Population, territory and sustainable development

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111 Table VII.7 PERU (SIERRA DEPARTMENTS): IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC DEPENDENCY RATIO, MAJOR ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS WITH CHRONIC POVERTY, 2007 (Impact on demographic dependency ratio) Total Counter-factual Absolute difference Relative difference (percentages) Impact of in-migration Impact of out-migration Apurímac 0.609 0.586 0.023 3.865 -0.02 0.04 Arequipa 0.383 0.381 0.002 0.580 -0.01 0.01 Ayacucho 0.574 0.563 0.010 1.845 -0.01 0.02 Cajamarca 0.517 0.501 0.016 3.171 -0.01 0.03 Cusco 0.509 0.502 0.008 1.506 -0.01 0.02 Huancavelica 0.629 0.614 0.015 2.482 -0.02 0.03 Huánuco 0.545 0.527 0.017 3.267 -0.01 0.03 Junín 0.474 0.460 0.015 3.168 -0.01 0.02 Pasco 0.441 0.438 0.003 0.733 -0.02 0.02 Puno 0.483 0.477 0.007 1.374 -0.01 0.01 Source: Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC, on the basis of special processing of census microdata. With respect to Mexico, figure VII.1 already reflects the persistence of out-migration from the five major administrative divisions characterized by chronic poverty —four in the south (Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Puebla) and one in the east (Veracruz)— each with negative net migration rates as shown in the last three censuses, that is between 1985 and 2010. Furthermore, figure VII.5 shows that, on average, migration has not helped to reduce the educational gaps between the federal entities in the country between 2005 and 2010. This is due, among other factors, to the fact that in almost all the MADs where the population suffers chronic poverty, migration results in a fall in average schooling (Chiapas was the exception to this rule in the 2010 census). The figures on the impact of in-migration and out-migration (not shown here due to lack of space) reflect the familiar pattern: all federal entities gain from in-migration, except for Baja California, where the number of years of schooling for the 25-39-year old group has dropped by about 2%. Conversely, all the federal entities, except Baja California and the Federal District, see the number of years of schooling fall as a result of out-migration. These results confirm the educational selectivity of interregional migration, even in cases where age is monitored, and have a strong impact on the net out-migration/schooling loss ratio in the most socioeconomically deprived MADs. In the case of Panama, the results (see table VII.8) are particularly revealing owing to the special pattern of migration flows between MADs (provinces) in the country. Population movements continue to flow overwhelmingly towards the province of Panama (a metropolitan MAD, which will be the subject of another chapter in this document). Hence it is the only (or practically the only) province with a positive migration balance, which contributes to a paradoxical outcome: all or almost all the provinces experience an average fall in the number of years of schooling as a result of internal migration. But the loss is really significant in the case of one indigenous territory (Kuna Yala), which, given its standards of living, may be described as chronically poor (although, owing to its special status, the relevance of an approach based on indicators unrelated to ethnicity seems debatable). In any case, in 2000 and 2010, migration has done little to close the educational gaps between MADs in Panama. Overall, the exceptional case of the Emberá territory in the 2010 census —the only region in which migration results in higher rates of schooling— points to the existence of innovative methodologies that call for special research, which, however, lies beyond the scope of this study.
112 Figure VII.5 MEXICO: IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON YEARS OF SCHOOLING OF THE POPULATION AGED 25 TO 39, BY FEDERAL ENTITY, 2010 CENSUS (Percentage variation in years of schooling) 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 Percentages 0.6 0.4 y = 0.1074x-0.8957 R² = 0.0372 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 Years of schooling in 2005 (counterfactual) Source: Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC, on the basis of special processing of a 10% sample of the census microdata. Table VII.8 PANAMA: IMPACT OF MIGRATION, IN-MIGRATION AND OUT-MIGRATION ON THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF YEARS OF SCHOOLING OF THE POPULATION AGED 25 TO 39, 2010 (Years of schooling)) Provinces Total Counterfactual Absolute difference Percentage difference Impact of in-migration Impact of out-migration Verification Bocas del Toro 7.9 8.1 -0.15 -1.90 0.07 -0.23 -0.15 Coclé 9.3 9.4 -0.08 -0.81 0.09 -0.17 -0.08 Colón 10.8 10.9 -0.13 -1.22 -0.06 -0.07 -0.13 Chiriquí 10.2 10.4 -0.21 -2.00 -0.07 -0.14 -0.21 Darién 6.9 7.1 -0.28 -3.97 0.17 -0.45 -0.28 Herrera 10.3 10.5 -0.18 -1.71 0.11 -0.29 -0.18 Los Santos 10.4 10.7 -0.29 -2.71 0.04 -0.33 -0.29 Panamá 11.6 11.7 -0.06 -0.50 -0.06 0.01 -0.06 Veraguas 9.8 9.8 -0.08 -0.85 0.06 -0.15 -0.08 Kuna Yala comarca 5.1 5.7 -0.57 -9.96 0.20 -0.77 -0.57 Emberá comarca 5.8 5.8 0.06 1.12 0.18 -0.12 0.06 Ngöbe Buglé comarca 4.0 4.1 -0.07 -1.60 0.07 -0.14 -0.07 Correlation 0.31 Source: Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC, on the basis of special processing of census microdata.
