Population, territory and sustainable development

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23 Chapter III MIGRATION AND SPATIAL REDISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION: GENERAL TRENDS AND SPECIFIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS Several factors interact in a complex manner to determine the pattern of population distribution within a territory. Foremost among them are the ecological and topographical base, which makes the territory suitable for human settlement, and economic, social and political forces, which enhance the value of those spaces for people. This interaction of factors has cumulative effects and, as a result, the current situation and future outlook are at times decisively influenced by the past. Thus, the existing pattern of population distribution over the territory does not arise from the potential and “natural” advantages of each area, but rather from a complex series of decisions that have contributed to a territory’s material, social and cultural endowment. Without delving deeply into the complexities of this process, this document offers a detailed and novel description of the spatial distribution of the population, which, from the demographic viewpoint, is determined by three factors. The first is internal and international migration. Whenever migration movements occur and generate migratory balances other than zero, the resulting population redistribution, other things being equal, produces a gain in the demographic weight of the areas with net immigration and a loss in those with net emigration. The second factor is the natural growth differential which, again, other things being equal, raises the representation of the areas with above-average growth and reduces that of areas with below-average growth. The third factor relates to the processes of annexation, reclassification, redefinition and modification of borders, which, irrespective of the action of the two previous forces, alter the relative demographic weight of the different territories within a country. Microdata from population censuses, the main source of information for this study, have been used to arrive at new findings relating to overall migration trends and their aggregate impact on the spatial distribution of the population. First, an overall reduction in migration intensity has been observed in the region (see table III.1). This trend is corroborated by data from the 2010 round of censuses, although these data also reveal exceptions as in the case of Panama, which recorded a higher gross mobility rate in 2010 than in 1990, albeit a lower one than in 2000 (see table III.2). 1 These data are used in table 3.2 to show age-standardized findings for this rate, in order to determine to what extent this downtrend is attributable to a change in the age structure. 2 The findings speak for themselves, insofar as the standardized rates maintain the trend of the observed rates. 1 2 The gross mobility rate refers to the total number of internal migrants during the reference period (which depends on the reference entity used, that is major administrative divisions (MADs) or minor administrative divisions (MIADs), divided by the number of persons registered in the census who were exposed to the risk of having been an internal migrant during the reference period. As this is an annual rate, the numerator is divided by the number of years in the reference period. It is normally expressed per thousand. For further details, see Rodríguez and Busso (2009). Migration shows a high degree of age-selectivity (a fact documented by Rodríguez and Busso (2009)), given that it occurs more frequently among youth. Thus, the migration rate is directly affected by changes in the age structure that lead to a change in the proportion of the young population (“composition effect”). Demographic transition implies changes in the age structure that can exogenously influence the trend in the gross mobility rate. This effect is checked through standardization by applying internal migration rates by five-year age groups to a given population (the initial population); the result (the standardized rate) is no longer affected by the change in the age structure.
24 Table III.1 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: INTERNAL MIGRANTS BY MIGRATION TYPE, 1990 AND 2000 (Percentages) Census round Absolute or lifelong migration Recent migration (within the last five years) MAD a MIAD b MAD MIAD 1990 17.5 34.2 5.1 12.6 2000 17.7 35.2 4.0 8.7 Source: J. Rodríguez, “Spatial distribution, internal migration and development in Latin America and the Caribbean”, CEPAL Review, No. 96 (LC/G.2396-P), Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 2008, p. 141. a Major administrative regions. b Minor administrative regions. Country Table III.2 ECUADOR, PANAMA AND MEXICO: OBSERVED AND AGE-STANDARDIZED GROSS MOBILITY RATE (Per thousand) Reference population Internal migrants between MADs a A. 1980 and 1990 1980 1990 Observed rate Standardized rate Reference population Internal migrants between MADs Observed rate Standardized rate Ecuador 6 710 228 568 556 84.7 84.7 8 312 119 482 335 58.0 57.7 Panama 2 021 564 88 529 43.8 43.8 Mexico 66 501 519 3 468 508 49.6 49.6 Country Reference population Internal migrants between MADs a B. 2000 and 2010 2000 2010 Observed rate Standardized rate Reference population Internal migrants between MADs Observed rate Standardized rate Ecuador 10 743 574 562 717 52.4 53.1 12 853 717 608 582 47.3 48.9 Panama 2 421 143 153 658 63.5 64.1 2 937 455 165 047 56.2 55.1 Mexico 85 275 006 3 784 323 44.4 44.8 99 794 866 3 502 007 35.1 36.3 Source: Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC, Database on Internal Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean (MIALC), and special processing of 2010 censuses. a Major administrative regions.
