Population, territory and sustainable development

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59 Figure IV.6 LATIN AMERICA: POOR AND INDIGENT RURAL POPULATION, AROUND 2000 AND 2010 (Percentage of total population) A. Poverty B. Indigence 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Bolivia (Plur. State of) Brasil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Dominican Rep. Uruguay Latin America Bolivia (Plur. State of) Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Dominican Rep. Uruguay Latin America Around 2000 Around 2010 Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of data from household surveys conducted in the relevant countries. Rodríguez and Meneses group the countries studied in three major categories by percentage of poverty in all rural households (see figure IV.7). The first category corresponds to those countries in which less than 20% of households are poor: Uruguay (6.4%), Chile (9.9%) and Costa Rica (14.7%). In the second, between 20% and 50% are poor: Brazil (31.8%), Panama (35.5%), Mexico (37,0%), the Dominican Republic (45.1%) and Ecuador (45.3%). In the third, over 50% of households are poor: Paraguay (57.1%), Guatemala (59.7%), Plurinational State of Bolivia (68.3%) and Honduras (74.4%). Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) thus identify four subgroups of rural economies based on the percentage of rural employment in agriculture and poverty rates among all rural households (see figure IV.8). The first subgroup comprises countries in which over 50% of the rural population is employed in agriculture and over 50% of rural households are poor. The countries in this subgroup are characterized as having traditional agrarian rural economies: Honduras, Guatemala, Paraguay and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. The second subgroup is composed of countries in which over 50% of the rural workforce is employed in agriculture and less than 20% of rural households are poor. In these rural economies agriculture predominates and poverty is low, and they are characterized by non-traditional agriculture. This is the case of Chile and Uruguay. In the third subgroup less than 30% of rural employment is in agriculture and the poverty rate among rural households is around 20%. This category has only one country, Costa Rica, which has a diversified rural economy. Lastly, the fourth subgroup includes countries with intermediate levels of rural poverty, between 20% and 50%, and a highly varying percentage of rural employment in agriculture. These are countries whose rural economies are in transition: Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico and Panama.
60 Figure IV.7 POVERTY IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, BY TYPOLOGY (Percentages of all households in each group) 100 74.4 90 68.3 80 57.1 59.7 70 60 35.5 37.0 43.5 45.1 50 40 31.8 30 14.7 20 10 6.4 9.9 0 Uruguay Chile Costa Rica Brazil Panama Mexico Ecuador Dominican Rep. Paraguay Guatemala Bolivia (Plur. State of) Honduras Total Agricultural Non-agricultural Multi-activity Transfer-dependent Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of special tabulations of data from national household surveys conducted in the relevant countries. a The numbers above the bars denote the poverty in all rural households. Figure IV.8 TYPOLOGY OF RURAL ECONOMIES, ON THE BASIS OF PERCENTAGES OF EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE AND POVERTY RATE BY HOUSEHOLD 80 70 Traditional agrarian rural economies HN BO 60 GT PY Poverty rate in rural households 50 40 30 20 Diversified rural economy DO MX Rural economies in transition PA EC BR Mainly non-traditional rural economies CR 10 CL UY 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Rate of rural employment in agriculture Source: A. Rodríguez and J. Meneses, “Condiciones socioeconómicas y laborales de los hogares rurales en doce países de América Latina”, paper presented at the forty-eighth Congress of the Brazilian Society of Rural Economics, Management and Sociology (SOBER), Campo Grande, 25- 28 July 2010.
