Population, territory and sustainable development

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67 and proper sanitation impedes access to a range of other rights —such as the right to a healthy environment, health and proper food— which are directly or indirectly related to water and sanitation (Hopenhayn and Espíndola, 2007). Lack of access to quality basic services and a safe environment that protects health and stimulates the full development of capacities translates into social disadvantages for the whole family group. If there are children in the household, for example, they are at higher risk of infectious and diarrhoeic diseases and early mortality. 2. Access to and use of information and communications technologies A recent study (ECLAC/FAO/IICA, 2011) argues that “information and communication technologies (ICTs) are fundamental for achieving the goals of productivity, sustainability and transparency. Moreover, they have proven effective in securing the social inclusion of rural people. When access to these technologies is either lacking or unreliable, entire regions or generations can be excluded and cut off from opportunities for more rapid and inclusive development.” It is therefore germane to enquire into developments regarding ICTs in rural areas. Figure IV.11 shows the proportion of the population with a fixed telephone line in the household and with access to Internet in rural and urban areas, and rural-urban asymmetries do in fact occur to differing extents in the countries. The largest differences in relation to fixed telephone lines are seen in Paraguay, where access in urban households is almost 13.8 times higher than in rural households. The next largest gap is in Brazil (7.8 times), Mexico (7.7 times), Ecuador (6.4 times), Chile (6.4 times) and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (6.1 times). A study by González and Ortiz (2011) on access to ICTs in the region also found that rural-urban gaps in mobile telephony are smaller than in fixed telephony. The largest difference in this respect occurs in Panama, where possession of mobile telephones by urban households is only 4.8 times higher than by rural households, far less than the differences seen in access to fixed lines. The differences in the other countries are smaller and these data clearly show a high rate of penetration of mobile telephony in rural households. Figure IV.11 LATIN AMERICA: PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION WITH ACCESS TO A FIXED TELEPHONE LINE AND INTERNET IN THE HOUSEHOLD, URBAN AND RURAL AREAS, 2000 CENSUS ROUND (Percentages) A. Fixed telephone in the household B. Internet access in the household 100 14 90 80 70 12 10 60 50 40 8 6 30 4 20 10 2 0 0 Argentina Bolivia (Plur. State of) Brazil Chile Costa Rica Ecuador Panama Paraguay Peru Dominican Rep. Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) Argentina Chile El Salvador Nicaragua Paraguay Dominican Rep. Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) Urban Rural Source: Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC, on the basis of information from Spatial distribution and urbanization in Latin America and the Caribbean (DEPUALC) database, 2009.
68 The data in figure IV.11 also show asymmetries in Internet access between urban and rural areas. These gaps are larger than for telephony, clearing showing urban predominance in this respect. González and Ortiz (2011) indicate that ownership of a computer is at least four times more frequent in urban than in rural households: the smallest difference is found in Costa Rica, where the frequency of urban households with computers is 3.9 times than of rural households. The largest gaps occur in Honduras, Mexico, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Paraguay, where is urban–rural ratio is as high as 14. The data shown in figure IV.11 corroborate the existence of asymmetries both within and between countries with regard to Internet connection: Paraguay and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela have the largest internal asymmetries. Recent figures from the 2010 census round show new findings, for example a high percentage of Internet access among the Panamanian rural population as compared with that of Mexico and Ecuador, although rural-urban ICT access gaps remain (see table IV.13). Table IV.13 LATIN AMERICA (SELECTED COUNTRIES): PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION WITH ACCESS TO A FIXED TELEPHONE LINE AND INTERNET IN THE HOUSEHOLD, URBAN AND RURAL AREAS, 2010 CENSUS ROUND Country Fixed telephone Internet access Urban Rural Urban Rural Ecuador 42.6 17.1 18.2 5.1 Mexico 52.0 16.4 27.9 2.7 Panama … … 75.8 35.1 Source: Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC, on the basis of processing of census microdatabases using Retrieval of data for small areas by microcomputer (REDATAM). The countries of the region must reduce the rural-urban gaps in ICT access, since the incorporation of ICTs in economies and societies has produced great challenges and opportunities for agricultural and rural development in Latin America and the Caribbean. ICTs have a positive impact on the production and consumption chain which, directly or indirectly, affects relations between producers, consumers, suppliers and agro institutions, among other factors because innovations in forms of communication have helped to invigorate rural areas, not only economically, but also socially and culturally, with a generally positive impact on the well-being of the population. ICTs have also shown great potential for improving opportunities for employment in non-agricultural rural activities, such as agro-tourism and other services (ECLAC/FAO/IICA, 2011). 3. Education Most of the region’s countries have made progress in the past two decades in terms of increasing the average schooling of the rural population. The largest gains in average years of schooling are seen in the population aged 15 to 24, although the 25-to-39 age group also show large advances in this regard. The largest average gains in both groups have occurred in Brazil and Chile, and the smallest in Colombia and Panama (see table IV.14).