Page 3 and 4: Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
Page 5 and 6: 4 Chapter VII Regional inequalities
Page 7 and 8: 6 Table V.3 Latin America (9 countr
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Page 11 and 12: 10 Map VII.5 Plurinational State of
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Page 16 and 17: 15 Chapter II CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS
Page 18 and 19: 17 which guarantee comparability. C
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Page 27 and 28: 26 Table III.3 LATIN AMERICA (19 CO
Page 29 and 30: 28 While the rural population of La
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Page 35 and 36: 34 The sustained decline in the rur
Page 37 and 38: 36 Country Table IV.2 LATIN AMERICA
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Page 41 and 42: 40 Box IV.3 THE AGEING OF THE RURAL
Page 43 and 44: 42 Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) co
Page 45 and 46: 44 The classification outlined in t
Page 47 and 48: 46 An analysis of the results obtai
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Page 57 and 58: 56 A recent study entitled Inserci
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72 Box IV.8 ADOLESCENT FERTILITY IN
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74 Map V.1 SOUTH AMERICA: POPULATIO
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76 Prime examples of this include t
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78 Table V.2 LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNT
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80 creation of tax-free zones, the
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82 Box V.2 (concluded) State polici
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84 In any case, only once the infor
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86 It is not possible to draw direc
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88 studies was conducted recently b
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90 C. THE POLITICAL CONTEXT AND MOB
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93 Chapter VII REGIONAL INEQUALITIE
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95 Map VII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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97 Some of these programmes were su
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99 D. TERRITORIAL EQUITY, REGIONAL
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101 Map VII.3 CHILE: CLASSIFICATION
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103 In Mexico, most of the chronica
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105 Figure VII.3 ECUADOR: POVERTY R
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107 However, internal migration can
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109 Table VII.5 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
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111 Table VII.7 PERU (SIERRA DEPART
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113 Lastly, in the case of Ecuador,
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115 Chapter VIII SUSTAINED URBANIZA
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117 This chapter presents the most
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119 Busso, 2009; and ECLAC-UN-HABIT
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121 estimate of the urban populatio
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123 Figure VIII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND
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125 First, the region’s economy i
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127 urbanized; the rural population
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129 rural areas. According to the s
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131 the absence of a strategic visi
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133 The need to design ad hoc inter
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135 settlements with low-income pop
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137 Figure VIII.4 LATIN AMERICA AND
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139 At the same time, decentralizat
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142 The rest of the system of citie
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144 Table IX.1 LATIN AMERICA: NUMBE
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146 First is the demographic scope
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148 Basing the same series on towns
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150 Table IX.2 LATIN AMERICA: PROSP
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152 The data emerging from 2010 cen
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154 City size Table IX.6 LATIN AMER
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156 Figure IX.5 LATIN AMERICA (1,73
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158 For unemployment, the picture i
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160 rate differential among the dif
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162 individuals valued cultural fac
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164 that draw migrants, due precise
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166 Table IX.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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169 Chapter X TRENDS, MUTATIONS AND
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171 Table X.2 LATIN AMERICA: EVOLUT
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173 1. Demographic evolution of lar
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175 As table X.4 shows, during the
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177 comparison. But the most convin
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179 in recent years, which are desc
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181 Map X.2 MEXICO: INTERCENSAL GRO
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183 irregular settlements known as
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185 The third argument is based on
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187 Map X.4 MEXICO CITY: EXTENDED M
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189 more general social inequalitie
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191 5. Concluding remarks: the grea
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194 In view of lower internal migra
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196 familiarity with surroundings a
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198 connections; (ii) identify the
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200 The report casts light on an is
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202 Box XI.3 PROTECTING THE ECOSYST
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204 In view of the above, the prima
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206 overlap of functions and alloca
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208 Many of the programmes develope
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210 A breakdown of net migration by
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212 Box XI.8 (concluded) Case studi
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215 Bibliography Abba, Artemio Pedr
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217 Cecchini, S. and A. Madariaga (
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219 (2010a), Time for equality: clo
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221 Hiebert, Daniel and David Ley (
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223 Pendall, R., R. Puentes and J.
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225 Rodríguez, J. and M. Villa (19
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Population, territory and sustainable development

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