Population, territory and sustainable development

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45 Table IV.9 COSTA RICA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION AS MEASURED ON THE BASIS OF OFFICIAL DEFINITIONS AND RURALITY GRADIENTS (Percentages of the total population) Rural-urban categories Combined gradient Urban-central 18.9 Rural-urban categories Official definitions Combined gradient Urban-peripheral 34.0 Total urban 59.0 52.9 Urban-agricultural 4.4 Transitional 21.0 Total rural 41.0 21.7 Transitional-agricultural 9.6 Rural-non-remote 10.1 Intermediate 25.4 Rural-remote 1.9 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: A. Rodríguez and M. Saborío (eds.), Lo rural es diverso: evidencia para el caso de Costa Rica, San José, Inter- American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), 2008. Map IV.2 COSTA RICA: RURALITY GRADIENT (Combination of information on distance to towns and to roads, land use and employment in agriculture) Provincial boundaries: rurality index and employment in agriculture (1) Central urban Peripheral urban Urban agricultural + 25 Transition Transitional agricultural + 5 Low density rural area Isolated rural area Northern Pacific Central valley Caribbean and Northern area Source: A. Rodríguez and M. Saborío (eds.), Lo rural es diverso: evidencia para el caso de Costa Rica, San José, Inter- American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), 2008. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
46 An analysis of the results obtained using this kind of gradient highlights the significant degree of heterogeneity exhibited by rural territories. While, in some areas, the agricultural sector is the major employer, in others, the services sector is also an important source of employment. A spatial continuity pattern similar to the one derived from the land-use model developed by von Thünen (1826) also emerges: the “urban–central” category is almost always adjacent to the “urban–peripheral” category, which is, in turn, adjacent to the “urban–agricultural” category. Among the rural categories, the “rural - remote” category is at one end of the spectrum and is consistently surrounded by the “transitional” rural category. The urban and transitional agricultural rural categories are separated by a transitional category whose hallmark is a high degree of population density. This indicates that there are strong linkages between the different categories on the gradient. However, given their different characteristics in terms of population density and economic activity, the transition from one category to the next is not necessarily linear. Two non-linear transitions, in particular, appear to be possible: from the “rural–transitional” to the “urban–agricultural” categories, and from the “transitional” category to the “urban–peripheral” category. These gradients also make it possible to identify middle-sized cities outside the central valley, along with their spheres of influence, more clearly. The conclusions that can be drawn from the application of this approach are that rural territories typically have a low population density, that they are remote and that most of their economic activities are in the primary sector. This approach also makes it clear how important it is to capture the heterogeneity of rural areas, the interaction among different types of rural areas and between them and urban areas, and the way in which these relationships change over time. And in order to do this, dichotomous measurements need to give way to gradient-based measurements or rurality indices (Rodríguez and Meneses, 2011). 2. Numerous settlements, disjointedness and the socioeconomic implications A majority of the region’s rural population is scattered among a vast number of small settlements. These settlements generally have a low population density and are separated from one another by considerable distances. In addition, the access routes between them are poor. The remoteness of rural settlements has to do with the travel times and distances separating them not only from large urban centres, but also from one another, since their geographical locations and the size of rural land holdings make it difficult to travel between or to them. The results of the 2010 census in Mexico illustrate the number and diversity of rural settlements that exist there. Slightly more than 10 million people live in 173,409 settlements with fewer than 500 inhabitants each (see table IV.10). These figures are not very different from those gathered in the 1995 population census, which indicates that somewhat more than 10 million people were living in nearly 185,000 towns of fewer than 500 inhabitants each (CONAPO, 1999, pp. 91 and 93; Ruvalcaba, 2001, p. 8).
