Population, territory and sustainable development

More documents

Info

93 Chapter VII REGIONAL INEQUALITIES WITHIN COUNTRIES: THE ROLE OF INTERNAL MIGRATION A. INTRODUCTION Levels of economic and social development vary within each country, not only at aggregate geographical scales —which reveal contrasts between rural and urban situations or between rich and poor regions— but also at more disaggregated scales between municipalities or neighbourhoods within the same metropolitan area. This chapter draws attention to the territorial inequality existing between major regions of countries or at least between major administrative divisions (MADs) in a country. The focus is on regional territorial inequality as opposed to other types of territorial inequality, such as between urban and rural areas, municipalities of conurbations or districts within cities, which will be dealt with in other chapters. Two facets of this territorial inequality are shown for South America and Mexico in maps VII.1 and VII.2. Differences in mortality rates reveal the most dramatic inequality, that is, inequality concerning the right to life. Map VII.1 shows countries where MADs with infant mortality rates of 10 per thousand or less exist alongside others where the rate is three times as high. Map VII.2, on the other hand, shows economic inequality, measured in this case in terms of per capita GDP. The contrast is clear, for example between MADs where per capita GDP is US$ 10,000 or more (for the most part metropolitan MADs or natural resource enclaves) and MADs, where it does not exceed US$ 2,500 (for the most part in the Andean area of the Plurinational State of Bolivia), Ecuador and Peru, as well as in north-west Argentina and north-east Brazil. The inequalities shown on maps VII.1 and VII.2 are undeniable but are still the subject of debate. Governments usually declare their intention of reducing them and, to this end, implement initiatives of different kinds. Politicians tend to champion the same cause, especially those in the least developed and most disadvantaged regions, which suffer the frustration of being denied the conveniences and benefits enjoyed elsewhere in the country. This inequality is cause for concern because it tends to be selfperpetuating and, as pointed out in ECLAC (2010a), is an obstacle to sustainable development. Residents in disadvantaged territories have less access to public goods and services, and this narrows their opportunities and prevents them from exercising their rights; in this sense, the pursuit of greater territorial equality goes hand in hand with the pursuit of greater social equity. According to a significant number of researchers and experts, these inequalities lead to squandering, inefficiency and the unsustainable use of resources. A chapter on territorial inequalities was included in ECLAC (2010a) not just for social policy reasons (or in pursuit of greater social equity), but also for economic reasons (in pursuit of greater aggregate productivity).
94 Map VII.1 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: INFANT MORTALITY RATE BY MAJOR ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION (MAD), AROUND 2010 a (Per 1,000 live births) Less than 10 From 10 to 14.99 From 15 to 19.99 From 20 to 29.99 30 or more Source: CELADE-Population Division of ECLAC, on the basis of Argentina, Ministry of Health, Direction of Health Statistics and Information (DEIS), 2008; Brazil, IBGE/United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) project : População e Desenvolvimento: Sistematização das Medidas e Indicadores Sociodemográficos Oriundos da Projeção da População por Sexo e Idade, por Método Demográfico, das Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação para o Período 1991/2030 (BRA/02/P02); Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute (IBGE), Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2007; Chile, Estadísticas vitales, 2009; Colombia, National Demographic and Health Survey 2010; Costa Rica, Panorama demográfico, 2010; Cuba, Anuario demográfico, 2010; Dominican Republic, Demographic and Health Survey 2007; Ecuador, Ecuadoran Demographic and Maternal and Child Health Survey (ENDEMAIN), 2004; Guatemala, Fifth National Maternal and Child Health Survey 2008-2009; Haiti, Enquête mortalité, morbidité et utilisation des services (EMMUS-IV), 2005-2006; Nicaragua, Nicaraguan Population and Health Survey (ENDESA) 2006-2007; Plurinational State of Bolivia, National Demographic and Health Survey (ENDSA), 2008; Uruguay, Anuario demográfico, 2011. a The boundaries and names shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Page 3 and 4:
Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
Page 5 and 6:
4 Chapter VII Regional inequalities
Page 7 and 8:
6 Table V.3 Latin America (9 countr
Page 9 and 10:
8 Figure IV.10 Latin America (selec
Page 11 and 12:
10 Map VII.5 Plurinational State of
Page 13 and 14:
12 This document is therefore divid
Page 16 and 17:
15 Chapter II CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS
Page 18 and 19:
17 which guarantee comparability. C
Page 20 and 21:
19 social inclusion, with improveme
Page 22:
21 The above description is clearly
Page 25 and 26:
24 Table III.1 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 27 and 28:
26 Table III.3 LATIN AMERICA (19 CO
Page 29 and 30:
28 While the rural population of La
Page 31 and 32:
30 Box IV.1 (concluded) In addition
Page 33 and 34:
32 As a result of the absolute and
Page 35 and 36:
34 The sustained decline in the rur
Page 37 and 38:
36 Country Table IV.2 LATIN AMERICA
Page 39 and 40:
38 Country Table IV.5 LATIN AMERICA
Page 41 and 42:
40 Box IV.3 THE AGEING OF THE RURAL
Page 43 and 44: 42 Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) co
Page 45 and 46: 44 The classification outlined in t
Page 47 and 48: 46 An analysis of the results obtai
Page 49 and 50: 48 Although the inhabitants of some
Page 51 and 52: 50 Non-agricultural employment has
Page 53 and 54: 52 C. PRODUCTION PATTERNS AND THE R
Page 55 and 56: 54 Box IV.5 IMPACTS OF SOYBEAN PROD
Page 57 and 58: 56 A recent study entitled Inserci
Page 59 and 60: 58 Table IV.11 LATIN AMERICA: POOR
Page 61 and 62: 60 Figure IV.7 POVERTY IN RURAL HOU
Page 63 and 64: 62 Box IV.6 (concluded) These and o
Page 65 and 66: 64 combine a number of factors of w
Page 67 and 68: 66 Figure IV.10 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
Page 69 and 70: 68 The data in figure IV.11 also sh
Page 71 and 72: 70 Figure IV.12 LATIN AMERICA: AVER
Page 73 and 74: 72 Box IV.8 ADOLESCENT FERTILITY IN
Page 75 and 76: 74 Map V.1 SOUTH AMERICA: POPULATIO
Page 77 and 78: 76 Prime examples of this include t
Page 79 and 80: 78 Table V.2 LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNT
Page 81 and 82: 80 creation of tax-free zones, the
Page 83 and 84: 82 Box V.2 (concluded) State polici
Page 85 and 86: 84 In any case, only once the infor
Page 87 and 88: 86 It is not possible to draw direc
Page 89 and 90: 88 studies was conducted recently b
Page 91 and 92: 90 C. THE POLITICAL CONTEXT AND MOB
Page 96 and 97: 95 Map VII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 98 and 99: 97 Some of these programmes were su
Page 100 and 101: 99 D. TERRITORIAL EQUITY, REGIONAL
Page 102 and 103: 101 Map VII.3 CHILE: CLASSIFICATION
Page 104 and 105: 103 In Mexico, most of the chronica
Page 106 and 107: 105 Figure VII.3 ECUADOR: POVERTY R
Page 108 and 109: 107 However, internal migration can
Page 110 and 111: 109 Table VII.5 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
Page 112 and 113: 111 Table VII.7 PERU (SIERRA DEPART
Page 114 and 115: 113 Lastly, in the case of Ecuador,
Page 116 and 117: 115 Chapter VIII SUSTAINED URBANIZA
Page 118 and 119: 117 This chapter presents the most
Page 120 and 121: 119 Busso, 2009; and ECLAC-UN-HABIT
Page 122 and 123: 121 estimate of the urban populatio
Page 124 and 125: 123 Figure VIII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND
Page 126 and 127: 125 First, the region’s economy i
Page 128 and 129: 127 urbanized; the rural population
Page 130 and 131: 129 rural areas. According to the s
Page 132 and 133: 131 the absence of a strategic visi
Page 134 and 135: 133 The need to design ad hoc inter
Page 136 and 137: 135 settlements with low-income pop
Page 138 and 139: 137 Figure VIII.4 LATIN AMERICA AND
Page 140: 139 At the same time, decentralizat
Page 143 and 144:
142 The rest of the system of citie
Page 145 and 146:
144 Table IX.1 LATIN AMERICA: NUMBE
Page 147 and 148:
146 First is the demographic scope
Page 149 and 150:
148 Basing the same series on towns
Page 151 and 152:
150 Table IX.2 LATIN AMERICA: PROSP
Page 153 and 154:
152 The data emerging from 2010 cen
Page 155 and 156:
154 City size Table IX.6 LATIN AMER
Page 157 and 158:
156 Figure IX.5 LATIN AMERICA (1,73
Page 159 and 160:
158 For unemployment, the picture i
Page 161 and 162:
160 rate differential among the dif
Page 163 and 164:
162 individuals valued cultural fac
Page 165 and 166:
164 that draw migrants, due precise
Page 167 and 168:
166 Table IX.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
Page 170 and 171:
169 Chapter X TRENDS, MUTATIONS AND
Page 172 and 173:
171 Table X.2 LATIN AMERICA: EVOLUT
Page 174 and 175:
173 1. Demographic evolution of lar
Page 176 and 177:
175 As table X.4 shows, during the
Page 178 and 179:
177 comparison. But the most convin
Page 180 and 181:
179 in recent years, which are desc
Page 182 and 183:
181 Map X.2 MEXICO: INTERCENSAL GRO
Page 184 and 185:
183 irregular settlements known as
Page 186 and 187:
185 The third argument is based on
Page 188 and 189:
187 Map X.4 MEXICO CITY: EXTENDED M
Page 190 and 191:
189 more general social inequalitie
Page 192:
191 5. Concluding remarks: the grea
Page 195 and 196:
194 In view of lower internal migra
Page 197 and 198:
196 familiarity with surroundings a
Page 199 and 200:
198 connections; (ii) identify the
Page 201 and 202:
200 The report casts light on an is
Page 203 and 204:
202 Box XI.3 PROTECTING THE ECOSYST
Page 205 and 206:
204 In view of the above, the prima
Page 207 and 208:
206 overlap of functions and alloca
Page 209 and 210:
208 Many of the programmes develope
Page 211 and 212:
210 A breakdown of net migration by
Page 213 and 214:
212 Box XI.8 (concluded) Case studi
Page 216 and 217:
215 Bibliography Abba, Artemio Pedr
Page 218 and 219:
217 Cecchini, S. and A. Madariaga (
Page 220 and 221:
219 (2010a), Time for equality: clo
Page 222 and 223:
221 Hiebert, Daniel and David Ley (
Page 224 and 225:
223 Pendall, R., R. Puentes and J.
Page 226 and 227:
225 Rodríguez, J. and M. Villa (19
show all

Population, territory and sustainable development

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?