Population, territory and sustainable development

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137 Figure VIII.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (16 COUNTRIES): NET ENROLMENT RATIO IN PRIMARY EDUCATION AND PRIMARY EDUCATION COMPLETION RATE IN URBAN AREAS, CENSUS DATA FOR THE 2000s 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Argentina Bolivia (Plur. State of) Brazil Chile Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Dominican Rep. Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) Net enrolment ratio in primary education Primary education completion rate Source: Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC, Spatial distribution and urbanization in Latin America and the Caribbean (DEPUALC) database. But recent urban growth areas and neighbourhoods are plagued by a shortage of education infrastructure, while the quality of learning varies with the location of the institution. In general, wealthier neighbourhoods are characterized by a more extensive supply and better quality. In addition, the better quality public institutions tend to be concentrated in the city centre, which means longer trips and higher transport costs for lower-income segments of the population. There are also deficits in preschool coverage and in the lengthening of the school day in public education. Reducing these gaps is crucial: “Education plays a decisive role in the search for equality. Learning that is less segmented by socioeconomic level, gender, territory and ethnic origin will help reduce the inequality gap from one generation to the next” (ECLAC, 2010a). The deficit in public spaces is defined as the unmet need for public use areas, spaces or places (open or closed) that promote recreation, relaxation, interchange, social integration, the preservation of historical and cultural heritage and contact with nature (MINVU, 2009). All the countries of the region have a public-space deficit in urban areas. In some cases, the number of green areas per inhabitant is far below the recommended ratio at both national and international levels, especially in poorer urban areas or neighbourhoods. Another problem associated with this deficit is the inadequate, scarce or non-existent maintenance of plazas, parks and green areas in general, which leads to a degeneration of public real estate, trees and plants. There is also a shortage of public sports and recreation facilities (stadiums, indoor gymnasiums, multipurpose fields, and so forth), which is most evident in the lowest-income districts in the cities. The creation and maintenance of public spaces usually falls to local governments, which
138 frequently do not have the budget to manage them. Several countries have allocated resources to participatory projects in which community residents themselves have created parks, plazas, gymnasiums or sports centres. But data from the Latinobarómetro survey on the degree of public satisfaction with the availability of green areas and public spaces show that 44% of the population of the region is not satisfied in this regard. In some countries, the share is higher than the regional average: over half the population of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia is not satisfied with the availability of green areas and public spaces in their countries, while Paraguay and Uruguay have the lowest percentage of dissatisfaction (see figure VIII.5). Figure VIII.5 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (18 COUNTRIES): LEVEL OF SATISFACTION WITH THE AVAILABILITY OF GREEN AREAS AND PUBLIC SPACES, 2009 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Argentina Bolivia (Plur. State of) Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Dominican Rep. Uruguay Venezuela (Bol. Rep. of) Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Not at all satisfied Source: Online processing of the 2009 Latinobarómetro survey (www.latinobarometro.org/latino/latinobarometro.jsp). Carrión (2003) argues that public spaces are losing ground to new modalities of urban development. He suggests that public spaces are being rejected or disparaged and that in many cases residents consider them to be dangerous because they neither protect nor are protected. The lack of public spaces represents a loss of possibilities for social construction and cohesion in cities and neighbourhoods, because it “reduces participation, limits the exercise of citizenship and removes the incentives for practicing tolerance” (Carrión, 2003). The problems or deficiencies in the region’s urban areas in terms of the coverage of basic services, health care, education, infrastructure, transport and public spaces is associated, in part, with the financial difficulties faced by national and local governments and with the modalities for providing urban services (public, private or mixed). As the State has acquired new functions its financial capacity has been reduced, but the demands and expectations of citizens have increased.