Page 3 and 4: Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
Page 5 and 6: 4 Chapter VII Regional inequalities
Page 7 and 8: 6 Table V.3 Latin America (9 countr
Page 9 and 10: 8 Figure IV.10 Latin America (selec
Page 11 and 12: 10 Map VII.5 Plurinational State of
Page 13 and 14: 12 This document is therefore divid
Page 16 and 17: 15 Chapter II CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS
Page 18 and 19: 17 which guarantee comparability. C
Page 20 and 21: 19 social inclusion, with improveme
Page 22: 21 The above description is clearly
Page 25 and 26: 24 Table III.1 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
Page 27 and 28: 26 Table III.3 LATIN AMERICA (19 CO
Page 29 and 30: 28 While the rural population of La
Page 31 and 32: 30 Box IV.1 (concluded) In addition
Page 33 and 34: 32 As a result of the absolute and
Page 35 and 36: 34 The sustained decline in the rur
Page 37 and 38: 36 Country Table IV.2 LATIN AMERICA
Page 39 and 40: 38 Country Table IV.5 LATIN AMERICA
Page 41 and 42: 40 Box IV.3 THE AGEING OF THE RURAL
Page 43 and 44: 42 Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) co
Page 45: 44 The classification outlined in t
Page 49 and 50: 48 Although the inhabitants of some
Page 51 and 52: 50 Non-agricultural employment has
Page 53 and 54: 52 C. PRODUCTION PATTERNS AND THE R
Page 55 and 56: 54 Box IV.5 IMPACTS OF SOYBEAN PROD
Page 57 and 58: 56 A recent study entitled Inserci
Page 59 and 60: 58 Table IV.11 LATIN AMERICA: POOR
Page 61 and 62: 60 Figure IV.7 POVERTY IN RURAL HOU
Page 63 and 64: 62 Box IV.6 (concluded) These and o
Page 65 and 66: 64 combine a number of factors of w
Page 67 and 68: 66 Figure IV.10 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
Page 69 and 70: 68 The data in figure IV.11 also sh
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Page 73 and 74: 72 Box IV.8 ADOLESCENT FERTILITY IN
Page 75 and 76: 74 Map V.1 SOUTH AMERICA: POPULATIO
Page 77 and 78: 76 Prime examples of this include t
Page 79 and 80: 78 Table V.2 LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNT
Page 81 and 82: 80 creation of tax-free zones, the
Page 83 and 84: 82 Box V.2 (concluded) State polici
Page 85 and 86: 84 In any case, only once the infor
Page 87 and 88: 86 It is not possible to draw direc
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Page 91 and 92: 90 C. THE POLITICAL CONTEXT AND MOB
Page 94 and 95: 93 Chapter VII REGIONAL INEQUALITIE
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95 Map VII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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97 Some of these programmes were su
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99 D. TERRITORIAL EQUITY, REGIONAL
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101 Map VII.3 CHILE: CLASSIFICATION
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103 In Mexico, most of the chronica
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105 Figure VII.3 ECUADOR: POVERTY R
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107 However, internal migration can
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109 Table VII.5 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
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111 Table VII.7 PERU (SIERRA DEPART
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113 Lastly, in the case of Ecuador,
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115 Chapter VIII SUSTAINED URBANIZA
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117 This chapter presents the most
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119 Busso, 2009; and ECLAC-UN-HABIT
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121 estimate of the urban populatio
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123 Figure VIII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND
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125 First, the region’s economy i
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127 urbanized; the rural population
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129 rural areas. According to the s
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131 the absence of a strategic visi
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133 The need to design ad hoc inter
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135 settlements with low-income pop
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137 Figure VIII.4 LATIN AMERICA AND
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139 At the same time, decentralizat
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142 The rest of the system of citie
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144 Table IX.1 LATIN AMERICA: NUMBE
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146 First is the demographic scope
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148 Basing the same series on towns
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150 Table IX.2 LATIN AMERICA: PROSP
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152 The data emerging from 2010 cen
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154 City size Table IX.6 LATIN AMER
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156 Figure IX.5 LATIN AMERICA (1,73
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158 For unemployment, the picture i
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160 rate differential among the dif
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162 individuals valued cultural fac
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164 that draw migrants, due precise
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166 Table IX.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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169 Chapter X TRENDS, MUTATIONS AND
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171 Table X.2 LATIN AMERICA: EVOLUT
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173 1. Demographic evolution of lar
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175 As table X.4 shows, during the
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177 comparison. But the most convin
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179 in recent years, which are desc
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181 Map X.2 MEXICO: INTERCENSAL GRO
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183 irregular settlements known as
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185 The third argument is based on
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187 Map X.4 MEXICO CITY: EXTENDED M
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189 more general social inequalitie
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191 5. Concluding remarks: the grea
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194 In view of lower internal migra
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196 familiarity with surroundings a
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198 connections; (ii) identify the
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200 The report casts light on an is
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202 Box XI.3 PROTECTING THE ECOSYST
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204 In view of the above, the prima
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206 overlap of functions and alloca
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208 Many of the programmes develope
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210 A breakdown of net migration by
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212 Box XI.8 (concluded) Case studi
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215 Bibliography Abba, Artemio Pedr
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217 Cecchini, S. and A. Madariaga (
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219 (2010a), Time for equality: clo
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221 Hiebert, Daniel and David Ley (
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223 Pendall, R., R. Puentes and J.
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225 Rodríguez, J. and M. Villa (19
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Population, territory and sustainable development

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