fy} o;sf snfsf/ cfdL/ vfg / lgb] {zs / fhs'df/ lx/ fgLsf]
lxGb"x¿åf/ f lj/ f] w ePsf] / bf] ;|f] , kLs] n] clxn] ;Dds} ;jf{lws sdfO{
u/ ] sf] . vf;df klxnf] ;dfrf/ cyf{t\ kLs] n] lxGb" wd{sf] pl5Qf] vg] sf] 5
eGg] Pskl5 csf] { lj/ f] wsf ;dfrf/ x¿ ldl8ofdf cfO/ x] sf sf/ 0fn] g} ;f]
rnlrq af/ ] sf] cfˆg} l6Kk0fL p4[t ub} { ljifok|j] z u/ ] sf] xF' . ;dfrf/ x¿
k9\b} hfFbf st} d} n] rnlrq kLs] nfO{ a'‰g g;s] sf] t x} g < / , d] / f] pko'{St
l6Kk0fL unt t ePg

f] xf] ¥ofP/ kLs] x] l/ ;s] kl5 d 9'Ss ePF ls d] / f] pko'{St l6Kk0fL unt 5} g .
rnlrq kLs] sf d"ntM # j6f kIf 5g\ . klxnf] M rnlrqsf] d'Vo kfq,
hf] csf] { s'g} sfNklgs nf] saf6 cfPsf] 5 . of] wtL{df cfpFbf lagf j:q
;jf{Ë gfËf] , PSnf] , dfgj efiff ghfGg] , dflg;n] dfGb} cfPsf s'g} klg wd{
gePsf] / dfgjLo ultljlw af/ ] cgle1Ù Ps gjhft lzz' em} + . klx/ g,
efiff, dfgjLo÷;fdflhs ultljlw, eujfg\, cf:yf / wd{sf af/ ] df p;n] o;
;+;f/ df cfPkl5 dfq l;s] sf] 5, hfg] sf] 5 . bf] ;|f] M wd{sf] gfddf, wd{sf]
cf8df dflg; ljeflht 5g\ / cGwljZjf;n] hsl8Psf 5g\ . t] ;|f] M cfd
hgdfg;df / x] sf] 8/ / cGwljZjf;nfO{ pkof] u ub} { rnlrqs} efiffdf eGg]
xf] eg] cf–cfˆgf …sDkgLÚsf …d} g] h/ Úx¿n] cfd dflg;af6 kmfObf lnO/ x] sf
5g\ eGg] ;Gb] z lbg …/ Ë gDa/ Ú sf] ljDa k|of] u ul/ Psf] 5 . k|ltlglw ljDasf
¿kdf lxGb" wd{sf u'? …tk:jLÚsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] eP
tfklg O;fO{, O:nfd / cGo wd{sf o:tf k|;Ëx¿ hf] l8Psf klg k|i6}
b] lvG5 . ;+If] kdf eGg' kbf{, rnlrq kLs] lxGb" wd{lj/ f] wL b] lv+b} g .
clkt' wd{sf cf8df ePsf cg] sg\ zf] if0f, ;f:tL / d"lt{k"hf, bfgblIf0ff
Pjd\ wd{u'?x¿sf v] nf] km8\sf] x¿sf] lr/ kmf/ ub} { ;To phfu/ ug{ eg]
rnlrq ;zSt ¿kdf ;kmn ePsf] b] lvG5 . o;/ L rnlrqn] wd{sf]
gfddf eO/ x] sf lj;+ultx¿ / dfgj hflt aLr ePsf] ljjfb, ljefhg
tyf ljå] ifnfO{ ;/ n / dgf] / ~hgfTds 9Ën] t/ ;zSt ¿kdf k|:t't
u/ ] sf] 5 . To;} n] , d} n] cfˆgf] pko'{Qm l6Kk0fLdf …wd{ lagfsf] 6fk'Ú gfds
n3' pkGof;sf] k|;Ë sf] 6ØfPsf] x'F .
w] / } klxn] k9] sf] x'gfn] …wd{ lagfsf] 6fk'Ú n3' pkGof; -dnfO{ n3'
pkGof; g} xf] h:tf] nfUb} 5_ sf n] vssf] gfd olsg u/ ] / eGg ;lSbg . t/ ,
lbdfudf cfPsf] wldnf] :d[ltsf cfwf/ df ljgf] bk|;fb e§/ fO{ x'g\ ls h:tf]
nfU5 . hflgkmsf/ x¿n] n] vssf] gfd olsg ug{ dnfO{ ;xof] u ug{;Sg]
5g\ . oL x/ kmx¿ n] lv/ xFbf pg} n] vssf] csf] { s[lt …/ fj0ffogÚ klg k9] sf]
xf] ls eGg] nfUb} 5 . h] xf] ;\, rnlrq kLs] h'g y] ddf ag] sf] 5Ù ;f] xL y] ddf
cfheGbf s/ L a rf/ bzs klxn] g} Ps g] kfnL ;|i6fn] s[lt lgsfln;s] sf
lyP . ta xfd|f rnlrq lgdf{tf÷lgb] {zsx¿ o:tf ;Gb] zd"ns syfdf
jf;' zdf{

cfwfl/ t rnlrq lgdf{0f ug{kl§ lsg ;f] r k'¥ofpg ;Sb} gg\ / ;:tf d;nfsf
rnlrqx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ dfq cu|;/ x'G5g\ < o:tf rnlrqn] sdfO{ ug{ ;Sb} g
eGg] nfu] sf] xf] eg] , To:tf] ;f] r unt xf] eGg] hjfkm kLs] n] g} lbO;s] sf]
5 – b'O{ xKtfd} #)) s/ f] 8sf] sdfO{ u/ L clxn] ;Dds} ;jf{lws sdfO{ ug] {
lxGbL rnlrqsf] / ] s8{ / fv] / . o; tkm{ g] kfnL l;g] hutn] ;f] rf] ;\ egL
sfdgf ug'{ cg'ko'Qm gxf] nf g} .
ca Psl5g xfd|f cfˆg} s] xL cGwljZjf; / wdf{Gwf] kgsf s'/ f u/ f} + .
x'g t ;dosf] ult;Fu} cfPsf kl/ jt{gx¿n] gofF ;fdflhs cGt/ ;DaGwx¿
ljsl;t eO{ gofFkg, kl/ dfh{g / kl/ jt{g gePsf klg xf] Ogg\ . tyflk gofF–
gofF ¿kdf cGwljZjf; / k/ Dk/ fsf] ljsf; klg eO/ x] s} 5g\ . d oxfF To:tf
cg] sf} + k|;+ux¿ dWo] pbfx/ 0fsf ¿kdf b'O{j6f ;Gbe{df rrf{ u5'{ . klxnf] M
lxGb" wd{leqsf ljleGg ;Dk|bfox¿ / bf] ;|f] xf] , lxGb" k/ Dk/ f cg';f/ sf]
d[To';+:sf/ sf af/ ] df . lxGb" kl/ jf/ df hlGdPsf] d o'jf cj:yfdf k'uL wd{ /
k/ Dk/ fsf af/ ] df s] xL a'‰g ;Sg] geP;Dd lxGb" wd{ cGt u{t cg] sg\ ;Dk|bfo
5g\ / ltgsf] ;~rfng cf–cfˆg} s] Gb| / ljlwåf/ f x'G5g\ eGg] s'/ fsf] kQ}
ePg . t/ klg clxn] hlt gfgfyl/ tL lbgx¿df b] lvPsf lyPgg\ jf eP
klg k|rf/ df jf cfd hfgsf/ Ldf cfPsf lyPgg\ . lxGb" wd{leq ;gftg
dfu{ afx] s a} i0fj, z} j, s[i0f k|0ffdL, cfTd1fg, / fw] / fw] , ;fO{/ fd, cf] zf]
cflb h:tf au|] NtL ;Dk|bfo b] lvG5g\ . oL ;a} dfu{ / ;Dk|bfox¿ rnlrq
kLs] n] eg] em} + cf–cfˆgf …sDkgLÚsf ¿kdf cf–cfˆg} s] Gb|åf/ f ;~rflnt
ePsf b] lvG5g\ . cjnDaLx¿sf] cGwljZjf; afx] s oL dWo] PsnfO{ ;xL
/ c?nfO{ unt eGg] s'g} 7f] ; cfwf/ 5} g .
ca bf] ;|f] ;Gbe{ cyf{t\ d[To';+:sf/ sf af/ ] df clnslt rrf{ u/ f} + . ut
jif{ xfd|L cfdf lbj+ut x'g'eof] . xfdL kfFr bfh'efO t] x| lbg;Dd k/ Dk/ fut
k|rng d'tflas lsl/ of a:of} + / To;kl5 x/ ] s dlxgf dfl;s >f4 ub} { Ps
jif{;Dd cfdfsf] a/ vL af¥of} + . k/ b] zdf x'g] bfh'efOn] vfg] s'/ fx¿ / Zj] t
j:q kGw| lbgsf] ljlwkl5 k'msfof} + eg] b'O{ bfh'x¿n] jif{ lbgel/ g} afg'{eof] .
o;/ L kGw| lbgdf jf k} +tfnL; lbgdf k'msfpg] k|rng ePsfn] g} xfdLn]
k'msfPsf lyof} + jf k'msfpg] cg'dlt kfPsf lyof} + . k|Zg s] xf] eg], o;/ L k'msfpg
ldN5 ls ldNb}g < olb ldNb}g eg] k'msfpg] rng s;/ L cfof] / ldN5 eg]
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

