Promoting Non-motorised Transport in Asian Cities
Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation conducted a study to assess the viability of promoting non-motorised transport in Asian cities. As part of the study, they undertook a project – Nehru Place Placemaking. See more at: http://shaktifoundation.in/report/promoting-non-motorised-transport-asian-cities-policymakers-toolbox/ Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation conducted a study to assess the viability of promoting non-motorised transport in Asian cities. As part of the study, they undertook a project – Nehru Place Placemaking. See more at: http://shaktifoundation.in/report/promoting-non-motorised-transport-asian-cities-policymakers-toolbox/
Annexes Annex A: 5 D’s of Transport The impact of the built environment on transport especially on non-motorized transport can be understood from analyzing the impact of variables “D” in landuse. The first attempt was by Cervero and Kockelman (1997) who coined original three D’s i.e. density, diversity, and design. Researchers have expanded this initial – three D’s and added destination accessibility and distance to transit (Ewing and Cervero 2001; Ewing et al. 2009) to comprise the 5 D’s. 1. Density is considered as activity level per unit area. The activity can be population and employment. 2. Diversity is measured as availability and intensity of different types of land use. 3. Design refers to the type of local street design in the neighbourhood. 4. Destination accessibility is measure of the access to trip attractions. 5. Distance to transit is a measure of public transport accessibility. Attribute Impact on Outcome Density Number of Trips High impact on vehicle trips as more people walk, cycle or use public transport. Trip Length Research indicates that higher population and employment densities results in closer trip origins and destinations, on average, and thus in shorter trip lengths, on average. Trip frequency Little impact. There are chances that reduced trip lengths can increase trip frequencies, but empirical evidence suggests that the increase is not enough to offset the reduction in VMT that comes from reduced trip length alone Mode Share High density makes public transport viable and improves the mode share of non motorized users Diversity Number of Trips High impact as diverse built environment constitutes accessibility to different types of land use which has a high impact on trip-chaining and trip internalization reducing interzonal motorized trips. Trip Length High impact as it brings origin and destination very close. Trip frequency Little impact Mode Share High Impact on improving non motorized transport Design Number of Trips High impact on reducing motorized trips as it impacts sidewalk coverage, block size and accessibility Trip Length High impact as type of design has an influence on trip lengths. For example, superblocks have higher trip lengths than traditional urban forms. Shorter block lengths help in improving NMT trips Trip frequency Little impact. Mode Share High impact as it can promote non motorized modes through attractive positioning of public space. Destination accessibility Distance to Transit Number of Trips Little impact Trip Length High impact as it brings origin and destination very close improving NMT usage Trip frequency Little impact Mode Share High impact on improving non motorized transport Number of Trips Shorter access to public transport improves NMT usage as an ingress and egress modes Trip Length No major impact Trip frequency No major impact Mode Share High impact on public transport and NMT mode share 32
Annex B: Walkability Survey Guide Parameter 1: Walking Path Modal Conflict Description: The extent of conflict between pedestrians and other modes, such as bicycles, motorcycles and cars on the road. Rating Guide: Rating Description Example 1 Significant conflict that makes walking impossible 2 Significant conflict that makes walking possible, but dangerous and inconvenient. 3 Some conflict – walking is possible, but not convenient 4 Minimal conflict, mostly between pedestrians and non-motorized vehicles 5 No conflict between pedestrians and other modes 33
- Page 1 and 2: Promoting Non-Motorized Transport i
- Page 3 and 4: Disclaimer : The views expressed in
- Page 5 and 6: 1. Motivations for Promoting NMT in
- Page 7 and 8: Figure 3: HCMC Metropolitan Region
- Page 9 and 10: A recent study conducted by the Wor
- Page 11 and 12: Figure 7: NMT Fatality Share of Roa
- Page 13 and 14: simple, differently painted, free-t
- Page 15 and 16: e conducted with relevant governmen
- Page 17 and 18: A good example for a comprehensive
- Page 19 and 20: for evaluation of and improvement o
- Page 21 and 22: considered as a sum of many streets
- Page 23 and 24: 7. Based on suggestions from female
- Page 25 and 26: 8. Comparison of Asian cyclability
- Page 27 and 28: 2.7 Guidelines and Policies: Comple
- Page 29 and 30: Footpath width to be increased at b
- Page 31 and 32: 10. To take up other related activi
- Page 33 and 34: No. Objectives Description 1 To res
- Page 35: of cycling or walking infrastructur
- Page 39 and 40: Parameter 3: Availability of Crossi
- Page 41 and 42: Parameter 5: Motorist Behavior Desc
- Page 43 and 44: Parameter 7: Disability Infrastruct
- Page 45 and 46: Parameter 9: Security from Crime De
- Page 47 and 48: Parameter 2: Availability of Cycle
- Page 49 and 50: Parameter 4: Lighting Description:
- Page 51 and 52: Parameter 6: Crossing points Descri
- Page 53 and 54: Parameter 8: Shaded lanes Descripti
- Page 55 and 56: Parameter 10: Traffic calming measu
- Page 57 and 58: Parameter 12: Signs, markings Descr
- Page 59 and 60: Parameter 14: Presence of service s
- Page 61 and 62: Parameter 16: Perception of securit
- Page 63 and 64: 4. When do you think you are most e
- Page 65 and 66: 4. How far will you walk to access
- Page 67 and 68: Bibliography [Online] // Walk Score
- Page 69: About Clean Air Asia www.cleanairas
Annex B: Walkability Survey Guide<br />
Parameter 1: Walk<strong>in</strong>g Path Modal Conflict<br />
Description: The extent of conflict between pedestrians<br />
and other modes, such as bicycles, motorcycles and cars<br />
on the road.<br />
Rat<strong>in</strong>g Guide:<br />
Rat<strong>in</strong>g Description Example<br />
1 Significant conflict that makes walk<strong>in</strong>g impossible<br />
2 Significant conflict that makes walk<strong>in</strong>g possible, but<br />
dangerous and <strong>in</strong>convenient.<br />
3 Some conflict – walk<strong>in</strong>g is possible, but not<br />
convenient<br />
4 M<strong>in</strong>imal conflict, mostly between pedestrians and<br />
non-motorized vehicles<br />
5 No conflict between pedestrians and other modes<br />
33
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