JANUARY

ITALY
procedures and devices. However, reference prices for medical devices and pharmaceuticals are set according
to cost-effectiveness studies carried out by the National Committee for Medical Devices and the National Drugs
Agency. Furthermore, the National Pharmaceutical Formulary bases coverage decisions in part on clinical
effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Prices for reimbursable drugs are set in negotiations between government
and the manufacturer according to the following criteria: cost-effectiveness where no effective alternative
therapies exist; comparison of prices of alternative therapies for the same condition; costs per day compared
with those of products of the same effectiveness; financial impact on the health system; estimated market share
of the new drug; and average prices and consumption data from other European countries. Prices for
nonreimbursable drugs are set by the market.
What major innovations and reforms have been introduced?
Because of the regionalization of the health system, most innovations in the delivery of care take place at the
regional rather than the national level, with some regions viewed as leaders in innovation. Significant
innovations can be found in:
• Pharmaceuticals: Both the National Drugs Agency and the regions are particularly active in coordinating
guidelines and rules to promote appropriate and cost-effective prescribing.
• Hospital care: Various innovations have been introduced concerning the overall organization, management
of operations (e.g., planning of surgical theaters and delivery of drugs), and health information technology
(e.g., electronic medical records, automation of administrative and clinical activities).
In August 2012 the parliament passed a law aimed at curbing and rationalizing public expenditure (the so-called
spending review). The law promoted the prescription of generic drugs, cut the hospital bed ratio from 4 per
1,000 people to 3.7, and reduced public financing of the National Health Service by between €900M (USD1.2B)
and €2.1B (USD2.8B) annually between 2012 and 2015. Many of the requirements of the law are still in the
process of being implemented and effects have not yet been evaluated.
In 2012, the government approved a decree (named after Renato Balduzzi, who was health minister at that
time) to reorganize health care at the regional level, with the introduction of teams of primary health care
professionals to ensure 24-hour coverage; to update health care fees; to restructure governance of hospitals
and local health units; to revise the list of reimbursable pharmaceuticals; and to introduce health technology
assessment as a tool for renegotiating the price of less effective medicines. Evaluations of the impact of both
laws are not yet available as their implementation is still under way.
The July 2014 Pact for Health defines funding (between €109B [USD143.4B] and €115B [USD151.3B] annually)
for the years 2014 to 2016. In return, regions make explicit commitments to:
• Reduce hospitalizations through appropriate use of hospitals, with progress toward home care and the
creation of community hospitals offering subacute care.
• Reorganize primary care: All regions will have to establish primary care complex units (Unità Complesse
di Cure Primarie) (as described in the section on care integration) to replace all other forms of general
practice networks (base group practice, network group practice, and advanced group practice).
• Revise hospital and specialist care fees in line with health inflation and with the underlying structure
of health care costs.
• Revise copayments for outpatient specialist care to promote more equitable access. Copayments currently
represent a barrier for disadvantaged sectors of the population.
• Strengthen the electronic records system.
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