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THE NETHERLANDS References Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2015). OECD.Stat. DOI: 10.1787/data-00285-en. Accessed July 2, 2015. Schäfer, W., M. Kroneman, W. Boerma et al. (2010). “The Netherlands: Health System Review.” Health Systems in Transition 12(1):1–229. Smith, P. C., A. Anell, R. Busse, L. Crivelli, J. Healy, A. K. Lindahl, and T. Kene. (2012). “Leadership and Governance in Seven Developed Health Systems.” Health Policy 106(1):37–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.12.009. Struijs, J.N., and C. A. Baan. “Integrating Care Through Bundled Payments—Lessons from the Netherlands.” New England Journal of Medicine, March 17, 2011 364(11):990–91. 122 The Commonwealth Fund
The New Zealand Health Care System, 2015 Robin Gauld University of Otago, New Zealand What is the role of government? Beginning with passage of the Social Security Act in 1938, a consensus has developed in New Zealand that government has a fundamental role in providing for the population’s health care needs. At the same time, there is continued public support for a private sector role as well. Government plays a central role in setting the policy agenda and service requirements for the health system and in setting the annual publicly funded health budget. Responsibility for planning, purchasing, and providing health services and disability support for those over age 65 lies with 20 geographically defined district health boards (DHBs), each of which comprises seven locally elected members and up to four members appointed by the Minister of Health. These boards pursue government objectives, targets, and service requirements while operating government-owned hospitals and health centers, providing community services, and purchasing services from nongovernment and private providers. Who is covered and how is insurance financed? Publicly financed health care: All permanent residents have access to a broad range of services, which are largely publicly financed through general taxes. Nonresidents, such as tourists and illegal immigrants, are charged the full cost of services by public health care providers, unless treatment is related to an accident, in which case they are covered by a no-fault accident compensation scheme. Total health spending was 9.5 percent of GDP in 2013 (OECD, 2015). Public spending, generated through general taxes, accounted for 79.8 percent of total spending. Privately financed health care: Private health insurance is offered by a variety of organizations, from nonprofits and “Friendly Societies” to for-profit companies, and accounts for about 5 percent of total health expenditure. It is used mostly to cover cost-sharing requirements, elective surgery in private hospitals, and private outpatient specialist consultations; private coverage also often affords faster access to nonurgent treatment. About onethird of the population has some form of private insurance, purchased predominantly by individuals. What is covered? Services: The publicly funded system covers preventive care; inpatient and outpatient hospital services; primary care via private providers (excluding services such as optometry, adult dental services, orthodontics, and physiotherapy); inpatient and outpatient prescription drugs included in the national formulary (see below); mental health care; dental care for schoolchildren; long-term care; home help; hospice care; and disability support services. Government sets an annual overall budget and benefits package, based largely on political priorities. It also sets national requirements for publicly funded services, to be implemented by the 20 DHBs. Rationing and prioritization are applied largely to nonurgent services, and vary by DHB. Cost-sharing and out-of-pocket spending: Out-of-pocket payments, including both cost-sharing and other costs paid directly by private households, accounted for approximately 12.6 percent of total health expenditures in 2014 (OECD, 2015), with the largest portion going to outpatient services. There are no deductibles in the public sector, although copayments are required for general practitioner (GP) services and many nursing services International Profiles of Health Care Systems, 2015 123
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JANUARY 2016 2015 International Pro
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2015 International Profiles of Heal
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Table 1. Health Care System Financi
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Table 3. Selected Health System Per
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The Australian Health Care System,
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AUSTRALIA low-income adults, childr
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AUSTRALIA In 2013, the federal gove
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What is being done to reduce dispar
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References AUSTRALIA Australian Bur
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CANADA What is covered? Services: T
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CANADA funding to 145 not-for-profi
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CANADA Organization of the Health S
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CANADA provides recommendations to
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CANADA Health Council of Canada (20
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CHINA Private health insurance: Com
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CHINA is not substantially more exp
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CHINA Organization of the Health Sy
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CHINA References Chen, X. (2014).
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DENMARK In addition, nearly 1.5 mil
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DENMARK Social psychiatry and care
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DENMARK Quality data for a number o
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DENMARK portion is small, it makes
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48
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ENGLAND immunization, and vaccinati
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ENGLAND Hospitals: Publicly owned h
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ENGLAND Organization of the Health
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ENGLAND How are costs contained? Ra
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ENGLAND Organisation for Economic C
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FRANCE VHI finances 13.8 percent of
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FRANCE The average income of primar
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FRANCE What are the key entities fo
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FRANCE inequities in prevention rel
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FRANCE Nolte, E., C. Knai, and M. M
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GERMANY There were 42 substitutive
Page 72 and 73: GERMANY The 16 state governments de
Page 74 and 75: GERMANY management system, by the s
Page 76 and 77: GERMANY What major innovations and
Page 78 and 79: INDIA Private health insurance: The
Page 80 and 81: INDIA provide after-hour care, reim
Page 82 and 83: INDIA are provided by other ministr
Page 84 and 85: INDIA How are costs contained? Ther
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Page 88 and 89: ISRAEL Together, these two types of
Page 90 and 91: ISRAEL Primary care physicians are
Page 92 and 93: ISRAEL Organization of the Health S
Page 94 and 95: ISRAEL • Using electronic health
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Page 98 and 99: ITALY during hospitalization (Thoms
Page 100 and 101: ITALY Some regions are promoting ca
Page 102 and 103: ITALY Organization of the Health Sy
Page 104 and 105: ITALY although the degree of evolut
Page 106 and 107: ITALY The author would like to ackn
Page 108 and 109: JAPAN What is covered? Services: Al
Page 110 and 111: JAPAN incentives for providers to c
Page 112 and 113: JAPAN Organization of the Health Sy
Page 114 and 115: JAPAN The author would like to ackn
Page 116 and 117: THE NETHERLANDS receive faster acce
Page 118 and 119: THE NETHERLANDS Hospital payment ra
Page 120 and 121: THE NETHERLANDS Organization of the
Page 124 and 125: NEW ZEALAND provided in GP clinics.
Page 126 and 127: NEW ZEALAND management (e.g., clean
Page 128 and 129: NEW ZEALAND including such informat
Page 130 and 131: NEW ZEALAND largely through efficie
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Page 134 and 135: NORWAY Primary, preventive, and nur
Page 136 and 137: NORWAY Patients are free to choose
Page 138 and 139: NORWAY What are the major strategie
Page 140 and 141: NORWAY The National System for the
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Page 144 and 145: SINGAPORE Medifund is the governmen
Page 146 and 147: SINGAPORE Public hospital funding i
Page 148 and 149: SINGAPORE Public consultation: The
Page 150 and 151: SINGAPORE To keep demand for servic
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Page 154 and 155: SWEDEN What is covered? Services: T
Page 156 and 157: SWEDEN Hospitals: There are seven u
Page 158 and 159: SWEDEN Care, which promotes use of
Page 160 and 161: SWEDEN What major innovations and r
Page 162 and 163: SWITZERLAND Insurers offer premiums
Page 164 and 165: SWITZERLAND Hospitals: About 70 per
Page 166 and 167: SWITZERLAND Organization of the Hea
Page 168 and 169: SWITZERLAND To control pharmaceutic
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UNITED STATES What is covered? Serv
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UNITED STATES Administrative mechan
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UNITED STATES The Institute of Medi
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UNITED STATES adopted at least a ba
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The COMMONWEALTH FUND Affordable, q
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