;a}n] lsg gk'msfpg] < To:t} , xfn;fn} Pp6f s] va/ k|sfzdf cfof] eg] b'O{
kf] v/ ] n bfh'efOn] t] x| lbgsf] lsl/ ofsf] ljlwnfO{ kfFr lbgdf 5f]6ØfP/ ;DkGg
u/ ]5g\ . o;/ L 5f]6Øfpg ldN5 < ldNb} g eg] sd{sf08sf kl08tx¿n] klg of]
7Ls} xf] eg] / lsg eg] < oL ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm cGwljZjf;df cfwfl/ t
ts{ g} xf] .
oxfF rrf{ ul/ Psf b'O{j6f ;Gbe{ pbfx/ 0f dfq x'g\ . o:tf cg] sg\
cGwljZjf;L k|rng lxGb" wd{leq kfOG5g\ . lxGb" wd{ dfq xf] Og, cGo ;a}
wd{leq o:tf cg] sg\ cGwljZjf;df cfwfl/ t k/ Dk/ f, cfr/ 0f / k|rngx¿
5g\ . To:tf cGwljZjf; / hgefjgfsf] cg'lrt kmfObf lnO/ x] sf slyt
u'?x¿sf ultljlwnfO{ lr/ kmf/ / phfu/ u/ ] s} sf/ 0fn] rnlrq kLs] n] ;dy{g
/ lj/ f] wsf] ¿kdf ;dfhdf t/ Ë l;h{gf u¥of] . cGwljZjf;sf lj/ f] wLx¿n]
rnlrqsf] k|z+;f u/ ] sf 5g\ eg] cg'lrt kmfObf k|fKt -wd{sf] bf] sfgbf/ L_
ul/ / x] sfx¿n] cf:yfdflysf] k|xf/ eGb} lj/ f] w u/ ] sf 5g\ . hg;d'bfosf]
efjgf;Fu ;DaGw / fVg] x'gfn] ;a} wfld{s cf:yfx¿nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf ;Ddfg
ul/ g' t kb{5Ù t/ wd{sf] gfddf ljefhg, ljå] if / snx u/ fpg] k|k~r Pjd\
hgtfsf] ljZjf;sf] cg'lrt kmfObf lng] k08flu/ Lsf] eg] e08fkmf] / x'g} kb{5
eGg] of] k+lQmsf/ nfO{ nfUb5 . o; tk{m ;zSt ;Gb] z lbg ;kmn rnlrq
kLs] k|z+;fof] Uo 5 .
jf;' zdf{

if8\oGqnfO{ clwsf/ /
;bfzonfO{ if8oGq 7fGg]
/ f] uL dfgl;stf
:jf
y{ / cx+sf/ n] dflg;nfO{ dgf] / f] uL agfpFbf] / x] 5 . dgf] / f] usf] lzsf/
eO;s] kl5 dflg;n] ;xL / unt, / fd|f] / g/ fd|f] Pjd\ ;xL lgot
/ unt lgot 5'6Øfpg ;Sbf / x] g5g\ . a'emfO g} pN6f] x'Fbf] / x] 5 . To;} n] ,
if8oGqnfO{ clwsf/ / ;bfzonfO{ if8oGq 7fGg] / f] uL dfgl;stfsf] lzsf/
aGbf/ x] 5g\ . k|;Ë ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] xf] . d'n's oltv] / o:t} dgf] / f] uLx¿sf
p208 lqmofknfkn] cfqmfGt alg/ x] sf] 5 . g ;+ljwfg aGg lbg] , g d'n'snfO{
cl3 a9\g lbg] vfnsf] r] k'jf / fhgLltdf hgtfk|ltsf] pQ/ bfloTj, d'n'ssf]
eljio / / fhgLlts lgi7fnfO{ :jfy{ / cx+sf/ n] lynlynf] kfl/ / x] sf 5g\ .
g] kfnnfO{ ;+3Lo nf] stflGqs u0ftGq 3f] if0ff u/ ] sf] ;ft jif{ lalt;Sof] .
o; aLrdf gofF g] kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug] { sfdsf nflu ;xdlt
h'6fpg] eg] / y'k|} s;/ tx¿ eP . vf;u/ L, bf] ;|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5
ePsf ultljlwnfO{ lgofNbf / fhgLlts bnx¿ a[xb\ / fli6«o Pjd\ hglxtdf
/ fhgLlt ul/ / x] sf / x] g5g\ eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNg] cfwf/ x¿ k|z:t} b] lvG5g\ .
c9fO{ ;o jif{ k'/ fgf] ;fdGtjfbL / fhtGqfTds ;Qf ˆofFls;s] kl5 k|fKt
pknlJwx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efn] g} ;+ljwfg hf/ L ul/ ;Sg'
kYof] {, Tof] x'g ;s] g . ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfddf eGbf
bnLo ;Qf :jfy{df pkof] u ul/ of] / ;+ljwfgsf nflu eg] slyt …;xdltÚ
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

vf] Hg] gfddf ;+ljwfg;ef aflx/ efF8e} nf] sf] / fhgLlt x'g yfNof] . :jod\
;+ljwfg;efnfO{ cjd"Nog ug] { / p;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ uf} 0f agfpg] sfd ul/ of] .
ut Ps jif{leqsf] / fhgLlts lvrnf] nfO{ lgofNg] xf] eg] g] kfnsf
/ fhgLlts bnx¿sf] …;xdltÚ eGg] zAb;Fu 6f9f sf] klg ;fOgf] / x] sf]
b] lv+b} g . d] / f] s'/ f dfg] ;xdlt, xf] Og eg] d"7e] 8 eGg] sk6k"0f{ / cx+sf/ L
/ fhgLlts dfGotfn] d'n's åGå tkm{ uPsf] b] lvG5 . vf;u/ L ;Qf aflx/
/ x] sf kf6L{x¿ / To;df klg Pdfcf] jfbLsf] l96\ofOF / unt / j} ofsf sf/ 0f
cfh d'n'ssf] of] bzf ePsf] k|i6} 5 . clxn] pm hftLo / If] qLo gf/ f
af] s] sf ;fgf–dl;gf #) bnx¿;Fu df] rf{aGbL u/ ] / lx+l8/ x] sf] 5 . hfg] /
jf ghfg] / cfˆgf] / fli6«o e"ldsf / l;4fGtsf] / fhgLltnfO{ Psflt/ kG5fP/
d"9] ansf] efiff af] ln/ x] sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug] { t] ;|f] k|d'v
bnsf] x} l;otdf / x] sf] Pdfcf] jfbLn] ;+ljwfg;ef alxisf/ u/ ] / d"7e] 8sf]
wDsLk"0f{ efiff af] Ng' ;'xfpg] s'/ f xf] Og / p;sf] of] nLnf a'lemg;Sg' 5 .
g] kfnsf] e"–/ fhgLlts agf] 6 / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts k/ Dk/ fnfO{ lgofNg] xf]
eg] ljljwtfleqsf] Pstf / cfk;L ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf / ;xcl:tTjsf] l;Ëf]
¿k g} g] kfnsf] ljlzi6 / fli6«o klxrfg xf] . To;} n] If] qLotf / hftLotfnfO{
cfwf/ dfg] / k|b] zx¿ agfpg] s'/ f ug'{ eg] sf] lgtfGt s[lqd ;f] r / tt\kIfLo
g] t[Tj k+lQmsf] :jfy{ / cx+sf/ o'St rfxgf dfq xf] . cfd hgtf eg] o:tf]
ljv08gsf/ L / fhgLltsf] kIfdf lsdfy{ 5} gg\ . vf;u/ L ;Dk"0f{ t/ fO{nfO{
dw] zsf] gfddf kxf8 / lxdfnaf6 cnu ug] { dw] zjfbLx¿sf] dfu g t
dw] zL hgtfsf] lxtdf 5 g t / fli6«o lxtdf g} . lj8Dagf t s] xf] eg] ,
;+ljwfg;efdf t] ;|f] 7"nf] bnsf ¿kdf / x] sf] Pdfcf] jfbL ;+ljwfg;efsf]
e"ldsfnfO{ ;zSt agfpg 5f8] / e'/ ] –6fs'/ ] / hf} 6fx¿nfO{ sfvL Rofk] /
pgLx¿sf] ceLi6 k"/ f ul/ lbg] clego ub} { ;8sdf d"7e] 8 ug] { wDsLsf] efiff
af] Ng k'u] sf] 5 . l;Ëf] t/ fO{ e"efunfO{ afFsL g] kfneGbf cnu ¿kdf rfxg]
dw] zjfbLx¿sf] / fhgLltleq / fli6«o PstfeGbf ljv08gsf/ L if8oGq k|i6
b] lvG5 . o:tf] if8oGqnfO{ Pdfcf] jfbL lsg ;fy lbO/ x] sf] 5 < bnut :jfy{
/ cx+sf/ åf/ f kl/ kf] lift of] p;sf] / f] uL dfgl;stf afx] s cyf] {s s] xL xf] Og .
p;sf] juL{o b[li6sf] 0f sxfF uof] / dfcf] jfbL ljrf/ sxfF k5fl/ of] eGg] x] Ssf
zfob p;} nfO{ gxf] nf .
jf;' zdf{

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fs} d'2fsf] csf] { Pp6f k|;Ësf] rrf{ u/ f} + . ;xdlt vf] Hg]
gfddf bnx¿ aLr ePsf bh{gf} + 5nkmn / s'/ fsfgLx¿ Pskl5 csf] {
c;kmn eO/ xFbf hgtfdf g} / fZo / kf6L{x¿k|lt ljt[i0ff hfUg' :jfefljs
xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf lxhf] nf] stflGqs cfGbf] ngdf ;fy lbPsf hgtfd}
;f] cfGbf] ngk|lt g} v] b dx;"; x'g yfn] sf] ufOFu'O{+ klg ;'lgg yfn] sf]
5 . o:tf] hgdt a9\b} uof] eg] nf] stGqs} lglDt vt/ f aGg hfG5 . of]
s'/ f a] n} df ;a} n] dx;"; ug{ cfjZos 5 / oyfy{k/ s ¿kdf s] ;fFRr}
;xdlt h'6\g ;Dej 5

clxn] g] kfnsf] / fhgLltn] :jfy{ / cx+sf/ sf] hfFtf] df lkl;g' kl/ / x] sf]
k|i6 b] lvG5 . / fhgLltnfO{ lgsf; lbg'sf] ;§f lgsf; g} y'lglbg] k|j[lQn]
ubf{ d'n's clg0f{osf] aGbL alg/ x] sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfn] nf] stGqnfO{ g}
sdhf] / agfpg] dfq xf] Og, k|sf/ fGt/ n] clwgfosjfbL ;Qfsf] k'g/ fudg
u/ fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf klg TolQs} / xG5 . / ft / Xof] cu|fv knfof] eg]
em} + ;+ljwfgnfO{ emg\ kl5 emg\ yftL / fVb} hfFbf To;af6 l;Ëf] / fhgLlt g}
b'3{6gfdf kg{;Sg] ;Defjgfk|lt ;a} sf] Wofg hfg cfjZos 5 .
jf;' zdf{

