Population, territory and sustainable development

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49 production sectors (i.e. intensive agriculture, family farms and livestock enterprises). This entire process is expedited by the fact that these cities are located in the central portion of the eastern region, where these “agro-cities” serve as a gateway to modern forms of economic activity and opportunities, not only for the urban population, as is to be expected, but especially for the rural population, which is undergoing a period of rapid change that is changing its profile altogether. Another rural urbanization process, as described by Arias (2005), is bringing about changes in rural labour markets as maquila industries set up operations in the countryside and as low-skilled sectors of the rural population find employment in the services sector. Alongside rural inhabitants, new types of business enterprises are taking part in these processes, which involve new production, marketing and consumption patterns that, while regional in nature, extend beyond the bounds of the traditional ruralurban construct. This shift in land use and economic activity in rural areas is bringing about a gradual transition away from agrarian pursuits and towards emerging urban industrial activities or residential patterns; these areas have reached an intermediate stage in this transition involving the establishment of facilities and activities that are no longer tied to the rural economy but instead are more closely associated with urban systems (Prost, 1991). Traditionally rural locations are thus ceasing to be homogenous areas in which everything revolves around agriculture activity and are transitioning towards a more diverse structure involving links of varying degrees with urban economic activities. This brings two different economic systems into contact with one another: on the one hand, the classic production functions identified with farming and ranching, and, on the other, new types of economic activity, whether in the tertiary sector, the leisure industry or rural industrial activities (Ávila, 2009). These hybrid urban/rural areas are gaining a great deal of ground in the sprawling capital cities of Latin America, but they differ from their counterparts in industrialized countries in that these differentiated forms of land appropriation and use are to be found mainly in peri-urban residential areas (Ávila, 2009). One of the factors that has helped to shape these emerging centres is the urbanization process, which is especially evident along city exit routes; another is the disperse nature of population distribution (Ávila, 2009). One clear example of this type of spatial configuration is provided by the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, where there has been a great deal of development along the main routes to surrounding cities (Puebla, Toluca, Cuernavaca and other burgeoning urban hubs such as Pachuca and Texcoco). Another is the Greater Santiago Metropolitan Area in Chile, which is becoming increasingly closely linked to surrounding rural areas located along the main transportation routes to Rancagua to the south, to San Felipe and Los Andes to the north, and especially to the Greater Valparaíso Metropolitan Area on the coast. The growth of these urban-rural linkages has, however, not only had an impact on fairly poor farming areas, but also on more productive ones. For example, some rural areas in Colombia, Mexico and Ecuador that used to grow maize, beans or vegetables and raise cattle have abandoned those activities in order to grow flowers for the urban and international markets. Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) say that one of the more significant transformations seen in rural Latin America in the last two decades has been the diversification of the production structure and the effect that this has had on the labour market in terms of the growth of non-agricultural sources of employment for rural residents (i.e. economic activities other than primary-sector agriculture, a category that includes livestock, forestry, hunting and, in most cases, fishing) (Dirven, 2011). These new types of rural employment are extremely varied in terms of the branch of activity concerned (at least some rural residents are working in virtually all sectors of the economy), company size (ranging from one-person microenterprises to transnational corporations that employ hundreds of residents in a given locale) and occupational status (ranging from unpaid family workers to employers).