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 Chapter VII Regional inequalities
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6 Table V.3 Latin America (9 countr
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8 Figure IV.10 Latin America (selec
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10 Map VII.5 Plurinational State of
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12 This document is therefore divid
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15 Chapter II CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS
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17 which guarantee comparability. C
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19 social inclusion, with improveme
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21 The above description is clearly
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24 Table III.1 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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26 Table III.3 LATIN AMERICA (19 CO
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28 While the rural population of La
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30 Box IV.1 (concluded) In addition
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32 As a result of the absolute and
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34 The sustained decline in the rur
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36 Country Table IV.2 LATIN AMERICA
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38 Country Table IV.5 LATIN AMERICA
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40 Box IV.3 THE AGEING OF THE RURAL
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42 Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) co
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44 The classification outlined in t
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46 An analysis of the results obtai
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48 Although the inhabitants of some
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50 Non-agricultural employment has
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52 C. PRODUCTION PATTERNS AND THE R
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54 Box IV.5 IMPACTS OF SOYBEAN PROD
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56 A recent study entitled Inserci
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58 Table IV.11 LATIN AMERICA: POOR
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60 Figure IV.7 POVERTY IN RURAL HOU
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62 Box IV.6 (concluded) These and o
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64 combine a number of factors of w
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66 Figure IV.10 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
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68 The data in figure IV.11 also sh
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70 Figure IV.12 LATIN AMERICA: AVER
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72 Box IV.8 ADOLESCENT FERTILITY IN
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74 Map V.1 SOUTH AMERICA: POPULATIO
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76 Prime examples of this include t
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78 Table V.2 LATIN AMERICA (9 COUNT
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80 creation of tax-free zones, the
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82 Box V.2 (concluded) State polici
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84 In any case, only once the infor
Page 87 and 88: 86 It is not possible to draw direc
Page 89 and 90: 88 studies was conducted recently b
Page 91 and 92: 90 C. THE POLITICAL CONTEXT AND MOB
Page 94 and 95: 93 Chapter VII REGIONAL INEQUALITIE
Page 96 and 97: 95 Map VII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Page 98 and 99: 97 Some of these programmes were su
Page 100 and 101: 99 D. TERRITORIAL EQUITY, REGIONAL
Page 102 and 103: 101 Map VII.3 CHILE: CLASSIFICATION
Page 104 and 105: 103 In Mexico, most of the chronica
Page 106 and 107: 105 Figure VII.3 ECUADOR: POVERTY R
Page 108 and 109: 107 However, internal migration can
Page 110 and 111: 109 Table VII.5 LATIN AMERICA (SELE
Page 112 and 113: 111 Table VII.7 PERU (SIERRA DEPART
Page 114 and 115: 113 Lastly, in the case of Ecuador,
Page 116 and 117: 115 Chapter VIII SUSTAINED URBANIZA
Page 118 and 119: 117 This chapter presents the most
Page 120 and 121: 119 Busso, 2009; and ECLAC-UN-HABIT
Page 122 and 123: 121 estimate of the urban populatio
Page 124 and 125: 123 Figure VIII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND
Page 126 and 127: 125 First, the region’s economy i
Page 128 and 129: 127 urbanized; the rural population
Page 130 and 131: 129 rural areas. According to the s
Page 132 and 133: 131 the absence of a strategic visi
Page 134 and 135: 133 The need to design ad hoc inter
Page 136 and 137: 135 settlements with low-income pop
Page 140: 139 At the same time, decentralizat
Page 143 and 144: 142 The rest of the system of citie
Page 145 and 146: 144 Table IX.1 LATIN AMERICA: NUMBE
Page 147 and 148: 146 First is the demographic scope
Page 149 and 150: 148 Basing the same series on towns
Page 151 and 152: 150 Table IX.2 LATIN AMERICA: PROSP
Page 153 and 154: 152 The data emerging from 2010 cen
Page 155 and 156: 154 City size Table IX.6 LATIN AMER
Page 157 and 158: 156 Figure IX.5 LATIN AMERICA (1,73
Page 159 and 160: 158 For unemployment, the picture i
Page 161 and 162: 160 rate differential among the dif
Page 163 and 164: 162 individuals valued cultural fac
Page 165 and 166: 164 that draw migrants, due precise
Page 167 and 168: 166 Table IX.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
Page 170 and 171: 169 Chapter X TRENDS, MUTATIONS AND
Page 172 and 173: 171 Table X.2 LATIN AMERICA: EVOLUT
Page 174 and 175: 173 1. Demographic evolution of lar
Page 176 and 177: 175 As table X.4 shows, during the
Page 178 and 179: 177 comparison. But the most convin
Page 180 and 181: 179 in recent years, which are desc
Page 182 and 183: 181 Map X.2 MEXICO: INTERCENSAL GRO
Page 184 and 185: 183 irregular settlements known as
Page 186 and 187: 185 The third argument is based on
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187 Map X.4 MEXICO CITY: EXTENDED M
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189 more general social inequalitie
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191 5. Concluding remarks: the grea
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194 In view of lower internal migra
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196 familiarity with surroundings a
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198 connections; (ii) identify the
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200 The report casts light on an is
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202 Box XI.3 PROTECTING THE ECOSYST
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204 In view of the above, the prima
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206 overlap of functions and alloca
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208 Many of the programmes develope
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210 A breakdown of net migration by
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212 Box XI.8 (concluded) Case studi
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215 Bibliography Abba, Artemio Pedr
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217 Cecchini, S. and A. Madariaga (
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219 (2010a), Time for equality: clo
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221 Hiebert, Daniel and David Ley (
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223 Pendall, R., R. Puentes and J.
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225 Rodríguez, J. and M. Villa (19
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