uDeL/ x'g'sf] cy{
;
g\ @)!# sf] l8;] Da/ df, ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj kl/ 0ffd kZrft\,
8f= afa'/ fd e§/ fO{sf] Pp6f k] m;a's :6f6; k9\g kfPsf] lyPF . ;f]
:6f6; cg';f/ Pshgf a'l4hLjLsf] egfOn] 8f= e§/ fO{ …uDeL/ Ú eP5g\ . tL
a'l4hLjLn] Pp6f e] 63f6df eg] 5g\– …of] r'gfjdf sf+u|] ; / Pdfn] n] lht] sf]
xf] Og, Pdfcf] jfbLn] xf/ ] sf] xf] .Ú 8f= e§/ fO{nfO{ of] egfOn] lsg / s:tf]
…uDeL/ Ú agfPsf] xf] t < s] pgL / pgsf] bnn] cfˆgf HofbtL, e"n /
sdL–sdhf] / Lx¿sf af/ ] df lrGtg / cfTdfnf] rgf ug] { tk{msf] ;Í] t xf] t
of] < csf{lt/ , tL a'l4hLjLsf] egfOnfO{ sf+u|] ; / Pdfn] n] s;/ L lnG5g\, Tof]
pgLx¿sf] s'/ f xf] . d eg] oxfF …uDeL/ Ú x'g'sf] cy{ vf] Hg] r] i6f ul/ / x] sf] 5' .
;+of] ujz ;f] xL lbg k] m;a'sdf s;} n] z] o/ u/ ] sf] …d08] nfsf afx| af] nLÚ
klg k9\g kfPsf] lyPF . Pp6fdf d08] nfn] o;f] eg] sf 5g\– …sfnf] jf uf] / f]
htfaf6 cfP klg d hfltjfbnfO{ 3[0ff u5' { . lsgeg] d o;nfO{ aa{/ lrhsf
¿kdf lnG5' .Ú jf:tjdf, hftLjfbL ;f] r, hftLo ljå] if, hfltjfbL 3[0ff,
hftLo ljefhg, hftLo ckx] ngf cf} pTkL8g, hfltjfbL ;+3if{ jf hfltjfbL
/ fhgLlt aa{/ cdfgjLo s'/ f x'g\ . ax'hftLo / ax';f+:s[lts ;dfhsf nflu
lxts/ eg] sf] hftLo ;b\efj, hftLo ;Ddfg / hftLo ;xcl:tTj x'g\ eGg]
s'/ f d08] nfsf] pko{'Qm egfOn] k|i6 kfb{5 .
blIf0f clk|msfdf g] N;g d08] nfsf] g] t[Tjdf hfltjfb Pjd\ / Ëe] b lj/ f] wL
;+3if{ pTsif{df ePsf a] nf :j= k|df] b xdfn Pp6f uLt ufpg] uy] {– …sfnfsf]
hLt uf] / fsf] Ù uf] / fsf] hLt sfnfsf] Ù olb ;dfgtfsf nflu xf] eg] .Ú 8f=
e§/ fO{n] klg of] uLt ;'g] s} x'g'k5{ . of] uLtsf] dd{k|lt …uDeL/ Ú x'g h?/ L 5
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

ls 5} g < d08] nfsf] pQm egfOk|lt …uDeL/ Ú x'g h?/ L 5 ls 5} g < olb 5 eg]
hftLo ljå] ifsf] / fhgLltnfO{ a9fjf lbg'sf] ;§f hftLo ;b\efj, / fli6«o
Pstf / ;fdflhs Gofo cfhsf] vfFrf] xf] Og / < cem vf;u/ L Psn]
csf] {nfO{ lgif] w ug{ g;Sg] g] kfnsf] jt{dfg zlSt ;Gt'ngsf] oyfy{leq
leGgtfx¿ dfem ;femf ljGb'x¿ vf] hL u/ L / fi6«lgdf{0fsf] P] ltxfl;s
lhDd] jf/ L k"/ f ug{ ;sf/ fTds x'g h?/ L 5} g / < 8f= e§/ fO{ nufot
g] kfnsf ;a} g] tfx¿nfO{ of] s'/ fsf] af] w eO{ ;fFrf] cy{df …uDeL/ Ú
eOlbP g] kfnL hgtfn] / fxt kfpg] lyP ls <
leGgtfx¿ aLr ;xdltsf ;femf ljGb'x¿ vf] hL ug'{ kg] { rrf{ ul/ / x] sf] a] nf
ljleGg / fhg} lts 36gfqmdx¿sf] :d/ 0f eO/ x] 5 . rrf{sf] yfngL tTsfnLg
/ fhf dx] Gb|sf] @)!& ;fnsf] lg/ Í'z sbdaf6 u/ f} + . pgn] ax'bnLo ;+;bLo
k|0ffnLnfO{ d'n'ssf nflu ckmfk l;4 eGb} k~rfotsf gfddf / fhtGqfTds
lg/ Í'ztf nfb] / #) aif{;Dd b] znfO{ n'l6/ x] , hgtfnfO{ sËfn agfO/ x] .
dx] Gb|n] o;f] ug{ ;Sg'sf k5fl8 ;+ljwfg;efsf] d"n / fhgLlts Ph] 08fnfO{
nTofpFb} g] kfnL sf+u|] ;n] cËLsf/ u/ ] sf] ;QflnK;fk"0f{ gLlt lhDd] jf/ / x] sf]
tYo Oltxf;sf cWo] tf hf] sf] xLnfO{ klg yfxf x'g] g} s'/ f xf] .
@))& ;fnb] lv @)!& ;fnsf aLrdf bnx¿sf aLrsf] cljZjf;,
xfgfyfk, bnut :jfy{ / g] kfnL sf+u|] ;sf] cx+sf/ / csd{0otfn] / fhf
dx] Gb|nfO{ To:tf] hglj/ f] wL sbd rfNg pS;fPsf] s'/ f plQs} ;To xf] . kl5,
@)## ;fnlt/ aLkL sf] O/ fnf / fli6«o d] nldnfksf] gLlt -g] kfndf sDo'lgi6x¿
a9] sfn] / fhf / d] / f] 3fF6L hf] l8Psf] 5 eGb} _ k|jf;sf] :jlgjf{;gaf6 :jb] z
lkmtf{ cfPsf] 36gf csf] { Pp6f rfvnfUbf] 36gf xf] . To;a] nf pgnfO{
/ sf+u|] ;sf cGo g] tf–sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ :jb] z l5g{ glbg jf lu/ ˆtf/ ug{
k~rfotL k|zf;g / k~rx¿n] dRrfPsf] lat08f xfn g] t[Tjdf / x] sf ;a}
bnsf g] tfx¿n] zfob la;] {sf 5} gg\ xf] nf . k~rx¿ dfq x} g, To;a] nf
sDo'lgi6x¿n] klg d] nldnfksf] gLlt lkmlnlkG;df ;kmn k|of] u eO;s] sf]
sDo'lgi6lj/ f] wL cd] l/ sL gLlt xf] eg] / lj/ f] w u/ ] sf] / k/ f] If 9Ën] k~rx¿;Fu
pleg k'u] sf] tYo xfnsf sDo'lgi6 g] tfx¿nfO{ :d/ 0f g} xf] nf . t/ , kl5 #%–
#^ sf] cfGbf] ngdf g] kfnL sf+u|] ; / g] kfnL afdkGyLx¿ ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf
nflu ;+o'Qm ;+3if{df plqPsf] 36gf csf] { P] ltxfl;s tYo xf] . ;f] ;+3if{df
jf;' zdf{

] zleq dfq xf] Og, k|jf;df -vf;u/ L ef/ tdf_ sf+u|] ; / afdkGyLx¿ ;Fu}
plePsf lyP eGg] s'/ f tTsfnLg clvn ef/ t g] kfnL ljBfyL{ ;+3sf cWoIf
8f= afa'/ fd e§/ fO{nfO{ / fd|} ;Fu ofb xf] nf g} .
;do cufl8 a9\g] qmddf @)$# ;fndf k~rfotL r'gfjnfO{ pkof] u ug] {
gLlt lnO{ Pdfn] -tTsfnLg dfn] _ n] cfˆgf pDd] b\jf/ x¿ p7fO{ s] xLnfO{
/ fli6«o k~rfotdf / s] xLnfO{ lhNnf k~rfotdf k|ltlglwTj u/ fpg ;kmn
eof] klg . ;f] xL a] nfdf lul/ hfk|;fb sf] O/ fnfn] eg] l;Ë} sf+u|] ;nfO{ em08} –
em08} k~rfotdf ;dk{0f u/ fPsf] Ù cfˆgf ;a} pDd] b\jf/ nfO{ Pp6} r'gfjlrGx
lbOg' kg] { / tTsfnLg juL{o ;+u7gx¿sf] ;b:otf lng' kg] { afWosf/ L Joj:yf
x6fpg' kg] { dfu k"/ f gePsfn] dfq afn–afn ar] sf] tYo klg w] / } k'/ fgf]
eO;s] sf] 5} g . To;} tfsf / fd/ fhfk|;fb l;+xsf] df] rf{n] klg b'O{–rf/ 7fpFdf
ad k8\sfPsf] 36gf klg ;a} nfO{ ofb} xf] nf . oL dWo] sf] rflx+ ;xL t < ;a}
;xL jf ;a} unt < kl5 km] l/ $^ ;fnsf] cfGbf] ngdf afdkGyL / sf+u|] ;n]
;Fu} n8] / ;kmntf k|fKt u/ ] .
ax'bnsf] 3f] if0ffkl5sf] klxnf] cfd;efdf lul/ hfk|;fb sf] O/ fnfn] …of]
hLt sf+u|] ;, sDo'lgi6, / fhf, k~r ;a} sf] hLt xf] Ú eGbf ;|f] tf–bz{sx¿n]
xf] xNnf u/ ] sf] / kb\d/ Tg t'nfw/ n] dfOs lnO{ lgs} k|of; u/ ] kl5 dfq
xf] xNnf zfGt ePsf] , t/ lul/ hf sf] O/ fnfn] eg] efif0f TolQs} 5f] 8\g'
k/ ] sf] 36gf klg w] / } nfO{ ofb xf] nf . o:tf] lsg eof] xf] nf t < s] lul/ hf
unt lyP < @)&) ;fnsf] r'gfj;Dd cfOk'Ubf / fhfjfbL k"j{k~rx¿sf]
bn / fk|kf–g] kfn d'n'sdf rf} yf] 7"nf] kf6L{sf] ¿kdf b] lvPsf] 5 /
cfhsf] nf] stflGqs / fhgLltsf] pm klg Ps nfeu|fxL alg/ x] sf] cj:yf
5 . oL k|;+ux¿ oxfF sf] 6Øfpg'sf] sf/ 0f ;a} / fhgLlts bn / ltgsf
g] tf–sfo{stf{x¿ d'n'ssf] / fhgLlts oyfy{k|lt ;fFRr} g} …uDeL/ Ú eOlbP
clxn] sf] / fhgLlts csd{0otfn] lgsf; kfpFYof] ls eg] / xf] .
g] kfndf xfnsf] / fhgLlts csd{0otfsf] l:yltsf] sf/ s tTj eg] sf]
…d] / f] uf] ?sf] afx|} 6SsfÚ eGg] ;f] r / k|j[lQ g} xf] . t/ , s;} sf] uf] ?sf] klg
afx|} 6Ssf x'Fb} g cyf{t\ x'g ;Sb} g eGg] tYo g] tfx¿n] ga'em] sf eg] 5} gg\ .
ta To;af6 lsg d'Qm x'g ;Sb} g g] kfnsf] / fhgLlt < olb Pp6} dfq bz{g jf
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

