Population, territory and sustainable development

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189 more general social inequalities. One of these mechanisms stems from the perverse relationship between peri-urban poverty and informality, on one hand, and metropolitan municipal decentralization, on the other (ECLAC, 2010a). Other authors would also cite the “stigma effect” of socioeconomic residential segregation on some poor neighborhoods. Among other things, this stigma has been found to increase the likelihood of unemployment even when all other factors remain constant (Solís and Puga, 2011; Ribeiro and others, 2009; Kaztman and Retamoso, 2005; Marpsat, 1999). Lastly, several authors, Rubén Kaztman notable among them, attribute current levels of segregation to the fact that public education and the formal labour market, which are the traditional means for interrupting the cycle of poverty, were hit very hard by the crisis of the 1980s and the economic challenges that ensued, which led to their social segmentation and stripped them of their function as spaces of inclusion and “levers” for social mobility (Kaztman, 2001). Lastly, international immigration in several metropolises in Latin America is also associated with spatial grouping of migrants, which may lead to the residential segregation of foreigners. The settlement pattern of a given group of immigrants can be interpreted as an indicator of how it will integrate into the destination society (Hiebert and Ley, 2001). Generally, the residential concentration of immigrants reveals a level of differentiation from the local population and the possible existence of barriers to integration, despite which it tends to become the predominant pattern because it offers initial advantages to immigrants (Epstein, 2002 and 2008; Hein de Haas, 2008). It has been suggested that the spatial distribution of second and third generations of immigrants tends to be more indicative of their degree of integration into the destination society. Some Latin American cities absorbed large number of international migrants, mostly from Europe, in the first half of the twentieth century. Initial spatial concentration occurred at that time too, after which the descendants of the first generation gradually spread through the city. Buenos Aires is a typical example in this regard. Today, Buenos Aires and other cities, such as Santiago and Panama City, receive large flows of immigrants from other Latin American countries and, unsurprisingly, have areas in which those immigrants are concentrated. However, these concentrated settlements are highly differentiated in terms of position within the city, as illustrated by the contrast between Santiago (2002) and Panama City (2010). Whereas Peruvian immigrants in Santiago tend to take up residence in citycentre neighbourhoods that, although precarious, have good connectivity and plenty of rental property available (map X.5), foreigners in Panama (many of them Colombian) settle in well-off neighbourhoods close to the financial and commercial centre (map X.6). Thus, in both cases territorially grouped settlement is a strategy for dealing with the complexities of adapting to the destination country. But the place chosen to settle depends crucially on the resources immigrants have, and on other factors that are more difficult to measure, such as acceptance and non-discrimination on the part of local residents.
190 Map X.5 PERUVIAN MIGRANT POPULATION RESIDING IN GREATER SANTIAGO, 2002 CENSUS a Key Percentage (%) by city block 0 - 1.500 1.501 - 4.999 5.000 - 9.999 10.000 - 19.999 20.000 - 100 Key Percentage (%) by comuna 0.079 - 0.199 0.200 - 0.350 0.351 - 0.750 0.751 - 1.250 1.251 - 2.898 0 2 4 8 12 16 Kilometers 0 4 8 16 24 32 Kilometers Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of processing of microdata from the Chilean census of 2002. a The boundaries and names shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Map X.6 FOREIGN POPULATION RESIDING IN PANAMA CITY, 2010 CENSUS Districts that comprise Panama City Percentage of foreigners by segment No foreigners 0.1 - 4.9 5.0 - 19.9 20.0 - 29.9 30 and over 5 0 5 10 Kilometers Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), on the basis of processing of microdata from the Panamanian census of 2010. a The boundaries and names shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 Chapter VII Regional inequalities
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6 Table V.3 Latin America (9 countr
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8 Figure IV.10 Latin America (selec
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10 Map VII.5 Plurinational State of
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12 This document is therefore divid
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15 Chapter II CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS
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17 which guarantee comparability. C
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19 social inclusion, with improveme
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21 The above description is clearly
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24 Table III.1 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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26 Table III.3 LATIN AMERICA (19 CO
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28 While the rural population of La
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30 Box IV.1 (concluded) In addition
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32 As a result of the absolute and
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34 The sustained decline in the rur
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36 Country Table IV.2 LATIN AMERICA
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38 Country Table IV.5 LATIN AMERICA
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40 Box IV.3 THE AGEING OF THE RURAL
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42 Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) co
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44 The classification outlined in t
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46 An analysis of the results obtai
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48 Although the inhabitants of some
