Centrifugal Pumps Design and Application 2nd ed - Val S. Lobanoff, Robert R. Ross (Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992)

166 Centrifugal Pumps: Design and Application
pump conditions range in capacity up to 5,000 GPM and heads up to
11,000 feet (Figure 10-33). Pumps are normally multi-stage with horizontal-split
or double-case construction. As many applications use corrosive
formation water as the pump fluid, special precautions must be taken
in material selection. Among the major factors that must be considered in
liquid analysis are:
• Salinity.
» Aeration.
» Particulate matter.
» Hydrogen sulfide (sour gas) content.
»Inhibiting additives.
« pH.
• Continuous or intermittent service.
• Composition of attached piping.
Some materials used successfully in waterflood applications are shown
in Table 10-1. The groupings are listed in order of increasing corrosion
resistance,
CO 2 Pumps
When waterflood production is no longer effective, injection of CO 2
and other gases (enhanced recovery) can recover up to 70% of the remaining
oil. CO 2 can be transported as a gas, using compressors or as a
liquid using centrifugal pumps.
Due to the questionable lubricating properties of liquid CO 2 , special
precautions must be taken where the possibility of internal metal-to-
Table 10-1
Materials for Waterflood Service
Pressure
Wear
Group Casing Impeller Shaft Parts
1 Steel CA-6NM* 410 SS* 410 hardened
2 CA-6NM* CA-6NM* 410 SS* 410 hardened
3 316SS 316SS Monel 316LWith
or K-500 stellite
17-4 PH or overlay
17-4PH
4 Duplex Duplex Monel Duplex alloy
SS SS K-500 with stellite
overlay
• When # Z S & present or suspected, hardness shall not exceed R