l;4fGt jf ljrf/ ;xL x'GYof] eg] ;+;f/ 7Kk eOxfNYof] lg . g t dfS;{jfb
jf n] lggjfbsf] g} hGd x'GYof] , g t …;of} + ljrf/ x¿nfO{ v] Ng b] pÚ eg] /
dfcf] n] g} eGy] , g t k"FhLjfbL d'n'sx¿df ;dfhjfbL cjwf/ 0ffdf cfwfl/ t
sNof0fsf/ L / fHo Joj:yfsf tTjx¿ g} nfu" x'GYof] Ù g t xfnsf] g] kfnsf]
/ fhgLlts kl/ b[Zodf leGgfleGg} / fhgLlts wf/ sf] k|ltlglwTj ug] { bnx¿
Pp6} ynf] df ;Fu} plePsf g} x'Gy] . / fhgLlts bz{g jf l;4fGt jf ljrf/
;fWo xf] Og, ;fwg (not ends but means) xf] Ù d'n'snfO{ 8f] ¥ofpg] dfu{bz{g
dfq xf] , cfk} m+df pknlAws} ;"rs eg] xf] OgÙ ljsNkx¿sf] :kwf{ dfq xf,]
lglj{sNk ;fj{sflns cf] vlt xf] Og eGg] s'/ f xfd|f g] tfx¿ hf] / fhgLltsf
v] nf8L dfq xf] Ogg\ / fd|f 1ftf klg x'g\, ltgnfO{ s;} n] k9fO/ xg' kb} {g . ta
pgLx¿ of] s'/ fnfO{ dgg u/ L Jojxf/ df ptfg{ rflx+ lsg …uDeL/ Ú 5} gg\ < s]
pgLx¿ b] z / hgtfk|lt OdfGbf/ 5} gg\ < ls / fhgLlts j[Qdf rrf{ x'g] u/ ]
e} m+ s;} sf] …s7k'tnLÚ ag] sf 5g\ <
g] kfnsf] / fhgLlts 36gfqmdx¿nfO{ lgofNbf s] b] lvG5 eg] / fhgLlts
zlQmx¿ cfk"meGbf cnu ;f ] r / fVg] x¿nfO{ ;xg ug{ g;Sg] dgf] / f] un] u|l;t
5g\ . xf] Og eg] cfk"m afx] s c?nfO{ hglj/ f] wL÷/ fi6«3ftL b] Vg] b[li6bf] ifaf6
kLl8t x'Fb} glyP xf] nfg\ . cfk"m ;Qfdf x'g' dfq ;xL 7fGg] / ;Qfdf k'Ug
h:tf] ;'s} kmf] xf] / L v] n v] Ng / 3[l0ft sfo{ ug] { x'Fb} glyP xf] nfg\ . $* ;fnsf]
r'gfjdf ax'dt k|fKt u/ ] sf] g] kfnL sf+u|] ; To;a] nf …uDeL/ Ú eOlbPsf] eP
cfh g] kfn ljsf;sf] kydf slt cufl8 k'lu;s] sf] x'GYof] xf] nf < t/ , p;n]
…uDeL/ tfk"j{sÚ Tof] lhDd] jf/ L y] Ug ;s] g . a? pN6} cfˆg} bnleq cljZjf;,
3ft, cGt3f{tsf] lgs[i6 / 8fsf] dRrfpFb} ;a} rf} k6 agfof] . cGo bnx¿ klg
cljZjf;, 3ft / cGt3f{tsf] bL3{/ f] uaf6 u|l;t eO/ x] s} 5g\ . %! ;fnsf]
dWofjlw r'gfjdf ax'dt k|fKt ug{ g;s] klg Pdfn] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] bn
ag] sf] lyof] . k/ Gt' s'zntf / …uDeL/ tfÚsf] cefjn] ubf{ ;Qf ;fe] mbf/ Lsf
nflu kmf] xf] / L v] ndf ;+nUg eO{ ;f+;b lsga] r;Ddsf] gf} 6ÍLdf Pdfn] kFm:g
k'u] sf] tLtf] ;To k'/ fgf] eO;s] sf] 5} g . Tolt dfq xf] Og, ;+;bdf ax'dt geP
klg %$ ;fnsf] :yfgLo lgjf{rgaf6 :yfgLo lgsfox¿df cTolws ax'dt
xfl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf] Pdfn] afdkGyL / fhgLlts wf/ sf] lhDd] jf/ L ;xL
9Ën] lgjf{x ug{ …uDeL/ Ú ePg / hgtfsf ck] Iff k"/ f ug{ ;s] g . h;nfO{
jf;' zdf{

dfcf] jfbLn] ;xh ¿kdf pkof] u ug{ ;Sof] / cfˆgf] zlQm j[l4 ug{sf nflu
cj;/ kfof] . olb To;a] nf Pdfn] …uDeL/ Ú eOlbPsf] eP p;k|lt ljt[i0ff
k} bf x'Fb} gYof] xf] nf / lg/ fz afd ;dy{s hgtf dfcf] jfbLk|lt cfslif{t eO{
p;sf] c/ fhstf a9\g] lyPg xf] nf . olb sf+u|] ; …uDeL/ Ú eOlbPsf] eP b] pjf
;/ sf/ ;dIf tTsfnLg ;+o'Qm hgdf] rf{ -8f= e§/ fO{ ;+nUg v] df_ n] k|:t't
u/ ] sf d'2fx¿df ;xdltsf] k|of; ul/ GYof] xf] nf / slyt dfcf] jfbL hgo'4sf]
p208tf d'n'sn] Aoxf] g'{ kb} {gYof] xf] nf . olb Toltv] / 8f= e§/ fO{sf] v] df …
uDeL/ Ú eOlbPsf] eP d'n'sn] Ps bzs nfdf] qf;bL / cgfjZos Iflt
-hgo'4sf] gfddf hg–wgsf] Iflt_ Aoxf] g'{ kb} {gYof] xf] nf . $* ;fnsf]
r'gfjdf ( ;f+;b lht] sf] ;+o'Qm hgdf] rf{n] %! ;fnsf] dWofjlw r'gfjdf
z"Go ;f+;b lhTg' g} slyt dfcf] jfbL hgo'4sf] sf/ s aGg k'u] sf] tYo
huhfx] / 5 . olb hgtfsf] dtnfO{ ;xh :jLsf/ ug{ 8f= e§/ fO{sf] v] df
Toltv] / } …uDeL/ Ú eOlbPsf] eP / zflGtk"0f{ / fhg} lts :kwf{sf / 0fgLlts tyf
sfo{gLlts dfu{af6 cufl8 a9] sf] eP Ps bzs nfdf] qf;bLk"0f{ cj:yfaf6
d'n'sn] u'h|g' kb} {gYof] xf] nfÙ o'jf zlSt / ljåt\ ju{sf] 7"nf] ;+Vof ljb] z
knfog x'Fb} gYof] xf] nf . t/ , clxn] em} + 8f= e§/ fO{x¿ cfˆgf] xf/ k|lt …uDeL/ Ú
eP / cfˆgf] cfsf/ j[l4 ug{ hgtfsf] / utsf] xf] nL v] Ng] / 0fgLlt cËfNg
k'u] . clxn] sf] xf/ n] …uDeL/ Ú agfOPsf 8f= e§/ fO{ st} ToxL k'/ fg} 9/ f{sf]
/ 0fgLlt k'g/ fj[Q ug] { ;f] rdf t 5} gg\ <
s] xL aif{ klxn] dx–hf] 8Ln] ;femf a; Joj:yfkgnfO{ u/ ] sf] Jo+Uo k|x;g–
afFb/ sf] xftdf gLnf] gl/ jn -gLnf] / Ësf] ;femf a;_– xfnsf] / fhg} lts
efF8e} nf] sf ;Gbe{df klg 7ØfSs} ldNbf] 5 . u0ftGq, ;+3Lotf / ;+ljwfg
g] tfx¿sf] xftdf …gl/ jnÚ ePsf] 5 – afFb/ sf] xftdf em} + . afFb/ – h;n]
cfˆgf] 3/ klg agfpFb} g / c?sf] klg eTsfpF5 . / fhgLlts bnx¿ c?sf]
t pl5Qf] vG5g\ vG5g\, cfkm} +leq klg k'm6 / u'6aGbLsf] v] tL ug'{ pgLx¿sf]
;+:sf/ g} alg;s] sf] 5 . sf+u|] ;leqsf] u'6aGbL gofF s'/ f xf] Og – aLkL,
;'j0f{ zdz] / x'Fb} lul/ hf / b] pjf;Ddsf] efF8e} nf] ;a} sf ;fd' 5n{Ë 5Fb} 5 .
k'iknfnsf] g] t[Tjsf] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ lr/ f–lr/ f eO{ bh{gf} + 6'qmf ePsf] Oltxf;
w] / } k'/ fgf] xf] Og . Pdfn] af6 k'm6] / dfn] , ;+3Lo ;dfhjfbL / c? s] –s] x'g]
xf] , yfxf 5} g . dw] zjfbL bnx¿sf] sGtlahf] u t pgLx¿sf] bh{glt/ k'Ug
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

