Harnessing Solar energy, Options for India

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Introduction CSTEP | Page 26
1. Types of PV cells Photovoltaic Technology Most commercially available solar cells have a lifespan of at least twenty to twenty-five years. Out of the following types of PV cells, only the first two are commercially available globally. 1 Crystalline silicon (c-Si) modules represent 85 to 90% of the global annual market today. These are subdivided into: i) monocrystalline (mono-Si); and ii) polycrystalline (poly-Si). Metallurgical grade silicon is refined to form close to 99% pure silicon. Silicon ingots are obtained from molten polysilicon. Wafers are made by wire-sawing block-cast silicon ingots into very thin (180 to 350 micrometre) slices. Two sides of the wafer are doped with two different dopants – one side is left electron deficient (the p-layer) and the other side has an excess of electrons (the n-layer). This forms a P–N junction a few hundred nanometres below the surface, which creates an electric field across the junction (PN junction). Thin films currently account for 10 to 15% of global PV module sales. These are subdivided into three main families: i) amorphous (a-Si); ii) cadmium telluride (CdTe); and iii) copper indium diselenide (CIS) and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). Thin film modules are created by coating entire sheets of glass or steel (called substrate) with thin layers of semiconductor materials rather than growing, slicing and treating a crystalline ingot. Emerging technologies include advanced thin films, dye-sensitised cells and organic cells. Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) technologies use an optical concentrator system that focuses solar radiation onto a small high-efficiency cell. Multijunction cells are a subclass of photovoltaic cells developed for higher efficiency. These use multiple layers of semiconductor material (from the group III and V elements of the periodic table) to absorb and convert more of the solar spectrum into electricity than is converted by single-junction cells. 2 Heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) solar cells are composed of mono thin crystalline silicon wafer surrounded by ultra-thin amorphous silicon layers. 2. Performance Performance of solar energy panels can be evaluated based on several criteria, and the three most important measurements are: 3 Rated power at standard test conditions: This rating is simply a measurement of how much power, measured in peak watts (W p), that a solar panel will generate under a set of conditions called Standard Test Conditions (STC), namely, 1,000 W of solar irradiance delivered per square metre of surface, module temperature of 25°C and solar spectrum of air mass (AM) 1.5 (at noon on a clear day at sea level). STC are ideal conditions rarely seen in the field; however, they allow for a comparison of the relative performance of different solar modules. Rated power per square metre: This measures the amount of power generated, under STC, per square metre of the solar panel area. It is also known as power density. This measurement is useful because the higher the efficiency of the solar panel, the less are needed for generating a certain amount of energy. Efficiency: Solar panel efficiency is simply the ratio of output power to input power. Photovoltaic Technology CSTEP | Page 27
Page 3 and 4: Harnessing Solar Energy: Options fo
Page 5: Foreword Worship the sun god, the L
Page 8 and 9: 4. ADDITIONAL TARIFF PER UNIT OF EL
Page 11 and 12: Executive Summary The Jawaharlal Ne
Page 13 and 14: capital subsidy of `150 per W p pro
Page 15 and 16: policy choices. A comparison of thi
Page 17: of PPAs need better clarity. The en
Page 22 and 23: The Indian power sector is highly d
Page 24 and 25: 4. Solar Technologies: The Basics T
Page 28 and 29: Factors affecting performance: Temp
Page 30 and 31: PV Capacity (MW) in 2008; however,
Page 32: Annual Installed Capacity (GW) 5.5.
Page 36 and 37: Table 2: Timeline of Indian Policy
Page 38 and 39: India’s Solar-specific Policies C
Page 40 and 41: Table 4 gives an overview of JNNSM
Page 42 and 43: On 16 November 2010, bids from sola
Page 44 and 45: Table 6: Net Present Value of Outla
Page 46 and 47: 4.1.3. Policies for Grid-connected
Page 51 and 52: Cumulative Capacity, Grid Parity an
Page 53 and 54: Electricity Price (`/kWh) The price
Page 55: consumed by the customers will grad
Page 60 and 61: In the case of smaller PV plants, p
Page 62 and 63: decentralised in that banks and oth
Page 64 and 65: 1.2.1.Solar Lanterns 1.2.1.1. Overv
Page 66 and 67: Table 11: Models of Dissemination D
Page 68 and 69: 1.2.3. Solar PV Microgrid 1.2.3.1.
Page 70 and 71: NPV of Govt. Subsidies (` in Lakhs)
Page 72 and 73: Table 12: Capital Cost of Solar-bas
Page 74 and 75: electrification, assuming a solar s
Page 76 and 77:
electrical energy output of the arr
Page 78 and 79:
Table 18: Estimation of Potential f
Page 80 and 81:
The benchmark cost and subsidy for
Page 82 and 83:
14 12 2.47 0.74 10 0.91 0.47 LCOE (
Page 84 and 85:
3.2.1.1. Conclusions Although econo
Page 86 and 87:
IRR 3.3. Policy Debate From an inve
Page 88:
Table 22: Estimation of Potential f
Page 92 and 93:
Solar thermal technologies have a n
Page 94 and 95:
Figure 19: Solar Dryer Installation
Page 96 and 97:
Figure 20: The Box Cooker (Source:
Page 98 and 99:
Table 26: Cost Calculation for a 60
Page 100 and 101:
for the residential and commercial
Page 102 and 103:
It is difficult to estimate the pot
Page 105 and 106:
Appendix - 1 Assumptions in the Sec
Page 107 and 108:
Appendix - 2 Grid Integration in Ur
Page 109 and 110:
Appendix - 3 Estimation of Commerci
Page 111 and 112:
Annexure 2 - List of Figures Introd
Page 113 and 114:
Annexure 4 - List of Acronyms AC AC
Page 115 and 116:
Annexure 5 - About the Authors Shub
Page 117 and 118:
21 RPS System in Japan, http://www.
Page 119 and 120:
35 Purohit, Pallav, ‘Financial Ev
show all

Harnessing Solar energy, Options for India

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?