50 Non-agricultural employment has been on the rise since at least the early 1990s (see Rodríguez and Meneses, 2011; Dirven, 2011; Schejtman, 1999). In fact, Klein (1992) sifted through 1980 population census data to show that the main source of employment for 24% of the rural population in Latin America was not in the agricultural sector and that this diversification of rural employment into non-agricultural activities was gathering momentum. Both Dirven (2011) and Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) indicate that this trend continued to be reflected in the population census rounds of the 1990s and 2000s, and this is corroborated by the results of household surveys conducted during the past decade. Figure IV.5 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (15 COUNTRIES): DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL EMPLOYMENT AMONG THE PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY SECTORS (Percentages of the employed population around 1990 and 2000 according to census data) A. Around 1990 B. Around 2000 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 Argentina Bolivia (Plur. State of) Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) 0 Argentina Bolivia (Plur. State of) Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) Primary sector Public services Secondary sector Private services Source: Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC on the basis of A. Rodríguez and J. Meneses, “Transformaciones rurales en Latin America and sus relaciones con la rural population”, paper presented at the Expert meeting on population, territory and sustainable development, Santiago, Chile, 16-17 August 2011. The data shown in figure IV.5 demonstrate that the percentage of rural employment accounted for by agriculture rose only in Peru, held steady only in Ecuador and Argentina, and declined in the other 12 countries covered in the study. The sharpest decreases were seen in El Salvador (21.8%), Costa Rica (20.5%), Chile (16.7%), Paraguay (12.8%), Mexico (12.6%) and the Plurinational State of Bolivia (11.1 %). The largest changes of all were in Costa Rica and El Salvador, where employment in agriculture fell to less than 50% according to data for the year 2000; these two countries have also seen the sharpest rise in secondary activities (with increases of 5.7% in Costa Rica and 5% in El Salvador) and in services (up 14.9% in Costa Rica and 16.7% in El Salvador). In Costa Rica, virtually all of the upswing in employment in services is accounted for by the private sector, however, whereas, in El Salvador, the increase is fairly evenly split between public and private services. Chile and Mexico have also witnessed an expansion of employment in the secondary sector (around 4.3%), while employment in services also represents a significant share of the total in Chile (13.6%) and Paraguay (11.4%); in both of these cases, growth in this sector has been concentrated in the private sector.
Page 3 and 4: Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
Page 5 and 6: 4 Chapter VII Regional inequalities
Page 7 and 8: 6 Table V.3 Latin America (9 countr
Page 9 and 10: 8 Figure IV.10 Latin America (selec
Page 11 and 12: 10 Map VII.5 Plurinational State of
Page 13 and 14: 12 This document is therefore divid
Page 16 and 17: 15 Chapter II CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS
Page 18 and 19: 17 which guarantee comparability. C
Page 20 and 21: 19 social inclusion, with improveme
Page 22: 21 The above description is clearly
Page 25 and 26: 24 Table III.1 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 27 and 28: 26 Table III.3 LATIN AMERICA (19 CO
Page 29 and 30: 28 While the rural population of La
Page 31 and 32: 30 Box IV.1 (concluded) In addition
Page 33 and 34: 32 As a result of the absolute and
Page 35 and 36: 34 The sustained decline in the rur
Page 37 and 38: 36 Country Table IV.2 LATIN AMERICA
Page 39 and 40: 38 Country Table IV.5 LATIN AMERICA
Page 41 and 42: 40 Box IV.3 THE AGEING OF THE RURAL
Page 43 and 44: 42 Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) co
Page 45 and 46: 44 The classification outlined in t
Page 47 and 48: 46 An analysis of the results obtai
Page 49: 48 Although the inhabitants of some
Page 53 and 54: 52 C. PRODUCTION PATTERNS AND THE R
Page 55 and 56: 54 Box IV.5 IMPACTS OF SOYBEAN PROD
Page 57 and 58: 56 A recent study entitled Inserci
Page 59 and 60: 58 Table IV.11 LATIN AMERICA: POOR
Page 61 and 62: 60 Figure IV.7 POVERTY IN RURAL HOU
Page 63 and 64: 62 Box IV.6 (concluded) These and o
Page 65 and 66: 64 combine a number of factors of w
Page 67 and 68: 66 Figure IV.10 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
Page 69 and 70: 68 The data in figure IV.11 also sh
Page 71 and 72: 70 Figure IV.12 LATIN AMERICA: AVER