vf] h] sf] ;+Vofn] g} b] vfpF5 . k"j{k~rx¿sf] bn / fk|kf klg lr/ f–lr/ f x'g] qmd
hf/ L 5 . xfnsf] Pdfcf] jfbL klg :jod\ df] xglaqmd l;+xaf6 k'm6] / cfPsf] xf]
eGg] s'/ f klg yfxf ePs} xf] . g] kfnsf / fhgLlts bnx¿ dWo] sf] ;a} eGbf
kl5Nnf] k':tf, b'a} dfcf] jfbL, k'm6sf] ;a} eGbf kl5Nnf] Wjhfafxs ePsf
5g\ . cfˆgf] 3/ eTsfP/ df] xg a} B v] df s] vf] Hg k'm6] sf] lyof] s'lGg < k'm6] /
t uP–uP, cfˆgf] 3/ t eTsfP–eTsfPÙ csf{sf] 3/ eTsfpg ;+ljwfg;efsf]
r'gfjdf efF8e} nf] dRrfpFb} , qf; / cftÍ km} nfpFb} aRrfx¿nfO{ ;d] t adsf]
lzsf/ agfpg] lgGbgLo / cIfDo sfd ug{ k'u] .
hgtfn] zflGtsf] ;f; km] g{ slxn] kfpg] < hgtfn] b'Mv–si6af6 d'lQm
slxn] kfpg] < / fhgLltn] d'n'ssf] t/ SsLsf nflu ¿k/ ] vf sf] g{ slxn]
yfNg] < cfh b] zdf ;fFRr} g} / fhgLlts …uDeL/ tfÚsf] vfFrf] 5 . g] tfx¿ of]
cfjZostfk|lt ;xL cy{df …uDeL/ Ú eOlbpg\ / d'n'snfO{ rfF8f] eGbf rfF8f]
;+ljwfg lbP/ cfˆgf] k|f/ lDes lhDd] jf/ L lgjf{x ub} { ;sf/ fTds / fhgLltsf]
yfngL u?g\ . of] / fi6«sf] cfsf+Iff xf] Ù cfhsf] / fhgLltsf] ck] Iff xf] . hut}
xF;fpg] u/ L / 8fsf] dRrfpFb} lx+8\g] sfdn] hgtf kSs} klg v'zLn] ub\ub\
x'Fb} gg\ xf] nf . clkt' l;Ëf] nf] stflGqs / fhgLltk|lt g} ljt[i0ff knfpg a] /
5} g . Oltxf;af6 kf7 l;s] / g] tfx¿ …uDeL/ Ú xf] pg\ . d'n'snfO{ cu|ult k|bfg
u?g\ . v'b|f :jfy{df xf] Og, / fli6«o :jfy{df Wofg lbpg\ . b] z ljsf;sf] sfd
/ ftf/ ft XjfQ ug{ ;Dej x'Fb} g . t/ , Ps–Ps OF6f hf] 8] / g} kvf{nsf] lgdf{0f
x'G5 . ljljw ;Lkx¿sf] nufgLn] g} 3/ sf] lgdf{0f ;Dej x'G5 . ;a} n] ;Lkx¿
ld;fpg h?/ L 5Ù of] ubfgx¿ ld;fpg h?/ L 5 . o; tkm{ ;a} …uDeL/ Ú xf] pg\ .
uDeL/ x'g'sf] ;xL cy{ ToxL+lg/ km] nf kg] {5 .
jf;' zdf{

n] vsLo lzi6tf / dof{bf
o
;k6s dnfO{ n] vsLo lzi6tf / dof{bfsf af/ ] df n] Vg dg nfUof] .
JolStx¿ aLrdf ljrf/ sf] leGgtf ePs} sf/ 0fn] cleJolSt /
n] vgsfo{df s'g} ljifo jf d'2fdf km/ s ljrf/ cfpg' :jfefljs xf] . s;} n]
cfˆgf ljrf/ x¿ zfnLg / lzi6 ¿kdf JoSt ub{5g\ eg] s;} n] tLtf] ¿kdf,
5'Rrf] z} nLdf JoSt ub{5g\ . d] / f] k|Zg xf] – 5'RofOFk"0f{ cleJolStsf] klg
Pp6f ;Ldf x'Gg / < sxfFb] lv ptf ghfg] eGg] Pp6f nId0f/ ] vf x'Gg / < olb
lzi6tf / dof{bfsf] nId0f/ ] vf kf/ u/ ]/ n] Vg] xf] eg] n] vgsd{ / n] vgwd{n]
g} zld{Gbf x'g' kg] { cj:yf cfOk5{ . g] kfnL n] vg If] qdf 5'Rrf n] vsx¿sf]
sdL 5} g . oxL 5'Rrf n] vsx¿sf] k+lQmdf kg] { clxn] 5fkfx¿df 5fPsf] gfd
xf] – lbn lgzfgL du/ . d pgsf n] vx¿sf] kfP;Dd lgoldt kf7s x'F .
dnfO{ pgsf] a] hf] 8 ts{k"0f{ k|:t'lt dg k5{ . xfnsf lbgx¿df pgL hftLo
klxrfgsf cfwf/ sf] ;+3Lotfsf lj?4df n] lv/ x] sf 5g\ eGg] s'/ f pgsf
n] vx¿sf kf7snfO{ yfxf x'g] g} s'/ f xf] . pgsf] ts{ ;6Ls x'G5 / nlIft
kfqx¿nfO{ 3fon g} kfg] {u/ L pgL bgs lbG5g\ . xf] , pgsf] n] vgz} nL 5'Rrf]
9/ f{sf] 5 . of] pgsf] cfˆgf] lghL z} nL xf] . o;df dnfO{ Hofbf s] xL eGg'
5} g . t/ , pgsf kl5Nnf s] xL n] vx¿df pgsf] 5'RofOFn] n] vsLo lzi6tf /
dof{bfnfO{ e'n] sf] xf] ls eGg] nfu] sf] x'gfn] dnfO{ pgsf] pbfx/ 0f lbP/ o;
ljifodf n] Vg dg nfu] sf] xf] .
g] kfndf hftLo klxrfgdf cfwfl/ t ;+3Lotf b] z / hgtfsf] lxtdf x'Fb} g
eGg] ljrf/ df lbn lgzfgL du/ ;Fu ljdlt / fv] / d of] n] v n] lv/ x] sf] 5'Og .
a? d] / f sltko n] vx¿df pgsf ljrf/ x¿ p4[t ug] { u/ ] sf] 5' . / , d pgsf]
ts{k"0f{ n] vg tLI0ftfsf] k|z+;s klg x'F . t/ , pgsf] ufnLunf} hsf] z} nL;Fu
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

eg] d k6Ss} ;xdt x'g ;lSbg . xftdf snd 5 eGb} df h;/ L dg nfUof]
To;/ L n] Vg ldN5 < dnfO{ t nfUb5, o:tf] n] vgz} nLn] pgsf ljrf/ x¿sf]
;sf/ fTds k|efj kg'{sf] ;§f pN6} pQ] hgf k} mnfpF5 . cfk"m hghflts}
ePsfn] hghfltsf] klxrfgjfbL ;f] rsf lj?4 pgn] o;/ L cdof{lbt z} nLdf
clUgjiff{ ug{ glxlRsrfPsf x'g ;S5g\ . t/ , cfk"mn] cfk} +mnfO{ cfnf] rgf ug{
klg lzi6tfnfO{ e'Ng' kb{5 eGg] 5} g lg . dof{lbt ¿kdf ug{ ;lsG5 / o;/ L
ubf{ a9L k|efjsf/ L klg x'g] ub{5 eGg] s'/ f pgnfO{ yfxf g} xf] nf . Psl5g
ljrf/ u/ f} + . Pp6f a|fXd0fsf] s'nhftdf hGd] sf] n] vsn] pgn] e} +m cdof{lbt
z} nLdf hftLo klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotfsf lj?4df zAb cf] sn] eg] l:ylt
s] xf] nf < pQ] hgf ge8\s] nf / <
pgn] cfˆgf] kl5Nnf] Pp6f n] vdf …===cfj] u, efiff z} nL, kmf] xf/ L / jfkm /
pQ] hgf b] v] / dnfO{ a8f] pb] s nfUof] Ú eg] / lrQ b'vfpFb} n] v] sf] k9\g kfPsf]
lyPF . t/ , pg} n] To; cl3sf] n] vdf cdof{lbt z} nLdf …===gfsdf emfFufsf]
sfnf] blnlbg' kb{5 . o;/ L emfFufsf] sfnf] ltgsf] gfsg] / qmdzM blnof]
eg] ltgsf] klxrfg o'u–o'u;Dd afFlr/ xG5 . ===h;sf] gfssf] 6'Kkf] df sfnf]
yf] Knf] b] lvof] eg] ;Dem ls pm cfˆgf] klxrfg x/ fOhfnf elgsg======gfsg] /
sfnf] bNg / fhLv'zL eof] . ===Pp6f dxfg ls/ fFt j+zfjnLsf] e"OFk'm6'jf ljåfg\
gfsdf hfF8sf] n] bf] bn] / k'mQ lgl:sof] .Ú cflb OToflb eg] / lgDg:t/ sf]
clzi6 / cdof{lbt z} nLdf n] v] sf] klg k9] sf] x'F . To;} n] pgnfO{ g} ;f] Wg
dg nfUof] – lbn lgzfgL du/ hL, efiff z} nL / lzi6tfsf] s'/ f c?nfO{
clt{ lbg dfq nfu" x'G5 ls tkfO{+nfO{ klg nfu" x'G5 < olb tkfO{+nfO{ …
klxrfgjfbLÚx¿n] …v;x¿sf] k} ;f x;'/ ] / o;/ L n] lv/ x] ] sf] xf] Ú eGg] cf/ f] k
nufP eg] tkfO{+ s] eGg'x'G5 < h:tf] ls tkfO{+n] klxrfgsf] dfu ug] {x¿nfO{
…8n/ ] Ú eg] / cf/ f] lkt ug'{ePsf] 5 .
du/ hLn] cfˆgf] kl5Nnf] Pp6f n] vdf n] v] sf 5g\– …s'g} klg ljrf/
8fS6/ sf] k|of] uzfnfaf6 cfpFb} gg\ . ljrf/ sf] bf] ;|f] ¿k ax; xf] .Ú ;xL xf] ,
s'g} klg ljrf/ j} 1flgs k|of] uzfnfaf6 k|dfl0ft eP/ cfpFb} g . t/ , ax;sf]
bf] ;|f] ¿k dfq} rflx+ ljrf/ xf] Og . ljrf/ s} nflu dfq ljrf/ sf] s'g} cy{
5} g . ljrf/ n] ;fdflhs k|of] uzfnfaf6 eg] k|dfl0ft x'g cfjZos 5, / dfq}
;dfhdf :yflkt x'g ;Sb5 . / , o;/ L k|dfl0ft x'gsf nflu ax; dfq kof{Kt
jf;' zdf{