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 Chapter VII Regional inequalities
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6 Table V.3 Latin America (9 countr
Page 9 and 10: 8 Figure IV.10 Latin America (selec
Page 11 and 12: 10 Map VII.5 Plurinational State of
Page 13 and 14: 12 This document is therefore divid
Page 16 and 17: 15 Chapter II CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS
Page 18 and 19: 17 which guarantee comparability. C
Page 20 and 21: 19 social inclusion, with improveme
Page 22: 21 The above description is clearly
Page 25 and 26: 24 Table III.1 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 27 and 28: 26 Table III.3 LATIN AMERICA (19 CO
Page 29 and 30: 28 While the rural population of La
Page 31 and 32: 30 Box IV.1 (concluded) In addition
Page 33 and 34: 32 As a result of the absolute and
Page 35 and 36: 34 The sustained decline in the rur
Page 37 and 38: 36 Country Table IV.2 LATIN AMERICA
Page 39 and 40: 38 Country Table IV.5 LATIN AMERICA
Page 41 and 42: 40 Box IV.3 THE AGEING OF THE RURAL
Page 43 and 44: 42 Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) co
Page 45 and 46: 44 The classification outlined in t
Page 47 and 48: 46 An analysis of the results obtai
Page 49 and 50: 48 Although the inhabitants of some
Page 51 and 52: 50 Non-agricultural employment has
Page 53 and 54: 52 C. PRODUCTION PATTERNS AND THE R
Page 55 and 56: 54 Box IV.5 IMPACTS OF SOYBEAN PROD
Page 57 and 58: 56 A recent study entitled Inserci
Page 59: 58 Table IV.11 LATIN AMERICA: POOR
Page 63 and 64: 62 Box IV.6 (concluded) These and o
Page 65 and 66: 64 combine a number of factors of w
Page 67 and 68: 66 Figure IV.10 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
Page 69 and 70: 68 The data in figure IV.11 also sh
Page 71 and 72: 70 Figure IV.12 LATIN AMERICA: AVER
Page 73 and 74: 72 Box IV.8 ADOLESCENT FERTILITY IN
Page 75 and 76: 74 Map V.1 SOUTH AMERICA: POPULATIO
Page 77 and 78: 76 Prime examples of this include t
Page 79 and 80: 78 Table V.2 LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNT
Page 81 and 82: 80 creation of tax-free zones, the
Page 83 and 84: 82 Box V.2 (concluded) State polici
Page 85 and 86: 84 In any case, only once the infor
Page 87 and 88: 86 It is not possible to draw direc
Page 89 and 90: 88 studies was conducted recently b
Page 91 and 92: 90 C. THE POLITICAL CONTEXT AND MOB
Page 94 and 95: 93 Chapter VII REGIONAL INEQUALITIE
Page 96 and 97: 95 Map VII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 98 and 99: 97 Some of these programmes were su
Page 100 and 101: 99 D. TERRITORIAL EQUITY, REGIONAL
Page 102 and 103: 101 Map VII.3 CHILE: CLASSIFICATION
Page 104 and 105: 103 In Mexico, most of the chronica
Page 106 and 107: 105 Figure VII.3 ECUADOR: POVERTY R
Page 108 and 109: 107 However, internal migration can
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109 Table VII.5 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
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111 Table VII.7 PERU (SIERRA DEPART
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113 Lastly, in the case of Ecuador,
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115 Chapter VIII SUSTAINED URBANIZA
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117 This chapter presents the most
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119 Busso, 2009; and ECLAC-UN-HABIT
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121 estimate of the urban populatio
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123 Figure VIII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND
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125 First, the region’s economy i
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127 urbanized; the rural population
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129 rural areas. According to the s
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131 the absence of a strategic visi
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133 The need to design ad hoc inter
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135 settlements with low-income pop
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137 Figure VIII.4 LATIN AMERICA AND
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139 At the same time, decentralizat
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142 The rest of the system of citie
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144 Table IX.1 LATIN AMERICA: NUMBE
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146 First is the demographic scope
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148 Basing the same series on towns
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150 Table IX.2 LATIN AMERICA: PROSP
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152 The data emerging from 2010 cen
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154 City size Table IX.6 LATIN AMER
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156 Figure IX.5 LATIN AMERICA (1,73
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158 For unemployment, the picture i
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160 rate differential among the dif
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162 individuals valued cultural fac
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164 that draw migrants, due precise
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166 Table IX.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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169 Chapter X TRENDS, MUTATIONS AND
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171 Table X.2 LATIN AMERICA: EVOLUT
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173 1. Demographic evolution of lar
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175 As table X.4 shows, during the
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177 comparison. But the most convin
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179 in recent years, which are desc
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181 Map X.2 MEXICO: INTERCENSAL GRO
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183 irregular settlements known as
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185 The third argument is based on
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187 Map X.4 MEXICO CITY: EXTENDED M
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189 more general social inequalitie
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191 5. Concluding remarks: the grea
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194 In view of lower internal migra
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196 familiarity with surroundings a
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198 connections; (ii) identify the
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200 The report casts light on an is
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202 Box XI.3 PROTECTING THE ECOSYST
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204 In view of the above, the prima
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206 overlap of functions and alloca
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208 Many of the programmes develope
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210 A breakdown of net migration by
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212 Box XI.8 (concluded) Case studi
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215 Bibliography Abba, Artemio Pedr
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217 Cecchini, S. and A. Madariaga (
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219 (2010a), Time for equality: clo
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221 Hiebert, Daniel and David Ley (
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223 Pendall, R., R. Puentes and J.
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225 Rodríguez, J. and M. Villa (19
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