Page 73 and 74: 72 Box IV.8 ADOLESCENT FERTILITY IN
Page 75 and 76: 74 Map V.1 SOUTH AMERICA: POPULATIO
Page 77 and 78: 76 Prime examples of this include t
Page 79 and 80: 78 Table V.2 LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNT
Page 81 and 82: 80 creation of tax-free zones, the
Page 83 and 84: 82 Box V.2 (concluded) State polici
Page 85 and 86: 84 In any case, only once the infor
Page 87 and 88: 86 It is not possible to draw direc
Page 89 and 90: 88 studies was conducted recently b
Page 91 and 92: 90 C. THE POLITICAL CONTEXT AND MOB
Page 94 and 95: 93 Chapter VII REGIONAL INEQUALITIE
Page 96 and 97: 95 Map VII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 98 and 99: 97 Some of these programmes were su
Page 100 and 101:
99 D. TERRITORIAL EQUITY, REGIONAL
Page 102 and 103:
101 Map VII.3 CHILE: CLASSIFICATION
Page 104 and 105:
103 In Mexico, most of the chronica
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105 Figure VII.3 ECUADOR: POVERTY R
Page 108 and 109:
107 However, internal migration can
Page 110 and 111:
109 Table VII.5 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
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111 Table VII.7 PERU (SIERRA DEPART
Page 114 and 115:
113 Lastly, in the case of Ecuador,
Page 116 and 117:
115 Chapter VIII SUSTAINED URBANIZA
Page 118 and 119:
117 This chapter presents the most
Page 120 and 121:
119 Busso, 2009; and ECLAC-UN-HABIT
Page 122 and 123:
121 estimate of the urban populatio
Page 124 and 125:
123 Figure VIII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND
Page 126 and 127:
125 First, the region’s economy i
Page 128 and 129:
127 urbanized; the rural population
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129 rural areas. According to the s
Page 132 and 133:
131 the absence of a strategic visi
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133 The need to design ad hoc inter
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135 settlements with low-income pop
Page 138 and 139:
137 Figure VIII.4 LATIN AMERICA AND
Page 140:
139 At the same time, decentralizat
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142 The rest of the system of citie
Page 145 and 146:
144 Table IX.1 LATIN AMERICA: NUMBE
Page 147 and 148:
146 First is the demographic scope
Page 149 and 150:
148 Basing the same series on towns
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150 Table IX.2 LATIN AMERICA: PROSP
Page 153 and 154:
152 The data emerging from 2010 cen
Page 155 and 156:
154 City size Table IX.6 LATIN AMER
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156 Figure IX.5 LATIN AMERICA (1,73
Page 159 and 160:
158 For unemployment, the picture i
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160 rate differential among the dif
Page 163 and 164:
162 individuals valued cultural fac
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164 that draw migrants, due precise
Page 167 and 168:
166 Table IX.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
Page 170 and 171:
169 Chapter X TRENDS, MUTATIONS AND
Page 172 and 173:
171 Table X.2 LATIN AMERICA: EVOLUT
Page 174 and 175:
173 1. Demographic evolution of lar
Page 176 and 177:
175 As table X.4 shows, during the
Page 178 and 179:
177 comparison. But the most convin
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179 in recent years, which are desc
Page 182 and 183:
181 Map X.2 MEXICO: INTERCENSAL GRO
Page 184 and 185:
183 irregular settlements known as
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185 The third argument is based on
Page 188 and 189:
187 Map X.4 MEXICO CITY: EXTENDED M
Page 190 and 191:
189 more general social inequalitie
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191 5. Concluding remarks: the grea
Page 195 and 196:
194 In view of lower internal migra
Page 197 and 198:
196 familiarity with surroundings a
Page 199 and 200:
198 connections; (ii) identify the
Page 201 and 202:
200 The report casts light on an is
Page 203 and 204:
202 Box XI.3 PROTECTING THE ECOSYST
Page 205 and 206:
204 In view of the above, the prima
Page 207 and 208:
206 overlap of functions and alloca
Page 209 and 210:
208 Many of the programmes develope
Page 211 and 212:
210 A breakdown of net migration by
Page 213 and 214:
212 Box XI.8 (concluded) Case studi
Page 216 and 217:
215 Bibliography Abba, Artemio Pedr
Page 218 and 219:
217 Cecchini, S. and A. Madariaga (
Page 220 and 221:
219 (2010a), Time for equality: clo
Page 222 and 223:
221 Hiebert, Daniel and David Ley (
Page 224 and 225:
223 Pendall, R., R. Puentes and J.
Page 226 and 227:
225 Rodríguez, J. and M. Villa (19
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Population, territory and sustainable development

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