x'Fb} g . clkt' ;fdflhs Jojxf/ / ;sf/ fTds kl/ 0ffd klg cfjZos x'G5 .
ax; / ;Djfbs} dfq s'/ f ug] { xf] eg] dfgj hfltn] cfˆgf] pTklQsfnb] lv
g} ;a} eGbf a9L ub} { cfPsf] s'/ f g} ;Djfb jf ;~rf/ xf] . t/ , eP–ul/ Psf
;~rf/ df nueu &) k|ltzt ;~rf/ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf c;kmn x'G5g\ eg] /
lj1x¿ atfpF5g\ . ul/ Psf] ;~rf/ c;kmn x'gfsf sf/ 0fx¿ dWo] Pp6f
sf/ 0f xf] – ;Gb] z k|fKtstf{n] ;f] ;Gb] z g?rfpg' . o;/ L ;Gb] znfO{ c?lrs/
agfpg] lhDd] jf/ tTjx¿ dWo] klxnf] / ;j{k|d'v tTj xf] k|of] u ul/ Psf]
efiffsf] :t/ / z} nL . To;} n] k|i6 5, clzi6 / cdof{lbt efiff / z} nLn]
lgZro g} k|jfx ul/ Psf] ;Gb] znfO{ ;kmn x'gaf6 / f] Sb5Ù rfx] Tof] ljrf/
hlt;'s} ;xL xf] ;\ . ctM ;~rf/ stf{x¿n] o; tk{m Wofg lbg h?/ L 5 .
vf;u/ L n] vgsd{df nfu] sfx¿n] t emg} a9L Wofg lbg' kg] { x'G5 . To;} n] ,
bfz{lgs sGˆo'l;o;n] eg] em} + h;/ L du/ hLnfO{ c?sf] cdof{lbt efiff dg
kb} {g, To;/ L g} c?nfO{ klg pgsf] clzi6 / cdof{lbt efiff z} nL kRb} g eGg]
s'/ f pgn] a] n} df a'e] mb] lv pgsf] n] vfOsf] u'?Tj cem a9\g] lyof] .
d'vsf] tLtf] kf] Vb} tyfgfd cf] sNg' g n] vfO xf] , g ;Gb] z k|jfx xf] .
o:tf] k|j[lQ lxhf] cfh 5Øfk5ØfKtL b] lvg yfn] sf] 5 . vf;u/ L ;fdflhs
;~hfn dfWodx¿df t slt xf] slt . clzi6 / cdof{lbt dfq xf] Og,
cZnLn / kmf] xf] / L zAbx¿ / ljDax¿sf] k|of] u ;d] t eO/ x] sf] b] lvG5 .
xfd|f] lzi6tf, eb|tf / ;lxi0f'tf lsg v:s] sf] xf] o;/ L < xfdL s:tf]
;+:s[ltnfO{ x'sf{O/ x] sf 5f} + < cfdfrsf/ L ufnLsf] ¿kdf b] lvg yfn] sf o:tf
cleJolStx¿n] xfd|f] cfˆg} dof{bfnfO{ v:sfO/ x] sf] x'G5 . o;/ L ;fdflhs
;~hfn dfWodx¿df k|of] u eO/ x] sf ;dfhdf af] Ng g;lsg] :t/ ;Ddsf
zAbx¿ / efiffsf] :t/ b] Vbf cfnfsfFrf p/ 07] pnfx¿n] k|of] u u/ ] sf x'g\
ls eGg] nfUb5 . t/ , tfHh'a nfUg] s'/ f rflx+ s] eg] , du/ hLsf dfly p4[t
zAbx¿ / jfSof+zx¿ x] bf{ pgn] ca o:t} cZnLn zAbx¿ dfq k|of] u ug{
afFsL / x] sf] xf] ls eGg] b] lvG5 .
elgG5 lg, xfg] sf] uf] nL lgzfgfdf nfu] g eg] klg Tof] pt} hfG5, kmls{P/
cfpFb} g . t/ , 5f] 8] sf] af] nLn] lgzfgfdf nfu] g eg] kmls{P/ cfO{ cfk} +mnfO{
nfUb5 . To;} n] 5'b| jrg lsg ug'{ < cfˆgf ljrf/ x¿nfO{ lzi6 / ;Eo
tl/ sfn] klg t / fVg ;lsG5 lg . ;dfhnfO{ ;sf/ fTds lbzf tk{m 8f] ¥ofpg]
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

p2] Zon] n] Vg] n] vsx¿n] t emg} lzi6, eb| / dof{lbt x'g cfjZos 5 – of]
d] / f] n] vsLo dfGotf xf] . To;} n] , d] / f] lghL n] vgljlw rflx+ s:tf] / xg]
u/ ] sf] 5 eg] ha–ha d n] Vg yfNb5' d} n] k|of] u u/ ] sf zAb, jfSof+z,
ljDa, pvfg–6'Ssf / pkdfx¿ clzi6 / cdof{lbt gxf] pg\ eGg] rfxG5' /
x/ ] sk6s n] lv;s] kl5 bf] xf] ¥ofO–t] x] ¥ofOsg k9\b5' . olb To:tf] s] xL clzi6
/ cdof{lbt zAb jf jfSo jf pkdfx¿ k] mnf k/ ] e] 6] ;Dd ;dcyL{ lzi6 /
dof{lbt zAb jf jfSo jf pkdfx¿n] k|lt:yfkg ug] { u5'{, geP x6fO{ g} lbG5' .
h:tf] ls, o;} n] vdf klg k|of] u ug{ rfx] sf] Pp6f pvfgn] ;dfhsf] Pp6f
lx:;fnfO{ ckdflgt ug] { 7fgL x6fOlbPF / o;/ L g} o; cl3sf] Pp6f n] vaf6
klg d} n] k|of] u ug{ rfx] sf] Pp6f pvfgn] s'g} Ps :yfgljz] ifsf] ;d'bfonfO{
xf] Rofpg] 7fgL x6fPsf] lyPF . ;Fu} sfd u/ ] / k|ltj] bg n] Vg a:bf d] / f ldq
8f= lg/ hgf/ fo0f hf] zL eGg] ub{y] – If you have doubt, take it out -olb z+sf
nfUb5 eg] lemlsb] p_ . dnfO{ pgsf] of] egfO u'?dGq g} ePsf] 5 .
n] vsx¿n] , cem vf;u/ L ;dfhsf] ;sf/ fTds kl/ jt{g rfxg] n] vsx¿n] ,
n] vg sd{ (writing itself), wd{ (its ethics) / o;sf] dd{ (its essence) nfO{
Vofn ub} { n] vsLo lzi6tf / n] vsLo dof{bfnfO{ kfngf ug} { kb{5 eGg] d
7fGb5' . t;y{, d ;a} n] vsx¿nfO{, vf;u/ L 5'Rrf n] vsx¿nfO{, lzi6 /
dof{lbt n] vgsf nflu cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' .
jf;' zdf{

nf] stflGqs kbfjnLsf] k|of] u Û
nf]
stGqdf nf] stflGqs cfr/ 0fx¿ ck] lIft eP e} +m af] nrfn /
n] vfk9Lsf zAbx¿ klg nf] stflGqs efjgf cg'?k x'g h?/ L
5 . ;a} n] cfk"mnfO{ ;f] cg';f/ cBfjlws ug} { kg] { x'G5 . wGo xf] OG6/ g] 6
Û cgnfOg va/ ;fO6x¿sf] pknJwtfn] 1fgnfO{ cBfjlws ug{ ;fx|} g}
d2t k'u] sf] 5 . wGg s;f] –s;f] cfFvf k'u] / k9\g kfOP5 xf} ufF7] Û gq t
1fgsf] cGwsf/ do ;'?Ë c;/ (tunnel effect) df kf] ?dlNn/ x] sf] / x] 5' d
t . nf] stGq :yfkgf eO;s] kl5 …/ fhdfu{ÚnfO{ …nf] sdfu{Úåf/ f k|lt:yfkg
ul/ ;lsPsf] / x] 5, t/ cfk"m eg] nf] stGq k"j{s} dfgl;stfn] ufFlhP/
…/ fhdfu{Ú g} eg] / al;/ x] sf] / x] 5' . ha / fhtGqnfO{ nf] stGqn] lj:yflkt
u¥of] , ta …/ fhÚ nfO{ …nf] sÚ n] :jtM lj:yflkt ul/ ;s] sf] 5 eGg] ;fdfGo
1fg klg of] lbdfudf t'?Gt} lsg g3';] sf] xf] nf < ;f] x|df ;f] x|} cfgf ;xdt .
nf] stGq cfO;s] kl5 klg / fhdfu{nfO{ nf] sdfu{ geg] / / fhdfu{ g} elg/ xg'
nf] stGq cg's"nsf] dfgl;stf lsdfy{ klg ePg . To;} u/ L, …/ fhs'nf] Úsf]
7fpFdf klg …nf] ss'nf] Úsf] k|of] u kSs} x'g yfln;s] s} xf] nf . ;Gbe{–;fdu|L
clxn] ;Dd k9\g kfPsf] eg] 5'Og . e] 6\g' x'g] x¿n] s[kof cfd hfgsf/ Lsf
nflu ;~rf/ dfWoddf / flvlbg' xf] nf .
nf] stGqsf] k|fb'ef{j;Fu} hghLjgsf ;fy} hglha|f] klg k] ml/ g} k5{ . gq
eg] / fhtGqjfbL k|ltudgsf/ L tTjx¿nfO{ an k'Ug hfg] 5 . hglha|f] df
dfq xf] Og, ;/ sf/ L Pjd\ cf} krfl/ s b:tfj] hx¿df klg nf] stflGqs
zAbrog / k|of] usf af/ ] df Wofg k'¥ofOg' kb{5Ù ljZjljBfno / ljBfnosf
kf7Ø;fdu|Lx¿ tb\g'?k ;+zf] wg ul/ g' kb{5 / ljBfyL{x¿n] k/ LIffdf k|of] u
ug] { zAbfjnLx¿ nf] stflGqs 5g\ ls 5} gg\ – tb\g'?k hfFr ul/ g' kb{5Ù
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