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Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary
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4 Chapter VII Regional inequalities
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6 Table V.3 Latin America (9 countr
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8 Figure IV.10 Latin America (selec
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10 Map VII.5 Plurinational State of
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12 This document is therefore divid
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15 Chapter II CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS
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17 which guarantee comparability. C
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19 social inclusion, with improveme
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21 The above description is clearly
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24 Table III.1 LATIN AMERICA AND TH
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26 Table III.3 LATIN AMERICA (19 CO
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28 While the rural population of La
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30 Box IV.1 (concluded) In addition
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32 As a result of the absolute and
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34 The sustained decline in the rur
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36 Country Table IV.2 LATIN AMERICA
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38 Country Table IV.5 LATIN AMERICA
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40 Box IV.3 THE AGEING OF THE RURAL
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42 Rodríguez and Meneses (2011) co
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44 The classification outlined in t
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46 An analysis of the results obtai
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48 Although the inhabitants of some
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50 Non-agricultural employment has
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52 C. PRODUCTION PATTERNS AND THE R
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54 Box IV.5 IMPACTS OF SOYBEAN PROD
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56 A recent study entitled Inserci
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58 Table IV.11 LATIN AMERICA: POOR
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Page 94 and 95: 93 Chapter VII REGIONAL INEQUALITIE
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Page 120 and 121: 119 Busso, 2009; and ECLAC-UN-HABIT
Page 122 and 123: 121 estimate of the urban populatio
Page 124 and 125: 123 Figure VIII.2 LATIN AMERICA AND
Page 126 and 127: 125 First, the region’s economy i
Page 128 and 129: 127 urbanized; the rural population
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Page 132 and 133: 131 the absence of a strategic visi
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Page 145 and 146: 144 Table IX.1 LATIN AMERICA: NUMBE
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Page 149 and 150: 148 Basing the same series on towns
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Page 153 and 154: 152 The data emerging from 2010 cen
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162 individuals valued cultural fac
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164 that draw migrants, due precise
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166 Table IX.10 LATIN AMERICA AND T
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169 Chapter X TRENDS, MUTATIONS AND
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171 Table X.2 LATIN AMERICA: EVOLUT
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173 1. Demographic evolution of lar
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175 As table X.4 shows, during the
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177 comparison. But the most convin
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179 in recent years, which are desc
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181 Map X.2 MEXICO: INTERCENSAL GRO
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183 irregular settlements known as
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185 The third argument is based on
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187 Map X.4 MEXICO CITY: EXTENDED M
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189 more general social inequalitie
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191 5. Concluding remarks: the grea
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194 In view of lower internal migra
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196 familiarity with surroundings a
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198 connections; (ii) identify the
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200 The report casts light on an is
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202 Box XI.3 PROTECTING THE ECOSYST
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204 In view of the above, the prima
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206 overlap of functions and alloca
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208 Many of the programmes develope
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210 A breakdown of net migration by
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212 Box XI.8 (concluded) Case studi
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215 Bibliography Abba, Artemio Pedr
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217 Cecchini, S. and A. Madariaga (
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219 (2010a), Time for equality: clo
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221 Hiebert, Daniel and David Ley (
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223 Pendall, R., R. Puentes and J.
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225 Rodríguez, J. and M. Villa (19
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Population, territory and sustainable development

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