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 Chapter VII Regional inequalities
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6 Table V.3 Latin America (9 countr
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8 Figure IV.10 Latin America (selec
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10 Map VII.5 Plurinational State of
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12 This document is therefore divid
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15 Chapter II CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS
Page 18 and 19: 17 which guarantee comparability. C
Page 20 and 21: 19 social inclusion, with improveme
Page 22: 21 The above description is clearly
Page 25 and 26: 24 Table III.1 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 27 and 28: 26 Table III.3 LATIN AMERICA (19 CO
Page 29 and 30: 28 While the rural population of La
Page 31 and 32: 30 Box IV.1 (concluded) In addition
Page 33 and 34: 32 As a result of the absolute and
Page 35 and 36: 34 The sustained decline in the rur
Page 37 and 38: 36 Country Table IV.2 LATIN AMERICA
Page 39 and 40: 38 Country Table IV.5 LATIN AMERICA
Page 41 and 42: 40 Box IV.3 THE AGEING OF THE RURAL
Page 43 and 44: 42 Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) co
Page 45 and 46: 44 The classification outlined in t
Page 47 and 48: 46 An analysis of the results obtai
Page 49 and 50: 48 Although the inhabitants of some
Page 51 and 52: 50 Non-agricultural employment has
Page 53 and 54: 52 C. PRODUCTION PATTERNS AND THE R
Page 55 and 56: 54 Box IV.5 IMPACTS OF SOYBEAN PROD
Page 57 and 58: 56 A recent study entitled Inserci
Page 59 and 60: 58 Table IV.11 LATIN AMERICA: POOR
Page 61 and 62: 60 Figure IV.7 POVERTY IN RURAL HOU
Page 63 and 64: 62 Box IV.6 (concluded) These and o
Page 65 and 66: 64 combine a number of factors of w
Page 67: 66 Figure IV.10 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
Page 71 and 72: 70 Figure IV.12 LATIN AMERICA: AVER
Page 73 and 74: 72 Box IV.8 ADOLESCENT FERTILITY IN
Page 75 and 76: 74 Map V.1 SOUTH AMERICA: POPULATIO
Page 77 and 78: 76 Prime examples of this include t
Page 79 and 80: 78 Table V.2 LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNT
Page 81 and 82: 80 creation of tax-free zones, the
Page 83 and 84: 82 Box V.2 (concluded) State polici
Page 85 and 86: 84 In any case, only once the infor
Page 87 and 88: 86 It is not possible to draw direc
Page 89 and 90: 88 studies was conducted recently b
Page 91 and 92: 90 C. THE POLITICAL CONTEXT AND MOB
Page 94 and 95: 93 Chapter VII REGIONAL INEQUALITIE
Page 96 and 97: 95 Map VII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 98 and 99: 97 Some of these programmes were su
Page 100 and 101: 99 D. TERRITORIAL EQUITY, REGIONAL
Page 102 and 103: 101 Map VII.3 CHILE: CLASSIFICATION
Page 104 and 105: 103 In Mexico, most of the chronica
Page 106 and 107: 105 Figure VII.3 ECUADOR: POVERTY R
Page 108 and 109: 107 However, internal migration can
Page 110 and 111: 109 Table VII.5 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
Page 112 and 113: 111 Table VII.7 PERU (SIERRA DEPART
Page 114 and 115: 113 Lastly, in the case of Ecuador,
Page 116 and 117: 115 Chapter VIII SUSTAINED URBANIZA
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117 This chapter presents the most
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119 Busso, 2009; and ECLAC-UN-HABIT
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121 estimate of the urban populatio
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123 Figure VIII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND
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125 First, the region’s economy i
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127 urbanized; the rural population
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129 rural areas. According to the s
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131 the absence of a strategic visi
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133 The need to design ad hoc inter
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135 settlements with low-income pop
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137 Figure VIII.4 LATIN AMERICA AND
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139 At the same time, decentralizat
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142 The rest of the system of citie
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144 Table IX.1 LATIN AMERICA: NUMBE
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146 First is the demographic scope
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148 Basing the same series on towns
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150 Table IX.2 LATIN AMERICA: PROSP
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152 The data emerging from 2010 cen
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154 City size Table IX.6 LATIN AMER
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156 Figure IX.5 LATIN AMERICA (1,73
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158 For unemployment, the picture i
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160 rate differential among the dif
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162 individuals valued cultural fac
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164 that draw migrants, due precise
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166 Table IX.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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169 Chapter X TRENDS, MUTATIONS AND
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171 Table X.2 LATIN AMERICA: EVOLUT
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173 1. Demographic evolution of lar
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175 As table X.4 shows, during the
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177 comparison. But the most convin
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179 in recent years, which are desc
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181 Map X.2 MEXICO: INTERCENSAL GRO
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183 irregular settlements known as
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185 The third argument is based on
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187 Map X.4 MEXICO CITY: EXTENDED M
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189 more general social inequalitie
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191 5. Concluding remarks: the grea
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194 In view of lower internal migra
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196 familiarity with surroundings a
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198 connections; (ii) identify the
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200 The report casts light on an is
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202 Box XI.3 PROTECTING THE ECOSYST
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204 In view of the above, the prima
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206 overlap of functions and alloca
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208 Many of the programmes develope
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210 A breakdown of net migration by
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212 Box XI.8 (concluded) Case studi
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215 Bibliography Abba, Artemio Pedr
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217 Cecchini, S. and A. Madariaga (
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219 (2010a), Time for equality: clo
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221 Hiebert, Daniel and David Ley (
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223 Pendall, R., R. Puentes and J.
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225 Rodríguez, J. and M. Villa (19
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Population, territory and sustainable development

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