;/ sf/ L lgsfosf kbx¿df lgo'lQm Pjd\ a9'jfsf k/ LIffx¿df nf] stflGqs
kbfjnLx¿sf] k|of] u ug] { IfdtfnfO{ klxnf] s;Lsf ¿kdf :yflkt ul/ g' kb{5 .
/ , ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/ f eg] sf] g] kfnL zAbsf] zdf ;+zf] wg ul/ g' kb{5 .
o;p;n] k|1f k|lti7fgsf] gofF nf] stflGqs lhDd] jf/ L ylkPsf] 5, Tof] xf] –
a[xb\ g] kfnL zAbsf] zsf] nf] stflGqs ;+zf] wg u/ L nf] stflGqs zAbx¿åf/ f
;f] xL x} l;otsf k"j{jtL{ zAbx¿sf] lj:yfkg .
d'n'ssf] kl/ jlt{t cj:yfdf ha s'g} zAb ljz] if u|fXo 5} g eg] To;nfO{
zAbsf] zaf6 x6fP/ To;sf] 7fpFdf gofF u|fXo zAb :yflkt ug'{ ;dosf] dfu
xf] . k'/ fgf] zAbnfO{ eg] Oltxf;sf cWo] tfx¿sf nflu ;'/ lIft ug{ Pp6f 5'§}
7] nL (Archive) agfO{ yGSofP x'G5 . / fhtGqnfO{ lj:yflkt ub} { nf] stGqsf]
:yfkgf;Fu} / fhdfu{sf] :yfg nf] sdfu{n] lnP/ zAb–v] tLsf] yfngL eO;s] s}
5 . ca of] v] tLnfO{ cleofgsf ¿kdf n} hfg' k5{ . oL b'O{ zAbx¿df
…/ fhÚ / …nf] sÚ cf–cfˆgf] kIfsf] ;femf kbf+z ePsfn] zAbsf] z ;+zf] wgdf
;xhtf / xg] k|i6 5 . …/ fhÚsf] 7fpFdf …nf]sÚ / flvlbPkl5 606} vnf;\ . To;f] t
sDKo'6/ df c+u| ]hL efiffsf x6fpg' kg] { zAb / / fVg' kg] { gofF zAb / fv]/ …l/ Kn]; cn
(replace all)Ú lylrlb+bf h;/ L Ps} rf] 6L b:tfj] hel/ sf ;a} 7fpFdf km] / abn
x'G5, To;} u/ L g] kfnL efiffsf nflu klg sDKo'6/ k|ljlwn] sfd ul/ lbg] xf]
eg] t zAbsf] z ;+zf] wgstf{x¿nfO{ cem emg\ slt ;lhnf] x'GYof] slt . h]
xf] ;\, xft} n] eP klg of] dxfg\ P] ltxfl;s nf] stflGqs sfd ug{ t ug} { k¥of]
lg . xf] Og / < gq eg] nf] stGq k|flKtsf] cy{ g} s] / Xof] / < gd"gfsf nflu
dnfO{ d'vfu| ePsf s] xL zAbx¿sf af/ ] df d oxfF rrf{ ub} {5' .
ca klg / fhwfgLnfO{ / fhwfgL g} elg/ xg laNs'n} cg'ko'Qm x'G5 /
cnf] stflGqs . / fhdfu{nfO{ nf] sdfu{n] k|lt:yflkt u/ ] em} + / fhwfgLsf]
;§fdf nf] swfgL eGg yflnxfNg' k¥of] . To:t} u/ L, ca / fhb"t xf] Og nf] sb"t
eGg] / n] Vg] afgL a;fnf} + . nf] stGqsf] ldof] eg] sf] / fhgLlt xf] . o;nfO{
k|fyldstfsf ;fy nf] sgLlt eGg} kb{5 . gq t nf] stGqs} pkxf; x'g
uOxfN5 lg . o;} d] ;f] df :jfefljs ¿kdf / fhgLlt zf:qnfO{ nf] sgLlt zf:q,
/ fhg} ltsnfO{ nf] sg} lts, / fhgLlts bnnfO{ nf] sgLlts bn, / fhg] tfnfO{
nf] sg] tf, / fhgLlts sfo{stf{nfO{ nf] sgLlts sfo{stf{, / fhaGbLnfO{
nf] saGbL, / fhsf] ifnfO{ nf] ssf] if, / fhsfhnfO{ nf] ssfh, / fhsLonfO{
jf;' zdf{

nf] ssLo cflb kbfjnLx¿n] k|lt:yflkt u/ L nf] stGq;Ddt\ efiffsf] ljsf;
ug{ h?/ L 5 . To;f] t / fHonfO{ klg / fHo geg] / nf] So / / fhZjnfO{ nf] sZj
eGg' g} k5{ xf] nf . h'g–h'g zAbdf …/ fhÚ 5, Tof] –Tof] zAbnfO{ …nf] sÚn]
;';lHht ub} { gofFkg Nofpg s[kof ca s;} n] klg sGh':ofOF gug'{ xf] nf .
To;} n] c/ fhs / c/ fhstfsf] ;§f cnf] ss / cnf] sstf t k|of] u ug} {
knf{ . lsGt', Pp6f zAbdf eg] d sl7gfO dx;"; ub} {5' / s] ug] { xf] eg] /
k'ml/ / x] sf] 5} g . efifflj1x¿n] g} o;sf] plrt ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;Snfg\ . Tof]
zAb xf] – …od/ fhÚ, h;nfO{ …odnf] sÚ agfpg cln ldln/ x] sf] 5} g . lsgls
b'a} sf] cf–cfˆg} cnu–cnu cl:tTj cnu–cnu cy{df clxn] g} 5Fb} 5 .
To;f] x'Fbf o;nfO{ / o:tf cGo zAbx¿ eP ltgnfO{ s] ug] { xf] elgsg 6'Ëf]
nufpg efiffljb\x¿sf] Ps pRr:t/ Lo cWoog tyf ;'emfj cfof] u agfP/
sfdsf] lhDdf nufpg' kg] { cfjZostf b] lvG5 .
j:t', :yfg / JolQmsf gfddf / x] sf] …/ fhÚnfO{ x6fO{ To;sf] 7fpFdf …
nf] sÚ g/ fv] nf] stflGqs kbfjnLx¿sf] k|of] usf] dxfg nf] stflGqs sfo{
cw'/ f] x'g]5 / nf]stGq g} lkmtnf] x'g]5 . To;}n] cab]lv …/ fhdfÚnfO{ …nf]sdfÚ
eGg yfnf} + . To:t}, …/ fhvfgLÚsf] ;§f …nf]svfgLÚ, …/ fhj[IfÚsf] ;§f …nf]sj[IfÚ,
…/ fhx+;Úsf] ;§f …nf]sx+;Ú, …/ fhef]uÚsf] ;§f …nf]sef]uÚ, …/ fhla/ fhÚsf] ;§f …
nf]slanf]sÚ, …b/ fhÚsf] ;§f …bnf]sÚ / …t/ fh'Úsf] ;§f …tnf]s'Ú gegL ;'v} 5}g .
JolQmsf gfd;Fu hf] l8Psf …/ fhÚnfO{ klg t lj:yflkt ug} { k¥of] lg .
/ fhs'df/ hlt nf] ss'df/ , / fh] z hlt nf] s] z / lj/ fhx¿ ljnf] s x'g] eP
eg] wd{/ fh hlt wd{nf] sdf kl/ jt{g x'g] eP . / fh] Gb| hlt nf] s] Gb|df kl/ jt{g
x'gfn] nf] s] Gb|x¿sf] ;+Vof XjfQ} a9\g] eof] . o;/ L a9] sf nf] s] Gb|x¿sf]
hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ dfg] / axfnjfnf nf] s] Gb|x¿ dWo] sf al/ i7 nf] s] Gb|axfb'/
rGb gjk|j] zL nf] s] Gb|x¿nfO{ ;d] t uf] naGb ub} { gfdut xs–lxtsf d'2f p7fP/
nf] sgLlts kmfObf lngnfO{ cu|;/ x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ gh/ cGbfh ug{
ldNb} g . To;p;n] of] gofF r'gf} ltnfO{ ;xL 9Ën] ;DxfNg nf] So ;+oGqnfO{
tDtof/ / fVg' kg] { lhDd] jf/ L nf] stflGqs ;/ sf/ sf] sfFwdf cfO{ kg] {5 .
To:t} , clnslt cK7Øf/ f] …nf] s/ fhÚx¿df knf{h:tf] 5 . lsgeg] logdf
b'O{j6f nf] sx¿ aGg hfG5g\, h;n] ubf{ cK7Øf/ f] kg{ ;S5 . t/ , o;sf
nflu Pp6f sfg"g agfO{ ;d:ofsf] lgjf/ 0f ug{ ;lsG5 . JolQmsf gfdx¿sf]
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

nf] stflGqs/ 0fdf cfO{ kg] { cln uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] ;d:of rflx+ cs} { 5 . Tof]
s] xf] eg] , kl/ jt{g ug'{ kg] { ;"rLdf kg] { gfdx¿ gful/ stf, / fxbfgL, hflu/ ,
z} lIfs k|df0fkq / ;/ sf/ L Pjd\ cGo cf} krfl/ s clen] v jf b:tfj] hx¿df
/ xg] x'gfn] tL ;a} df kl/ jt{g sfo{n] c;/ kfb{5 . tL ;a} b:tfj] hx¿ abNg'
k¥of] . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt JolSt tyf lgsfox¿sf] ;do, ;|f] t / pmhf{
vkt x'g hfG5 . dxfg nf] stflGqs km8\sf] dfg{ olt em0em6 t vKg} k¥of]
lg . t/ , o:tf] sfo{nfO{ lgMz'Ns / l56f] –5l/ tf] u/ fpg ;/ sf/ tof/ / xg'
kb{5 . o; sfdsf nflu efiffljb\x¿eGbf klg sfg"gljb\x¿, z} lIfs ;+:yfx¿
/ ;/ sf/ L lgsfox¿ lqmofzLn x'g' kg] { cfjZostf b] lvG5 .
oxfF rrf{ ul/ Psf s] xL gd"gf zAbx¿ dfq x'g\ . o:tf y'k|} zAbx¿
xf] nfg\, h;sf] nf] stflGqs km] / abn x'g h?/ L 5 . o;f] ug'{ xfdL ;a}
nf] stflGqs ;f] r / fVg] x¿sf] ;femf nf] stflGqs sQ{Jo xf] . o; sfdsf
nflu d ;a} efiffljb\x¿, lzIffljb\x¿, nf] sgLlt1x¿, nf] sgLlts bnx¿
Pjd\ nf] slxtdf ;dlk{t ;Dk"0f{ nf] stflGqshgdf xflb{s cg'/ f] w ub{5' .
ljz] if u/ ] / nf] sgLlt zf:qsf cWofks Pjd\ ljBfyL{x¿n] lqmofzLn
x'g cfjZos 5 . ;fy} , ;/ sf/ n] nf] So ;+oGqleq / x] / sfd ug] { cfˆgf
sd{rf/ Lx¿nfO{ klg oyf] lrt lgb] {lzt ug'{ k¥of] . ljb] zdf ;d] t ;Gb] z k|jfx
ug{ ;/ sf/ n] cfˆgf nf] sb"tx¿nfO{ klg cx|fpg' k¥of] .
jf;' zdf{