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50 Non-agricultural employment has
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52 C. PRODUCTION PATTERNS AND THE R
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54 Box IV.5 IMPACTS OF SOYBEAN PROD
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56 A recent study entitled Inserci
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58 Table IV.11 LATIN AMERICA: POOR
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60 Figure IV.7 POVERTY IN RURAL HOU
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62 Box IV.6 (concluded) These and o
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64 combine a number of factors of w
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66 Figure IV.10 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
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68 The data in figure IV.11 also sh
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70 Figure IV.12 LATIN AMERICA: AVER
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72 Box IV.8 ADOLESCENT FERTILITY IN
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74 Map V.1 SOUTH AMERICA: POPULATIO
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76 Prime examples of this include t
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78 Table V.2 LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNT
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80 creation of tax-free zones, the
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82 Box V.2 (concluded) State polici
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84 In any case, only once the infor
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86 It is not possible to draw direc
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88 studies was conducted recently b
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90 C. THE POLITICAL CONTEXT AND MOB
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93 Chapter VII REGIONAL INEQUALITIE
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95 Map VII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
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97 Some of these programmes were su
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99 D. TERRITORIAL EQUITY, REGIONAL
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101 Map VII.3 CHILE: CLASSIFICATION
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103 In Mexico, most of the chronica
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105 Figure VII.3 ECUADOR: POVERTY R
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107 However, internal migration can
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109 Table VII.5 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
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111 Table VII.7 PERU (SIERRA DEPART
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113 Lastly, in the case of Ecuador,
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115 Chapter VIII SUSTAINED URBANIZA
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117 This chapter presents the most
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119 Busso, 2009; and ECLAC-UN-HABIT
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121 estimate of the urban populatio
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123 Figure VIII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND
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125 First, the region’s economy i
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127 urbanized; the rural population
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129 rural areas. According to the s
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131 the absence of a strategic visi
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133 The need to design ad hoc inter
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135 settlements with low-income pop
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137 Figure VIII.4 LATIN AMERICA AND
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Page 143 and 144: 142 The rest of the system of citie
Page 145 and 146: 144 Table IX.1 LATIN AMERICA: NUMBE
Page 147 and 148: 146 First is the demographic scope
Page 149 and 150: 148 Basing the same series on towns
Page 151 and 152: 150 Table IX.2 LATIN AMERICA: PROSP
Page 153 and 154: 152 The data emerging from 2010 cen
Page 155 and 156: 154 City size Table IX.6 LATIN AMER
Page 157 and 158: 156 Figure IX.5 LATIN AMERICA (1,73
Page 159 and 160: 158 For unemployment, the picture i
Page 161 and 162: 160 rate differential among the dif
Page 163 and 164: 162 individuals valued cultural fac
Page 165 and 166: 164 that draw migrants, due precise
Page 167 and 168: 166 Table IX.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
Page 170 and 171: 169 Chapter X TRENDS, MUTATIONS AND
Page 172 and 173: 171 Table X.2 LATIN AMERICA: EVOLUT
Page 174 and 175: 173 1. Demographic evolution of lar
Page 176 and 177: 175 As table X.4 shows, during the
Page 178 and 179: 177 comparison. But the most convin
Page 180 and 181: 179 in recent years, which are desc
Page 182 and 183: 181 Map X.2 MEXICO: INTERCENSAL GRO
Page 184 and 185: 183 irregular settlements known as
Page 186 and 187: 185 The third argument is based on
Page 188 and 189: 187 Map X.4 MEXICO CITY: EXTENDED M
Page 192: 191 5. Concluding remarks: the grea
Page 195 and 196: 194 In view of lower internal migra
Page 197 and 198: 196 familiarity with surroundings a
Page 199 and 200: 198 connections; (ii) identify the
Page 201 and 202: 200 The report casts light on an is
Page 203 and 204: 202 Box XI.3 PROTECTING THE ECOSYST
Page 205 and 206: 204 In view of the above, the prima
Page 207 and 208: 206 overlap of functions and alloca
Page 209 and 210: 208 Many of the programmes develope
Page 211 and 212: 210 A breakdown of net migration by
Page 213 and 214: 212 Box XI.8 (concluded) Case studi
Page 216 and 217: 215 Bibliography Abba, Artemio Pedr
Page 218 and 219: 217 Cecchini, S. and A. Madariaga (
Page 220 and 221: 219 (2010a), Time for equality: clo
Page 222 and 223: 221 Hiebert, Daniel and David Ley (
Page 224 and 225: 223 Pendall, R., R. Puentes and J.
Page 226 and 227: 225 Rodríguez, J. and M. Villa (19
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