dgsf] t/ ] nLdf
b] zsf] ;'Gb/ lrq Ps dgsf] t/ ] nLdf
dgaf6 lgl:sP/ em¥of] k/ ] nLdf .
k|eftsf] ls/ 0f em} + cfzf dem] / Ldf
k|sfz em} + emndn rDSof] c“w] / Ldf ..
cf
xf, slt dL7f] cg'e"lt Û !% cui6 @)!$ sf lbg laxfg lgb|faf6
Ao'Flemg] lalQs} sf] klxnf] cg'e"lt xf] of] . pQm uLtsf x/ kmx¿
Pp6f dL7f] nodf ufpFb} lyPF d ;kgfdf, Ao'Femg' cufl8 . uLtsf] efjn] of]
dg cem} klg cfgGbdf / dfO/ x] sf] 5 . of] uLt d} n] bf/ ] uf} +8f] -d]/ f] hGdynf] df
/ x] sf] Pp6f / d0fLo 7"nf] rf} tf/ f] _ df a;] / zLtn vfFb} tn v] tsf kmfF6x¿,
ag kfvf, vf] nf / kfl/ ;Ddsf b[ZofjnLx¿df / dfpFb} ufPsf] lyPF . ljkgfdf
d oxfF xhf/ f} + sf] z 6f9f k/ b] zdf eP klg ;kgfdf eg] uLt ufpFb} cfˆg}
ufpFsf] ;'uGwdf / dfO/ x] sf] lyPF . uLtsf zAbx¿ d] / f cfˆg} lyP / no klg
cfˆg} . t/ , oyfy{df eg] d ufos / ;+uLtsf/ b'a} xf] Og . g d] / f] ufogof] Uo
:j/ g} 5, g d;Fu ;+uLtsf] 1fg g} 5 . tyflk d uLtx¿ u'Gu'gfpg] u5{',
;+uLtn] of] dg 5'G5 / zAbsf] efjfsfzdf p8fg eg] { u5'{ ljkgfdf klg .
zfob To;} sf] k|ltljDag xf] nf, d} n] ;kgfdf uLt ufPsf] . lgb|faf6 Ao'FlemP/
;kgfdf ufPsf] pSt uLtsf] cfgGbdo :d/ 0fn] Psflaxfg} dg k|k'mlNnt eof]
/ zAbx¿sf] efju+ufdf t} l/ g yfn] + .
b] zsf] ;'Gb/ lrq Pp6f kl/ sNkgf xf] , Pp6f clenfiff xf] clg cfsf+Iff
xf] – x/ ] s g] kfnLsf] . p;f] eP b] zsf] s:tf] lrq ;'Gb/ lrq xf] nf t < s;f]
eP of] b] z k|sfz 5/ L rlDsPnf < ;a} n] cf–cfˆgf] kl/ efiff unf{g\, cf–
;Gbe{ / cg'e"ltx¿

cfˆg} ts{ k|:t't ug{ ;Snfg\ . s;} n] / fhgLlts ljrf/ sf cfwf/ df JofVof
unf{g\ . s;} n] cfly{s ;"rssf cfwf/ df a'‰g ;Snfg\ cf} s;} n] cfWoflTds
bz{gnfO{ cl3 ;fnf{g\ . To:t} , ef} lts ;'ljwf, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;,
/ fhgLlts l:y/ tf, zflGt / cdgr} g cflb y'k|} ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/ lnOPnf .
d} n] klg cfˆgf] a'emfOsf] s'rLn] lbdfudf b] zsf] ;'Gb/ lrq ptfb} { dgsf]
Sofgef;df Pp6f sf] nfh agfPF . ;d'Ggt g] kfnsf] lrq . a'4 / ;u/ dfyf
em} + zflGt / pRrtfsf] klxrfg af] s] sf] b] z . Ps ;dtfd"ns, Gofok"0f{,
e] befj/ lxt, ;'lzlIft / ;d[4 / fi6« . hxfF sf] xL ef] sf–gfËf 5} gg\Ù hxfF sf] xL
u/ La–b'MvL 5} gg\Ù wd{, cf:yf, ljrf/ , hft–hflt, lnË, zf/ Ll/ s cj:yf,
ufpF jf zx/ s'g} cfwf/ df klg e] befj 5} g . afnaflnsfx¿ >d ug{ xf] Og,
lzIff cfh{g ug{ :s"n hfG5g\ / cGo afn;'ne ultljlwdf ;xefuL x'g
kfpF5g\ . JolSt–JolStsf] k|ltefn] k|ik'm6g x'gsf nflu oy] i6 jftfj/ 0f 5 .
x/ ] sn] Ifdtf / bIftf adf] lhd sfdsf] cj;/ kfpF5g\ . s;} n] a] / f] huf/ x'g'
kb} {g, hLljsfsf] nflu t8\lkg' kb} {g . sfdsf] nflu hgzlSt ljb] z knfog
eO/ xg' kb} {g . ;/ sf/ hglxtsf nflu sl6a4 5Ù hgd'vL gLlt, of] hgf
/ sfo{qmd nfu" ug{ bQlrQ 5 . / fhgLlts bnx¿ l;h{gfTds ljrf/ sf
cfwf/ df k|lt:kwf{ ub{5g\ .
d} n] dgdf agfPsf] lrqdf b] zsf] s'gfsfKrf;Dd oftfoftsf] / fd|f] ;'ljwf
5 . lah'nL ;a} 7fpFdf k'u] sf] 5 / slxNo} nf] 8z] l8Ë x'Fb} g . ;~rf/ sf]
/ fd|f] aGbf] a:t 5, g] 6js{sf] ;d:of 5} g . s[lifsf nflu l;+rfO{ / k|fljlws
;] jfaf6 cfjZostf cg';f/ kxf8 / t/ fO{ ;a} If] qsf ls;fg al~rt 5} gg\ .
s[lif pkhaf6 ls;fgn] dgUu] nfe lng kfO/ x] sf 5g\ . k|fs[lts ;|f] t
/ ;Dkbfsf] oyf] lrt pkof] u ePsf] 5 . ;a} pd] / sf hgtf lg/ f] uL 5g\ .
;+qmfds ladf/ Lx¿ lgoGq0fdf 5 / olb s'g} / f] uAoflw b] lvPdf ltgnfO{
;dod} cfjZos pkrf/ ug{sf nflu :jf:Yo lgsfo Pjd\ :jf:YosdL{x¿
;a} 7fpFdf k'u] sf 5g\ / tbf?stfsf ;fy lqmofzLn 5g\ . x/ ] s 3/ kl/ jf/ sf]
hLjg:t/ x/ ] s lx;fan] / fd|f] 5 . hgtf v'zL / ;'vL 5g\ . afnaflnsf,
a[4–a[4f / czStx¿nfO{ x] g] { nf] s sNof0fsf/ L gLlt cjnDag ul/ Psf]
5Ù ;a} nfO{ ;'vk"0f{ hLjgofkgsf ofjt\ ;'ljwf / ;fwgx¿ pknJw 5g\ .
jf;' zdf{

lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] pRrtd pkof] u ul/ Psf] 5 . cfWoflTds ljsf;sf
cj;/ x¿ pknJw 5g\ . dgf] / ~hg / v] ns"bsf] kof{Kt ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
;flxTo, ;+uLt / snfsf] k|j4{gdf ljz] if pknlJw ePsf] 5 . lzIffnfO{
j} 1flgs, hLjgf] kof] uL / ;fy{s agfOPsf] 5Ù sf] xL lg/ If/ 5} g . d'n'sdf
cw{ bIf, bIf / pRr bIf hgzlSt kof{Kt 5g\, ;a} / f] huf/ 5g\ / cf–cfˆgf]
1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf cg';f/ sfddf v6\g kfPsf 5g\ . s] zx/ , s] ufpF
;a} lt/ pBdzLntf km:6fPsf] 5 . ;f] r / hfFu/ ePsf pBdLx¿nfO{ k|f] T;fxg
ldn] sf] 5 . nufgLnfO{ cg's"n u/ fpg ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ ;xh pknJw 5g\ .
d'n'sn] k|ultsf] km8\sf] dfl/ / x] sf] 5 . Pp6f ;DkGg, ;d[4 / ljsl;t / fi6«sf]
sf] 6Ldf 5 g] kfn . Pp6f zfGt tyf ;'/ lIft / d0fLo b] zsf] ¿kdf ljZje/
Voflt sdfPsf] 5 / ko{6ssf nflu cfsif{0fsf] s] Gb| ag] sf] 5 . ko{6g
uGtJosf] ¿kdf cu|k+lQmdf / x] sf] 5 .
To:t} , / fHo ;+oGq e|i6frf/ d'Qm 5 . ;dfh Joflerf/ d'Qm 5 . u'08fubL{
/ ck/ fw z"Gok|foM 5 . / fhgLlts j[Qdf e"m7 / a] OdfgLsf] u'GhfO; 5} g .
hgtfn] ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfPsf 5g\ . ;] jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ ;] jf k|fKt ug{
s'g} em0em6 Joxf] g'{ kb} {g . ljBfno, dxfljBfnox¿ / fhgLltsf] rqmAo"xdf
kmF;] sf 5} gg\ . lzIfsx¿ / fhgLltsf uf] 6L ag] sf 5} gg\ . lzIffsf] u'0f:t/
cAan bhf{sf] 5 . lzIff lngsf nflu ljZje/ af6 ljBfyL{x¿ g] kfndf
cfpg rfxG5g\, cfO/ x] sf 5g\ . u'0f:t/ Lo lzIff g] kfnsf] / fli6«o cfosf] Ps
k|d'v ;|f] t ag] sf] 5 . ljZj >d ahf/ df g] kfndf k9] sf bIf Pjd\ pRr bIf
hgzlStsf] lgs} 7"nf] dfu 5 .
o;/ L uLtdf d} n] u'Gu'gfP em} + b] zsf] Pp6f ;'Gb/ lrq dgsf] t/ ] nLdf ;hfpg
k'U5' / :jl0f{d cfutsf] kl/ sNkgfn] dg cfgGbljef] / x'G5 . k/ Gt', Pp6f dL7f]
kl/ sNkgf / oyfy{sf] w/ ftndf lgM;Gb] x g} km/ s x'G5 . ha ;d:o} –;d:ofn]
u|:t d'n'ssf] jt{dfg oyfy{kl§ Wofg hfG5, dgdf ;s; x'G5 . clzIff, / f] u
/ u/ LaLn] lklN;Psf hgtfÙ cefju|:t / si6s/ hghLjg, vfg–nfpg klg
gkfpg] ax';+Vos hgtfsf] cj:yfÙ lje] bk"0f{, pTkL8gd"ns / cGofok"0f{
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